Article

Toward a Theory of Knowledge Reuse: Types of Knowledge Reuse Situations and Factors in Reuse Success

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Abstract

This paper represents a step toward a theory of knowledge reusability, with emphasis on knowledge ma nagement systems and repositories, often called organizational memory systems. Synthesis of evidence from a wide variety of sources suggests four distinct types of knowledge reuse situations according to the knowledge reuser and the purpose of knowledge reuse. The types involve shared work producers, who produce knowledge they later reuse, shared work practitioners, who reuse each other's knowledge contributions, expertise-seeking novices, and secondary knowledge miners. Each type of knowledge reuser has different requirements for knowledge repositories. Owing to how repositories are created, reusers' requirements often remain unmet. Repositories often require considerable rework to be useful for new reusers, but knowledge producers rarely have the resources and incentives to do a good job of repurposing knowledge. Solutions include careful use of incentives and human and technical intermediaries.

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... What existing theories can be applied to these communities? Previous IS researchers have studied knowledge reuse (Allen and Parsons 2010;Markus 2001), and have distinguished between reuse for replication and reuse for innovation (Majchrzak et al. 2004). What is particularly salient in 3D printing, however, is customization, which has attributes of both replication and innovation. ...
... Knowledge reuse is the process by which previously created knowledge is repurposed, modified, and recombined (Alavi and Leidner 2001;Markus 2001). Majchrzak et al. (2004) identified two types of reuse. ...
... Members of communities that share work are often experts in that they competently and reflectively practice their skills (Schön 1983). Communities also contain novices who are seeking or building expertise (Markus 2001). Experience has been shown to be an important driver of activity in open source communities: experts create reusable components, and novices reuse them (Lim 1994). ...
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Theories of knowledge reuse posit two distinct processes: reuse for replication and reuse for innovation. We identify another distinct process, reuse for customization. Reuse for customization is a process in which designers manipulate the parameters of metamodels to produce models that fulfill their personal needs. We test hypotheses about reuse for customization in Thingiverse, a community of designers that shares files for three-dimensional printing. 3D metamodels are reused more often than the 3D models they generate. The reuse of metamodels is amplified when the metamodels are created by designers with greater community experience. Metamodels make the community's design knowledge available for reuse for customization-or further extension of the metamodels, a kind of reuse for innovation.
... In the first cycle, we identified several meta-requirements for research process modeling systems. We build on existing literature in the field of DSR and the theory of knowledge reuse (Markus 2001) to ground the meta-requirements. Based on those requirements, we derived an initial design principle focusing on designing a conceptual model for research process descriptions. ...
... We apply the theory of knowledge reuse by Markus and follow the described knowledge reuse cycle. Her process illustrates knowledge reuse in terms of the following steps: capturing or documenting knowledge, packaging knowledge for reuse, distributing or disseminating knowledge (providing people with access to it), and reusing knowledge (Markus 2001). In the first cycle, we focus on the packaging of process knowledge for the purpose of knowledge reuse. ...
... In this section, we present several metarequirements for a corresponding artifact grounded in prior literature. According to Markus, packing knowledge includes culling, cleaning and polishing, structuring, formatting, or indexing documents against a classification scheme (Markus 2001). Considering these basic assumptions, we first derive the following meta-requirements (MR). ...
Article
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Design Science Research (DSR) is a well-established paradigm in the Information Systems field generating knowledge on the design of innovative solutions to real-world problems. The maturity of DSR has increased due to many methodological contributions, including conceptualization of the design process, templates on how to plan and document, as well as guidelines on how to conduct DSR projects. At the same time, given the dynamic nature of design in the digital era, DSR methods are also constantly further developed by the community. Both access to existing DSR methods and its further development are hindered today by the way we represent DSR methods. Most of the DSR methods are scattered in different papers or books. In order to foster accessibility and further development, we propose a harmonized representation of DSR process knowledge (as a core component of DSR methods) in an open repository. Applying DSR ourselves, we 1) identify meta-requirements for a DSR process modeling system 2) derive initial design principles 3) propose a meta-model 4) provide an instantiation of the meta-model in the form of an open repository, and 5) evaluate our design based on interviews with DSR researchers using the repository. We report from two DSR cycles, then discuss our findings and outline avenues for future research.
... Knowledge Re-use theory -Synthesis of evidence from a wide variety of sources suggests four distinct types of knowledge re-use situations according to the knowledge re-user and the purpose of knowledge re-use. The types involve shared work producers, who produce knowledge they later re-use; shared work practitioners, who reuse each other's knowledge contributions; expertise-seeking novices; and secondary knowledge miners (Markus, 2001). Each type of knowledge reuser has different requirements for knowledge repositories. ...
... Reusing knowledge inevitably requires the active participation of knowledge workers, typically organised in work groups in an organisation (Hislop, 2013;Dul et al., 2011). Markus (2001) describes the process of "knowledge reuse" in terms of the following: capturing or documenting knowledge; packaging knowledge for reuse; distributing or disseminating knowledge; and reusing it. Szulanski (2001) identified four major elements in knowledge reuse: the source, content, context and recipient. ...
... The findings meant that knowledge producers produce knowledge for future use. The findings were in agreement with the study of Markus (2001) that knowledge producers produce knowledge they later reuse. ...
... Accordingly, Markus (2001) emphasizes the relevance of data systems in generating conducive conditions for knowledge development and enabling team linkages. Email and group systems may be employed to strengthen group interactions; the intranet enables information to be acquired and internalization to be encouraged. ...
... Email and group systems may be employed to strengthen group interactions; the intranet enables information to be acquired and internalization to be encouraged. However, while creation is important, it is difficult to manage and less open to IT help (Markus, 2001). ...
... There are two kinds of organizational memory: semantic memory and episodic memory. The semantic signifies wide-ranging explicit information, which encompasses customer, project, and industry knowledge, whereas the episodic reflects situational knowledge (Alavi & Leidner, 2001;Markus, 2001). ...
... Systematic knowledge reuse improves organizational effectiveness and competitiveness (O'Dell and Grayson 1998;Markus 2001;Dixon 2002). This is particularly critical for knowledge that is difficult to acquire such as security knowledge (Souag et al. 2015). ...
... Towards a principled approach, Markus Markus (2001) has studied the theory of knowledge reuse and found that effective knowledge reuse requires both the transfer of explicit (i.e., captured, structured and disseminated) knowledge and the internalisation of tacit (experts' personal knowledge that has not yet been captured) knowledge. Yet, such knowledge bases have meaning only when they are processed by an "interpreter" Newell (1982) which must share the knowledge base (i.e. the security catalogue) but also the mental process that has been used to build it (i.e. the methodology). ...
... Therefore capturing and packaging SRA knowledge bases requires careful consideration and is by no means a trivial process. In security, if the structure of a security catalog is not of high quality, it may end up introducing new security problems rather than eliminating them Markus (2001). ...
Article
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Security risk analysis (SRA) is a key activity in software engineering but requires heavy manual effort. Community knowledge in the form of security patterns or security catalogs can be used to support the identification of threats and security controls. However, no evidence-based theory exists about the effectiveness of security catalogs when used for security risk analysis. We adopt a grounded theory approach to propose a conceptual, revised and refined theory of SRA knowledge reuse. The theory refinement is backed by evidence gathered from conducting interviews with experts (20) and controlled experiments with both experts (15) and novice analysts (18). We conclude the paper by providing insights into the use of catalogs and managerial implications.
... A number of authors have addressed the essential role of data documentation to enable re-use (e.g. David, 1991;Pigott, Hobs and Gammack, 2001;Markus, 2001;Niu, 2009a;2009b;Niu and Hedstrom, 2009;Zimmerman, 2003;. For example, Markus (2001) elaborates on the importance of dissimilar others. ...
... David, 1991;Pigott, Hobs and Gammack, 2001;Markus, 2001;Niu, 2009a;2009b;Niu and Hedstrom, 2009;Zimmerman, 2003;. For example, Markus (2001) elaborates on the importance of dissimilar others. In her view, documenting for future re-use is a challenging task because applications cannot be fully anticipated. ...
... The importance of data repositories as a central technological infrastructure for data sharing and future re-use of data assets is well-recognized by academics (e.g. Markus, 2001;Borgman, 2007;Marcial and Hemminger, 2010;Tenopir et al., 2011). Markus (2001) discusses the role of repositories, particularly in the business realm. ...
Article
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The development of e-Research infrastructure has enabled data to be shared and accessed more openly. Policy mandates for data sharing have contributed to the increasing availability of research data through data repositories, which create favourable conditions for the re-use of data for purposes not always anticipated by original collectors. Despite the current efforts to promote transparency and reproducibility in science, data re-use cannot be assumed, nor merely considered a ‘thrifting’ activity where scientists shop around in data repositories considering only the ease of access to data. The lack of an integrated view of individual, social and technological influential factors to intentional and actual data re-use behaviour was the key motivator for this study. Interviews with 13 social scientists produced 25 factors that were found to influence their perceptions and experiences, including both their unsuccessful and successful attempts to re-use data. These factors were grouped into six theoretical variables: perceived benefits, perceived risks, perceived effort, social influence, facilitating conditions, and perceived re-usability. These research findings provide an in-depth understanding about the re-use of research data in the context of open science, which can be valuable in terms of theory and practice to help leverage data re-use and make publicly available data more actionable.
... Les travaux présentés dans [68] étudient la réutilisation de connaissances sous sa forme de processus avec des rôles et des dépôts de connaissances, pour en déduire quatre types de situations de réutilisation possibles. Le processus général de gestion des connaissances se divise en quatre étapes : ...
... 1. Capturer ou documenter les connaissances (« capturing or documenting knowledge ») : documentation de(s) l'activité(s) par des moyens automatiques ou induits par l'activité(s) elle(s)-même(s) (archivage automatique de messages échangés, par exemple), ou par des structures prévues à la conception (champs obligatoires à remplir, par exemple). Trois rôles sont également mobilisés lors de l'exécution de ce processus de réutilisation [68]. Ces rôles peuvent être tenus par des individus distincts, ou par le même : -Producteur de connaissances (« knowledge producer ») : la personne qui documente les connaissances en enregistrant les connaissances explicites, ou en transformant les connaissances tacites en connaissances explicites (extériorisation). ...
... De nombreux types de dépôts existent dont les caractéristiques les distinguent les uns des autres [68]. La plus simple des distinctions s'appuie sur la nature des objets entreposés : les documents (texte, audio, vidéo) n'étant pas toujours stockés de la même manière que les données (structures de données, systèmes de gestion de base de données relationnelles / SGBDR). ...
Thesis
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La crise sanitaire du COVID-19 a particulièrement accéléré le mouvement de numérisation pourtant déjà initié depuis quelques décennies dans l’enseignement supérieur. De nombreuses activités ont dû être adaptées dans l’urgence, tout particulièrement les réunions entre enseignants, l’évaluation des étudiants et les enseignements. Ces activités sont des exemples de processus « à forte intensité de connaissances » (ou « knowledge intensive processes » en anglais) qui partagent des caractéristiques rendant difficile l’intégration du numérique, telles que : l’abondance de connaissances mobilisables, autant de la part des étudiants lors de leurs travaux que de la part des enseignants évaluant ou adaptant leurs cours ; la collaboration entre toutes les parties prenantes du monde de l’enseignement supérieur ; la créativité requise pour s’adapter au contexte incertain. Ce besoin rapide de déployer de nouveaux processus à forte intensité de connaissances, ou d’adapter ceux qui existent, se confronte à de nombreux défis connus de ce domaine de recherche spécifique. La question est de savoir comment réutiliser des connaissances existantes, par exemple des connaissances entreposées en ligne dont l’abondance rend difficile la sélection des plus adaptées aux besoins des enseignants. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons la méthode CREA réutilisant des cas passés dans le domaine de l’enseignement supérieur, en particulier pour la construction de cours. La méthode CREA permet de réutiliser des supports de cours existants pour tout d’abord représenter visuellement l’écart entre eux, mais également de proposer des séances de cours présentées sous forme de regroupements de sujets majeurs à aborder. D’autres types de documents peuvent également être intégrés parmi les supports de cours (des pages web, ou des articles de recherche), afin de proposer des regroupements adaptés à un public particulier, voire de proposer des regroupements à l’état de l’art de la recherche. Cette méthode s’appuie sur des outils de traitement automatique de la langue pour extraire les termes employés indépendamment de la langue d’origine, puis sur l’analyse de concepts formels pour calculer des métriques permettant de construire des regroupements de termes et évaluer la similarité des cours fournis en entrée. Nous proposons également des résultats préliminaires d’une méthode d’ordonnancement des séances.
... An IT system allows a company to acquire, store, and transfer knowledge (Alavi & Leidner, 2001;Iyengar et al., 2015;Markus, 2001). A previous study by Merminod and Rowe (2012) has explored the relationship between a company's IT capability and knowledge transfer effectiveness, and the study suggested that the use of IT, data transparency, and networking can increase knowledge transfer effectiveness (Merminod & Rowe, 2012). ...
... The acceptance of the first hypothesis was supported by the results of previous studies (Alavi & Leidner, 2001;Iyengar et al., 2015;Markus, 2001). IT capabilities of SMEs have an influence on the ability of SMEs to have higher effectiveness in terms of disseminating and transferring new knowledge. ...
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Halal food is an especially important sector in many developing countries. Many of the halal food in those countries are supplied by SMEs. Although the importance of this sector is certain, studies investigating the organizational aspect of halal food SMEs are still limited. The present study tries to expand the knowledge of organizational behaviour aspects in halal food SMEs since it is crucial in creating the sustainability of halal food SMEs. The present study uses partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The questions used to measure the variables used in this study were developed by adopting previous studies’ instruments. This research discovered the importance of IT capability and organizational learning on organizational performance. IT capability, Knowledge transfer effectiveness, and Absorptive capacity are found to have a significant relationship with organizational performance measured by Balanced Scorecard (BSC). Furthermore, the effect of IT capability and Knowledge transfer effectiveness are not only direct but also mediated by Absorptive capacity. From the findings, there are key implications. First, by utilizing digital capabilities in their business processes, SMEs can more easily obtain new knowledge. Second, when SMEs learn new things from digitalization, they can associate their knowledge with new information. Third, the ability to use technology helps human resources in SMEs to increase knowledge, thus encouraging SMEs to create innovation and business competitiveness. This ultimately has an impact on increasing sales and cost-effectiveness.
... Markus [9] explains that the issue encountered by enterprises in implementing knowledge management is that employees are not yet accustomed to using knowledge management-based applications, making the performance of the knowledge management system less effective. To bridge the issue, this study adopts various dimensions from different sources, including the concept of knowledge management success framework [8,10]. ...
... Among the other variables, system quality is the most important. The distinction between users and creators of knowledge can impact the extent of knowledge use [9]. Users who differ in certain aspects, particularly the depth and breadth of their knowledge, will struggle to understand the search terms in their knowledge management system. ...
Article
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This study aims to address the knowledge gap in supply chain management between large corporations and small and medium enterprises by investigating the ambidexterity of supply chain management in small and medium enterprises. The study also focuses on the integration of knowledge management, user satisfaction, and supply chain management ambidexterity as its main novelty. A quantitative empirical technique was used, utilizing online data collection evaluated through partial least squares analysis with a sample of 372 reliable data points. This study presents five hypotheses, and the results of the Smart PLS 4 analysis indicate that all four theories have positive and significant influences. In addition, the results can be used for research in supply chain management and knowledge management, as well as for making plans to improve the quality of managed organizations. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2022-03-03-08 Full Text: PDF
... While as, Ravichandran et al. (2005) Author productivity through Lotka's law GKMC "Effect of information systems resources and capabilities on firm performance: A resource-based perspective" with 583 attained the seventh rank, followed by Angst and Agarwal (2009) "Adoption of electronic health records in the presence of privacy concerns: the elaboration likelihood model and individual persuasion" with 499 citations at eighth rank. At ninth rank, Markus (2001) "Toward a theory of knowledge reuse: Types of knowledge reuse situations and factors in reuse success" received 496 citations, and at tenth rank, Markus et al. (2002) "A design theory for systems that support emergent knowledge processes" having 434 citations. ...
... Researchers believed that while gauging the research impact of any "researcher" or "institution," one could not ignore the importance of citation metrics (Cabezas-Clavijo, 2013). Therefore, the current study highlighted highly persuasive documents in terms of citation impact, few examples are Hevner et al., 2004;Wasko and Faraj, 2005;Bharadwaj, 2000;Legris et al., 2003;Wasko and Faraj, 2000;Wasko and Faraj, 2000;Leonardi, 2011;Ravichandran et al., 2005;Angst and Agarwal, 2009;Markus, 2001;Markus et al., 2002. Increasing the standard of research, there is an important role in funding any research (Kwon, 2022;. ...
Article
Purpose This study aims to map the scholarly literature on human resource management (HRM) publishing intensity in journals listed in Web of Science (WOS) under the subject category “Information Science and Library Science,” between 1989 and 2022. Design/methodology/approach The current study used a “bibliometric research design,” which is a quantitative approach. Ten selected bibliometric indicators were used to measure the scientific literature: publication-related metrics, citation-related metrics, citation analysis, co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, co-word analysis, co-authorship analysis, network metrics, clustering and visualization. Moreover, Louvain’s clustering algorithm was used for network metrics. Findings The paper gives empirical insights into the scholarly literature on HRM. The results were analyzed for the 65 sources and 1,412 authors from 60 countries who contributed the most during this period. Moreover, the study highlights a glimpse of funding sources, open-access publishing patterns and venues of publishing. Practical implications The study would be very beneficial to researchers and practitioners across disciplines. Originality/value This study illustrates that HRM is a multidisciplinary field that is appealing to academics from various disciplines because of its unique emphasis on management, and as such, it necessitates the pooling and integration of people, information, expertise and strategies. The study investigates numerous quantitative indicators such as research trends and collaboration frameworks.
... Considering the relationships and differences in knowledge sharing, knowledge reuse, and knowledge transfer, as well as the more crucial role of knowledge reuse in the PSS context, as we discussed in Section 1, this study will further explore knowledge reuse from the recipient's perspective, with the emphasize on the mechanism used. Combining and simplifying the knowledge reuse process proposed by Markus [32] and Majchrzak, Cooper and Neece [29], the working definition of knowledge reuse in this study is: ...
... Knowledge reuse can enhance mutual learning, promote best practices, reduce operational costs, and facilitate organizational innovation [32,52]. However, it does not happen naturally [34], and it normally cannot be forced by managers [53]. ...
Article
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The current study examines knowledge reuse (focused on the recipient) from a product life-cycle perspective in the context of product-service systems through 27 semi-structured interviews in 11 firms. This study focused on the phases of the beginning-of-life (represented by R&D, purchasing, and production) and the middle-of-life (represented by logistics, customer service/quality, and sales). Similarities and differences were found between and within the two phases and the six sub-phases. Our research suggests that to remain competitive, a consistent understanding of the knowledge requirements for both sender and recipient should be identified, a match between the knowledge sourced and the mechanism employed should be made, and organizational culture/mechanisms to retain higher-caliber employees should be prioritized.
... These practices are problematic. Most critically, they can make ongoing assessment of data adequacy difficult during the data gathering phase; they can make retrieving relevant knowledge unnecessarily challenging during the modelling phase; they can make projects dependent on researcher recall; and fragmentation may increase the chance of there being contradictory data, meaning that researchers lack a "single source of truth" from which to work (Markus, 2001). Given that researchers often move between projects, and other researchers may wish to draw on existing data for their own work, storing data in a way that makes it understandable independently of the original researcher can be hugely important as White et al. (2013) have previously noted. ...
... As knowledge is added to the wiki, continuous editing will be required to ensure that the contents are kept clear and coherent. The aim should be for each topic page to be written in a relatively parsimonious fashion, so regular filtering and pruning is important (Markus, 2001). As the topic articles are reviewed, content that is deemed to be below standard (e.g., insufficiently informative, contradictory, or unclear) should be flagged for attention should it not be possible to resolve immediately (Mietchen et al., 2011). ...
Article
The data requirements of many socio-environmental system (SES) modelling studies have increased substantially in recent years. This has made the already challenging task of data compilation, retrieval, and sharing progressively more difficult. Recognising the current lack of best practice for knowledge management in SES modelling studies, we propose using SES wikis as a means of addressing these challenges. Wikis have attributes that make them well suited to complex knowledge management tasks and their hierarchical, interconnected, algorithmic logic closely fits with the logic needed in SES model design. In this article, we describe how wikis can be used at each stage of the SES modelling cycle, and we discuss our experiences of putting the approach into practice. We conclude that while SES wikis can be time consuming to initially develop, they have the potential to significantly improve the quality, transparency, and efficiency of SES modelling projects.
... A well-designed and easy-to-use information system can enable employees to use the system more autonomously to complete tasks without relying on technical support or external assistance [43,44]. In addition, high-quality enterprise systems can support employees' autonomous decision making and innovative thinking, enabling them to better complete tasks [45,46]. ...
Article
Introduction: Enterprise Information System Integration (EISI) plays a pivotal role in enhancing organizational operational efficiency and empowering employees. Despite its growing importance, limited research explores how EISI impacts employee engagement. Addressing this gap is crucial for enterprises aiming to optimize both technological and human capital. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the relationship between EISI and employee engagement by integrating the Information System Success Model with Self-Determination Theory. Additionally, it examines the moderating role of transformational leadership and the mediating role of self-determination in this relationship. Methods: A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze 500 valid questionnaires collected from Chinese enterprise information system users. The proposed hypotheses were tested to understand the direct and mediated effects of EISI on employee engagement. Results: The findings reveal that effective EISI significantly enhances employee engagement. Self-determination plays a crucial mediating role, highlighting the importance of fulfilling employees' psychological needs in this process. Furthermore, transformational leadership positively moderates the relationship between EISI and employee engagement, amplifying the beneficial effects of EISI. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights for enterprises, emphasizing the need to optimize information systems and adopt transformational leadership styles to foster higher employee engagement. These findings offer theoretical support and practical guidance for leveraging EISI to enhance workplace productivity and employee satisfaction.
... Literature survey reveals that both social and technical barriers collectively interact in knowledge reuse and consequently increase performance, share and continued use of knowledge (Chhim et al., 2017). Furthermore, Markus (2001) divided knowledge reuse into various types of scenarios, based on the user with the specific needs and the purpose of the reuse. ...
Article
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Social media plays a pivotal role in enhancing innovation by fostering interaction, communication, and knowledge exchange among organizational employees. Grounded in social cognitive theory, this study asserts that social media capabilities, characterized as exploration and exploitation, positively affect employee knowledge reuse and green innovation behavior. Additionally, it investigates digital fluency as a moderator in the relationship between social media capabilities and knowledge reuse. Time-lagged data collected from employees and supervisors in China support the hypothesized model. The results indicate that both social media exploration and exploitation capabilities, when harnessed at varying levels, significantly influence knowledge reuse, thereby enhancing employee green innovation behavior. Furthermore, digital fluency was found to moderate the relationship between these social media capabilities and knowledge reuse. These findings offer practical implications and insights for both theory and application, which are elaborated upon in the subsequent sections.
... While there is a rich history of IT research examining the role of information technology in knowledge transfer (for example, Alavi and Leidner 2001;Markus, 2001;& Malhotra et al., 2005) and examining knowledge transfer in software development (for example, Ko et al., 2005;Pavlou & El Sawy, 2006;& Joshi et al., 2007), this work the first to investigate cybersecurity knowledge sharing between academic faculty and IT staff. This work contributes to both the literature on cybersecurity and knowledge transfer. ...
... Individuals with LGO actively share knowledge because they perceive knowledge sharing as a learning process that develops their capabilities by giving them a chance to articulate and transfer the knowledge they possess [40]. Knowledge should be codified or transferred before it is shared with others, since sharing knowledge involves exerting the effort necessary to separate resources from their sources [41,42]. For example, when employees attempt to share knowledge but are unsure that they can comprehensibly transfer it to their coworkers, they are more likely to use knowledge sharing as an opportunity to deepen their own understanding and find better ways to explain it before they share it [43]. ...
Article
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Focusing on two goal orientations (the learning and performance prove-goal orientation), this study proposed a different mechanism for dealing with the knowledge-sharing dilemma. We analyzed data from 257 employee–coworker dyads, finding that the learning goal orientation positively affected knowledge sharing, while the performance prove-goal orientation negatively affected knowledge sharing. In addition, highlighting the importance of coworker influence, our analysis showed that coworker popularity served as social cue to boost the main effects of knowledge sharing. Specifically, the positive relationship between the learning goal orientation and knowledge sharing and the negative relationship between the performance prove-goal orientation and knowledge sharing were stronger when coworker popularity was higher. These findings contribute to articulating theoretical directions at the individual level for addressing the dilemma associated with knowledge sharing. Furthermore, they offer practical implications by emphasizing the ongoing importance of considering the influence of coworkers, who serve as crucial exchange partners during task execution.
... There are many complexities in determining data's fit (Markus, 2001;Janssen et al., 2012): it requires learning from and about the data. What experiences do the data relate to that are relevant? ...
... The generation of knowledge is frequently seen as somehow more significant than knowledge reuse, more challenging to manage, and less dependent on information technology support. However, perhaps a more common organizational concern-and one that is unmistakably tied to organizational effectiveness-is the efficient reuse of knowledge (Markus, 2001). The reuse of knowledge in various decision-making mechanisms and circumstances is expected to result in the generation of new remarks that automatically update the organizational memory when stored back into the system. ...
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Within the overarching theme of “Managing the Digital Transformation of Construction Industry” the 23rd International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality (CONVR 2023) presented 123 high-quality contributions on the topics of: Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR), Building Information Modeling (BIM), Simulation and Automation, Computer Vision, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Linked Data, Semantic Web, Blockchain, Digital Twins, Health & Safety and Construction site management, Green buildings, Occupant-centric design and operation, Internet of Everything. The editors trust that this publication can stimulate and inspire academics, scholars and industry experts in the field, driving innovation, growth and global collaboration among researchers and stakeholders.
... As an organisation acquired and retained knowledge within its working environment, it creates the organisational memory in the set of knowledge repositories (Croasdell et al., 2003), and this knowledge is accessible to be reused or recycled by people who need it the most. The process of reusing knowledge starts with the creation or capture of knowledge, storing of knowledge, and dissemination of knowledge (Farooq, 2020), and different people have different requirements for knowledge repositories (Markus, 2001). This brings to the diverse needs and criteria of what should be included when building and implementing knowledge repositories. ...
... However, more knowledge does not guarantee better performance (Levine and Prietula, 2012). It is the quality of the contributed knowledge that matters (Markus, 2001). Higher-quality knowledge is more likely to be transferred and reused (Zhang and Watts, 2008). ...
Article
According to the latest data, the financial literacy index in Indonesia stood at 38%. This figure was definitely an improvement compared to previous years, but was still considerably behind compared to the global standard. Taking into account gender disparity in Indonesia, this figure becomes even more abysmal as the financial literacy index for women is substantially lower than men. To solve this problem, a social media knowledge management framework is proposed to structure and disseminate financial knowledge with the purpose of improving the financial literacy index, especially for women, in Indonesia. This knowledge management platform is supported by a financial education program that has been developed based on the characteristics and needs of typical women in Indonesia. To further substantiate the findings of this study, a series of in-depth interviews were conducted with the aim to acquire a better understanding of various aspects of financial literacy from the perspective of women. In total, 13 women who lived in Bandung were chosen as the main subject of this study based on a judgment sampling technique. Encouragingly, more than three-quarter of the respondents were considered to be well-literate. Digging deeper into the data, however, presents a much more nuanced and complicated insight regarding the behavior of the respondents as most of the respondents simultaneously exhibit a very wide range behavior ranging from discipline to carelessness when managing their money.
... Leveraging knowledge reuse is not new and is used in most computing areas. For example, Lynne [17] suggested that experts' work could be facilitated more than two decades ago when best practices or other proven solutions were provided in a new context. In software engineering, for example, knowledge reuse is a common practice that takes many shapes, e.g. ...
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Information Security Risk Management (ISRM) is fundamental in most organisations today. The literature describes ISRM as a complex activity, and one way of addressing this is to enable knowledge reuse in the shape of catalogues. Catalogues in the ISRM domain can contain lists of, e.g. assets, threats and security controls. In this paper, we focus on three aspects of catalogue use. Why we need catalogues, how catalogue granularity is perceived, and how catalogues help novices in practice. As catalogue use is not yet a widespread practice in the ISRM, we have selected a domain where catalogues are a part of the ISRM work. In this case, the Air Traffic Management (ATM) domain uses a methodology that includes catalogues and is built on ISO/IEC 27005. The results are based on data collected from 19 interviews with ATM professionals that are either experts or novices in ISRM. With this paper, we nuance the view on what catalogues can contribute with. For example, consistency, coherency, a starting point and new viewpoints. At the same time, we identify the need to inform about the aim of the catalogues and the limitations that come with catalogue use in order to leverage the use – especially from a novice perspective.KeywordsInformation Security Risk ManagementCataloguesRisk management practice
... However, updating the already existing knowledge can be seen as difficult, and not given high priority by the organization (Aurum et al., 2008). This can lead to lower quality content and trust issues in the KMS (Markus, 2001), which can discourage individuals, teams, or the organization as a whole from sharing knowledge with others. ...
Preprint
Knowledge is considered an essential resource for organizations. For organizations to benefit from their possessed knowledge, knowledge needs to be managed effectively. Despite knowledge sharing and management being viewed as important by practitioners, organizations fail to benefit from their knowledge, leading to issues in cooperation and the loss of valuable knowledge with departing employees. This study aims to identify hindering factors that prevent individuals from effectively sharing and managing knowledge and understand how to eliminate these factors. Empirical data were collected through semi-structured group interviews from 50 individuals working in an international large IT organization. This study confirms the existence of a gap between the perceived importance of knowledge management and how little this importance is reflected in practice. Several hindering factors were identified, grouped into personal social topics, organizational social topics, technical topics, environmental topics, and interrelated social and technical topics. The presented recommendations for mitigating these hindering factors are focused on improving employees' actions, such as offering training and guidelines to follow. The findings of this study have implications for organizations in knowledge-intensive fields, as they can use this knowledge to create knowledge sharing and management strategies to improve their overall performance.
... In these settings, "reuse" of data is assumed or recommended (Holm & Thomas, 2017), with acknowledgement of the need to accommodate future users; to extend the life of the data beyond the initial project or initiative (Legner, Tobias, & Boris, 2020), including to unexpected uses; and to discover new, hidden insights and details (Laine, Lee, & Nieminen, 2015). Promoting the ability to reuse data and to link data to other data recognizes the need for data to travel beyond its initial contexts (Leonelli & Tempini, 2020;Markus, 2001;Tempini, 2016). Yet, data governance decisions and roles are hidden as they are inscribed into current technological archetypes (i.e., the platforms or ecosystems). ...
... In the second instance, since the impact of a scientific publication is based on discoverability and re-usability, this new publication ecosystem should support the reuse of knowledge beyond mere citation. "Knowledge reuse" is broadly understood in literature: from repositories requirements (Markus, 2001) to knowledge application for innovation (Majchrzak, Cooper & Neece, 2004). In our vision, we would consider the idea of making (parts of) the findings and contents of publications embeddable in a new publication, ensuring ...
Article
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In this essay the Author claims that scientific and academic publishing should comply with the epistemological changes in knowledge production and cognition due to the digital revolution. In calling on the design community for a responsible systemic and cultural change in the publishing ecosystem, the essay discusses the more relevant challenges and new forms, and envisions processes of publication that can enable the emergent diversities of knowledge.
... They can either take and apply documented knowledge or ask for advice from someone with relevant prior experience. Knowledge reuse situations vary: reuse by shared knowledge producers, reuse by shared work practitioners, reuse by expertise-seeking novices, and reuse by secondary knowledge miners [1]. There are also different methods and techniques for "packaging" knowledge to stimulate reuse: patterns (task patterns, ontology patterns, workflow patterns, etc.), reference models, best practice cases, and lessons learned [2; 3]. ...
Conference Paper
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Knowledge reuse can increase the quality and efficiency of different activities, as well as reduce risks. The digital transformation of a city is a complex task that requires new approaches and management technologies. Knowledge reuse can reinforce city digital transformation initiatives, e.g. data integration and modeling activities can be improved via ontology reuse, design and development of digital solutions can be enhanced via reference architectures and reuse of existing methods and systems. Such reuse can speed up the work of city development managers, digital architects, and other ICT specialists, as well as decrease costs and risks. Although there are platforms for knowledge sharing and reuse within the smart city domain, they apply a traditional document-oriented approach to knowledge representation. This limits knowledge integration and the creation of intelligent services. So, knowledge graph technology was selected for collecting and curating digital city planning reusable content. The Open Research Knowledge Graph (ORKG) provided an opportunity for piloting this approach. The current paper will overview the digital city planning observatory within the ORKG, including main knowledge representation mechanisms and representative content examples, and provide the link between content and application scenarios.
... Knowledge reuse contains four activities or steps, as per Markus (2001). The second step involves looking for knowledge or the individuals that own the knowledge. ...
Article
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Theoretical knowledge and industry experience are crucial for the higher learning student's professional development. There was little literature previously that adopted the model or theories to find out the behavior of industrial internship students on knowledge reuse. This study aims to confirm the phenomena of knowledge reuse practice among industrial internship duration by constructing the model combination of individual characteristics, environmental, and technological factors with related knowledge reuse behavior that is able to influence the personal development of industrial students. From the survey involving 183 respondents, this research analysis shows that all six measures pass the good item-scale reliability result. Keywords: Knowledge Management, Knowledge Reuse, Personal Development, Industrial internship Students. eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by E-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under the responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behavior Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioral Researchers on Asians), and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behavior Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
... Users must cognitively identify the correctness and credibility of information in OHCs. Information exchange in online platforms requires the explanation and codification of information, which entails costs like time and labor [72,73]. Information seeking in OHCs causes perceived costs for both physicians and patients. ...
Article
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Background: Online health communities (OHCs) are becoming effective platforms for people to seek health information. Existing studies divide health information into general and specific information in OHCs. However, few studies discuss the effects of different types of information seeking in OHCs on users’ electronic satisfaction (e-satisfaction). Objective: This study explores the effects of general and specific information seeking on users’ e-satisfaction with OHCs through the mediating roles of perceived benefits and costs drawing on the social information processing theory and the social exchange theory. Methods: This study conducted an online survey to collected data from individuals who used OHCs to seek information. The structural equation model was used to analyze the collect data and the research model. Specifically, this study examined the common method bias and conducted a robustness check. Results: Results show that general and specific information seeking affect e-satisfaction through the mediating roles of perceived benefits and costs. An interesting result is that general information seeking has a stronger effect on e-satisfaction than specific information seeking. Conclusions: This study suggests that e-satisfaction should be further enhanced by information seeking as online healthcare practices evolve and change. Managers of OHCs should focus on increasing users’ perceived benefits, thereby increasing their e-satisfaction. Besides, this study discusses implications, limitations, and future research directions.
... This is based on the assumption that individuals strive to receive rewards from others (Vroom, 1964). The rewards could be monetary compensation (tangible) or respect from others (intangible) (Ardichvili et al., 2003;Constant et al., 1996;Goodman & Darr, 1998;Kollock, 1999;Markus, 2001). Respect is an assessment by the group that affects how one views their group-related identity (Tyler & Blader, 2001). ...
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In this study, we developed and tested a theoretical model to understand online music piracy behavior via email and instant messaging. We developed this theoretical model by drawing on a comprehensive literature review on music piracy, theory of reasoned action, social identity, and the deterrence theory. We collected primary data to test the hypotheses, and the results from the partial least squares analyses suggest attitude toward music file-sharing behavior and social identity positively affect intention to pirate music, whereas the perceived severity and certainty of punishment do not have significant effects on the attitude. The findings highlight the important role of social identity when a theoretical model with the concept explains music file-sharing behavior without monetary benefits in return.
... Harmonization is needed to enable automated data transfers, and automation is needed to ensure seamless data availability, completeness, and ease. Such efforts challenge the old distinction between "primary" and "secondary" data use (e.g., Markus 2001), because data are intended to take formats that work equally well for multiple purposes. The Danish national strategy for digitalization from 2018 states illustrates this by highlighting that "with the new data-driven technologies, the [clinical and non-clinical] purposes increasingly supplement each other," fostering a growing "reciprocity" in the use of health data (Sundheds-og AEldreministeriet, Finansministeriet, Danske Regioner and KL 2018, p. 4, our translation). ...
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Throughout the Global North, policymakers invest in large-scale integration of health-data infrastructures to facilitate the reuse of clinical data for administration, research, and innovation. Debates about the ethical implications of data repurposing have focused extensively on issues of patient autonomy and privacy. We suggest that it is time to scrutinize also how the everyday work of healthcare staff is affected by political ambitions of data reuse for an increasing number of purposes, and how different purposes are prioritized. Our analysis builds on ethnographic studies within the Danish healthcare system, which is internationally known for its high degree of digitalization and well-connected data infrastructures. Although data repurposing ought to be relatively seamless in this context, we demonstrate how it involves costs and trade-offs for those who produce and use health data. Even when IT systems and automation strategies are introduced to enhance efficiency and reduce data work, they can end up generating new forms of data work and fragmentation of clinically relevant information. We identify five types of data work related to the production, completion, validation, sorting, and recontextualization of health data. Each of these requires medical expertise and clinical resources. We propose that the implications for these forms of data work should be considered early in the planning stages of initiatives for large-scale data sharing and reuse, such as the European Health Data Space. We believe that political awareness of clinical costs and trade-offs related to such data work can provide better and more informed decisions about data repurposing.
... In another context, a specific type of reuse in software systems is data, information or knowledge reuse, and there are specific studies related to this area (Markus 2001;Ristoski & Paulheim 2016). Nevertheless, there are not many research papers applying data reuse techniques to service discovery, and the existing ones are focused on using the semantic information for improving description, search and composition of services (Xu & Yu-Shi 2016;Eshuis et al. 2016). ...
... Muchas de las prácticas de la AC inician construyendo repositorios del conocimiento con el objetivo de capturar y almacenar el conocimiento para su posterior acceso y utilización (Grover y Davenport, 2001). Markus (2001) menciona tres factores que deben ser considerados cuando se quiere desarrollar repositorios del conocimiento efectivos: ...
Thesis
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Se ha llegado al punto en que el conocimiento tiene que ser reconocido como un recurso que necesita ser administrado. En la presente investigación se propone un modelo de Administración del Conocimiento compuesto por un conjunto de elementos organizacionales, culturales, estructurales y tecnológicos que deben existir en las organizaciones para apoyar y facilitar los procesos de creación, almacenamiento, transferencia y aplicación del conocimiento. Así mismo, se presenta un instrumento de medición que permite evaluar el grado de implementación y desarrollo de los elementos del modelo antes mencionados. A través de este instrumento las organizaciones podrán detectar áreas de oportunidad que les permitan mejorar la manera en cómo administran su conocimiento. Tanto el modelo propuesto como el instrumento de medición tienen aplicación para cualquier tipo de organización, pública o privada, manufacturera o de servicios, grande o pequeña. En esta investigación el instrumento fue aplicado a un caso particular de estudio en una institución de educación superior. La investigación concluye con una serie de recomendaciones para estudios posteriores relacionadas con el instrumento de medición y con el modelo propuesto así como con una serie de hipótesis que surgen del análisis realizado en el caso de estudio sobre la manera en cómo se relacionan cada uno de los elementos del modelo y sobre cómo son percibidos por el grupo directivo de la institución bajo estudio. La necesidad es indiscutible, se requiere que las organizaciones administren su conocimiento. Como bien lo comenta Carrillo (2001), podemos afirmar con base en la naturaleza del nuevo ambiente global, que tarde o temprano podremos distinguir dos grandes bloques de especies en el mundo de las organizaciones: las que gestionen su conocimiento y las extintas.
... Since recombinant reuse refines and reconstructs existing combinations rather than generating new ones, it reduces the time and costs in the process of innovation search and is an important practice to cope with time pressure, knowledge constraints, and innovation costs (Markus, 2001;Alavi and Leidner, 2001;Majchrzak et al., 2004). By contrast, recombinant creation requires searching uncombined knowledge elements and exploring their potential internal dependencies. ...
Article
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This study explores the impacts of non-redundancy among ties in collaboration and knowledge networks on diverse recombinant capabilities by examining the moderating effects of both knowledge similarity and knowledge complementarity. By using 3,293 patent data in the graphene field of China, we found that non-redundancy among ties in a collaboration network positively affected both recombinant creation capability and recombinant reuse capability. However, non-redundancy among ties in a knowledge network was found to favour recombinant creation capability but hinder recombinant reuse capability. Moreover, the effects of non-redundancy among ties in different networks on recombinant capabilities depended on knowledge similarity and knowledge complementarity. These findings not only reveal the role of non-redundancy among ties on recombinant capabilities, but also highlight the significance of knowledge similarity and knowledge complementarity in the relationship between non-redundancy among ties and recombinant capabilities, thereby providing fresh insights into how to improve organisational recombinant capabilities
... Both forms of knowledge sharing are very crucial internal assets of the firm (Grant's., 1996). KSPS are carried by using the experiences and knowledge found in the minds of the workers (Markus, 2001). ...
Article
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This research work examines the impact of organizational climate on performance and considering affective commitment, knowledge sharing practices (KSPS) and perceived cost of knowledge sharing (KScost) as potential mediators by recognizing the need and importance of knowledge sharing among pharmaceutics to enhance their ability to perform best at workplace. Data collection is carried through convenient sampling from pharmaceutics through survey questionnaire from (Lahore and Karachi) two big cities of Pakistan. Confirmatory factor analysis is applied to test the reliability and validity of the constructs and the outcomes confirm the establishment of both internal reliability and validity. Sample size consists of 350 pharmaceutics. The outcomes of this paper reveal that organizational climate significantly and positively impact the performance. The results indicate that affective commitment, KScost and KSPS intervene the link between organizational commitment and organizational performance
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Promoting the evolution of design knowledge is one of the most challenging tasks in design science research (DSR). Designers must build upon the available body of knowledge, reuse it within another setting, and reflect on the lessons learned during the use to advance the state of the art. As recent research points to limited reuse of both design knowledge and design artifacts, we believe that the process of codifying, enhancing, and building on previous research can be enriched by nuanced viewpoints and supportive practices. Against this backdrop, we transfer well-established theories for creating value through reuse from the field of circularity into a coherent framework for ‘circular design principles’. Our framework complements the existing guidance on reuse by (1) introducing lifecycle thinking of design knowledge, (2) theorizing about the process of reusing in DSR, as well as (3) diversifying the concept of reuse. In line with the accumulation tradition of research, we seek to aid scholars in operationalizing and complementing existing knowledge as well as positioning their papers as a form of reuse research.
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In this article, we explore questions about the culture of trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) through the lens of ecosystems. We draw on the European Commission’s Guidelines for Trustworthy AI and its philosophical underpinnings. Based on the latter, the trustworthiness of an AI ecosystem can be conceived of as being grounded by both the so-called rational-choice and motivation-attributing accounts—i.e., trusting is rational because solution providers deliver expected services reliably, while trust also involves resigning control by attributing one’s motivation, and hence, goals, onto another entity. Our research question is: What aspects contribute to a responsible AI ecosystem that can promote justifiable trustworthiness in a healthcare environment? We argue that especially within devising governance and support aspects of a medical AI ecosystem, considering the so-called motivation-attributing account of trust provides fruitful pointers. There can and should be specific ways and governance structures supporting and nurturing trustworthiness beyond mere reliability. After compiling a list of preliminary requirements for this, we describe the emergence of one particular medical AI ecosystem and assess its compliance with and future ways of improving its functioning as a responsible AI ecosystem that promotes trustworthiness.
Chapter
Of the 260 responses from a survey of European multinationals, 94% believed that knowledge management requires employees to share what they know with others within the organization (Murray, 1999). Among the processes of knowledge management—creation, sharing, utilization and accumulation of knowledge—sharing is what differentiates organizational knowledge management from individual learning or knowledge acquisition. However, the process of sharing knowledge is often unnatural to many. Individuals will not share knowledge that is regarded to be of high value and importance. In fact, the natural tendency for individuals is to hoard knowledge or look suspiciously at the knowledge of others. Thus, incentive schemes—where employees receive incentives as a form of compensation for their contributions—are common programs in many organizations. Such schemes have met their fair share of success as well as failure in the field of knowledge management. On the one hand, the carrot and stick principle used in Siemens’ ShareNet project turned out to be a success (Ewing & Keenan, 2001). On the other hand, the redemption points used in Samsung Life Insurance’s Knowledge Mileage Program only resulted in the increasingly selfish behavior of its employees (Hyoung & Moon, 2002). Furthermore, despite the plethora of research on factors affecting knowledge sharing behavior, little concerns discovering effective ways to encourage individuals to voluntarily share their knowledge. Early studies on knowledge management began by trying to discover key factors pertaining to knowledge management in general, instead of knowledge sharing in particular, as summarized in Table 1. Although research on knowledge sharing started around the mid 1990s, it focused mainly on knowledge sharing at the group or organizational level in spite of the fact that knowledge itself actually originates from the individual. Even at the group or organizational level, most studies dealt with a specific knowledge type, such as best practices (Szulanski, 1996) or a specific context, such as between dispersed teams (Tsai, 2002). In addition, factors such as trust, willingness to share, information about the knowledge holder, and the level of codification of knowledge were considered in abstract. Although these factors are valuable, they require further empirical research before they could be used to explain the individual’s fundamental motivation to share knowledge. Thus, this study aims to develop an understanding of the factors that support or constrain the individual’s knowledge sharing behavior in the organization, with a special interest in the role of rewards. This is done according to Fishbein and Ajzen’s (1975) Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), a widely accepted social psychology model that is used to explain almost any human behavior (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980).
Chapter
The main purpose of this paper is to model the new ways of knowledge creation and their relationship with both exploratory and exploitative innovation. Based on Dubin’s quantitative method of theory building, a conceptualization of a model concerning transformations in the creation of knowledge in an organization embedded in technology is presented. The authors construct and analyze a novel model called Persistent Leveraging of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Systems Tapers Innovation Capability ‘PLASTIC’, which models on-going transitions in knowledge management practices. The theoretical model aids in the understanding of the specific knowledge processes within an organization and the main prospective challenges, obstacles and difficulties for knowledge management over the next decade. It discusses the role of a changeable environment and the interactions between technology-driven transformations and human-oriented practices, and it enables the evaluation of the future adaptation in knowledge management processes. This research is the first to challenge the impact of AI aided searching on the workforce and provides the catalyst for discussion of long-term innovation implications.KeywordsKnowledge ManagementImpact of AI SearchingInformation RetrievalInnovation stagnationExploratory InnovationExploitative Innovation
Article
Purpose This paper aims to refer to the knowledge transfer of entrepreneurial skills between digital incubators and nascent entrepreneurs. It questions the role of the context and of the richness of the ecosystems in which these women evolve, as defined by Welter and Baker (2021) on such an attempt. Design/methodology/approach This research is based on a qualitative study that refers to case studies of women nascent entrepreneurs who evolve into two different contexts – one rich zone and one deprived economic one of the French Parisian Region – and who integrated the same digital incubator. Findings Context does partly matter: besides the “Where”, the “Who” and, moreover, the level of education and previous entrepreneurial experience really matters, and only educated women, whatever the other components of context, seem to be capable to receive the “best” knowledge transfer from incubators. Second, incubators can be considered as to be a knowledge hub that allow knowledge transfer not only from trainers and coaches to women nascent entrepreneurs but also among women entrepreneurs. This paper concludes with a discussion on the role of digital training and coaching in such knowledge transfers. Research limitations/implications Findings are limited to a specific place (the region of Paris). Therefore, women entrepreneurs evolve in more different contexts but the national entrepreneurial and institutional context remains the same. There should be need to explore the role of an incubator that evolves into more contrasted contexts. Practical implications If results can be generalized, this means incubators should differentiate their services, teaching and coaching expertize according to the education level of nascent entrepreneurs: This is a plaidoyer against institutionalized incubators that claim to be capable of targeting any nascent (women) entrepreneurs. Social implications This study is also a plaidoyer for more digital incubator to mix persons from different contexts, especially to welcome persons from more deprived economic zones. Originality/value The research reveals the role of context – and, some components of the context – intro coaching and training that are provided by online incubators. It contributes to the literature on knowledge transfer that is brought about by incubators. It also contributes to the literature in entrepreneurship by showing that some components among the others that define what we call “the context” matter more than others.
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For building and preservation of long-term competitive advantages, it is not enough that companies are just better and faster than their competitors. Competitor orientation strategy, without aim for customers’ satisfaction may lead company to "Cul-de-sac". This situation is an indicator that management decisions depend exclusively on the moves of competitors. In doing so, companies forget the real reason for their existence, customers satisfaction. Knowledge about customer needs and desires, identified in process of building sales network focused on the customer, can help top management of the company to apply it through value creation building. The main goal of this research is to explore companies’ awareness level about the customer satisfaction as a key element in process of building competitive advantages based on sales policy differentiation. Research was conducted through individual interview survey based of pre-prepared questionnaire and includes companies engaged in B2B sales, not sales to end customers. Research results should demonstrate a difference in perception of customer satisfaction in international companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the one, and domestic companies, on the other hand. Analyzing the results of research we make a conclusion about possibilities that companies build a Customer-Orientation Sales (COS) Model. Key words: sales network, sales team, Customer-Oriented Sales (COS) Model, customer satisfaction, competitiveness, differentiation, B2B sales.
Research Proposal
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DIKWP Digital Reuse/Sharing Chain ::=Data Reuse/Sharing->Information Reuse/Sharing->Knowledge Reuse/Sharing->Wisdom Reuse/Sharing->Purpose Reuse/Sharing
Preprint
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Historically asymmetric availability or ownership of Data Asset, Information Asset, Knowledge Asset and Wisdom Asset has essentially contributed to the revelation of cognitive understanding, development and planning of various economic society in human civilization processing. Various models and theories of Economics lay their exchange and transaction foundation on the asymmetry of the availability and the asymmetry of the demands of commercial goods or services. However from the DIKWP Capital materialization and DIKWP Governance perspective, with the rapidly development of the modern information technology and widely progressing digital communication facilities, Asymmetric
Method
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==> == > This document only contains backup notes <== <== The dissertation, “Verifying the Unified Theory of Knowledge Management's Operationalized Functions Using Macro Verb and Attribute Concepts,” conducted tests to verify the sufficiency and necessity of the theory’s seven functions. The verification needed verbs to use as requirements for testing. This document provides additional detail on the sources used to extract those verbs.
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Prior research examines factors that enable or hinder knowledge sharing and knowledge seeking in groups. However, individuals also share and seek knowledge outside group meetings, especially if the group is making strategic decisions over time. Therefore, this study examines how, during a longitudinal strategic decision‐making process, the emotions of group members and knowledge sharing within the group affect their knowledge‐sharing intentions and knowledge‐seeking behaviors beyond the group. We focus on a single organization, a hospital, whose board created a citizen advisory panel (CAP) of 28 individuals to gather community input on the restructuring of the hospital's activities to contain costs. The group met in five all‐day sessions to provide their input. We surveyed each member before the CAP process and after each CAP session. The resulting longitudinal data were analyzed using panel‐data techniques, with the findings being complemented by qualitative insights. The results indicate, somewhat surprisingly, that both positive and negative emotions (specifically enthusiasm and anxiety) positively affect both knowledge‐sharing intentions and knowledge sharing within groups in strategic decision‐making contexts. We also find that enthusiasm, anxiety, and perceived relative knowledge within groups positively affect subsequent knowledge‐seeking behaviors. Our findings contribute to the literature on knowledge management and organizational decision making. The study provides insights into how, in groups making strategic decisions over time, emotions as well as knowledge sharing within groups affect knowledge‐related intentions and behaviors beyond the groups. The study also adds to the theory of planned behavior to highlight the role of emotions in influencing intentions and behaviors.
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BACKGROUND Organizations develop knowledge management (KM) strategies with the intention to leverage knowledge across all functional areas. A knowledge management system (KMS) is used to facilitate KM processes such as the creation, storage, and application of knowledge. However, mere adoption and deployment of KMS do not warrant its effective use to facilitate knowledge-sharing efforts. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the facilitative role of social capital in the use of KMS by considering three social capital dimensions –cognitive (i.e., shared norms), relational (i.e., trust), and structural (i.e., social connectedness). METHODS A case study strategy was used for this study. A mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative techniques was used to obtain relevant data for analysis. Instruments used to collect the data were semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Documents regarding social policy, shared values, and shared goals were also obtained for triangulation purposes. A total of 15 respondents were interviewed while 73 respondents participated in the survey. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the participants and the survey data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation, factor analysis, and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS The study found that each of the three dimensions of social capital has a positive and significant relationship with the use of KMS. Specifically, shared norms (i.e., cognitive social capital), trust (i.e., relational social capital), and strong connectedness (i.e., structural social capital) were good predictors of employees’ use of KMS while user attitude and perceived usefulness mediate social capital dimensions in terms of KMS usage for knowledge exchange or transfer in the organization. CONCLUSIONS The application of social capital theory to KMS context should be a very important consideration by both researchers and practitioners due to the socio-technical nature of KMS and the need to recognize social capital as a mechanism for inducement and opportunity to promote KMS usage for successful knowledge sharing.
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Despite the widespread introduction of information technology into primary health care within the United Kingdom, medical practitioners continue to use the more traditional paper medical record often alongside the computerized system. The resilience of the paper document is not simply a consequence of an impoverished design, but rather a product of the socially organized practices and reasoning which surround the use of the record within day to day consultative work. The practices that underpin the use of the medical records may have a range of important implications, not only for the general design of systems to support collaborative work, but also for our conceptions of `writers', `readers', `objects' and `records' utilized in those designs.
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We describe a case study in which experimental collabor- ationtechnologies were used for over two years in the real, ongoing work process of intellectual property management (IPM) at Xerox PARC. The technologies include LiveBoard- based meeting support tools, laptop notetaking tools, digital audio recording, and workstation tools to later access and replay the meeting activities. In cooperation with the IPM manager, both the work process and the tools were continu- ously evolved to improve the process. We supported and observed over 60 meetings, leading to a rich set of empirical observations of the meeting activities. We note some practi- cal lessons for this research approach.
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An organizational memory information system (OMIS) is a tangible conceptualization of the nebulous concept of knowledge. It combines the attributes of culture, history, business process, human memory, and fact into an integrated business system. Such an integrated system can facilitate a major step in the capture of the knowledge assets.
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This article examines the impacts of two types of meetingfacilitation across traditional and GSS environments -process and content facilitation - on meeting processes andoutcomes.Results indicate uniformly positive consequences ofcontent facilitation. In the context of this study, processsupport was found to negatively affect meeting structures.To some extent, these negative impacts were moderated byGSS use. These results are explored from the perspective ofstructuration theories and research on transactional andtransformational leadership. Implications for meetingfacilitation are discussed and future research directionsproposed.
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Documents are used extensively by professionals in their execution of their own work and to share information with others. Professionals use and manage their documents in ways that are woven into their work activities and leave most of the context unsaid because the documents are understood as belonging to a certain ongoing activity. Contrary to this, organisations have a strong interest in storing information in less person-dependent ways than simply relying on their employees’ memory and personal files. To support document management effectively we need to balance the individual professionals’ focus on their current activities against the long-term interests of the organisation, and we need a fuller understanding of the affordances and constraints of documents. This study identifies six roles documents play in professionals’ work, namely that documents serve: (1) as personal work files, (2) as reminders of things to do, (3) to share information with some yet withhold it from others, (4) to convey meaning, (5) to generate new meaning, and (6) to mediate contacts among people. Painstakingly standardised and very time-consuming methods are required for documents to convey meaning but such efforts are rarely considered worthwhile compared to relying on other document roles or rework.
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This paper addresses the design problem of providing IT support for emerging knowledge processes (EKPs). EKPs are organizational activity patterns that exhibit three characteristics in combination: an emergent process of deliberations with no best structure or sequence; requirements for knowledge that are complex (both general and situational), distributed across people, and evolving dynamically; and an actor set that is unpredictable in terms of job roles or prior knowledge. Examples of EKPs include basic research, new product development, strategic business planning, and organization design. EKPs differ qualitatively from semi-structured decision making processes; therefore, they have unique requirements that are not all thoroughly supported by familiar classes of systems, such as executive information systems, expert systems, electronic communication systems, organizational memory systems, or repositories. Further, the development literature on familiar classes of systems does not provide adequate guidance on how to build systems that support EKPs. Consequently, EKPs require a new IS design theory, as explicated by Walls et al. (1992). We created such a theory while designing and deploying a system for the EKP of organization design. The system was demonstrated through subsequent empirical analysis to be successful in supporting the process. Abstracting from the experience of building this system, we developed an IS design theory for EKP support systems. This new IS design theory is an important theoretical contribution, because it both provides guidance to developers and sets an agenda for academic research. EKP design theory makes the development process more tractable for developers by restricting the range of effective features (or rules for selecting features) and the range of effective development practices to a more manageable set EKP design theory also sets an agenda for academic research by articulating theory-based principles that are subject to empirical, as well as practical, validation.
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This paper describes how a unique type of virtual team, deploying a computer-mediated collaborative technology, developed a radically new product. The uniqueness of the team - what we call VC3 teams, for Virtual Cross-value-chain, Creative Collaborative Teams - stemmed from the fact that it was inter-organizational and virtual, and had to compete for the attention of team members who also belong to collocated teams within their own organizations. Existing research on virtual teams does not fully address the challenges of such VC3 teams. Using the case of Boeing-Rocketdyne, we describe the behavior of members of a VC3 team to derive implications for research on virtual teaming, especially for studying teams within emerging contexts such as the one we observed. The data we collected also allowed us to identify successful managerial practices and develop recommendations for managers responsible for such teams.
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The adaptation process for new technology is not yet well understood. This study analyzes how an inter-organizational virtual team, tasked with creating a highly innovative product over a 10-month period, adapted the use of a collaborative technology and successfully achieved its challenging objectives. The study of such a virtual team is especially useful for extending our understanding of the adaptation process, as virtual teams have more malleable structures than typical organizational units and controlled group experiments. Data were obtained from observations of weekly virtual meetings, electronic log files, interviews, and weekly questionnaires administered to team members. We found that the team initially experienced significant misalignments among the pre-existing organizational environment, group, and technology structures. To resolve these misalignments, the team modified the organizational environment and group structures, leaving the technology structure intact. However, as the team proceeded, a series of events unfolded that caused the team to reevaluate and further modify its structures. This final set of modifications involved reverting back to the pre-existing organizational environment, while new technology and group structures emerged as different from both the pre-existing and the initial ones. A new model of the adaptation process -- one that integrates these findings and those of several previous models -- is proposed.
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