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One step further in the production of bibliometric indicators at the micro level: Differences by gender and professional category of scientists
Abstract
Productivity and impact of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research scientists in Natural Resources and Chemistry by gender
and professional category are analysed. Scientific publications were downloaded from the Science Citation Index, years 1994-1999. A total of 260 Natural Resources scientists (24% of females) and 219 Chemistry ones (38% of females) were
studied. Productivity tended to increase as professional category improved in the two areas. Within each category no significant
differences in productivity were found between genders, but the outliers with the highest production were mostly males. Distribution
of females by professional categories and number of years at the institution were analysed to detect possible gender discrimination
in the promotion system. A more positive picture emerges in Chemistry than in Natural Resources, since a process of feminization
of that area has started in the lowest professional categories and females' progression to the upper ranks is expected in
the near future.
... Consistent with these results, Witteman, Hendricks et al. (2019) found that female grant applications in Canada are less successful when evaluations involve career-level elements. Some studies observed a small group of extremely productive, mostly male, "star authors" (Abramo, D'Angelo, & Caprasecca, 2009b;Abramo, Cicero, & D'Angelo, 2015;Bordons, Morillo et al., 2003). A smaller "leaky pipeline" rate of female authors is observed in STEM fields than in other fields with higher female representation (Ceci et al., 2014). ...
... Section 3.3 finds a productivity gap consistent with previous studies. This new difference is quantitatively studied in Section 3.4 finding that the M fraction progressively grows going from average to top authors, consistent with Abramo et al. (2009b, and Bordons et al. (2003). In Section 3.5 I consider self-references, finding no new gender differences. ...
... The M distribution still has a longer upper tail. 15 A varying gender fraction that culminates in a small group of extremely productive, mostly male, "star authors" has been observed in Abramo et al. (2009b and Bordons et al. (2003) (see also Kwiek, 2016). Ioannidis, Baas et al. (2019) used Scopus data about 6.9 million scientists in all disciplines to compute a "composite" bibliometric indicator, producing a list of top authors. ...
I analyze bibliometric data about fundamental physics worldwide from 1970 to now, extracting quantitative data about gender issues. I do not find significant gender differences in hiring rates, hiring timing, career gaps and slowdowns, abandonment rates, citation, and self-citation patterns. Furthermore, various bibliometric indicators (number of fractionally counted papers, citations, etc.) exhibit a productivity gap at hiring moments, at career level, and without integrating over careers. The gap persists after accounting for confounding factors and manifests as an increasing fraction of male authors going from average to top authors in terms of bibliometric indices, with a quantitative shape that can be fitted by higher male variability.
... Delving into the issue, it becomes evident that the gap occurs in the tails of the performance distribution. Women are more concentrated among very low performers (Alonso-Arroyo et al., 2007;Lemoine, 1992), while the opposite occurs among top performers Bordons, Morillo, Fernández, & Gómez, 2003). Moreover, female top scientists are less successful than men in maintaining their stardom over time (Abramo, D'Angelo, & Soldatenkova, 2017). ...
... Findings regarding the average impact of publications diverge. According to some, women perform better (Duch et al., 2012;Symonds, Gemmell, Braisher, Gorringe, & Elgar, 2006), while others demonstrate the opposite (Aksnes, Rorstad, Piro, & Sivertsen, 2011;Hunter & Leahey, 2010;Larivière, Vignola-Gagné, Villeneuve, Gelinas, & Gingras, 2011) or no statistically significant gender difference (Andersen, Schneider, Jagsi, & Nielsen, 2019;Bordons et al., 2003). A very recent study investigated the gender gap in citation impact for six million articles from Australia, Canada, Ireland, Jamaica, New Zealand, UK, and the USA. ...
... European Commission [EC], 2019). In line with a few previous studies Bordons et al., 2003), our results reveal that most of the overall gender differences in both countries can be explained by the tails of the distributions-particularly a much higher proportion of men among the top performing scientists. Findings confirm previous results by , who found a remarkable gender performance gap among the top 10 % performers; in contrast, in the remaining 90 % of the population, differences even reverse in favour of women in the case of full professors. ...
In this study, the scientific performance of Italian and Norwegian university professors is analysed using bibliometric indicators. The study is based on over 36,000 individuals and their publication output during the period 2011-2015. Applying a multidimensional indicator in which several aspects of the research performance are captured, we find large differences in the performance of men and women. These gender differences are evident across all analysed levels, such as country, field, and academic position. However, most of the gender differences can be explained by the tails of the distributions-in particular, there is a much higher proportion of men among the top 10% performing scientists. For the remaining 90% of the population, the gender differences are practically non-existent. The results of the two countries, which differ in terms of the societal role of women, are contrasting. Further, we discuss possible biases that are intrinsic in quantitative performance indicators, which might disfavour female researchers.
... Other research has not found differences in productivity among those at the same rank. Examination of productivity among male and female researchers in the sciences (Chemistry and Natural Resources) in Spain did not find any significant gender differences among those at the same ranks (Bordons, Morillo, Fernández, & Gómez, 2003). A study of 852 social scientists in the Netherlands found that there were gendered differences in performance as measured by publication records for the sample as a whole. ...
... For example, in a sample of 1,699 social work doctoral faculty in the United States, women at all ranks were assessed as being less productive (as measured by H-Index scores) than were males (Carter, Smith, & Osteem, 2017). So, while gendered differences in productivity have been observed, this pattern might be changing with younger scholars (Bordons et al., 2003;Mauleón et al., 2008;van Arensbergen et al., 2012). ...
... Promotion to full professor is the highest academic rank achievable and a key point of salary differentiation. While the number of publications and their type is critical to the promotion process, and has been used as a measure of production in numerous studies (Bordons et al., 2003;Cole & Zuckerman, 1984;Mauleón et al., 2008;Prpić, 2002), it is not the only, or even necessarily the determinative, attribute. Committees that review promotions use many other attributes such as publication quality and impact, grants and patents. ...
This is a study of 933 academic promotions from associate to full professor in Ontario, Canada for the period 2010-2014. Publicly available sources provided a bibliometric profile including gender, year of promotion, university, academic discipline, salary, type and number of publications and number of authors for each promotion to full professor. We found a large gender gap in academic promotions favouring men, which is explained mainly by a structural focus on male-dominated academic disciplines. We also found large differences in numbers of publications by academic discipline, which was substantially reduced after considering the number of authors per publication. Business professors were paid substantially more than other professors at the time of promotion. Our study focused on publications, and given this limitation the results should be taken in the context that there are multiple considerations for promotion. Publication quality and impact, grants and patents, were not adjusted for.
... One can expect that over time, researchers will enjoy greater importance in the network because they had more time to develop and strengthen their collaborative links. Bordons, Morillo, Fernández, and G omez (2003) found that scientific productivity increased as scientists' professional category improved and that research professors had more collaborators than their counterparts with lower academic ranks. Abramo et al. (2014) concluded that lower-ranking academics tended to construct their collaborations with colleagues at their home university, as at this stage they were less able to activate external collaborations with the same intensity as higher-ranking colleagues. ...
... Our evidence corresponds to say that men tend to establish more links and although marginally, they are more prone Notes: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1 Network centrality analysis to collaborate with well-connected and influential nodes compared to women. Apart from corroborating the female under-representation in science (Bordons et al., 2003), our evidence clearly shows an advantage in favor of male authors when it comes to their propensity in occupying central positions in the network. We cannot assert how much of this asymmetry is produced by a self-selection or social selection process (van den Besselar & Sandström, 2016). ...
... This dependency systematically increases as academic degrees decrease. Thus, if the research seniority seems to be associated with a large number of collaborative links as also evidenced by Bordons et al. (2003), it makes researchers less dependent, therefore, more distant from other actors. Unlike the experimental sciences, research resources in the social sciences are substantially less sophisticated (Stephan, 2010), which can make senior researchers less sensitive to adopting collaborative strategies based on proximity simply because access to research resources is not so necessary as they are in the experimental sciences. ...
Purpose
This study aims to analyze how gender, research experience and geography are related to the researchers’ importance in the co-authorship network on management and accounting in Brazil.
Design/methodology/approach
A social network based on the co-authorship relationships in the papers published in leading Brazilian journals was examined using a logit model to estimate the probability of occupying prevailing positions.
Findings
The findings showed a network with a high level of fragmentation and a scarcity of authors serving as gatekeepers. Based on the number of directed links and collaboration with influential and well-connected authors, men were more likely to occupy central positions than women. Authors with higher academic degrees tended to establish more links but were more likely to distance from other authors. In terms of geography, authors from more- and less-favored regions may report similar propensity to occupy central positions.
Practical implications
Decision-makers should consider the importance of strengthening collaboration between different research groups and encourage female participation in broader collaborative networks. Research evaluation bodies should strengthen incentives regarding interinstitutional partnerships.
Originality/value
Studies on collaborative networks in management and accounting sciences are less common and generally focus on describing the networks. This paper combines social network analysis and econometric procedures to analyze the relationship between demographic and geographical aspects, and distinct network centrality indexes.
... Some studies suggest that female academics and researchers publish less or at similar rates compared to their male or majority-group colleagues [3,7,12]. However, other studies argue that there is no significant difference in research productivity between genders [2,9] particularly among early-career researchers. Other researches highlight that gender and racial disparities exists in bibliometric [1, 4,8] and scholarship systems. ...
... Request permissions from permissions@acm.org. 2 Anon. and inclusion challenges. ...
The computing research community has made progress in technology, but biases in representation persist. This study examines gender and racial disparities in four computer science subfields: Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Computer Vision (CV), Software Engineering (SW), and Data Mining (DM). Publicly available scientometric metadata typically lack personal details like gender or race. We estimate gender and race using probabilistic name inference tools on Google Scholar metadata, acknowledging inherent limitations. Our findings show significant disparities: HCI is more gender-diverse, while Software Engineering and Data Mining are predominantly homogeneous. Racial representation also reveals the underrepresentation of marginalized groups. These patterns raise critical questions about inclusion and equity in computer science. Discussing these disparities aims to inspire action toward greater diversity and representation in computing. While we do not provide specific strategies to reduce bias, we highlight the need for nuanced approaches to address gender and racial disparities in research communities. The scientific literature serves as a valuable resource for understanding the participation and performance of women and individuals from diverse racial backgrounds in research across various sectors. A substantial body of research has explored publication numbers, citation patterns, and collaboration trends [5, 6, 10, 13, 14]. Some studies suggest that female academics and researchers publish less or at similar rates compared to their male or majority-group colleagues [3, 7, 12]. However, other studies argue that there is no significant difference in research productivity between genders [2, 9] particularly among early-career researchers. Other researches highlight that gender and racial disparities exists in bibliometric [1, 4, 8] and scholarship systems.[11]. These findings highlight the complexity of understanding disparities in academic contributions and the need for further investigation into intersectional factors affecting research output. Despite extensive research on gender-based differences in scientific output and collaboration in other research fields, the intersection of gender and racial disparities in the computer science domain remains underexplored, particularly when examining disparities across specific research fields. This focus is especially significant in computer science, a discipline that drives technological innovation and shapes the future of society, yet struggles with persistent diversity
... The joint observations would indeed be logical, since it has been shown that female researchers are less productive than males in most disciplines (Larivière et al., 2013;Mauleón and Bordons, 2006;Xie and Shauman, 2004;Long, 1992;Fox, 1983), although gender differences are lessening over time (Frietsch et al., 2009;Abramo et al., 2009a;Alonso-Arroyo et al., 2007;Leahey, 2006;Xie and Shauman, 1998;Cole and Zuckerman, 1984). Moreover, the productivity gap is especially remarkable among top scientists (Abramo et al., 2009b;Bordons et al., 2003), who are those more likely to apply for higher academic positions. ...
... Without attempting to be exhaustive, we can suggest at least three: the use of different operative definitions of discrimination, different methods of measuring scientific merit, or the differing context of our analysis. However our results are in line with the expectations: if the concentration of male top scientists is greater than for women (Abramo et al., 2009b;Bordons et al., 2003), then one would in fact expect a greater concentration of discrimination against men. Furthermore, there is no evidence of gender differences among the favored winners, except in some disciplines where there is a greater concentration of male winners that would have not have merited the win compared to their female colleagues. ...
It is well known that women are underrepresented in the academic systems of many countries. Gender discrimination is one of the factors that could contribute to this phenomenon. This study considers a recent national academic recruitment campaign in Italy, examining whether women are subject to more or less bias than men. The findings show that no gender-related differences occur among the candidates who benefit from positive bias, while among those candidates affected by negative bias, the incidence of women is lower than that of men. Among the factors that determine success in a competition for an academic position, the number of the applicant's career years in the same university as the committee members assumes greater weight for male candidates than for females. Being of the same gender as the committee president is also a factor that assumes greater weight for male applicants. On the other hand, for female applicants, the presence of a full professor in the same university with the same family name as the candidate assumes greater weight than for male candidates.
... Delving into the issue, it becomes evident that the gap occurs in the tails of the performance distribution. Women are more concentrated among very low performers (Lemoine, 1992;Alonso-Arroyo et al., 2007), while the opposite occurs among top performers (Bordons, Morillo, Fernández, & Gómez, 2003;Abramo, D'Angelo, & Caprasecca, 2009b). Moreover, female top scientists are less successful than men in maintaining their stardom over time (Abramo, D'Angelo, & Soldatenkova, 2017). ...
... European Commission, 2019). In line with a few previous studies (Bordons, Morillo, Fernández, & Gómez, 2003;Abramo, D'Angelo, & Caprasecca, 2009b), our results reveal that most of the overall gender differences in both countries can be explained by the tails of the distributions-particularly a much higher proportion of men among the top performing scientists. Findings confirm previous results by Abramo, D'Angelo, and Caprasecca (2009b), who found a remarkable gender performance gap among the top 10% performers; in contrast, in the remaining 90% of the population, differences even reverse in favour of women in the case of full professors. ...
In this study, the scientific performance of Italian and Norwegian university professors is analysed using bibliometric indicators. The study is based on over 36,000 individuals and their publication output during the period 2011–2015. Applying a multidimensional indicator in which several aspects of the research performance are captured, we find large differences in the performance of men and women. These gender differences are evident across all analysed levels, such as country, field, and academic position. However, most of the gender differences can be explained by the tails of the distributions—in particular, there is a much higher proportion of men among the top 10 % performing scientists. For the remaining 90 % of the population, the gender differences are practically non-existent. The results of the two countries, which differ in terms of the societal role of women, are contrasting. Further, we discuss possible biases that are intrinsic in quantitative performance indicators, which might disfavour female researchers.
... La integración plena de la mujer en las actividades científicas se basa en los principios éticos de equidad, pero tiene también implicaciones económicas, ya que la falta de integración supone la pérdida de un potencial económico de valor incalculable para la sociedad. Los estudios bibliométricos desagregados por sexo permiten detectar posibles anomalías, discriminaciones o alteraciones en el normal funcionamiento de la ciencia, ya que identifican mediante datos cuantitativos la participación de la mujer en las actividades científicas y diversas características relacionadas con las publicaciones, contribuyendo de esta manera a conocer mejor el papel de la mujer en la ciencia [2,8,9]. ...
... El análisis del grado de incidencia de estos factores requiere la realización de estudios sociológicos cualitativos basados en cuestionarios y entrevistas, que escapan a los objetivos del presente trabajo. Sin embargo, los estudios que analizan las diferencias en la productividad científica mediante indicadores bibliométricos desagregados por se-xo proporcionan información objetiva de gran utilidad para conocer la situación real de la mujer en el sistema de ciencia y tecnología, y pueden contribuir al desarrollo de políticas científicas de promoción de la mujer investigadora [2,3,8,9,15]. ...
... The tails of the distribution of scientific performance are especially affected by gender differences. The concentration of women among very low performers is greater than that of men (Alonso-Arroyo et al., 2007;Lemoine, 1992), while their representation among top scientists is lower (Abramo, D'Angelo, & Caprasecca, 2009b;Bordons, Morillo, Fernández, & Gómez, 2003). In the area of patenting, women faculty members patent at about 40% of the rate of men (Ding, Murray, & Stuart, 2006). ...
The literature on gender differences in research performance seems to suggest a gap between men and women, where the former outperform the latter. Whether one agrees with the different factors proposed to explain the phenomenon, it is worthwhile to verify if comparing the performance within each gender, rather than without distinction, gives significantly different ranking lists. If there were some structural factor that determined a penalty in performance of female researchers compared to their male peers, then under conditions of equal capacities of men and women, any comparative evaluations of individual performance that fail to account for gender differences would lead to distortion of the judgments in favor of men. In this work we measure the extent of differences in rank between the two methods of comparing performance in each field of the hard sciences: for professors in the Italian university system, we compare the distributions of research performance for men and women and subsequently the ranking lists with and without distinction by gender. The results are of interest for the optimization of efficient selection in formulation of recruitment, career advancement and incentive schemes.
... Limiting our attention to the relatively "more measurable" labor input, we must still consider that research staffs are composed of different academic ranks, which receive different salaries. Various scholars have examined the relationship between scientific productivity and academic rank and their studies show a significant differential in productivity with variation in rank (Prpic, 1996;Zainab, 1999;Bordons et al., 2003). As early as 1978, Blackburn et al., in a study sample of American academics, showed that full professors publish at a higher average rate than associate professors. ...
Measuring the efficiency of scientific research activity presents critical methodological aspects, many of which have not been sufficiently studied. Although many studies have assessed the relation between quality and research productivity and academic rank, not much is known about the extent of distortion in national university performance rankings when academic rank and the other labor factors are not considered as a factor of normalization. This work presents a comparative analysis that aims to quantify the sensitivity of bibliometric rankings to the choice of input, with input considered as only the number of researchers on staff, or alternatively where their cost is also considered. The field of observation consists of all 69 Italian universities active in the hard sciences. Performance measures are based on the 81,000 publications produced during the 2004-2006 triennium by all 34,000 research staff, with analysis carried out at the level of individual disciplines, 187 in total. The effect of the switch from labor to cost seems to be minimal except for a few outliers.
... The choice of separating the various types of internal staff had the purpose of distinguishing different degrees of "quality" among the employed human resources. A significant productivity differential by function has accordingly been shown in the literature [PRPIC, 1996;ZAINAB, 1999;BORDONS & AL., 2003]. x The PR input includes additional financial resources for research, which are potential determinants of increased scientific production. ...
This paper presents a methodology for measuring the technical efficiency of research activities. It is based on the application of data envelopment analysis to bibliometric data on the Italian university system. For that purpose, different input values (research personnel by level and extra funding) and output values (quantity, quality and level of contribution to actual scientific publications) are considered. Our study aims at overcoming some of the limitations connected to the methodologies that have so far been proposed in the literature, in particular by surveying the scientific production of universities by authors' name.
... Apart from such extreme cases, the identification of authorship for higher ranking academics is often linked to the fact that they can more easily take on searches for funds (Street et al., 2010;van de Sande et al., 2005), manage projects and laboratories (Baruch and Hall, 2004;Bayer and Smart, 1991;Bordons et al., 2003) and attract greater numbers of fellows (Martin-Sempere et al., 2008;Luckhaupt et al., 2005). The greater responsibilities and the related greater resources for senior academics mean that they also tend to develop collaboration networks that are broader (Bozeman and Gaughan, 2011), more cosmopolitan (Bozeman and Corley, 2004;Zuckerman and Merton, 1972), consolidated and productive (Martin-Sempere et al., 2008). ...
The ability to activate and manage effective collaborations is becoming an increasingly important criteria in policies on academic career advancement. The rise of such policies leads to development of indicators that permit measurement of the propensity to collaborate for academics of different ranks, and to examine the role of several variables in collaboration, first among these being the researchers' disciplines. In this work we apply an innovative bibliometric approach based on individual propensity for collaboration to measure the differences in propensity across academic ranks, by discipline and for choice of collaboration forms - intramural, extramural domestic and international. The analysis is based on the scientific production of Italian academics for the period 2006 to 2010, totaling over 200,000 publications indexed in Web of Science. It shows that assistant professors register a propensity for intramural collaboration that is clearly greater than for professors of higher ranks. Vice versa, the higher ranks, but not quite so clearly, register greater propensity to collaborate at the international level.
... In this regard it is important to note that the so-called "productivity gap" in favor of men is a documented fact. The lesser research performance of females has been established in tens of studies of diverse countries and disciplines 2,3,4,5,6 , although it is lessening over time 7,8,9,10,11,12 and it is more visible in the early stages of career 13 , and among top scientists 14,15 . Looking at productivity as indicated by patenting, women faculty members produce at about 40% of the rate of men 16 . ...
The literature on the theme of gender differences in research performance indicates a quite evident gap in favor of men over women. Beyond the understanding of the factors that could be at the basis of this phenomenon, it is worthwhile understanding if it would be appropriate to conduct the evaluation per population in a manner distinguished by gender. In fact if there is some factor that structurally determines a penalization of performance by women researchers compared to men then the comparative evaluation of organizations' performance that does not take gender into account will lead to an advantage for those that employ more men, under parity in the capacities of their staffs. In this work we measure the differences of the performance and the rank of research institutions as observed when gender is taken into account compared to when it is ignored. The study population consists of all Italian universities and the performance measured in the hard sciences for the period 2006-2010.
... Research in this area has included comparisons of scientific productivity between males and females. This body of literature frequently entailed comparing the contributions of male and female researchers across diverse disciplines and global regions, offering insights into the prevailing trends (Abramo et al., 2009;Bendels et al., 2018;Bordons et al., 2003;Davarpanah & Moghadam, 2012;Gander, 1999;Holman et al., 2018;Larivière et al., 2013;Mauleón et al., 2014;Paul-Hus et al., 2014;Requena et al., 2016;Sánchez-Jiménez et al., 2023;Söderlund & Madison, 2015;Sugimoto, 2016;Webster, 2001). ...
... Aunque algún estudio ha descrito como históricamente se señaló que la propia naturaleza de la mujer era la razón de su insuficiencia para ciertas labores intelectuales (Ceci 2014), los trabajos que comentamos a continuación se centran en las causas, no basadas en prejuicios, múltiples y con frecuencia concurrentes, que explican las diferencias percibidas en el rendimiento científico. Entre ellas se han señalado las siguientes: el menor rango académico (Xie, 1998;Bordons, 2003), la menor colaboración (Kyvik, 1996;Prpic, 2002;Lee, 2005;Larivière, 2011, Zeng 2016y Morn, 2017, las mayores cargas docentes y administrativas (Xie, 2004), el menor acceso a la financiación (Lawson, 2021), la menor movilidad (Kyvik, 1996, Gallardo, 2021, el menor nivel de especialización (Leahey, 2006) y, finalmente, las relaciones de pareja y la maternidad. Este último aspecto, que es el que nos interesa prioritariamente de cara a nuestra propia investigación, ha sido abordado asociado a otros factores pero en pocas ocasiones de forma monográfica (Sax, 2002). ...
Este estudio aborda el tema de la productividad científica y las diferencias entre sexos, repasando sus causas, en especial la maternidad. Se analiza el caso de la universidad de Granada a lo largo de los últimos 30 años. Se ha empleado como variable explicativa la tasa de obtención de sexenios y el tiempo invertido para ello. Entendemos que es una herramienta apropiada ya que neutraliza muchos de los factores que se consideran explicativos de estas desigualdades, como la orientación investigadora/docente de las universidades, los casos extremos de productividad y además descarta a los autores no productivos. Los resultados constatan que la llegada de los hijos afecta a la productividad de la población investigadora; que lo hace en mayor medida en las mujeres e implica unos retrasos significativos a la hora de solicitar sexenios. Igualmente se constata que esta diferencia es mayor en la medida en que hay más hijos pero que se difumina con el tiempo.
... Experience can also be associated with a researcher's academic classifi cation/title, as researchers with higher degrees are expected to be more experienced and have greater productivity (Nygaard, 2017). Once a higher degree is achieved, a cumulative theoretical advantage makes it easier for teachers to maintain high productivity (Bordons et al., 2003). In this way, it is expected that senior academics are more inclined to obtain a higher level of research output than those with lower titles in the academic hierarchy Volkwein, 2004). ...
Personal attributes and behavioral factors are key factors in determining researchers’ scientific productivity. Investigating what determines the academic productivity among university researchers is the purpose of this study, which uses a sample of microdata from professors at a State university in Brazil (Federal University of Juiz de Fora) for the period 1999-2013. The main results show that age and academic productivity have an inverted-U-shaped relationship, revealing that experience enhances academic production. Regarding gender differences, we found that women generally have lower average productivity than men. However, at the end of their careers, women are subject to greater leverage effects in productivity and therefore achieve productive parity with men, especially during their production peaks.
... As researchers progress in their careers, their productivity tends to increase. Since a higher proportion of men occupy senior positions than women, men tend to have higher average outputs (Bordons et al., 2003). Despite significant research on the outputs of male and female researchers, there is a paucity of comparative studies on retractions. ...
The gender disparity in scientific research has sparked extensive discussion, yet there is currently no consensus on the prevalence of scientific misconduct across genders. This study investigates this issue by collecting 5,256 retracted articles with the gender of their first authors based on the Web of Science and Retraction Watch databases. Considering the overall research productivity of both genders, our results demonstrate that male researchers generally exhibit higher retraction rates than their female counterparts in all disciplines. Female researchers retract slightly more due to falsification, while male researchers tend to retract more due to ethical issues, plagiarism, and authorship issues. In most countries with high numbers of retractions, male researchers exhibit higher retraction rates, with Iran being particularly severe. From the perspective of gender disparity, this study emphasizes the importance of addressing scientific misconduct and its underlying causes, to create a climate of accountability in the scientific community.
... Etzkowitz, et al (1992) moved on to put the focus on the de-genderization of science and society, and on the existence of "different gender styles of scientific work", an idea that has been one way or another behind many studies comparing output, collaboration, and impact of men and women. Bordons et al. (2003) acknowledge this factor as a warning to interpret their SCI-based results but take it a step further. They also explained the cumulative advantage of achieving high ranks in academia over productivity, which in turn accounts for the gender differences in productivity. ...
Doctoral education is a key feature of university systems, as well as a basic foundation of scientific practice. That period culminates in a dissertation and examination of the candidate that has been studied from several points of view. This paper reports the results of an analysis on the evolution and characteristics of gender imbalance of a complete doctoral system for a wide period of time. Data from the database Teseo was used in order to identify the individuals involved in the process, the scientific fields in which the dissertations where classified, and the institutions in which the examination took place. Results: the Spanish system shows a clear evolution towards gender balance, but also some concerning trends that are worth tracking. Seemingly, STEM disciplines look to be evolving more slowly than other branches of science in several aspects. A leaky pipeline is characterized in this system around the roles of supervisors, candidates, members and chairs of the dissertation committees. Gender assortativity is also studied and described, and its possible effects discussed around the academic relations that surround doctoral examination.
... The topic of gender disparities in publication authorship and citation impact was examined, concluding that female first authors are cited more diminutive than their male counterparts (Larivière et al. 2013), which is in line with the study indicating that publications with male first authors received 3.6% more citations in India (Thelwall 2018). While research indicates that women's academic performance is of inferior quality to men, some research argues that there is no difference between male and female authors regarding the impact of publications (Long and Fox 1995;Bordons et al. 2003;Mauleón and Bordons 2006;Gonzalez-Brambila and Veloso 2007). Other studies pointed out that females' research productivity is better than that of males in science (Long 1992;Borrego et al. 2010) and uncovered that the effect of women's patents is greater than that of men (Whittington and Smith-Doerr 2005). ...
This study investigates 3883 articles published by researchers affiliated with Chiang Mai University in science and technology from January 2010 to December 2019 to test whether research team characteristics and collaboration patterns can determine a citation rate. Citations were retrieved from the Scopus database and compared with their (1) number of authors, (2) type of publication, (3) gender of authors, (4) SJR values, (5) country of international collaborators, (6) number of affiliated institutions, and (7) international diversity index. The findings were based on quantile regressions and indicated that the number of authors strongly influenced citations, which increases the likelihood of being cited. The citation advantage of being a foreign-first author only existed at the 0.25th quantile; however, the evidence of foreign-first author citation advantages or disadvantages for the moderate and very productive publications was not found. A significantly positive effect of SJR value on citations was found while being a female first author negatively impacted the citation rate. These findings can be used in the planning and managing process of producing scientific and technological research to improve the research quality, boost the research impact, and increase opportunities for research results to be utilized.
... (Russell & Rousseau, 2002;van Leeuwen et al., 2001). Part of this discussion in the bibliometric community concerned the validation of indicators as appropriate measures of individual researcher performance (Cameron, 2005;Costas & Bordons, 2005;Burrell, 2001;Aksnes et al., 2000) and their practical application in science policy and evaluation which was seen to be becoming increasingly institutionalized (Boyack & Börner, 2003;Rowlands, 2003;Bordons & Gomez, 2003). ...
... Nonetheless, the research on this area has produced inconclusive and diverse results. For example, while some studies found a citation bias favoring female authors in specific fields (Borrego et al., 2010;Long, 1992;Van Arensbergen et al., 2012), others found no differences for women or men (Bordons et al., 2003;Cole & Zuckerman, 1984;Mauleón et al., 2008;Tower et al., 2007). However, several studies concluded that female authors, on average, have a lower impact compared to male authors (Hunter & Leahey, 2010;Larivière, Diepeveen, et al., 2013;Larivière et al., 2011;. ...
Gender disparity in science is one of the most focused debating points among authorities and the scientific community. Over the last few decades, numerous initiatives have endeavored to accelerate gender equity in academia and research society. However, despite the ongoing efforts, gaps persist across the world, and more measures need to be taken. Using social network analysis, natural language processing, and machine learning, in this study, we comprehensively analyzed gender-specific patterns in the highly interdisciplinary and evolving field of artificial intelligence for the period of 2000-2019. Our findings suggest an overall increasing rate of mixed-gender collaborations. From the observed gender-specific collaborative patterns, the existence of disciplinary homophily at both dyadic and team levels is confirmed. However, a higher preference was observed for female researchers to form homophilous collaborative links. Our core-periphery analysis indicated a significant positive association between having diverse collaboration and scientific performance and experience. We found evidence in support of expecting the rise of new female superstar researchers in the artificial intelligence field.
... Notwithstanding the appearance of similarity in the possibilities for men and women, throughout the literature there is a significant evidence of the difference between them still persists (Burns et al. 2019;Lynn et al. 2019). Even though women representativeness has increased in recent years in science, there are evidences that still deep gender differences remain in a number of spheres as scientific production, career progression, commercialization, number of submission applications and acquiring competitive public funds or successfully maintaining their line of research (see Bordons et al. 2003;Rosa and Dawson 2006;Mayer and Rathmann 2018;Lerchenmueller and Sorenson 2018). All these drawbacks, seriously inhibit the progression of women into more senior positions (Abramo, Cicero, and D'Angelo 2015). ...
To survive and grow public Research and Development (R&D) centres need to raise competitive funds (Bazeley 1998; Lee and Om 1996; Muñoz 2007; Santamaría, Brage-Gil and Modrego 2010). The factors that can influence the capacity of national R&D teams within R&D centres to apply for and obtain competitive funding does not seem to have been studied in depth. The purpose of study is to firstly, to examine whether a consistent set of priorities defined by R&D centre lead principal investigators secures more competitive funding. Secondly, to examine whether the PI gender moderates the effect of the PI’s priorities on the amount of competitive public funds that the R&D team of the PI obtains. Our study focuses on R&D activities carried out in Spanish public centres in the areas of Health and Biomedicine. Our results found that there were no gender differences in relation to the acquisition of competitive funding which is contrary to findings of other studies (Mayer and Rathmann 2018; Lerchenmueller and Sorenson, 2018).
... Considering the female role within research institutions, the main correlations of women's performance are with the academic rank and career progression (Marini and Meschitti 2018;van den Besselaar and Sandström 2017), access to resources (European Commission 2009; Witteman et al 2019) and national and/or international collaboration (Abramo et al. 2019;Ozel et al. 2014;Hernández-Martín et al. 2019). Generally, these analyses focus on specific countries (Abramo et al. 2009;Söderlund and Madison 2015) and/or institutions (Bordons et al. 2003;Hidrun et al. 2012), in many cases considering specific disciplinary fields and/or well-defined research communities (Dehdarirad et al. 2015;Jadidi et al. 2018;Macaluso et al. 2016). They highlight specificities that often reveal novel interconnections of concomitant factors, identifying hidden social norms and stereotypes as well as structural conditions of the scientific system at national, institutional and/or community level. ...
Gender equality and Open Access (OA) are priorities within the European Research Area and cross-cutting issues in European research program H2020. Gender and openness are also key elements of responsible research and innovation. However, despite the common underlying targets of fostering an inclusive, transparent and sustainable research environment, both issues are analysed as independent topics. This paper represents a first exploration of the inter-linkages between gender and OA analysing the scientific production of researchers of the Italian National Research Council under a gender perspective integrated with the different OA publications modes. A bibliometric analysis was carried out for articles published in the period 2016–2018 and retrieved from the Web of Science. Results are presented constantly analysing CNR scientific production in relation to gender, disciplinary fields and OA publication modes. These variables are also used when analysing articles that receive financial support. Our results indicate that gender disparities in scientific production still persist particularly in STEM disciplines, while the gender gap is the closest to parity in medical and agricultural sciences. A positive dynamic toward OA publishing and women’s scientific production is shown when disciplines with well-established open practices are related to articles supported by funds. A slightly higher women’s propensity toward OA is shown when considering Gold OA, or authorships with women in the first and last article by-line position. The prevalence of Italian funded articles with women’s contributions published in Gold OA journals seems to confirm this tendency, especially if considering the weak enforcement of the Italian OA policies.
... Variables analysis selection:Since the main objective of this analysis is to evaluate scientific production, in alignment with several other authors (e.g.Koseoglu et al. 2016;Bordons et al. 2003;Figueroa-Domecq et al. 2015), the following variables are assessed in each article: year of publication; number of authors, gender and name of the authors, name and country of the institutional affiliation; topic covered; language; methodology and geographical location of the fieldwork. A further analysis of feminist epistemologies completed the study.5. ...
Dominant accounts of tourism entrepreneurship position successful entrepreneurial performance as masculine and economically informed; undervaluing gendered difference in approaches to entrepreneurship. When varying approaches are held in focus, women are positioned as ‘less than’, and in need of training and support. In reviewing the gender, tourism and entrepreneurship literature this paper draws attention to the marginal, yet decisive contributions of feminist postcolonial, political economy and poststructuralist approaches. Such approaches assist in questioning the implicit economic and masculine bias in the literature. Dominant definitions and evaluations of entrepreneurship need to be questioned, so as to challenge Global North conceptualizations of empowerment and success. Scholars ought to diversify the locations of research on entrepreneurship and gender, and engage more with policy critiques.
... Methodology | The bibliometric research procedures described in, e.g. Bordons et al. (2003), Figueroa et al. (2015, and Ensslin et al. (2015), settle the basis for the bibliometric methodology. The selected database for the analysis is SCOPUS, a bibliographic database containing abstracts and citations for academic journal articles. ...
Objectives: The main objective of this paper is to present a critical accounting of the corpus of tourism gender research in order to provoke debate about its status and about the health of tourism research in general, concentrating on whether this research area has finally ignited in 2012. This objective is based on the conclusions of a previous article published related to gender and tourism (Figueroa-Domecq et al. 2015) and which concluded that in 2012 this research area was at a tipping point, that was either going to ignite or stagnate.
Methodology: The bibliometric research procedures described in, eg Bordons et al.(2003), Figueroa et al.(2015), and Ensslin et al.(2015), settle the basis for the bibliometric methodology. The selected database for the analysis is SCOPUS, a bibliographic database containing abstracts and citations for academic journal articles. Only articles have been included in the analysis, since this selection confirms the quality of the published papers.
... In terms of sex, some studies reveal that female researchers, on average, publish fewer articles than their male counterparts (Bellas and Toutkoushian 1999;Sax et al. 1999;Jung 2015), even though the gender gap seems to converge over time ( Ward and Grant 1996). However, there do exist research that finds no significant differences in productivity between the two sexes ( Xie and Shauman 1998;Lewison 2001;Bordons et al. 2003;Tower, Plummer, and Ridgewell 2007), particularly among the younger generations of researchers (Arensber- gen, van der Weijden, and Besselaar 2012). ...
Identifying factors that affect research productivity is critical to both the scientific community and policy-makers. This topic is especially useful for developing countries like Vietnam where such studies are scarce with limited original data. This paper, through a manual data collection process that yields the profiles of 406 Vietnamese social scientists with publications in Scopus-indexed journals in 2008-2017, uses the ordinary least squares method to analyse the effects of two factors on research productivity. It adds to the literature by showing the extent to which (i) work environment ('universities' and 'research institutions'); (ii) collaboration affect the adjusted research productivity of social scientists. Contrary to the usual belief, university-affiliated authors in Vietnam turned out to have higher research productivity than institution-affiliated peers. International collaboration could boost research output, although this effect is insignificant among the high-performing authors. The paper also suggests some policy implications for Vietnam facing challenges in science management.
... Das diferentes disciplinas científicas, as Ciências da Saúde representam um caso paradigmático, especialmente a Medicina, por haver desenvolvido ao longo de séculos de história a identidade profissional masculina (ÁLVAREZ, 1988;ORTIZ, 2006a;2006b (BORDONS et al., 2003;MAULEÓN;BORDONS, 2006;GONZÁLEZ et al., 2007) Entrevistaram-se 15 (quinze) produtoras (que tenham escrito 10 (dez) ou mais artigos científicos) e 15 (quinze) pequenas produtoras (professoras que tenham publicado menos de 10 (dez) artigos). As entrevistadas tinham idade compreendida entre 30 (trinta) e 60 (sessenta) anos. ...
To discover the features associated with personal and professional lives of university teachers, in the area of health sciences in the “Comunidad Valenciana” for the period 2003-2007, to learn if they contribute to a greater or lesser scientific productivity. Were interviewed in depth 30 teachers aged between 30 and 60 years in order to identify factors that hamper productivity. Have more difficulties to publish scientific papers, teachers less productive. Represent obstacles: the labor problems, the difficulty to obtain science projects and to publish in certain journals, to balance teaching and research, care work in hospitals, the maternity and children. Although the two groups of large and small producers point to the same problems in their work and personal life, are perceived more difficulties in the group of less productive. Most offer the same kind of solutions to reduce the gender distance.
... Less is known about whether similar gender differences can also be found in terms of citations. The few studies that actually have investigated this issue have not provided consistent results (Gonzalez-Brambila & Veloso, 2007;Long, 1992;Bordons et al. 2003) although a study of Norwegian researchers showed that females on average were cited slightly less than men (Aksnes, Rorstad, Piro & Sivertsen, 2011). Based on such previous findings one might expect that departments with high rate of females fare less well when it comes to productivity and possibly citation impact. ...
In this study, we investigate whether university department size is important in determining publication productivity and citation impact. Drawing on a unique dataset containing a variety of different variables at department levels, we are able to provide a richer picture of the research performance than what typically has been the case in many previous studies. In addition to analyzing the basic question of how size relates to scientific performance, we address whether the funding pro-file of the departments plays a role, whether the scientific performance is influenced by the composition of the academic personnel (in terms of gender, academic positions, recruiting personnel and the share of doctoral degree holders). The study shows that virtually no size effect can be identified and highly productive and highly cited units are found among both small, medium and large departments. For none of the organizational variables we are able to identify statistically significant relationships in respect to research performance at an overall level. We conclude that the productivity and citation differences at the level of departments cannot generally be explained by the selected variables for department size, funding structure and the composition of scientific personnel.
... In the domains of science, engineering and technology, the trends are also varying, with the overall impression that participation and performance of women improved in recent times. Within Spanish natural resources and chemistry scientists, no significant differences in productivity were found between genders within professional categories, but the outliers with the highest production were for the most part male [14]. In nano science and technology, female researchers are scarce in number, but perform equally in terms of scientific production and impact [15]. ...
... Однако если рассмотреть процентное соотношение по академиям, то можно заметить, что в РАМН 9 % (39) ученых женщины, РАН 3 % (38), РАСХН -7 % (19). Такой низкий процент присутствия женщин-ученых среди академиков и членов-корреспондентов не является неожиданностью, поскольку ранее было показано, что чем выше степень и звание рассматриваются, тем выше гендерное неравенство и ниже доля женщин [2][3][4][5][6][7]. ...
Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the types of informal collaborations within the acknowledgments section of articles in the field of chemistry. Method: This research is a quantitative study employing a scientometric approach and based on data mining techniques, utilizing library research and descriptive methods. The statistical population of the study consists of open-access research articles from the Web of Science database. The Stanford Named Entity Recognizer software was used for data mining and extraction of the acknowledgments section of the articles. Results: The research findings indicated that acknowledgments in chemistry articles, based on Hyland's three-level model of acknowledgment text structure, are dedicated to acts of thanking, acts of reflection, and acts of informing, respectively. Furthermore, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the University of California, Berkeley, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) were the organizations and universities that received the most acknowledgments. The citation rate is higher in articles that acknowledge more than two individuals (the average number of acknowledged individuals) compared to other articles. In addition, there was a significant relationship between the number of individuals acknowledged in an article and the number of citations the article received. Conclusions: Considering that acknowledgments can impact citation rates, raising awareness among individuals and persuading them of the importance of citation in shaping personal and institutional identity and branding can be effective by institutionalizing a sense of loyalty and gratitude. Moreover, perhaps one reason for the weak correlation between citation rates and acknowledgments is the lack of consistency in the names of individuals and organizations, as well as the location of acknowledgments in most articles, which is at the end of the article. Cite this article: Bahmani, M., Fahimifar, S., & Noroozi Chakoli, A. (2024). Informal collaborations in chemistry research: A scientometric analysis of acknowledgements and their correlation with citation rates. Academic Librarianship and Information Research, 58 (3), 1-24. http//doi.
Nærværende rapport har til formål at give et overblik over centrale emner og relevant datamateriale vedrørende kønsfordelingen i den danske forskningsverden, samt at se nærmere på kønsaspektet i forhold til Det Frie Forskningsråds (DFF) praksis Rapporten er ledsaget af tabelsamlingen ”Køn og forskning i Det Frie Forskningsråd”, marts 2013.
A new method for measuring scientific productivity is proposed. Each researcher is initially associated with a cumulative score over time, reflecting the quality of the papers based on the journals in which they have published throughout their career. The second measure, an average speed over time from varying production speeds, is derived through the estimation of a two-level hierarchical Bayesian model for piecewise linear regression. These productivity indicators are validated and compared to other commonly used bibliometric indexes. The proposed method is applied to compare the productivity of females and males at different career levels in Italian academia, with a focus on statisticians. The study also contributes to the literature on the gender gap, showing that among those who remain at the lower levels of the university career hierarchy, women tend to have higher and more consistent scientific production over time compared to their male colleagues.
Nobel laureates offer a range of expertise to researchers interested in generating scientific productivity by capitalizing on their ability to collaborate with other outstanding researchers. However, current knowledge on whether and how a scholar’s research areas can be leveraged for scientific productivity has not been examined empirically. There has been scant conceptualization of the underlying processes responsible for utilizing research areas, and the results have been equivocal. We propose and test the intermediate mechanisms of number of collaborations and collaboration diversity as two distinctive capabilities that may explain how a research area drives a scientist’s productivity. Our conceptual model posits that the link between research areas and scientific productivity is neither simple nor direct. An empirical test on Nobel laureates demonstrates the complexity of innovation generation. Two pathways from research areas to scientific productivity are revealed: number of collaborations and collaboration diversity both mediate the link, but the role of research areas is negatively moderated by the scholar’s dependence on external knowledge to their academic collaboration. Our theory is thereby confirmed. Finally, expected findings and contributions are also discussed.
With increasing attention to the connection between individual performance and knowledge management, many researchers view the Nobel Prize as the best indicator of peak performance and its determinants. Drawing on the knowledge-based and resource-based views, the study used 440 Nobel laureates' observations in physics, chemistry, and medicine and 1.5 billion cited reference connections from journals in the Institute for Scientific Information database to reveal the proposed prediction. The results show the inverse U-shaped relationship between Nobel Prize-winning age and speed of great achievement. This study also demonstrated moderately negative roles of dependence of external knowledge and positively moderate roles of age at completion of highest degree between Nobel Prize-winning age and speed of great achievement. The nonlinear relationship to the moderating mechanism is discussed.
We synthesized the vast, contradictory scholarly literature on gender bias in academic science from 2000 to 2020. In the most prestigious journals and media outlets, which influence many people's opinions about sexism, bias is frequently portrayed as an omnipresent factor limiting women's progress in the tenure-track academy. Claims and counterclaims regarding the presence or absence of sexism span a range of evaluation contexts. Our approach relied on a combination of meta-analysis and analytic dissection. We evaluated the empirical evidence for gender bias in six key contexts in the tenure-track academy: (a) tenure-track hiring, (b) grant funding, (c) teaching ratings, (d) journal acceptances, (e) salaries, and (f) recommendation letters. We also explored the gender gap in a seventh area, journal productivity, because it can moderate bias in other contexts. We focused on these specific domains, in which sexism has most often been alleged to be pervasive, because they represent important types of evaluation, and the extensive research corpus within these domains provides sufficient quantitative data for comprehensive analysis. Contrary to the omnipresent claims of sexism in these domains appearing in top journals and the media, our findings show that tenure-track women are at parity with tenure-track men in three domains (grant funding, journal acceptances, and recommendation letters) and are advantaged over men in a fourth domain (hiring). For teaching ratings and salaries, we found evidence of bias against women; although gender gaps in salary were much smaller than often claimed, they were nevertheless concerning. Even in the four domains in which we failed to find evidence of sexism disadvantaging women, we nevertheless acknowledge that broad societal structural factors may still impede women's advancement in academic science. Given the substantial resources directed toward reducing gender bias in academic science, it is imperative to develop a clear understanding of when and where such efforts are justified and of how resources can best be directed to mitigate sexism when and where it exists.
Gender disparity in science is one of the most focused debating points among authorities and the scientific community. Over the last few decades, numerous initiatives have endeavored to accelerate gender equity in academia and research society. However, despite the ongoing efforts, gaps persist across the world, and more measures need to be taken. Using social network analysis, natural language processing, and machine learning, in this study, we comprehensively analyzed gender-specific patterns in the highly interdisciplinary and evolving field of artificial intelligence for the period of 2000–2019. Our findings suggest an overall increasing rate of mixed-gender collaborations. From the observed gender-specific collaborative patterns, the existence of disciplinary homophily at both dyadic and team levels is confirmed. However, a higher preference was observed for female researchers to form homophilous collaborative links. Our core-periphery analysis indicated a significant positive association between having diverse collaboration and scientific performance and experience. We found evidence in support of expecting the rise of new female superstar researchers in the artificial intelligence field.
There has been a limited research focus on the role of individual actors and human side of open innovation (OI) within the literature. The purpose of this chapter is to address this imbalance. Using a systematic literature review, we thematically review and analyse the R&D leader role within an OI R&D environment. We identified three main themes, OI implementation, fear and firm performance, and using these themes an organising framework we outline future avenues of research. We also argue that there is a need to undertake further research on the role of R&D leader within an OI R&D environment to adequately equip and support them in the day-to-day management of OI.
Purpose
This study explores faculty members' outputs and citations by gender and academic rank in Israeli academia. The study focuses on the connection between research productivity and underrepresentation of women in academia. To this end, four fields were chosen, each representing a different discipline: Psychology (social sciences), Public Health (health sciences), Linguistics (humanities), and Chemistry (Exact sciences).
Design/methodology/approach
The name, the rank and the gender of the researchers were collected from the researchers' websites and those of their departments. The number of publications and citations were retrieved from Scopus.
Findings
Findings revealed that there is a significant difference between the median number of men and women in Chemistry concerning publications and citations and in Psychology concerning citations. Moreover, in all four disciplines, females' average number of publications was lower than that of males', and that in three out of the four disciplines (Psychology, Public Health and Chemistry), men published more in top journals (the top 5%) than females, while the reverse was true of Linguistics. Furthermore, in three disciplines (Public Health, Linguistics and Chemistry), there is an increase in the average citations per female researchers between 2015 and 2019. Further, in all disciplines, women collaborated more than men.
Originality/value
As only a few studies in Israel have explored faculty members' outputs and citations, this study contributes and enlarges the Israeli research concerning this topic.
The need to redress persistent gender inequality in senior and decision-making positions in science through structural measures is increasingly recognized both in academic literature and policy-making. Based on the experience of a Danish university implementing a structural gender equality action plan, we present a dynamic framework to activate structural change and argue that for such interventions to be effective, it is necessary that they acknowledge and operationalize the notion of complexity as their frame of reference. The notion of complexity proposes a nonlinear relationship between inputs and outputs of policy measures, where impact depends on the interaction of a multitude of variables strongly related to context. Following this approach, the framework tested and discussed herein is characterized by a holistic view of structural change, encompassing multiple targets and areas of intervention, a multidimensional notion of power and a strong focus on local change dynamics, that is, activation processes, agency mobilization, structural resistances, and impact-producing factors.
This paper focuses on identifying the means to tackle climate change as it explores the key role women could play in developing and enhancing innovation. Based on a systematic literature review (SLR) of 1,275 journal articles, we explore the impact of a stronger presence of women within institutions, including companies, to take on climate change. We also look at the need to properly align public policies and combat climate change while engaging global companies in the process. The SLR shows that more women within the technological innovation process promise greater productivity and better results. It also reveals that women tend to adopt innovations that have proven to be efficient. We argue that more women in science would contribute to accelerating the development of the necessary technological innovation to counter climate change and promote continued awareness about it. We also argue that more female board members in large companies and public institutions would contribute to not only appropriate climate change policies, but also to a move away from “gadget” technologies that fail to effectively fight rising global temperatures. The article concludes with a discussion of whether we need more women or feminine qualities within innovation processes.
In recent years, the field of algal science, technology, and medicine has emerged as a strategic research front. For the optimal development of the research and practice in this field with a relatively low funding rate, the stakeholders should have timely and thorough access to the information on the relevant research. Hence, it is timely to carry out the scientometric evaluation of the research in this field to inform the key stakeholders timely and thoroughly about the relevant research. This paper presents the first-ever scientometric study of 100 citation classics in this field and shows that the scientometric analysis as an analytical tool has a great potential to gain valuable insights into the evolution of the research in this field as in the case of new emerging technologies, complementing over 4500 literature reviews as well as a study on the scientometric analysis of nearly 150,000 papers.
In recent years, the field of algal science, technology, and medicine has emerged as a strategic research front. For the optimal development of the research and practice in this field with a relatively low funding rate, the stakeholders should have timely and thorough access to the information on the relevant research. Hence, it is timely to carry out the scientometric evaluation of the research in this field to inform the key stakeholders timely and thoroughly about the relevant research. This paper presents the first-ever scientometric study of the research in this field using a wide sample of nearly 150,000 papers and shows that the scientometric analysis as an analytical tool has a great potential to gain valuable insights into the evolution of the research in this field as in the case of new emerging technologies, complementing over 4500 literature reviews.
The main objective of this paper is discerning, through means of a bibliometric analysis, the evolution and current standing of the wage gap in the tourism sector. Variables such as research methods, main authors, type of journals, country of origin of the studies and selected countries for the fieldwork, among others, are analyzed in the existing studies.
We use a globally unique dataset that scores every individual academic’s holistic research performance in New Zealand to test several common explanations for the gender pay gap in universities. We find a man’s odds of being ranked professor or associate professor are more than double a woman’s with similar recent research score, age, field, and university. We observe a lifetime gender pay gap of ~NZ$400,000, of which research score and age explain less than half. Our ability to examine the full spectrum of research performance allows us to reject the ‘male variability hypothesis’ theory that the preponderance of men amongst the ‘superstars’ explains the lifetime performance pay gap observed. Indeed women whose research career trajectories resemble men’s still get paid less than men. From 2003–12, women at many ranks improved their research scores by more than men, but moved up the academic ranks more slowly. We offer some possible explanations for our findings, and show that the gender gap in universities will never disappear in most academic fields if current hiring practices persist.
The need to redress persistent gender inequality in senior and decision-making positions in science through structural measures is increasingly recognized both in academic literature and policy-making. Based on the experience of a Danish university implementing a structural gender equality action plan, we present a dynamic framework to activate structural change and argue that for such interventions to be effective, it is necessary that they acknowledge and operationalize the notion of complexity as their frame of reference. The notion of complexity proposes a nonlinear relationship between inputs and outputs of policy measures, where impact depends on the interaction of a multitude of variables strongly related to context. Following this approach, the framework tested and discussed herein is characterized by a holistic view of structural change, encompassing multiple targets and areas of intervention, a multidimensional notion of power and a strong focus on local change dynamics, that is, activation processes, agency mobilization, structural resistances, and impact-producing factors.
The study aims to explore whether gender differences in the intellectual capital research exist. The differences are mainly investigated with reference to authorship patterns, research loyalty, productivity, trends of authorship patterns and productivity, research methodologies and research topic relevance. The investigation is carried out through an exploratory research approach. Consistent with it, data are mainly analyzed through descriptive statistics and tests of difference. The investigation takes into consideration the papers published in the Journal of Intellectual Capital from 2007 to 2016 (ten years). The total number of papers used is 340. The Journal of Intellectual Capital was chosen because it can be considered one of the leading journal of the intellectual capital research. Data used for the investigation are collected, in part, from the Scopus database and, in part, by reading the papers. The author gender was attributed manually, on the base of the author’ name. Main findings show that differences do not exist with reference to collaboration propensity and magnitude, research loyalty, average research productivity, research methodologies and research topic relevance. On the contrary, they show that a difference exists with reference to international collaboration propensity.
From Polish articles in the SCI, the level of women's productivity is compared to the number of Polish women scientists; their
disciplines and favoured types of research are determined; their levels of international and domestic co-operation are measured,
as are their publications in Polish and foreign languages.
This looks at why there are so few women scientists: it focuses on the experiences of women in PhD programs and as faculty members. Science is largely organized on the basis of a male role model and women feel excluded and undervalued. This is the conclusion of the survey conducted for this research. The gender dimensions of science must be deconstructed, and a science policy for women implemented in order to transcend the masculine and feminine scientific roles and practices.
A relational database with information downloaded from different bibliographic databases is presented. Its structure aims
to obtain bibliometric and scientometric indicators for science policy. All fields have to be adequately normalised. A semi-automatic
system to standardise and codify the institutional corporate sources and the journals is described. Several applications to
case studies in science policy are given.
Large differences in scientific productivity between male and female researchers have not yet been explained satisfactorily This study finds that child care and lack of research collaboration are the two factors that cause significant gender differences in scientific publishing. Women with young children and women who do not collaborate in research with other scientists are clearly less productive than both their male and female colleagues.
Satisfactory and robust explanations of sex differences in scientific productivity remain elusive. This article provides a
multidimensional, longitudinal description of the productivity of male and female biochemists. Several findings have implications
for explaining differences in productivity. Sex differences in the numbers of publications and citations increase during the
first decade of the career but are reversed later in the career. The lower productivity of females results from their overrepresentation
among nonpublishers and their underrepresentation among the extremely productive. Among biochemists who publish, differences
cannot be explained by patterns of collaboration, which are nearly identical for males and females, with one exception: females
are much more likely to collaborate with a spouse. The smaller number of citations received by females results from their
fewer publications, not from the quality of their publications. Papers by females on average receive more citations than those
by males. These and other findings suggest future directions for research to understand sex differences in scientific productivity.
The output of female researchers in Iceland, relative to that of males, can be investigated because typically their “surnames”
end in“dottir” whereas the names of males end in “son”. Over the 21 years from 1980 to 2000, there has been a rise in female:
male output from 8% to about 30%. It is higher in the life sciences (biomedical research, biology and clinical medicine) but
lower where there is also foreign co-authorship, suggesting that females are less able to make overseas contacts through travel.
There appears to be no difference in the quality of female and male research output, as measured either by journal impact
categories or by citations.
The authors offer a brief analysis of citation practice in twenty-five American sociological journals, in an attempt to explore claims that citation may show gender bias. Their work follows previous surveys of gender and citation and publication in the social sciences which suggest that women perform less well than men in both areas. The findings of this study suggest that there is indeed gender bias in citation in sociology, and the authors offer some hypotheses to explain the phenomenon that might be tested in further research.
The paper presents the results of an examination of gender differences in scientific productivity on a sample of 840 respondents,
half the young scientific population in Croatia. In the last decade gender differences in the scientific productivity of young
researchers have increased, which may be the result of introducing a more competitive scientific system. Young female researchers
publish an average of two scientific papers less than their male counterparts in five years, and their publications reach
70.6% of males" publication productivity in the same period. In the case of both sexes, about 15% researchers publish about
half of all research papers, but even the most productive women publish less than their male counterparts Socio-demographic,
educational and qualificational predictors contribute more or less equally to the number of scientific publications by women
and men. It is not until we introduce structural variables that a strong sex differentiation appears because these factors
are much more powerful in explaining the production of women. They show that female scientists" publication productivity is
more strongly influenced by their position in the social organization of science. There are also considerable sex differences
in the case of individual productivity predictors. International contacts determine the number of papers by female scientists
most of all. Attendance at scientific conferences abroad is the most powerful predictor of male productivity, too, but reviewing
colleagues" papers and academic degree are also very important.
The natural world, financial crises, wars, history — all modelled in a pile of sand.
This study, drawn from data about 14,614 full-time
faculty, examines total faculty work hours, research
productivity, and allocation of work time among
teaching, research, and service. Variation in time
expenditures and research output are influenced by
gender, race/ethnicity, and family (marital/parental)
status, but findings are also sensitive to definitions of
total work hours and research productivity. These
findings have important implications for how
administrators and faculty define productivity and for
the status of underrepresented groups within the
academy.
Numerous studies have found that female scientists publish at lower rates than male scientists. So far explanations for this consistent pattern have failed to emerge, and sex differences in research productivity remain a puzzle. We report new empirical evidence based on a systematic and detailed analysis of data from four large, nationally representative, cross-sectional surveys of postsecondary faculty in 1969, 1973, 1988, and 1993. Our research yields two main findings. First, sex differences in research productivity declined over the time period studied with the female-to-male ratio increasing from about 60 percent in the late 1960s to 75 to 80 percent in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Second, most of the observed sex differences in research productivity can be attributed to sex differences in personal characteristics, structural positions, and marital status. These results suggest that sex differences in research productivity stem from sex differences in structural locations and as such respond to the secular improvement of women's position in science.
This paper examines the applicability of Lotka's formulation as a general inverse power (2) and as an inverse square power relationship (=2) to the distribution of the scientific output in Venezuela. The analysis takes into consideration the sex of the authors and the type of journal, mainstream or national, in which they publish their articles. The data were taken from the last census of scientists and technologists carried out in 1983 by the Venezuelan government. A K-S and a t-test were applied to measure the degree of agreement between the distribution of the observed set of data against the inverse general power relationship (the former test) and the theoretical value of =2 (the latter). It was found that a general inverse power relationship only describes the productivity pattern of those Venezuelan women scientists who publish in foreign journals. An inverse square power relationship characterizes the distribution pattern for the data set of female authors in all journals and for scientists of both sexes whose contributions appeared in national journals. The values of suggest that women are less productive than men except in national journals, and Lotka's formulation seems to be useful as an indicator of inequality in male/female scientific productivity.
A bibliometric study of the publication patterns of a selected group of academic and research scientists of ten universities of South Africa for a period of five years, 1992-96. The subject fields surveyed are Physics, Chemistry, Plant and animal Sciences, and Microbiology/Biochemistry. These ten universities vary considerably with respect to standards of education, quantity of research and publication and overall progress. The general purpose of the study is 1) to determine whether academic status and prestige have any impact on the level of productivity, 2) to study the productivity within different areas of science, 3) to investigate whether or not the level of funding and/or the prospects of getting funded has any influence on the level of productivity in each area of science and their pattern of publication. The study collected two sets of data through a scientometric analysis of science citation index and a questionnaire. The study demonstrates that there is a direct relationship between status and publication productivity. The study further shows that there are significant differences in productivity between areas of sciences but that there is no direct relationship between institutional funding and productivity.
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