Article

An Exploratory Evaluation of Three Interfaces for Browsing Large Hierarchical Tables of Contents.

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Abstract

Three different interfaces were used to browse a large (1296 items) table of contents. A fully expanded stable interface, expand/contract interface, and multipane interface were studied in a between-groups experiment with 41 novice participants. Nine timed fact retrieval tasks were performed; each task is analyzed and discussed separately. We found that both the expand/contract and multipane interfaces produced significantly faster times than the stable interface for many tasks using this large hierarchy; other advantages of the expand/contract and multipane interfaces over the stable interface are discussed. The animation characteristics of the expand/contract interface appear to play a major role. Refinements to the multipane and expand/contract interfaces are suggested. A predictive model for measuring navigation effort of each interface is presented.

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... [21][22][23] The user has a global hierarchical view of the decision process, because the information content is concealed within individual nodes. 24 Users may gradually reduce the search field by dynamic filtration 25 ; this involves clicking on the node, so that items in the level immediately below appear, 24 and adapting navigation across the hierarchy according to the result obtained after each mouse click. 25 This approach also facilitates reading, because elements are read from top to bottom. ...
... [21][22][23] The user has a global hierarchical view of the decision process, because the information content is concealed within individual nodes. 24 Users may gradually reduce the search field by dynamic filtration 25 ; this involves clicking on the node, so that items in the level immediately below appear, 24 and adapting navigation across the hierarchy according to the result obtained after each mouse click. 25 This approach also facilitates reading, because elements are read from top to bottom. ...
... These criteria are concealed within individual nodes, and can be viewed by clicking on the node concerned, with the mouse. 24 Each node is a specialization of the previous patient condition. ▸ Area B, on the right, is completed only if the action chosen is 'hospitalization', 'laboratory testing', 'monitoring', or 'no treatment'. ...
Article
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It is important to consider the way in which information is presented by the interfaces of clinical decision support systems, to favor the adoption of these systems by physicians. Interface design can focus on decision processes (guided navigation) or usability principles. The aim of this study was to compare these two approaches in terms of perceived usability, accuracy rate, and confidence in the system. We displayed clinical practice guidelines for antibiotic treatment via two types of interface, which we compared in a crossover design. General practitioners were asked to provide responses for 10 clinical cases and the System Usability Scale (SUS) for each interface. We assessed SUS scores, the number of correct responses, and the confidence level for each interface. SUS score and percentage confidence were significantly higher for the interface designed according to usability principles (81 vs 51, p=0.00004, and 88.8% vs 80.7%, p=0.004). The percentage of correct responses was similar for the two interfaces. The interface designed according to usability principles was perceived to be more usable and inspired greater confidence among physicians than the guided navigation interface. Consideration of usability principles in the construction of an interface-in particular 'effective information presentation', 'consistency', 'efficient interactions', 'effective use of language', and 'minimizing cognitive load'-seemed to improve perceived usability and confidence in the system.
... Nonetheless, should one conclude a hyperlink will likely appear below it, this characteristic could be crucial. The importance depends upon the likelihood of a navigator to scroll, which is not a completely harmonious subject in the literature [Chim+94,Bach+97,VanW98,Byrn+99b,Niel00]. ...
... Number of hyperlinks is particularly important with respect to site overviews. Chimera and Shneiderman [Chim+94] distinguish between large, medium, and small (vertical) overviews in terms of the required screens to fit all overview items: ...
... Notice that their screen distance from one another (in this case, four text lines are between them) is dependent upon the number of children each has. The screen distance is much greater for siblings at higher levels in the site hierarchy, which in part may lead to the general advantage of collapsible overviews when the number of nodes becomes large [Chim+94]. Note also that each hyperlink has a " height" within the overview (the list position attribute, as discussed in Chapter 2), and that when fully expanded, top-level pages appear lower in the overview than all descendants of all siblings higher in the ordering. ...
Article
Understanding the specific nature of disorientation in hyperspace will benefit from a battery of characterizations of the space being navigated, the user navigating the space, and their interaction. This study focuses on a particular consideration for understanding the "lost-in-hyperspace" problem, namely "transitional volatility". Metrics investigated in relation to disorientation and Web site mental models include: 1) the navigational and content changes of a Web site's interface in page-to-page transitions, and 2) the users' ability to reorient themselves to these changes. Metrics to relate to disorientation and Web site mental models include the extent to which 1) a navigation session is volatile, 2) a user is typically habituated in navigation patches, and 3) a user can predict navigation support changes at destination pages. The primary concern of the study was the effects of the navigational volatility on disorientation and Website mental models for two common hierarchical navigational schemes: partial overview and local context support. The results suggest an interesting pattern of interaction effects: When users are provided with partial overview navigation support, navigational volatility predicts increased disorientation, decreased perceived global coherence and decreased ease of navigation. In contrast, when provided with a more locally focused navigation scheme, navigational volatility predicts increased perceived site size and increased perceived global coherence. The results generally supported a model with a direct causal link from navigational volatility to disorientation.
... While common, this approach was found to be problematic when the hierarchy is large enough to overwhelm the available screen space when used online. It is easy for the user to get lost and not perceive the onscreen information in the context of the global hierarchy (Chimera and Shneiderman 1994). Additionally, the time required to c 2006 EDSIG http://isedj.org/4/97/ ...
... Static hierarchical views resemble the table of contents in a paper-based publication (Chimera and Shneiderman 1994). While common, this approach was found to be problematic when the hierarchy is large enough to overwhelm the available screen space when used online. ...
... While common, this approach was found to be problematic when the hierarchy is large enough to overwhelm the available screen space when used online. It is easy for the user to get lost and not perceive the onscreen information in the context of the global hierarchy (Chimera and Shneiderman 1994). Additionally, the time required to scroll through the list increased the time it takes for the user to perform the search and browse tasks. ...
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The process of classifying information can be a complex task, especially when there are multiple taxonomies. Creating effective user interfaces for searching large, multi-taxonomic hierar-chies for information classification purposes is a relevant problem facing human-computer interaction (HCI) researchers and practitioners. This study evaluated the effectiveness of overview and zoom ca-pabilities in facilitating the task of classifying information in multi-taxonomic hierarchies. Usability tests of alternative interface designs were conducted within an experimental context. The experimen-tal task involves classifying objectives for an information systems course into the multi-taxonomic hierarchies of the IS'97 curriculum model. Overview and zoom capability was operationalized by a multiwindow interface design, and the addition of dynamic query features were used to further increase the level of overview and zoom. Partial support was found for asserting increased levels of overview and zoom lead to increase subjective satisfaction, lower error rates, and less time required to complete the experimental task.
... However, simultaneous menus are more flexible because they provide users with a broader context for choosing menu items and gaining direct access to them. If sequential menu hierarchies can be converted into simultaneous menu presentations, this strategy is a good option if complex or exploratory tasks are anticipated [8,27]. These results are affirmed by a similar study, which focused on multipane interfaces [8]. ...
... If sequential menu hierarchies can be converted into simultaneous menu presentations, this strategy is a good option if complex or exploratory tasks are anticipated [8,27]. These results are affirmed by a similar study, which focused on multipane interfaces [8]. ...
... Diese Orientierung, die Integration von Detail und Kontext, ist vor allem bei der Arbeit mit allen Arten großer Dokumente ein Problem (Furnas, 1986;Thüring et al., 1995;Chimera & Shneiderman, 1994). Für Mapping heißt dies: Wie kann man sicher stellen, dass der Benutzer den größeren Kontext nicht vergisst, wenn er an einem Detail einer Map arbeitet, die zu groß ist, um in lesbarer Weise auf dem Bildschirm ganz dargestellt zu werden? ...
... In einer Studie, in der von Probanden große Inhaltsverzeichnisse nach bestimmten Stellen durchsucht werden sollten, fanden Chimera & Shneiderman (1994) heraus, dass sich von den drei Darstellungsweisen der hierarchischen Verzeichnisse jene Version am wenigsten eignete, in der das gesamte Verzeichnis komplett und zusammenhängend dargeboten wurde, so dass man jede Stelle nur durch bloßes Scrollen erreichen konnte. Besser geeignet war eine Darstellungsweise, bei der zunächst nur die Überschriften erster Ordnung sichtbar waren; der Benutzer musste die untergeordneten Ebenen sukzessive "ausklappen" (ähnlich wie im Baumdiagramm der gängigen Dateimanager). ...
... Other studies have looked at interaction techniques for displaying digital ToCs: Chimera and Shneiderman [1994] explored the advantages of expandable ToC and multipane ToC interfaces over static presentations. Fisheye views can be used to selectively display ToCs in relation to the 'current section' by trading off importance and distance of other sections [Furnas 2006]. ...
... The experience of browsing a document using a ToC presentation of the hierarchy is influenced by the size and shape of the structure [Chimera and Shneiderman 1994]. To a lesser extent this is also relevant if structure is used in search results, e.g. ...
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Electronic document standards such as TEI and METS provide the means to digitally encode sophisticated hierarchical document structures. This naturally leads to digital libraries using document structure to support user navigation, which can be particularly useful for large or complex documents that are studied closely by their readers, e.g. those found in large historical and literary source texts. In response to this growing use, we present a set of user requirements for document structure in humanities digital libraries, illustrated with three digital collections from this domain. We discuss how well existing technologies satisfy these requirements and make recommendations for the use of document standards and the design of digital libraries.
... Therefore, we aim to identify the most intuitive diagram type for hierarchical data from a set of known candidates. For hierarchical data, a set of suitable diagrams have been proposed and investigated [3,8,7]. ...
Poster
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From a psychological perspective, goals are an observable manifestation of motivation. In an educational context, personal goals can serve as a navigation aid through knowledge domains and curricula. We use hierarchical goal structures as the central element in a digital goal-setting tool for higher education. We tested four types of diagrams for hierarchical data (sunburst, treemap, dendrogram, and circlepack-ing) to compare visualization options. Quantitative data from 120 participants , who ranked the diagram types, shows an average ordering of 1.75 for the dendrogram, 2.69 for circlepacking, 2.77 for sunburst, 2.79 for treemap. The non-parametric Friedman test reveals significant differences between the groups. Nemenyi posthoc tests show that the preference of the dendrogram compared to other diagram types is highly significant with a large effect size. Qualitative data indicate that the circlepacking diagram is favored for aesthetic reasons, while the treemap diagram is perceived as confusing. A domain-specific conclusion from the results is that the dendrogram is most suitable for the goal-setting application. The paper concludes with an outlook on future developments of the digital goal-setting tool and open research questions for future research.
... It also serves to draw the audiences' attention to particular screen-based informational elements. In addition, it is used for decision making [16], information retrieval [17], process visualisation [18], multimedia training [19], and domain knowledge visualisation [20]. ...
Article
This paper presents a systematic analysis of the existing studies in two research areas: (1) effects that animated objects might have on users, and (2) HCI studies with autistic users. The aim of this work is to broaden current knowledge of the effect of animation on user interface usability. We systematically analysed the state of the art in the related research areas and identified many gaps that should be addressed, as well as proposed the solution to cover these gaps. Our goal is to analyse the performance variance between neurotypical users and autistic individuals in order to gauge task achievement, webpage navigability, and ability to focus.
... Therefore, automatically identifying these support segments and then subsequently making them instantly accessible in the iTOC interface can significantly improve the user experience of blind users. In this regard, we can also exploit prior work [30], [31] to facilitate convenient interaction with generic hierarchical TOC covering multiple support segments. ...
Conference Paper
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Interacting with long web documents such as wiktionaries, manuals, tutorials, blogs, novels, etc., is easy for sighted users, as they can leverage convenient pointing devices such as a mouse/touchpad to quickly access the desired content either via scrolling with visual scanning or clicking hyperlinks in the available Table of Contents (TOC). Blind users on the other hand are unable to use these pointing devices, and therefore can only rely on keyboard-based screen reader assistive technology that lets them serially navigate and listen to the page content using keyboard shortcuts. As a consequence, interacting with long web documents with just screen readers, is often an arduous and tedious experience for the blind users. To bridge the usability divide between how sighted and blind users interact with web documents, in this paper, we present iTOC, a browser extension that automatically identifies and extracts TOC hyperlinks from the web documents, and then facilitates on-demand instant screen-reader access to the TOC from anywhere in the website. This way, blind users need not manually search for the desired content by moving the screen-reader focus sequentially all over the webpage; instead they can simply access the TOC from anywhere using iTOC, and then select the desired hyperlink which will automatically move the focus to the corresponding content in the document. A user study with 15 blind participants showed that with iTOC, both the access time and user effort (number of user input actions) were significantly lowered by as much as 42.73% and 57.9%, respectively, compared to that with another state-of-the-art solution for improving web usability.
... For example, Sarawagi, Agrawal, and Megiddo (1998) give five to eight dimensions as the typical OLAP cube size. The relational and multidimensional DM were designed with an expand/contract interface, which is common in BI tools and recommended by prior research (Chimera & Schneiderman, 1994). ...
Article
Recent developments in business intelligence have not only led to the availability of more and more heterogeneous data but also to more and more heterogeneous user groups accessing them. Consequently, software vendors offer products with various views on data, wishing to give all users an easy access to the data. We conduct an online experiment among end users with varying analytical expertise for an empirical examination on how data should be structured for presentation.
... On the limited display area of a computer screen, animation can be used to make something more distinctive, to promote a section within a site, or to illustrate editorial content more effectively (Chevalier, Riche, Plaisant, Chalbi, & Hurter, 2016;McGalliard, 1998;Ware, 2012). The human-computer interaction literature clarifies that one function of animation is attracting users' attention to specific information on the screen (Chimera & Shneiderman, 2004;Nielsen, 2000). However, animation has also been recognized (McCormick, 1970;Nielsen, 1997;Spool, 1999;Stewart, 1976) as being "distracting", "annoying", and "fatiguing" and therefore it should be used cautiously by designers (Hong, Thong, & Tam, 2004). ...
Article
Wrong-patient errors from inadvertent menu selections while using computerized provider order entry (CPOE) systems could have fatal consequences. This study investigated whether the manipulation of CPOE interface design could improve healthcare providers’ ability to recognize patient selection errors and also decrease the time to error recognition. Using a 2x2 design, 120 participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups, interacting with different versions of a simulated CPOE: (1) control- standard version; (2) highlighted selection- the selected patient row was highlighted for two seconds, by blanking the rest of the screen; (3) photo- photographs of patients’ faces were displayed in all screens; (4) combined- with photo and highlighted selection. Each participant navigated through five case scenarios. On the last scenario, an error was simulated by directing the participant to a wrong patient. Recognition rates of the wrong-patient error and times to error recognition were significantly improved for the highlighted selection, photo, and combined groups, relative to the control group. These results suggest that the addition of patient photos and highlighted selection could substantially reduce errors in CPOE systems and other applications.
... This was found to hinder fast information retrieval which may be due to less important information being displayed on the webpage than if the links were listed in order of importance. A study carried out by Shneiderman and Chimera (1994) found that online browsing can be enhanced by interface designs that display appropriate information in appropriate places. ...
... ARI Smart Form Interface (79) -Exemple de la prise en charge de l'angine.2.3.3.4. Les interfaces qui s'étendent et se contractent (« expand/contract interface »)Les interfaces qui « s'étendent et se contractent »(94,112,113) représentent le processus de décision sous la forme d'une hiérarchie où chaque noeud contient un contenu qui ne peut être visualisé que lorsque l'on clique sur le noeud(114). Les utilisateurs ont une vue globale du processus de décision, et réduisent progressivement le champ de recherche(115) : à chaque fois qu'ils cliquent sur un noeud, les items du niveau d'en dessous apparaissent (filtration dynamique) (114). ...
Thesis
Contexte : Les Systèmes d’Aide à la Décision (SAD) en antibiothérapie empirique présentent plusieurs limites : (i) leurs recommandations sont uniquement valables pour les profils patient décrits dans les Guides de Bonnes Pratiques cliniques (GBP) ; (ii) leur mise à jour est rare ; (iii) leur ergonomie défaillante gène leur adoption en pratique clinique courante. Pour pallier ces limites, nous proposons une approche conduisant à un SAD capable de générer automatiquement des recommandations, comme le font les experts qui écrivent les GBPs, et de les afficher dans une interface porteuse de connaissances, facile à utiliser. Méthodes : Notre démarche a consisté à (i) extraire des GBPs le raisonnement médical profond qu’utilisent les experts pour établir les recommandations ; (ii) utiliser le processus de décision en antibiothérapie empirique et les principes d’utilisabilité pour concevoir une interface agréable à utiliser. Résultats : L’implémentation du raisonnement médical des experts sous la forme d’un algorithme utilisant 12 propriétés des antibiotiques permet de retrouver automatiquement les antibiotiques recommandés quelle que soit la situation clinique, sans l’intervention des experts. Ces propriétés pourraient être mises à jour automatiquement via des ressources extérieures telles que les bases de données médicamenteuses. La création d’une interface porteuse de connaissances, selon le processus de décision en antibiothérapie et les principes d’utilisabilité, améliore significativement l’utilisabilité perçue et la confiance des médecins dans le système. Conclusion : L’extrapolation de notre approche à des pathologies chroniques mérite d’être étudiée.
... To create a visual representations of tree structure dataset , we can use an outline style of indented labels likes the tables of contents of a book [26], a node-link diagram, or a Treemap (the space slit into nested regions). In this section, we discuss the basic approach for tree visualization: the indented List and Node-link diagram. ...
Thesis
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This thesis is devoted to the study of an original cartographic visualization approach named Memory Island. We discuss how hierarchical knowledge can be meaningfully mapped and visualized as an insightful island. Our technique is inspired by the "loci" (plural of Latin "locus" for places or locations) method of the ancient "Art of Memory" technique. A well-designed map in mind can make sense of knowledge, which leads to the accomplishment of one's information seeking tasks, and helps to extend one's knowledge. To this end, Memory Island technique consists of associating each entity of knowledge to a designated area on a created virtual island. With the geographic visual metaphors we define, Memory Island can present phenomena found in knowledge, which is often difficult to understand. In this thesis, we discuss how we design our visualization technique to make it achieve the great features of visualization: automatically generate a truthful, functional, beautiful, insightful, and enlightening island with its technical details. In order to make Memory Island more convenient for its users, we present our "overview+detail" interface, to support them with visual exploration and knowledge analysis. We also demonstrate how to create knowledge maps using Memory Island technique, by giving some example on different datasets of Digital Humanities (Project OBVIL), e-books (Project LOCUPLETO) and other domains. Then, we propose our validation and evaluation protocols with two preliminary user experiments. The results from these studies indicate that the use of Memory Island provides advantages for non-experienced users tackling realistic browsing, helps them improve their performances in knowledge navigation and memorization tasks, and that most of them choose to use it for navigation and knowledge discovery. We end up by concluding our researches and listing some perspectives and future works that can be based on our Memory Island technique.
... But the expansion and collapse function when exploring the tree make it nearly impossible to form a mental map of the hierarchical data-a negative effect that is referred to as the focus+context problem. With respect to this problem Chimera and Shneiderman [31] evaluated three hierarchy browsing interfaces. In their exploratory evaluation, a fully expanded stable interface, an expand/contract interface, and a multi-pane interface are evaluated by 41 novice participants. ...
Thesis
Full-text available
Im Forschungsgebiet der Informationsvisualisierung beschäftigt man sich unter anderem mit der effizienten und übersichtlichen Darstellung von Relationen zwischen Objekten. Zahlreiche Visualisierungswerkzeuge mit verschiedenen visuellen Metaphern haben ihre Daseinsberechtigung nicht zuletzt wegen einer Vielzahl von Beispielszenarien aus der realen Welt: In der Bioinformatik untersucht man Zusammenhänge bei der Interaktion von Proteinen. Im Internet sind Webseiten über sogenannte Hyperlinks miteinander verbunden. Funktionsaufrufe in Softwaresystemen drücken aus, welche Funktionen voneinander abhängen. Co-Autornetzwerke zeigen auf, welche Forscher häufig miteinander publizieren. Diese vier Beispiele stehen nur stellvertretend für eine Vielzahl anderer. Die wohl am häufigsten verwendete visuelle Metapher, um diese Art von Daten graphisch darzustellen, ist ohne Zweifel der Ansatz basierend auf Knoten und Kanten. Typischerweise leidet diese Darstellungsform unter einem Phänomen, das in der Informationsvisualisierung mit Visual Clutter - einem visuellen Wirrwarr - bezeichnet wird. Der Grund hierfür sind die zahlreich auftretenden Kantenkreuzungen. Um das Problem so gut wie möglich zu entschärfen, wurden in der Vergangenheit bereits einige ausgeklügelte Algorithmen entwickelt, die auch eine ganze Reihe weiterer ästhetischer Kriterien in Betracht ziehen, um das Layout des sogenannten Graphen visuell ansprechend und lesbar zu gestalten. Relationen zwischen Objekten verändern sich in vielen Fällen im Laufe der Zeit. Die Visualisierung solcher dynamischer Zusammenhänge stellt eine zusätzliche Herausforderung für Forscher aus dem Bereich der Graphvisualisierung dar. Ein naiver Ansatz könnte die gleichen Layout-Algorithmen wie für statische Graphen auf jeden einzelnen Zwischengraph der Graphsequenz anwenden und diese Sequenz dann in einer Animation dem Betrachter zeigen. Dies würde jeden einzelnen Graphen mit Sicherheit ästhetisch im Sinne der Graphvisualisierung erscheinen lassen, die Darstellung der Graphsequenz als Ganzes würde allerdings unter dieser Visualisierungsstrategie leiden. Das Hauptproblem dieser naiven Vorgehensweise ist der hohe kognitive Aufwand, den ein Betrachter der animierten Graphsequenz für die Verfolgung der Änderungen auf sich nehmen muss. Ein Betrachter ist in der Lage, eine sogenannte Mental Map aufzubauen. Er prägt sich, meist unbewusst, die Position von Knoten und Kanten in kürzester Zeit ein und kann minimale Änderungen an dieser Mental Map ohne große Anstrengungen in Kauf nehmen. Deshalb sollten ausgereifte Layout-Algorithmen für animierte Darstellungen von Graphsequenzen die Positionen der Knoten und Kanten so berechnen, dass sich die visuelle Darstellung aufeinanderfolgender Graphen stets nur minimal voneinander unterscheidet. Der Hauptbeitrag dieser Arbeit besteht nicht darin, verbesserte Layout-Verfahren für Graphanimation zu entwickeln, sondern sowohl statische als auch dynamische Graphen als statische Visualisierung, abgesehen von interaktiven Funktionen, darzustellen. Genauer gesagt werden in dieser Dissertation Graphvisualisierungen vorgestellt, die gerichtete und gewichtete Multi-Compound-Graphen - Graphen mit Multikanten, deren Knoten hierarchisch organisiert sind - in einem statischen Bild repräsentieren. Hauptziel ist es hierbei, Visual Clutter zu reduzieren und dem Betrachter der Visualisierung die Möglichkeit zu geben, mit möglichst geringer Anstrengung seine Mental Map aufrechtzuerhalten. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, benutzen wir unter anderem kartesische und radiale, platz-füllende Darstellungen. Als Seiteneffekt erhalten wir ästhetisch ansprechende Visualisierungen. Zuerst beschreiben wir in dieser Arbeit jedoch statische Graphvisualisierungen für Regelmengen, die wir aus Softwarearchiven extrahiert haben. In einer anderen Arbeit verwenden wir auch animierte Knoten-Kanten-Diagramme, um sich verändernde Beziehungen zwischen Quellcode und Entwickler im Laufe des Software-Entwicklungsprozesses aufzuzeigen. Erst später gehen wir auf den oben beschriebenen neuartigen Ansatz ein. Ein oftmals unterschätztes Visualisierungsparadigma zur Darstellung von Daten ist die Visualisierung dieser Daten in einer radialen, kreisförmigen Art. Obwohl diese Art der Darstellung eine jahrhundertalte Geschichte hat, wurden die Vorteile davon bisher nur in geringem Maße evaluiert. In einer Studie haben wir versucht, die Vor- und Nachteile von kartesischer und radialer Darstellung unseres Visualisierungsansatzes herauszufinden. Sowohl eine Eyetracking- als auch eine Online-Studie sollen darüber Aufschluß geben. Einige interessante Phänomene konnten herausgefunden werden, neben der Tatsache, dass auch Menschen ohne Kenntnisse im Bereich der Graphtheorie und Graphvisualisierung den neuartigen Ansatz innerhalb kürzester Zeit verstehen und auf komplexe Datensätze anwenden können. Die Arbeit wird abgerundet durch eine Diskussion über ästhetische Kriterien, nach denen sich Graphvisualisierungen für sowohl statische als auch dynamische Graphen richten sollen, wenn sie für einen Betrachter brauchbare Einsichten liefern sollen.
... Les impacts de telles représentations dans les moteurs de recherche ont été étudiés pratiquement depuis l'apparition de ces outils. Dès 1994, Chimera compara trois types de visualisations dans [Chimera et Shneiderman, 1994]. La première correspond à une liste complète de catégories et sous-catégories dans laquelle l'utilisateur navigue grâce à une barre de défilement. ...
Article
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Philippe Preux, Rapporteur, Université de Lille 3 Chantal Reynaud, Examinateur, Université de Paris 11 Michèle Sebag, Rapporteur, CNRS Gilles Venturini, Examinateur, Université de Tours Christel Vrain, Examinateur, Université d'Orléans Djamel Zighed, Président, Université de Lyon 2
... The user can work interactively with this tree by expanding or collapsing the single branches. By this, he can easily explore the different levels of the table of contents [9]. In the upper right pane, all documents of a specific level are shown and in the lower pane, a preview on a selected document is given. ...
Conference Paper
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For an efficient, integrated product development environment, extended to all trading partners (large, medium as well as small enterprises), there is a need to implement Concurrent Engineering (CE) across project partners. However, today's situation is characterised by difficulties, such as the overlapping and missing co-ordination of the various activities in the field of CE, the lack of sector specific knowledge about ongoing experimentations, achieved results and stated impacts, as well as cost effectiveness, and the significant difficulties in implementing CE solu-tions across partners, especially in the interaction between large corporates and SMEs. The Concurrent Engineering Network of Excellence (CE-NET), aims to overcome these difficulties and to support the creation and functioning of the Con-current Enterprise in the Electronic Commerce environment as being a full scale CE implementation between multisectoral European partners. The CE-NET initiative consists of some thirty organisations from industry and academia, which are all involved in a variety of CE related initiatives and RTD projects. It will be carried out in three major phases: awareness & foundation, development & experimentation, and training/education & technology transfer. The CE-NET project (first phase of the CE-NET initiative) is funded under the ESPRIT programme with a duration of 18 months and has started in November 1997. In the following the CE-NET approach as well as selected results will be described.
... In line with Chimera and Shneiderman (1994), Web stimulus's impact on keeping users' attention is contingent on its Web saliency relative to its context. Online optimal search literature explains that consumers stop their online search once their marginal cost of searching is larger than their expected marginal benefit of searching (Kim et al. 2010). ...
Article
In consumer choice behaviour literature, a two-stage choice model serves as a base theory where choice behaviour is decomposed into a consideration stage plus a choice stage. Yet, this default model has been increasingly challenged by the ‘limited consumer search’ school of thought because consumers do not necessarily review all products in a choice set before making decisions, but frequently draw on external information as mental short cuts. Methodologically, the choice behaviour in stage 1 has traditionally been latent because data that directly observe how consumers form their consideration sets by eliminating alternatives are lacking. This study continues the ‘limited consumer search’ line of reasoning and proposes an aided non-compensatory process in choice stage 1, where consumers reduce brand website alternatives by using online ratings to arrive at a consideration set. We use observed Web analytics data to unveil the stage 1 choice process and also the transition from stage 1 to stage 2, which is in need of further research based on extant literature. Lastly, we cross-validate our model with two types of websites (i.e. search vs. experience/credence) and find our model is contingent on the type of website content, where consumers’ inclination to use online ratings for decision-making varies.
... The study by Chimera and Shneiderman [6] compared three variations of the outline-style indented list view; two of these were interactive. Their results suggest that future versions of our system should include collapsible nodes in indented lists. ...
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Domain-specific database applications tend to contain a sizable number of table-, form-, and report-style views that must each be designed and maintained by a software developer. A significant part of this job is the necessary tweaking of low-level presentation details such as label placements, text field dimensions, list or table styles, and so on. In this paper, we present a horizontally constrained layout management algorithm that automates the display of structured hierarchical data using the traditional visual idioms of hand-designed database UIs: tables, multi-column forms, and outline-style indented lists. We compare our system with pure outline and nested table layouts with respect to space efficiency and readability, the latter with an online user study on 27 subjects. Our layouts are 3.9 and 1.6 times more compact on average than outline layouts and horizontally unconstrained table layouts, respectively, and are as readable as table layouts even for large datasets.
... Whichever approach is used, it should at any point be To reduce visual complexity at a given level of abstraction, it can be helpful to fade out information that is currently not of interest. However, to maintain the context it might be better to still show some or all surrounding items, but in a less detailed way in order to avoid unnecessary complexity and waste of screen space (Chimera and Shneiderman, 1994). In this Levels of Detail (LOD 2 ) approach, the whole greater context is initially visible and details are only revealed on demand or automatically, when an item is in focus. ...
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... Cognitive strain, and thus effort, is increased as visually referenced alternatives, still possibly present on a large screen display, may not still be displayed on a small screen. With a higher cognitive strain together with a necessary higher degree of navigational wayfinding, decision making performance is impacted (Chalmers, 2003, Shneiderman and Chimera, 1994). Previous studies examining the time impact of a reduced screen area in task-related or goal-seeking scenarios also reduced decision performance (Marsden et al., 2002, Buyukkokten et al., 2000). ...
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Thesis
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In many contexts, humans often represent their own “neighborhood” in great detail, yet only major landmarks further away. This suggests that such views (“fisheye views”) might be useful for the computer display of large information structures like programs, data bases, online text, etc. This paper explores fisheye views presenting, in turn, naturalistic studies, a general formalism, a specific instantiation, a resulting computer program, example displays and an evaluation
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The goals and methods of the text browser, SuperBook, are compared with those of hypertext systems in general. SuperBook, intended to provide improved access to text existing in electronic form, employs cognitive tools arising from human computer interaction research, such as full-text indexing, adaptive aliasing, and dynamic views of hierarchical information. Superbook automatically preprocesses on-line text written for paper publication, and produces a multi-window display, including a dynamic table of contents, pages of text, and a history of search words. Although SuperBook and hypertext share common goals of improved search and navigation, SuperBook is designed for accessing existing documents while most hypertext systems are better suited for authoring new information structures. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of each of these kinds of systems.
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A study was conducted on information retrieval using a commercial hypertext-based help system. It was found that the predominant search strategy was 'browsing', rather than employing the indexes. Individuals with better spatial visualization skills were faster at retrieving information than those with poorer spatial visualization skills. These results support previous studies that have found a strong preference by users for browsing in hypertext systems and extend those findings to a new domain (help), a different type of user interface, and a different information architecture.
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SuperBook is a hypertext browsing system designed to improve the usability of conventional documents. Successive versions of SuperBook were evaluated in a series of behavioral studies. Students searched for information in a statistics text. presented either in conventional printed form or in SuperBook form. The best version of SuperBook enabled students to answer search questions more quickly and accurately than they could with the conventional text. Students wrote higher quality “open-book” essays using SuperBook than they did with the conventional text, and their subjective ratings of the documentation strongly favored SuperBook. This work is a case study of formative design-evaluation. Behavioral evaluation of the first version of SuperBook showed how design factors and user strategies affected search and established baseline performance measures with printed text. The second version of SuperBook was implemented with the goal of improving search accuracy and speed. User strategies that had proved effective in the first study were made very easy and attractive to use. System response time for common operations was greatly improved. Behavioral evaluation of the new SuperBook demonstrated its superiority to printed text and suggested additional improvements that were incorporated into “MiteyBook,” a SuperBook implementation for PC-size screens. Search with MiteyBook proved to be approximately 25 percent faster and 25 percent more accurate than that obtained with a conventional printed book.
Three interfaces for browsing hierarchical tables of contents In Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Open House '91 Videotape
  • R Chimera
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