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Bluegon: A polygon-shaped scatternet formation algorithm for Bluetooth
Abstract
Bluetooth is one of the cable-replacement technologies. It uses short-range radio links to replace connecting cables. Bluetooth enables portable devices to form short-range wireless ad hoc networks. A set of Bluetooth devices sharing a common channel can form a personal area network called a piconet. Several piconets can also be interconnected to establish a scatternet. Zaruba, Basaghi and Chlamtac proposed a mechanism for forming a distributed scatternet called the Bluetree. The algorithm is based on selecting an arbitrary node serving as the Blueroot. The Blueroot initiates the construction of the Bluetree. Though the algorithm is very simple, there are some weak points. For example, being a tree limits its routing choices. There are also the problems of overloading on the Blueroot and the many master/slave bridges on any routing path. In this paper, we will improve the weaknesses of Bluetree by eliminating the bottleneck in the Blueroot and by reducing the number of bridges to half for almost any path. We call the new algorithm Bluegon since polygons (cycles) will be formed in the scatternet. Simulation results indicate the efficiencies of our algorithm. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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A few years ago it was recognized that the vision of a truly low-cost, low-power radio-based cable replacement was feasible. Such a ubiquitous link would provide the basis for portable devices to communicate together in an ad hoc fashion by creating personal area networks which have similar advantages to their office environment counterpart - the local area network (LAN). Bluetooth is an effort by a consortium of companies to design a royalty free technology specification enabling this vision. This article describes the vision and goals of the Bluetooth program and introduces the radio-based technology.
Wireless technologies such as 802.11 do not impose topology constraints on the network; however, Bluetooth imposes certain constraints for constructing valid topologies. The performance of Bluetooth depends largely on these topologies. This paper presents and evaluates the performance of a new evolutionary scatternet topology construction protocol for Bluetooth networks. A scatternet can be viewed as a Bluetooth ad hoc network that is formed by interconnecting piconets. The scatternets formed have the following properties: 1) the scatternets are connected, i.e. every Bluetooth device can be reached from every other device, 2) piconet size is limited to eight nodes to avoid "parking" of slaves and the associated overhead, 3) the number of piconets is close to the universal lower bound that defines the optimal number of piconets, resulting in low interference amongst piconets, and 4) end-user delay is minimized during scatternet formation. This paper also reviews existing approaches to constructing scatternet topologies and suggests extensions to the proposed scatternet formation protocol.
Ad-hoc networks are network architectures that can be rapidly
(ideally immediately) deployed and that do not need to rely on
pre-existing infrastructure. The salient feature of this breed of
networks is that they can operate in different and differing propagation
and network operational conditions, which cannot be predicted during the
network design stage. We discuss some of the challenges and choices that
need to be made while designing an ad-hoc network. In particular, we
address the following three issues: hierarchical vs. flat network
architectures, proactive vs. reactive (on demand) routing protocols vs.
a hybrid approach, and sensing-based vs. dialog-based medium access
control
A few years ago it was recognized that the vision of a truly low-cost, low-power radio-based cable replacement was feasible. Such a ubiquitous link would provide the basis for portable devices to communicate together in an ad hoc fashion by creating personal area networks which have similar advantages to their office environment counterpart, the local area network. Bluetooth/sup TM/ is an effort by a consortium of companies to design a royalty-free technology specification enabling this vision. This article describes the radio system behind the Bluetooth concept. Designing an ad hoc radio system for worldwide usage poses several challenges. The article describes the critical system characteristics and motivates the design choices that have been made.
We address the problem of localized scatternet formation for multihop Bluetooth-based personal area ad hoc networks. Nodes are assumed to know their positions and are able to establish connections with any of their neighboring nodes, located within their transmission radius, in the neighbor discovery phase. The next phase of the proposed formation algorithm is optional and can be applied to construct a sparse geometric structure in a localized manner. We propose here a new sparse planar structure, namely, partial Delaunay triangulation (PDT), which can be constructed locally and is denser than other known localized planar structures. In the next mandatory phase, the degree of each node is limited to seven by applying the Yao structure, and the master-slave relations in piconets are formed in created subgraphs. This phase consists of several iterations. In each iteration, undecided nodes with higher keys than any of their undecided neighbors apply the Yao structure to bound the degrees, decide master-slave relations on the remaining edges, and inform all neighbors about either deleting edges or master-slave decisions. To the best of our knowledge, our schemes are the first schemes that construct degree limited (a node has at most seven slaves) and connected piconets in multihop networks, without parking any node. The creation and maintenance require small overhead in addition to maintaining accurate location information for one-hop neighbors. The experiments confirm good functionality of created Bluetooth networks in addition to their fast creation and straightforward maintenance.
Bluetooth scatternets, integrating polling, and frequency hopping spread-sprectrum in their medium access control protocol, provide a contention-free environment for Bluetooth devices to access the medium and communicate over multihop links. Currently, most available scatternet formation protocols tend to interconnect all Bluetooth devices at the initial network startup stage and maintain all Bluetooth links thereafter. Instead of this "big scatternet" approach, we propose a scatternet-route structure to combine the scatternet formation with on-demand routing, thus eliminating unnecessary link and route maintenances. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort to address on-demand scatternet formation with every detail. We introduce an extended ID (EID) connectionless broadcast scheme, which, compared with original Bluetooth broadcast mechanism, achieves very much shortened route discovery delay. We also propose to synchronize the piconets along each scatternet route to remove piconet switch overhead and obtain even better channel utilization. Furthermore, we present a route-based scatternet scheduling scheme to enable fair and efficient packet transmissions over scatternet routes. Network performance analysis and simulations show that scatternet routes can provide multihop wireless channels with high network utilization and extremely stable throughput, being especially useful in the transmission of large batches of packets and real time data in wireless environment.
From the Book:Preface The convergence of computing and communications has been predicted for many years. Today's explosion of a myriad of new types of personal computing and communications devicesnotebook computers, personal digital assistants, "smart" phones, two-way pagers, digital cameras and so onhas resulted in new ways for people to communicate and gain access to data. The advent of this pervasive computing, especially via wireless communications, enables these devices to be used in new settings: not only can people make voice calls from their automobile using a mobile phone, but also they can access the World Wide Web from a wireless notebook or handheld computer while at the airport or a shopping mall. We are rapidly moving toward a world where computing and communications become ubiquitousnot only at work but also in the home, in public places and in personal surroundings. Until recently, enabling all of these devices to communicate with each other has been cumbersome, often involving the use of special cables to connect the devices together along with device-specific software that might use proprietary protocols. To exchange information among all of her personal devices, a person might need to carry as many cables as devices and still lack assurance that all the devices could interconnect. The inability to share information among devices or the difficulty in doing so limits their usefulness. The Bluetooth technology enables devices to communicate seamlessly without wires. While Bluetooth wireless communication is first and foremost a means for cable replacement, it also enables many new applicationsthe use of a single mobile telephone as a cellular phone, cordless phone or intercom and the use of a notebook computer as a speakerphone, just to name two. The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) was formed in early 1998 by Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia and Toshiba to develop an open specification for globally available short-range wireless radio frequency communications. The SIG has published a specification for the Bluetooth radio and baseband along with a set of communication protocols comprising a software stack used with the Bluetooth radio hardware. The Bluetooth radio module design is optimized for very low power consumption, low cost, small footprint and use anywhere in the world. In addition to the core specification, the SIG has also published Bluetooth profiles that describe how to use the software protocols such that interoperability among all kinds of devices can be achieved, regardless of who manufactures these devices. Version 1.0 of the specification was published in July 1999. Today the Bluetooth Special Interest Group consists of nine promoter companies (joining the five founding companies noted above in the SIG's core group are 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft and Motorola) and well over 1,800 adopter companies from around the world, representing a diverse set of industries. The specification and profiles continue to evolve as the SIG develops new ways to use the Bluetooth technology. The first products with Bluetooth wireless communications arrived in 2000 led by development tools, mobile telephones, audio headsets, notebook computers, handheld computers and network access points. A great deal of interest, talent and energy has marshaled around this exciting new technology. Until now most of the information available about Bluetooth wireless communications has been from the SIG's official web site (bluetooth) or from brief press articles or newsletters. This book aims to be at once authoritative and accessible. Besides discussing background, history and potential future developments, Bluetooth Revealed: The Insider's Guide to an Open Specification for Global Wireless Communications delivers practical explanations of the specification by people who helped to develop it. It is a broad discussion of the topic, containing information that should be of value to industry practitioners, professionals, students and any others who are interested in this topic. No matter what your particular interest is, Bluetooth Revealed is intended to give you the information you need to become a "Bluetooth Insider."
Bluetooth ad hoc networks are constrained by a master/slave configuration, in which one device is the master and controls the communication with the slave devices. The master and up to seven active slave devices can form a small Bluetooth network called a piconet. In order to build larger network topologies, called scatternets, the piconets must be interconnected. Scatternets are formed by allowing certain piconet members to participate in several piconets by periodically switching between them. Due to the fact that there is no scatternet formation procedure in the Bluetooth specification, numerous different approaches have been proposed. We discuss criteria for different types of scatternets and establish general models of scatternet topologies. Then we review the state-of-the-art approaches with respect to Bluetooth scatternet formation and compare and contrast them.
Bluetooth ad hoc networks are constrained by a master/slave configuration, in which one device takes the role of master and controls the communication with the slave devices. Piconets are small Bluetooth networks containing one master and up to seven active slave devices. In order to build larger topologies, called scatternets, the piconets must be interconnected. Scatternets are formed by allowing certain piconet members to participate in several piconets by periodically switching between them. Due to the fact that there is no scatternet formation procedure in the Bluetooth specification, numerous different approaches have been proposed. We discuss criteria for different types of scatternets and establish general models of scatternet topologies. Then we describe the state-of-the-art for Bluetooth scatternets and compare and contrast the approaches.
The vision of ad-hoc networking with Bluetooth includes the concept of devices participating in multiple "piconets" and thereby forming a "scatternet". However, the details of scatternet support for Bluetooth are not specified yet. This paper presents a scheme for Bluetooth scatternet operation that adapts to varying traffic patterns. Being based on sniff mode, it does not require substantial modification of the current Bluetooth specification and may thus be incorporated into currently available Bluetooth products. We present simulation results that confirm the applicability of our approach to realistic scenarios.
In this paper, we propose a protocol for routing in Bluetooth scatternets. The protocol uses the available battery power in the Bluetooth (BT) devices as a cost metric in choosing the routes. We evaluate the throughput performance as a function of packet arrival rate and number of piconets. A throughput of about 120 kbps/piconet is shown to be achieved in a 5-piconet scatternet. We propose two techniques, namely a) battery power level based master-slave switch and b) distance based power control, to increase the network lifetime in scatternets. The master-slave switch technique is motivated by the fact that a piconet master has to handle the packet transmissions to/from all its slaves, and hence may drain its battery soon. We propose a role switching idea where each BT device in a piconet may have to play the master role depending on its available battery power. In the second technique, we propose that the BT devices choose their transmit powers based on their distances from their respective masters. Our performance results show that a considerable gain in network lifetime can be achieved using these two power saving techniques.
Bluetooth is an open specification for short-range wireless
communication and networking, mainly intended to be a cable replacement
between portable and/or fixed electronic devices. The specification also
defines techniques for interconnecting large number of nodes in
scatternets, thus enabling the establishment of a mobile ad hoc network
(MANET). While several solutions and commercial products have been
introduced for one-hop Bluetooth communication, the problem of
scatternet formation has not yet been dealt with. This problem concerns
the assignment of the roles of master and slave to each node so that the
resulting MANET is connected. We introduce two novel protocols for
forming connected scatternets. In both cases, the resulting topology is
termed a bluetree. In our bluetrees the number of roles each node can
assume are limited to two or three (depending on the protocol), thus
imposing low slave management overhead. The effectiveness of both
protocols in forming MANETs is demonstrated through extensive
simulations
Wireless ad hoc networks have been a growing area of research.
While there has been considerable research on the topic of routing in
such networks, the topic of topology creation has not received due
attention. This is because almost all ad hoc networks to date have been
built on top of a single channel, broadcast based wireless media, such
as 802.11 or IR LANs. For such networks the distance relationship
between the nodes implicitly (and uniquely) determines the topology of
the ad hoc network. Bluetooth is a promising new wireless technology,
which enables portable devices to form short-range wireless ad hoc
networks and is based on a frequency hopping physical layer. This fact
implies that hosts are not able to communicate unless they have
previously discovered each other by synchronizing their frequency
hopping patterns. Thus, even if all nodes are within direct
communication range of each other, only those nodes which are
synchronized with the transmitter can hear the transmission. To support
any-to-any communication, nodes must be synchronized so that the pairs
of nodes (which can communicate with each other) together form a
connected graph. Using Bluetooth as an example, this paper first
provides deeper insights into the issue to link establishment in
frequency hopping wireless systems. It then introduces the Bluetooth
topology construction protocol (BTCP), an asynchronous distributed
protocol for constructing scatternets which starts with nodes that have
no knowledge of their surroundings and terminates with the formation of
a connected network satisfying all connectivity constraints posed by the
Bluetooth technology. To the best of our knowledge, the work presented
in this paper is the first attempt at building Bluetooth scatternets
using distributed logic and is quite “practical” in the
sense that it can be implemented using the communication primitives
offered by the Bluetooth 1.0 specifications
We propose and study data scheduling and segmentation and
reassembly (SAR) policies in Bluetooth. In such systems, the
conventional scheduling policies such as round robin perform poorly as
they are not suited to the tight coupling of uplink-downlink scheduling
and result in slot wastage and unfairness. Scheduling in Bluetooth is
complex due to (i) reserved slots for voice traffic, and, (ii) variable
sized data packets. The reservation of voice slots at regular intervals
results in non-contiguous TDD slots available for data. We propose two
new scheduling policies that utilize information about the size of the
head-of-the-line (HOL) packet at the master and slave queues to schedule
the TDD slots effectively. These policies achieve high throughput and
greater fairness compared to the round-robin based scheduling policies.
We then study the SAR policies at the Bluetooth MAC. SAR policies have a
significant effect on data scheduling as they govern the distribution of
packet size. We propose two new SAR policies for Bluetooth that give
good performance in terms of throughput, delay and fairness. Finally, we
include channel errors in Bluetooth and propose a modified scheduling
algorithm that gives good performance
Bluetooth, a wireless technology based on a frequency-hopping physical layer, enables portable devices to form short-range wireless ad hoc networks. Bluetooth hosts are not able to communicate unless they have previously discovered each other through synchronization of their timing and frequency-hopping patterns. Thus, even if all nodes are within proximity of each other, only those nodes which are synchronized with the transmitter can hear the transmission. To support any-to-any communication, nodes must be synchronized so that the pairs of nodes, which can communicate with each other, form a connected graph. Using Bluetooth as an example, we first provide deeper insights into the issue of link establishment in frequency-hopping wireless systems. We then introduce an asynchronous distributed protocol that begins with nodes having no knowledge of their surroundings and terminates with the formation of a connected network topology satisfying all constraints posed by Bluetooth. An attractive protocol feature is its ease in implementation using the communication primitives offered by the Bluetooth Specification.
Bluetooth is a method for data communication that uses short-range
radio links to replace cables between computers and their connected
units. Industry-wide Bluetooth promises very substantial benefits for
wireless network operators, end workers, and content developers of
exciting new applications. This article delves into the implementation
and architecture of Bluetooth. It also describes the functional overview
and applications of Bluetooth, and deals with the development of a model
for recording, printing, monitoring, and controlling of eight process
variables at the same time, using a distributed control system. We
explain industrial automation via Bluetooth using IISS. Industrial
automation is one of the major applications of Bluetooth technology.
Industrial automation, in terms of controlling or monitoring a factory,
office, or industrial process, means to install machines that can do the
work instead of human workers. Industrial plants consists of many
devices interconnected in different ways ranging from simple data
collection units (I/O) to more intelligent devices such as sensors,
one-loop controllers, or programmable controllers, and a supervisory
system used as a human-machine interface (HMI) for data logging and
supervisory control. An IISS is a controlling device that monitors the
devices in a company. It basically communicates via the interface card
in the PC; the hardware is connected parallel across the device, and it
is interfaced with the PC via a transceiver. The device can be accessed
both manually via the switches and remotely via the PC. A simulation of
connecting a PC with the machines in a company was executed. Also, we
wrote a software program using C language; we will show how the remote
monitoring takes place between the control room and the PC. These
details in the article establish the growing need for Bluetooth
technology
The Bluetooth/sup TM/ wireless technology is designed as a short-range connectivity solution for personal, portable, and handheld electronic devices. Since May 1998 the Bluetooth SIG has steered the development of the technology through the development of an open industry specification, including both protocols and application scenarios, and a qualification program designed to assure end-user value for Bluetooth products. This article highlights the Bluetooth wireless technology.
Describes a protocol for the establishment of multihop ad hoc networks based on Bluetooth devices. The protocol proceeds in three phases: device discovery, partitioning of the network into Bluetooth piconets, and interconnection of the piconets into a connected scatternet. The protocol has the following desirable properties: it is executed at each node with no prior knowledge of the network topology, thus being fully distributed. The selection of the Bluetooth masters is driven by the suitability of a node to be the "best fit" for serving as a master. The generated scatternet is a connected mesh with multiple paths between any pair of nodes, thus achieving robustness. Differently from existing solutions, no extra hardware is required to run the protocol at each node and there is no need for a designated node to start the scatternet formation process. Simulation results are provided which evaluate the impact of the Bluetooth device discovery phase on the performance of the protocol.
There is increasing interest in wireless ad hoc networks built from portable devices equipped with short-range wireless network interfaces. This paper addresses issues related to internetworking such networks to form larger "scatternets. " Within the constraints imposed by the emerging standard Bluetooth link layer and MAC protocol, we describe an efficient online topology formation algorithm, called TSF (Tree Scatternet Formation) to build scatternets. TSF connects nodes in a tree structure that simplifies packet routing and scheduling. The design allows nodes to arrive and leave arbitrarily, incrementally building the topology and healing partitions when they occur. We present simulation results that show that TSF has low tree formation latency and also generates an efficient topology for forwarding packets.
There is growing interest in wireless personal area networks built from portable devices equipped with shortrange radio interfaces such as Bluetooth. These small networks (called piconets) can be internetworked to form larger scatternets by means of bridge nodes that participate in more than one piconet on a time division basis. How well this works depends to a large part on the mechanism used to schedule communication across piconets.
A Bluetooth ad hoc network can be formed by interconnecting piconets into scatternets. The constraints and properties of Bluetooth scatternets present special challenges in forming an ad hoc network e#ciently. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of a new randomized distributed Bluetooth scatternet formation protocol. Our simulations validate the theoretical results that our scatternet formation protocol runs in O(log n) time and sends O(n) messages. The scatternets formed have the following properties: 1) any device is a member of at most two piconets, and 2) the number of piconets is close to be optimal. These properties can avoid overloading of any single device and lead to low interference between piconets. In addition, the simulations show that the scatternets formed have O(log n) diameter. As an essential part of the scatternet formation protocol, we study the problem of device discovery: establishing multiple connections with many masters and slaves in parallel. We investigate the collision rate and time requirement of the inquiry and page processes. Deducing from the simulations results of scatternet formation and device discovery, we can verify that the total number of packets sent is O(n) and demonstrate that the maximum number of packets sent by any single device is O(log n). At last, we give estimates of the total time requirement of the protocol and suggest further improvements. Keywords Bluetooth, Ad Hoc Networks, Resource Discovery, Topology Construction # This work is supported in part by the MIT Auto-ID Center 1.
ea, we would like to see a wireless solution that brings all these technologies in different sectors together and at the same time provides a universal and ubiquitousconnectivity solution between computing, communication and supporting devices. Bluetooth is an effort by a consortium of companies to realize this vision. Formed in February 1998 by mobile telephony and computing leaders Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, and Toshiba, the Bluetooth special interest group (SIG) is designing a royalty-free, technology specification where each of the founding companies has a significant stake in enabling this vision. We believe that Bluetooth can revolutionize wireless connectivity for personal and business mobile devices, enabling seamless voice and data communication via short-range radio links and allowing users to connect a wide range of devices easily and quickly, without the need for cables, expanding communications capabilities for mobile computers, mobile phones and other mobile devices, b
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