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Stevan Harnad's 'Subversive Proposal': Kick-Starting Electronic Scholarship - A Summary and Analysis.
... Paul Ginsparg, Stevan Harnad, Andrew Odlyzko, and Ann Okerson) are well known for their provocative writings about e-publishing. Harnad, for example, is also known as the editor of the electronic journal Psycholoquy, as the originator of " scholarly skywriting, " a short, discursive, and iterative form of scholarly communication (Harnad, 1991), and for his " subversive proposal, " a radically decentralized scholarly publishing model, in which scholars self-publish their works, which then may or may not be peer-reviewed (Harnad, 1995; Brent, 1995). Ginsparg is best known as the developer of the Los Alamos National Labs Physics E-Print Archive, a working article server used by highenergy physicists (http://www.arxiv.org/). ...
... " This position is arguable, but is often treated as a dogma, and based on several claims: electronic publishing is dramatically less expensive than paper publishing; access to electronic publications is easier and wider; and electronic publishing can speed up scientific communication. It is interesting to note that both Harnad's " subversive proposal " and Ginsparg's E-Print server bypass peer-review (although Harnad also values peer-review and discusses a way of augmenting his " subversive proposal " to include peer-review) (Brent, 1995). ...
Electronic publishing opportunities, manifested today in a variety of electronic journals and Web-based compendia, have captured the imagination of many scholars. These opportunities have also destabilized norms about the character of legitimate scholarly publishing in some fields. Unfortunately, much of the literature about scholarly e-publishing homogenizes the character of publishing. This article provides an analytical approach for evaluating disciplinary conventions and for proposing policies about scholarly e-publishing. We characterize three dimensions of scholarly publishing as a communicative practice -- publicity, access, and trustworthiness, and examine several forms of paper and electronic publications in this framework. This analysis shows how the common claim that e-publishing "substantially expands access" is over-simplified. It also indicates how peer-reviewing (whether in paper or electronically) provides valuable functions for scholarly communication that are not effectively replaced by self-posting articles in electronic media.
... Paul Ginsparg, Stevan Harnad, and Andrew Odlyzko). Harnad is well-known as the editor of the electronic journal Psycholoquy, as the originator of "scholarly skywriting", a short, discursive, and iterative form of scholarly communication (Harnad, 1991), and for his "subversive proposal", a radically decentralized scholarly publishing model, in which scholars self-publish their works, which then may or may not be peer-reviewed (Brent, 1995). Ginsparg is best known as the developer of the Los Alamos National Labs Physics E-Print Server, a working paper server used by high-energy physicists (http://www.arxiv.org/). ...
The shift towards the use of electronic media in scholarly communication appears to be an inescapable imperative. However, these shifts are uneven, both with respect to field and with respect to the form of communication. Different scientific fields have developed and use distinctly different communicative forums, both in the paper and electronic arenas, and these forums play different communicative roles within the field. One common claim is that we are in the early stages of an electronic revolution, that it is only a matter of time before other fields catch up with the early adopters, and that all fields converge on a stable set of electronic forums. A social shaping of technology (SST) perspective helps us to identify important social forces centered around disciplinary constructions of trust and of legitimate communication that pull against convergence. This analysis concludes that communicative plurality and communicative heterogeneity are durable features of the scholarly landscape, and that we are likely to see field differences in the use of and meaning ascribed to communications forums persist, even as overall use of electronic communications technologies both in science and in society as a whole increases.
... change to scholarly communication. He first came to prominence in this field with his 'subversive proposal', suggesting a radically decentralised scholarly publishing model, in which scholars self-publish their works, which then may or may not be peer reviewed (Brent, 1995). However academics did not take up these calls for change. ...
This dissertation addresses a specific aspect of the broad area of communication systems used among researchers. This research has undertaken to establish a broader view of the communication practices of scholars to understand the motivations behind their publication choices. Open access offers a solution to issues with the scholarly publication system such as delays in publication and restricted visibility of research due to high subscription costs. The principle of open access is to enable maximum access to findings from publicly funded research to maximise social returns on public investments. Despite the apparent benefits of open access, the uptake has been limited. ¶ This thesis research takes a holistic view of the researcher as a communicator to uncover the reasons why researchers are making the publishing decisions they are. In-depth interviews were conducted with 43 researchers in three disciplines at two institutions, the Australian National University and the University of New South Wales. The disciplines, Chemistry, Sociology and Computer Science, were known to have different publication practices, The questions asked about all aspects of researcher communication including researching, authoring, informal communication, article submission, refereeing, mentoring and data storage. ¶ ...
... The book "Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing", edited by Ann Shumelda Okerson and James J. O'Donnell, launched in 1995, makes publishing history (Okerson;O'Donnell, 1995). It was based on an e-mail discussion held in the summer and fall of 1994 about scientific journals and their future, and suggested a radically decentralized scholarly publishing model, in which scholars self-publish their works, which then may or may not be peer-reviewed (Brent, 1995;Okerson and O'Donnell, 1995). ...
Scientific communication has undergone deep transformations, since the emergence of Internet. Aiming to provide further thought on the evolution of scientific communication, this paper features a historical overview of the scientific communication advances over the last twenty years through a three-phase model for the evolution of the electronic journal and the preprints services, and presents Brazilian contemporary panorama for scientific communication. The three-phase model presented in this work is an adaptation of that one proposed by Tenopir et al. ( 2003) to describe the patterns of journal use by scientists since 1990. The early evolutionary phase followed the emergence of the first digital journals and the creation of repositories in the Web for publishing preliminary versions of scientific literature on the author's initiative; by that time, most academics reproved electronic publishing initiatives. From 1996 and forward, in the consolidation phase, electronic journals were commonly identical to their print counterparts; the acceptance of the electronic format began to increase, and preprint services got underway in several disciplines. The advanced evolutionary phase started with the world discussion on open access to scientific information. The comparison of the current electronic journal with that viewed by enthusiasts in the first years of the 1990s shows that some aspects still remain to be improved in electronic formal and informal communication, towards effective dissemination of scientific information.
... Paul Ginsparg, Stevan Harnad, and Andrew Odlyzko). Harnad is well-known as the editor of the electronic journal Psycholoquy, as the originator of "scholarly skywriting " , a short, discursive, and iterative form of scholarly communication (Harnad, 1991), and for his "subversive proposal " , a radically decentralized scholarly publishing model, in which scholars self-publish their works, which then may or may not be peer-reviewed (Brent, 1995). Ginsparg is best known as the developer of the Los Alamos National Labs Physics E-Print Server, a working paper server used by high-energy physicists (http://www.arxiv.org/). ...
The shift towards the use of electronic media in scholarly communication appears to be an inescapable imperative. However, these shifts are uneven, both with respect to field and with respect to the form of communication. Different scientific fields have developed and use distinctly different communicative forums, both in the paper and electronic arenas, and these forums play different communicative roles within the field. One common claim is that we are in the early stages of an electronic revolution, that it is only a matter of time before other fields catch up with the early adopters, and that all fields converge on a stable set of electronic forums. A social shaping of technology (SST) perspective helps us to identify important social forces—centered around disciplinary constructions of trust and of legitimate communication—that pull against convergence. This analysis concludes that communicative plurality and communicative heterogeneity are durable features of the scholarly landscape, and that we are likely to see field differences in the use of and meaning ascribed to communications forums persist, even as overall use of electronic communications technologies both in science and in society as a whole increases.
... He first came to prominence in this field with his 'subversive proposal', suggesting a radically decentralised scholarly publishing model, in which scholars selfpublish their works, which then may or may not be peer reviewed. (Brent, 1995) Odlyzko proposed in 1996 that electronic journals could exist as collections of unpackaged, but potentially refereed documents in a central server. The inspiration for this was Paul Ginsparg's working article server i at Los Alamos, begun in 1991. ...
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to argue that the traditional scholarly journal system is outdated and in need of revamp, and new internet technologies provide opportunities for change unavailable until now.
Design/methodology/approach
– The four functions of the scholarly journal: registration; awareness; certification; and archiving are discussed in turn and alternative ways of undertaking those functions are explored. Barriers to change and ways to overcome these barriers are addressed.
Findings
– The functions of registration and certification are already met with an open peer review system in place for some high profile journals. Recently developed searching and browsing facilities give academics access to a greater proportion of scholarly literature, providing a more efficient awareness function than traditional journals. The function of archiving is not being adequately addressed by commercial publishers, and the steps being taken by institutional repositories to that end are more sustainable. The fundamental tenet of science as part of the public domain is being eroded by commercial gain, and a move away from the traditional scholarly system can reverse that trend. Barriers to change are: the publisher's commercial imperative to maintain the status quo; the academy's reluctance to change; and the reward system. However, recently both publishers and academics have demonstrated a willingness to try new systems. The barrier of institutional reliance on metrics poses the greatest threat to change.
Originality/value
– This paper builds on an historical background of arguments dating back to 1926, but uses up‐to‐date examples of ways publishers are moving towards change. The paper will inspire debate in the scholarly community.
... Gorącym zwolennikiem jednego z nich jest wspomniany S. Harnad, który w latach 90. XX wieku ogłosił swoją "subversive proposal" (wywrotową propozycję) [8] . Polegała ona mniej więcej na tym, aby pozostawić cały rynek wydawniczy tak jak funkcjonował wcześniej, z tą różnicą, że uczeni, oprócz publikowania w czasopismach recenzowanych, jak najszybciej umieszczaliby preprinty swoich prac w repozytoriach dziedzinowych. ...
This article presents an analysis of some OA models, as well as the risks that they entail and the chances they offer to librarians, as far as changes in the profession are concerned.
... Molti credono che oramai sia necessaria una maniera radicalmente diversa di intendere la comunicazione scientifica [6,7]. Persuasi dell'utilità dei diversi strumenti che la rete mette a disposizione, si ritiene, infatti, che solo abbandonando le vecchie abitudini "papirocentriche" (papyrocentric attitudes) e trasferendo interamente su Internet gli esiti della ricerca (scholarly skywriting) si possano risolvere i problemi relativi ai costi sempre crescenti e all'insufficiente velocità di diffusione dei testi a stampa [8]. ...
In this paper the author examines the issue concerning the future direction of scholarly publications. The scholarly community has sufficient expertise and incentive to collaborate on the design of a new model for scholarly communication that takes advantage of networking technology and extends the traditional benefits of print publications. The "multicanality" presents a unique approach that integrates the elements of scholarly communication beginning at the author's keyboard and ending in the library's archives. The "multicanality" simplifies the work of authors, editors and librarians, and reduces related publishing expense. The needed technical expertise is already available to begin it.
... There is a very large literature dealing with the economics of scholarly journals, much of which predates the arrival of e-journals.With respect to the possibilities for changing the prevailing economic models, the best known protagonist is Stevan Harnad. His economic arguments against the current system of economics for publishing scholarly research are detailed in [Harnad, 1991], [Harnad, 1995b], [Harnad, 1995a], [Harnad, 1995d] and summarised in [Brent, 1995]. Harnad's views on the economics of on-line versus paper are neatly (if somewhat tersely) summarised in [Okerson and ODonnell, 1995']: ...
This thesis looks at the impact of the technologies of networking and hypermedia on the scholarly journal. It does so in five main sections. The first section, Overview and Theory, begins by outlining the aims of the study and examining prior related work. Next it defines the three main theoretical perspectives that inform the research (a constructuralist ecology of communication, punctuated equilibrium, and a genre-based framework for new media) as well as considering and rejecting a number of alternatives. The second section, Publishing and Technology, first places the scholarly journal in its historical context and then identifies the stakeholders in the scholarly journal ecology. It then looks at the range of technology developments over the last twenty years that have the potential to be applied to scholarly communication. The third section, Potentials and Responses, looks at the ways in which both publishing functions and stakeholder roles could be transformed and at some of...
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This bibliography presents over 1,100 journal articles, books, and other textual works about the open access movement. It covers open access overviews and theory, economic issues, copyright arrangements for self archiving and use, open access journals, e-prints, disciplinary archives, institutional repositories, metadata issues, open access mandates and policies, electronic theses and dissertations, the open archives initiative and OAI-PMH, library issues, conventional publisher perspectives, open access legislation, government reviews, funding agency mandates, and policies, open access in countries with emerging and developing economies, and open access books. Most sources were published from January 1999 through August 2010. It is under a under a Creative Commons Attribution License. Website: https://cutt.ly/x4Z49Fh. PDF of paperback: https://cutt.ly/N4Z45qV. Paperback: https://cutt.ly/d4Z7e81. "Bailey is a master of compiling lists of articles, web pages, papers, and books on a particular topic and distributing them to a wide audience. . . . This bibliography, like the others, is extensive and well organized with topical subheadings. A preface helps readers understand what "open access" means and what models are available. . . . This bibliography is recommended for everyone interested in open access publishing. " - Paul M. Blobaum, Journal of the Medical Library Association 100, no. 1 (2012): 73.
(Published by the Association of Research Libraries and Digital Scholarship): This selective bibliography provides an overview of open access concepts, and it presents over 1,300 books, conference papers (including some digital video presentations), debates, editorials, e-prints, journal and magazine articles, news articles, technical reports, and other printed and electronic sources. It covers the following open access topics: general works, research studies, open access statements, copyright arrangements for self-archiving and use, copyright ownership and rights, economic issues, e-prints, disciplinary archives, institutional archives and repositories, the open archives initiative and OAI-PMH, conventional publisher perspectives, government inquires and legislation, and open access arrangements for developing countries. Most sources were published between 1999 and August 2004. It is under a under a Creative Commons Attribution License. t is available as a paperback, a paperback PDF file, a website, and a website PDF with live links. (http://digital-scholarship.org/oab/oab2.htm). "This title is a major contribution to the study of the open access movement in general, as well as its emergence in the early twenty-first century." - Library Resources and Technical Services..
This paper gives an account of the origin and development of the Open Access Initiative (OAI) and the digital technology that enables its existence. The researcher explains the crisis in scholarly communications and how open access (CIA) can reform the present system. OA has evolved two systems for delivering research articles: CIA archives or repositories and OA journals. They differ in that CIA journals conduct peer review and CIA archives do not. Discussion focuses on how these two delivery systems work, including such topics as OAI, local institutional repositories, Eprints self-archiving software, cross-archives searching, metadata harvesting, and the individuals who invented CIA and organizations that support it.
Purpose
– The purpose of the paper is to present the influence open access initiatives (OAIs) have on journal cancellations in university libraries in South Africa.
Design/methodology/approach
– The paper is based on part of a doctoral research project which examined the crisis in scholarly communication and its effect on university libraries in South Africa that was carried out at the University of KwaZulu-Natal from 2005 to 2009. Part of the investigation focused on open access (OA) and how it influenced journal cancellations. The survey methodology was adopted and the study used a quantitative approach to collect data on the influence of OA.
Findings
– The findings revealed that OAIs had a very limited influence on journal cancellations in South African university libraries.
Practical implications
– The study presents data that can be used by university libraries to develop, support and facilitate access to local research.
Originality/value
– The study provides data on which future developments in OA as a solution to university library journal cancellations could be based.
This bibliography presents over 1,100 journal articles, books, and other textual works about the open access movement. It covers open access overviews and theory, economic issues, copyright arrangements for self archiving and use, open access journals, e-prints, disciplinary archives, institutional repositories, metadata issues, open access mandates and policies, electronic theses and dissertations, the open archives initiative and OAI-PMH, library issues, conventional publisher perspectives, open access legislation, government reviews, funding agency mandates, and policies, open access in countries with emerging and developing economies, and open access books. Most sources were published from January 1999 through August 2010. Website: https://cutt.ly/x4Z49Fh. PDF of paperback: https://cutt.ly/N4Z45qV. Paperback: https://cutt.ly/d4Z7e81. "Bailey is a master of compiling lists of articles, web pages, papers, and books on a particular topic and distributing them to a wide audience. . . . This bibliography, like the others, is extensive and well organized with topical subheadings. A preface helps readers understand what "open access" means and what models are available. . . . This bibliography is recommended for everyone interested in open access publishing. " - Paul M. Blobaum, Journal of the Medical Library Association 100, no. 1 (2012): 73.
E-prints, electronic equivalents of paper preprints used by scientists for rapid, informal communication of research, have recently proliferated. Empirical research on e-prints has not, however, been commensurate with increasing numbers of e-print servers, scientists authoring e-prints, or researchers accessing e-prints. This study examines a sample of e-prints randomly selected from three e-print servers to ascertain e-print authors' type and country of employment, level of collaboration, citation of other e-prints, level of publication in traditional, peer-reviewed or letters journals, and eventual transformation of e-prints into refereed publications.
Emerging digital discursive spaces, such as wikis, offer new
opportunities for knowledge communication. However, participants
join such spaces through the lenses of their established discursive
practices. These practices, however, interact with the code –
the technological design – of these spaces, which can
reproduce, question, or undermine them, and present alternative
opportunities and visions for knowledge communication.
Participants, therefore, ultimately face questions about the ways
in which tensions between established (genred) practices and
alternative practices enabled by code are to be negotiated. Drawing
on theories of rhetoric and technology, this article offers an
integrated theoretical framework that allows developers of online
communities to examine the established rhetorical practices of
participants and the ways in which the code of the discursive space
may question or facilitate these practices. The paper then
illustrates how this framework may be applied to facilitating
academic knowledge communication in a wiki space and concludes with
implications for decision-making in shaping digital discursive
spaces for knowledge communication.
L'articolo esamina i percorsi e gli strumenti della comunicazione scientifica; mette in luce gli odierni sviluppi caratterizzati dall'avvento dei periodici elettronici e dai server di preprint.
[English abstract] This research deals with electronic publishing contemporary academic context. In particular the focus of the research is to verify the degree of credibility of Firenze University Press (FUP), academic electronic press project of the University of Florence, investigating its users’ perceptions and opinions. This survey was motivated by the need of FUP to develop a strategy focused to rationalise resources, responding to users requirements. Survey investigated mainly two categories of FUP user: professors as customers, authors (or potential authors) and students, as customers. Mixed method have adopted to draw the survey model, that combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, use both of them. Sample survey methodology have been used to obtain a picture of the general trend of faculty of the University of Florence, by selecting and measuring a sample from the whole population. Research have been directed to a sample of ‘electronically oriented’ users, those who have no prides towards Internet and email as information and communication tools and let personal email to be visible on the University website. On the basis of data and opinions gathered emerged: 1. high percent of user satisfaction; 2. promotional factors: Primary - high visibility - copyright guarantee Secondary - speediness - easiness - extended access; 3. recommendations: a) Activity of promotion and growth of visibility b) Collaboration with commercial publishers, other University Presses c) Production scheme d) Editing e) Access and selling [Italian abstract] Questa ricerca tratta di editoria elettronica in ambito accademico. Il focus della ricerca è verificare il grado di credibilità della Firenze University Press (FUP), progetto di casa editrice elettronica dell’Università di Firenze, indagando su quali sono la percezione e l’opinione che ne hanno gli utenti. Tale ricerca è stata motivata dalla necessità della FUP di sviluppare una strategia focalizzata sulla razionalizzazione delle risorse in base alla richiesta degli utenti. Sono state coinvolte due tipologie di utenti: i docenti, autori reali o potenziali e studenti, tutti in veste di clienti. Sono state adottate metodologie miste di stesura del modello di indagine, combinando approcci quantitativi e qualitativi, utilizzando entrambi. Esempi di metodi di ricerca sono stati utilizzati per dare un quadro generale del trend dei docenti dell’Università, selezionando e misurando un campione sull’intero gruppo, definito come “utenti orientati all’utilizzo di risorse elettroniche”, coloro che non hanno remore nell’utilizzo di Internet e delle e-mail come strumenti di comunicazione, e consentono la visibilità dei propri contatti sul sito web dell’Università. I dati emersi: 1. alta percentuale di user satisfaction 2. fattori promozionali: Principale alta visibilità tutela del copyright Secondario velocità accessibilità accesso esteso 3. raccomandazioni promozione attiva e crescita della visibilità collaborazione con editori commerciali e altre University Press piano di produzione editing accesso e vendita
The Open Access Bibliography: Liberating Scholarly Literature with E-Prints and Open Access Journals provides an overview of open access concepts, and it presents over 1,300 selected English-language books, conference papers (including some digital video presentations), debates, editorials, e-prints, journal and magazine articles, news articles, technical reports, and other printed and electronic sources that are useful in understanding the open access movement's efforts to provide free access to and unfettered use of scholarly literature. Most sources have been published between 1999 and August 31, 2004; however, a limited number of key sources published prior to 1999 are also included. Where possible, links are provided to sources that are freely available on the Internet (approximately 78 percent of the bibliography's references have such links). The 129-page bibliography has been published in print and PDF formats by the Association of Research Libraries (ARL). The print version is available from ARL. The book is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License.
The article discuss the opportunity of adopting a multichannel model for scholarly communication.
The speed of write (La velocidad de la escritura). En: Scientific American, december 1994. p. 106-111 (Resumen interpretativo y subtítulos elaborados por el CLADES de la CEPAL). 1) El cambio en las comunicaciones entre científicos e ingenieros Existen varias manifestaciones de un cambio mayor en la forma en que los científicos e ingenieros se comunican entre ellos. Una de estas manifestaciones se refiere al futuro de las publicaciones científicas y técnicas. El llamado periódico electrónico (Electronic Journal) ha aparecido en las redes electrónicas de transmisión de datos. Inicialmente impulsado desde el lado de los científicos y luego, por las compañías editoras, el periódico electrónico ha ganado una presencia cada vez mayor en los últimos años. El crecimiento reciente del número de periódicos electrónicos disponibles es espectacular. En 1994 el directorio de la Asociación de Bibliotecas de Investigación reportó la existencia de 440 periódicos y cartas informativas electrónicas, valor que no superaba los 110 títulos en 1991. Mas aun, el periódico electrónico instalado en redes de computadoras ha aportado un cambio cultural al haber borrado las fronteras entre los científicos experimentales, los autores, las casas editoriales, los revisores y los documentalistas. Un ejemplo es el de la operación bastante informal de un periódico electrónico a través de una de las redes que componen el INTERNET. La elaboración y utilización del periódico opera mediante un computador-servidor ubicado en el Laboratorio Nacional de Los Alamos de la Universidad de California en Santa Bárbara. Allí, teóricos e investigadores especializados en la física de alta energía ubicados en 60 países intercambian unos 20.000 mensajes diarios. Cada uno de estos mensajes transporta un artículo original reciente aún no revisado por pares (unrefereed), un articulo revisado pero no publicado (pre-print) o algún comentario sobre los artículos. Con este mecanismo se puede trascender el proceso burocrático de publicación del Periódico impreso en el cual un artículo aparece al cabo de meses o incluso años después que ha sido presentado al editor, y sale a circulación cuando sus autores están en otros temas y pueden hallarse focalizando su atención en nuevos proyectos de investigación.
EXTENDING THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY'S DISCIPLINE-SPECIFIC MODEL FOR ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING
ABSTRACT: Scientific publication is a continuum, from unrefereed preprints to refereed reprints, to revisions, commentaries, and replies. All this is optimally done electronically, as "Scholarly Skywriting."