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Institutional Factors in Information Technology Innovation

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Abstract

Innovation in information technology is well established in developed nations; newly industrializing and developing nations have been creating governmental interventions to accelerate IT innovation within their borders. The lack of coherent policy advice for creating government policy for IT innovation signals a shortfall in research understanding of the role of government institutions, and institutions more broadly, in IT innovation. This paper makes three points. First, long-established intellectual perspectives on innovation from neoclassical economics and organization theory are inadequate to explain the dynamics of actual innovative change in the IT domain. A broader view adopted from economic history and the new institutionalism in sociology provides a stronger base for understanding the role of institutions in IT innovation. Second, institutional intervention in IT innovation can be constructed at the intersection of the influence and regulatory powers of institutions and the ideologies of supply-push and demand-pull models of innovation. Examples of such analysis are provided. Third, institutional policy formation regarding IT innovation is facilitated by an understanding of the multifaceted role of institutions in the innovative process, and on the contingencies governing any given institution/innovation mix.

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... Data were collected based on 21 semi-structured interviews conducted with industry experts actively engaged in these two communities. The theoretical lens providing the structure for the cross-case study is the institutional intervention model (King et al., 1994). This model delineates institutional actions related to the adoption of new information technology based on six "mechanisms" considered important for succeeding in digital innovation in a competitive environment (Kohli and Melville, 2019). ...
... While the open innovation model serves well for explaining how construction firms co-create innovation, it does not explain how communities spread innovation. Since this article is concerned with both the creation and diffusion of BIM systems in construction, we decided to apply the institutional intervention model (King et al., 1994) as an additional theoretical lens. This model complements open innovation in that it explains the actions taken by communities aimed at sharing the results of their knowledge work. ...
... Taking a multilens perspective, the two models, in combination, explain how open innovation happens and how it is distributed in a community (Okhuysen and Bonardi, 2011). The institutional intervention model (King et al., 1994) is useful for understanding how social actions can turn innovation into lasting social practice. The institutional intervention model has been applied as the theoretical framework to study IT adoption in Nigeria (Bada, 2017;McGrath and Maiye, 2010), internet use in South America (Montealegre, 1999) and ICT use in Chile (Silva and Figueroa, 2002). ...
Article
Purpose This paper aims to explore how open innovation communities contribute to the adoption of building information modelling (BIM) in the construction industry. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a cross-case analysis of two construction communities, buildingSMART Norway and the BIM Vietnam Community. Data were collected based on 21 semi-structured interviews conducted with industry experts actively engaged in these two communities. The theoretical basis for the study was open innovation and the institutional intervention model, which delineates institutional actions related to the adoption of new information technology. Findings The findings show both similarities and differences in the way in which the communities contribute to industrial practice. Both communities use similar knowledge channels and repositories but apply different approaches to innovation creation and diffusion. In addition, trust can support BIM innovation in the community context. Originality/value The comparison of buildingSMART Norway and the BIM Vietnam Community in accelerating BIM innovation allows for exploring how open innovation communities support BIM adoption in the construction industry. The findings provide insights for construction communities into creating and diffusing BIM innovation. In addition, the examples of gaining benefits from community innovation activities are useful for construction firms and practitioners.
... To answer this question, we interviewed eleven industry experts affiliated with the Norwegian chapter of buildingSMART. Moreover, to understand how the community intervenes in industrial practice, we used the Institutional Intervention Model [9] to make sense of the interview data. This model helps to disclose how the community's activities influence the adoption and use of BIM technology. ...
... King et al. [9] reminded us that innovation is a process of turning an invention into a usable form, where an invention is a new idea or a new product. Innovation may also be a product developed from an invention. ...
... Innovation may also be a product developed from an invention. To explore how an organisation intervenes in ICT innovation, King et al. [9] proposed a model, referred to as the Institutional Intervention Model in this paper, which includes six forms of institutional actions across two dimensions (Fig. 1). ...
... Institutional theory literature has identified three kinds of institutional pressures that can influence organizations and individuals: coercive, mimetic, and normative [51,52]. King et al. [53] listed the institutions influencing IT innovation, highlighting the power of government entities in the adoption process (e.g., national government agencies, provinces, prefectures, states, and municipalities). Scott [52] recognized that states rely on institutional pressures to exert influence, and state actors are more likely to employ coercion. ...
... Furthermore, King et al. [53] described the institutional interventions (knowledge building, knowledge deployment, subsidizing, mobilization, standard-setting, and innovation directives) employed by various institutions to influence IT innovations. They built a model of potential institutional actions with two dimensions: the influence and regulation that institutions might exert and the "supply-push" and "demand-pull" forces that provide a context for those actions. ...
... Our research question is: how does government influence AEC? We built our hypothesis using institutional theory [51], institutional interventions [53], and legitimation strategies [62]. Studying AEC in developing countries is essential for providing theoretical and practical contributions to the literature [23,75]. ...
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... It is not unusual that barriers to innovation adoption come from the management because their rudimentary knowledge can make them non-enthusiastic and reluctant to changes although they know the innovation could bring certain benefits (Chuoki et al., 2019). King et al. (1994) highlighted knowledge building and development as important actions to stimulate IT adoption. To accelerate SR adoption, the knowledge barrier should be overcome (Okumus et al., 2017). ...
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... Algorithm designers today are not trained to think through the systems implications of their choices, and even more complicated, the societal implications [4], [5], [6]. At the same time, because of the pace with which AI innovations are affecting the world, trainees must excel not only in algorithmic design, mathematical rigor and programming patterns and abstractions but they must also be equipped to engage with the societal implications of their innovations [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [24]. Similarly, while current systems programs are rapidly adopting advanced analytical techniques to inform systems analysis, the design aspect of the curriculum largely assumes persistence of existing system and process architectures [12], [13]. ...
... Second, during the implementation stage of IT innovation, the adoption of IT innovation may face the security problem of "error-prone routines" due to the complex and transformative nature of IT innovation [33,55]. In other words, organizations need to update their security routines (such as programs, policies, or standards) when applying IT innovation, which disrupts the original security equilibrium. ...
... Another form of mapping, a "web of stakeholders and strategies", is concerned with the direct links between stakeholders is used by researchers who focus on one central stakeholder and organize their analysis outwards from there (King et al., 1994). The web is depicted graphically in a star-like design with a center stakeholder surrounded by links to other stakeholders and stakeholder groups representing the spokes (Figure 1-E). ...
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Stakeholder analysis is a methodology that can provide valuable insights about a phenomenon. Information systems and information technology researchers have utilized stakeholder analysis to understand and learn from successes, failures, and other aspects of IS/IT initiatives. In this tutorial, we provide guidelines for conducting a stakeholder analysis currently missing in the IS/IT discipline despite being repeatedly called for. We reviewed studies on stakeholder analysis within IS/IT first, but found that there was not sufficient coverage. Then we went outside the discipline and found relevant studies in the areas of organizational and strategic management and public policy. Our analysis, then, consists of a review and a combination of the findings of studies from within the IS/IT discipline and studies in organizational and strategic management and public policy. Our guidelines start with determining who the stakeholders are related to a phenomenon and what key concerns these stakeholders have about the phenomenon. In the next step, we relate stakeholders to one another and across the key concerns and point out how to identify possible coalitions. Last, we describe how to apply these findings to determine strategies for managing stakeholders or building theory around a phenomenon and its concerns. These final steps can be used to make policy recommendations, provide guidance for IS/IT-related initiatives, or present constructs and relationships that can be tested by future researchers. We demonstrate the applicability of our guidelines with a case study about broadband availability in rural North Carolina.
... Perceived usefulness and ease of use later included the technology adoption model (TAM) as additional variables that are important in elucidating behavioral intention. The main flaw in the TAM theory, as was put forth by(King et al., 1994) UTAUT The -Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology‖ (UTAUT), which was put forth by -(Venkatesh et al., 2003)‖, aimed to provide an explanation for users' motivations for using an information system and their actual behavior. Due to the limitations of TAM, several extensions were developed, with the -UTAUT model‖ proposed by(Venkatesh et al., 2003)being the most well-liked. ...
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... The organizational level emphasizes the successful design, implementation, and practices associated with technologies within traditional organizations, as well as in innovative forms such as virtual teams and online communities (Markus, 1983;DeLone & McClain, 1992;Orlikowski, 1992;Ren et al., 2012;Hirschheim et al., 1995). Finally, the institutional level of analysis refers to the societal environment of organizations and involves research into the diffusion and impact of technologies in industry, as well as in fields such as healthcare and governments, and in developing nations (Brynjolfsson, 1994;King et al., 1994;Swanson & Ramiller, 1997;Angst et al., 2010). ...
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... Several studies, for instance, have focused on human, business, and technological resources as organizational readiness aspects necessary for innovation adoption. (King et al., 1994;Montealegre, 1999). ...
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... Thus, it is based on social need of human being to maintain relationship with diverse group of society and community (Schneckenberg, 2009) [33] . However, there is no common consensus on the definition of social media but generally it may be defined as [21,10,43] is claiming the positive impact of social media usage on information sharing and innovation. In the domain of governance, social media is also playing important role ensuring the participation from diverse group of citizens, especially in democratic settings. ...
... The first approach considers technology use through a combination of institutional factors, presuming that they are linked to the demand and supply of institutional regulation and influence (Beilock & Dimitrova, 2003). King et al. (1994) connect innovation with the supply and demand of institutional standards: the current study model incorporates the provision of patents and trademarks. The second approaches the DD through social influence in U.S. metropolitan cities (Agarwal et al., 2009). ...
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... Innovation adds unique value for the customers, enables competitive advantage and generates value for shareholders (Drucker, 1985;Snyder & Duarte, 2003). The dimensions along which an organization can undertake innovation are product and process (King et al. 1994;Christensen, 1995;O'Sullivan & Dooley, 2009). ...
... Additionally, the competitive environment influences the four digital innovation procedures. For instance, institutional theory (King et al., 1994) and social contagion (Angst et al., 2010) show that enterprises launch digital innovation via processes entrenched in the competitive world. Similarly, digital innovation may alter the competitive landscape in which businesses operate (Vaia et al., 2012). ...
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... Research in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has attempted to incorporate various social theories-e. g. actor-network theory (Braa et al., 2004), critical social theory (Ngwenyama & Lee, 1997), institutional theory (King et al., 1994), symbolic interactionism (Gopal & Prasad, 2000)-to get insights on social phenomena that result from adopting ICT for social practices. Among these, one of the most prominent is Giddens's structuration theory (Poole & DeSanctis, 2004). ...
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... Organisations' assessment of a country and its various institutions' preparedness to promote, support, facilitate, and regulate e-payment and its various requirements. Adapted from King, J. et al. (1994). ...
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... Following studies on other IS phenomena [e.g., 37,[38][39][40], institutional theory has gained considerable attention in EA research to explore assimilating and institutionalizing EA practices in order to achieve the promised outcomes of EA [e.g., 41,[42][43][44]. Along with previous studies, we also examine the concept of legitimacy [19], which is central to institutional theory [45]. ...
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... As to examine data and information integration three items adapted from Joseph (2015), and examine system integration and compatibility three items adapted from Grover & Goslar (1993). While, security concern was measured by four-item which were adapted from the study of King et al. (1994). Further, top management support was tested by five-item that adapted from (Lian et al., 2014;Gangwar et al., 2015). ...
... Institutional actions can either stimulate or retard IT development and/ or diffusion. Supply-push and demand-pull market forces are linked to the influence and regulatory authorities of institutions (King et al. 1994). The development of wireless communications (radio) depends on a scarce resource, the radio spectrum, which requires government policy to allocate these resources to service providers. ...
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Research suggests that competitive markets and contract design and management influence contractor performance. However, there is less systematic knowledge about how a government's policy-specific capacity and programmatic support to contractors influences performance. This study asks the question of what states can do to maximize the performance of contractors in the context of fiscal federalism. This question is tested in the context of the Weatherization Assistance Program, a federal program where states are specifically instructed to use third-party implementers (i.e. contractors). Specifically, I examine (1) whether state policy-specific capacity enhances program implementation support to help contractors meet their performance goals and (2) how state-provided technical assistance to government contractors can help these contractors achieve performance goals.
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India's economy has witnessed a transformative journey over the past few decades, with Information Technology (IT) emerging as a pivotal force driving growth. This paper delves into the dynamic intersection between IT and the Indian economy, elucidating the multifaceted impacts and symbiotic relationship between the two. Beginning with an overview of the evolution of IT in India, from its nascent stages to becoming a global IT powerhouse, this paper explores the key drivers behind this remarkable growth trajectory. It analyzes the role of government policies, educational initiatives, and entrepreneurial endeavors in fostering a conducive ecosystem for IT development. Moreover, this paper examines the far-reaching implications of IT integration across various sectors of the Indian economy. It investigates how IT has revolutionized industries such as finance, healthcare, agriculture, and manufacturing, catalyzing efficiency gains, innovation, and market expansion. Furthermore, it highlights the role of IT in fostering digital inclusion and empowering marginalized communities, thereby contributing to socio-economic development and poverty alleviation. In addition, this paper assesses the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in leveraging IT for sustained economic growth in India. It discusses issues such as digital infrastructure gaps, cybersecurity concerns, skill shortages, and the imperative for continuous innovation to maintain global competitiveness. Drawing insights from empirical studies and industry analyses, this paper offers strategic recommendations for policymakers, businesses, and other stakeholders to harness the full potential of IT for driving inclusive and sustainable economic growth in India. This paper emphasizes the significance of strategic investments in digital infrastructure, human capital development, and regulatory frameworks for India's economic development. It highlights the role of Information Technology in fostering prosperity and well-being. The issue of the research the article is important, urgent, and pertinent from a variety of perspectives, including those related to society, politics, and the economy. The study article's topic is critical since it explains the current problem.
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Human Resource Management (HRM) plays one of the crucial roles in achieving productivity and success in modern organizations. Competent human resources are very important for driving research, innovation, and patent creation. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in innovative HRM practices and their connection to technological advancements. Hence, this study presents a comprehensive analysis of innovation in the HRM field using patent data. The methodology involved extensive data collection, patent landscape analysis, and an exploration of the technical content of HRM patents. The analysis is based on a dataset of 2109 patent families related to HRM using PatSeer databases. The findings shed light on the geographical distribution of HRM innovation, temporal trends, key players, technical diversity, core innovation themes, and technology intersections, and thus provided a foundation for understanding HRM innovation from a patent-driven perspective. While providing useful insights, it also emphasizes the need for more study to investigate the practical consequences, partnerships, and changing trends in the dynamic subject of HRM.
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Despite the broad application of the technology–organisation–environment (TOE) framework to explain firms' adoption of technology, prior research tends to over‐emphasise the independent effects of TOE elements while neglecting decision makers' strategic orientations when making organisational technology adoption decisions. This over‐simplistic interpretation of the TOE framework has culminated in inconsistent findings within extant literature. Considering the interdependencies among the three TOE elements in shaping organisational technology adoption and also decision‐makers' inclination to weigh the three TOE elements differently based on their strategic orientations, this study views organisational technology adoption from a systems standpoint based on a configurational approach. Particularly, we differentiate between two types of strategic orientations, namely functional orientation, which accentuates the technology‐induced efficiency gains and symbolic orientation, which stresses the image or reputation afforded through technology adoption. We advance a configurational model for organisational technology adoption that: (1) conceptualises organisational technology adoption as an outcome arising from distinct configurations of TOE elements, and; (2) extends the TOE framework by incorporating strategic orientation as an inevitable aspect of decision‐making for organisational technology adoption. To validate our proposed model, we conducted a field survey of 183 firms to collect data on their considerations underpinning organisational technology adoption before employing fuzzy‐set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to derive configurations of TOE elements responsible for driving such adoption. Analytical results reveal that the TOE configurations vary across three types of organisations (namely performance enhancer, image builder and strategic transformer). The theoretical and practical implications of our study are also discussed.
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A bio-signal is any signal that can be continuously measured and monitored in living creatures. Bio-signals are traces of organic conjecture beside a chest or a contracting muscle in space, time, or space-time. Bio-signals provide communication between bio-systems and are our primary source of information on their behavior. Bio-signals contain valuable information for medical diagnosis by understanding the underlying physiological mechanisms. Electrical bio-signals ordinarily advert total about electrical potential difference along a specific tissue, organ, or cell system, such as the nervous system, producing a change in electric current. Organic signals can be acquired in various ways, such as EEG, ECG, EMG, EOG. The brain has billions of neurons collecting bio-signals from every organ, tissue of the body, and each neuron is connected to millions of others on average. They communicate with each other via minuscule electrical currents that pass along the neurons and across vast networks of brain circuitry. Electrical pulses are produced when all of these neurons are active. This electrical activity is coordinated and results in a “brainwave.” The chapter will further discuss the application of various algorithms to study the characteristics of the effect of press physiotherapy on the bio-signals of the lieges. The analysis’ main goal is to look for a possible attenuation of alpha rhythm in each patient. Common-spatial-structure are calculated to enhance alpha-power before or after stimulation or post- over pre-simulation for each trial involving cross-validation.
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This paper profiled blockchain studies in information systems (IS) journals from 2016 to 2022. Drawing on the 443 selected articles from 77 IS journals, we proposed a classification scheme from the IS perspective. Current blockchain articles are highly skewed, focusing on research agendas and system design. We proposed a theoretical framework by summarizing the current status of the blockchain literature and highlighting 15 future research questions for the IS research community. We are optimistic that the proposed framework and future research questions can guide blockchain research and advance its scale and impact.
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Purpose: The research was carried out within the framework of scientific project No. 20-010-00529 “Co-evolution of the information society and the digital economy: fundamental opportunities, challenges and threats” supported by the RFBR. The purpose of this article is to identify cooperative processes within the framework of the co-evolution of the information society and to substantiate its prospects. In modern realities, the effective development of all spheres of public life requires a developed information infrastructure and the use of information and communication technologies. Methodology: The authors use methods of logical, system, statistical, structural and comparative analysis. The object of the study is the co-evolution of the information society; the subject is the cooperative processes taking place within the framework of co-evolution. Findings: The principle of co-evolution is an important means of solving the problems facing society as a result of the digitalization of the economy. New information and communication technologies, penetrating into all spheres of social life, impose new requirements on the field of information security. One of the important sources of creating competitive advantages is increasing the degree of cooperation between organizations and enterprises, which significantly reduces costs and the degree of risk and uncertainty. Originality: Based on the analysis of statistical data, it is concluded that digitalization is becoming a catalyst for the co-evolution of the information society, and one of the types of co-evolutionary interactions between economic agents is becoming cooperative.KeywordsInformation societyCo-evolutionInformation and communication technologiesCooperative processesInnovationsCooperationJEL ClassificationA12A14D80D83O32
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Purpose In light of the shift in focus from information communication technology (ICT) access (access divide) and skills (skills divide) to the tangible impacts of ICT use (impact divide), a growing number of scholars have called for further investigation into the inter-territorial and multi-dimensional aspects of the digital divide in China. This study aims to address these gaps by examining the disparities across 31 provinces, particularly emphasizing the transition from the traditional access and skills divides to the impact divide. Design/methodology/approach Multivariate regression analysis extensively investigates the transition from the access and skills divides to the impact divide across 31 provinces. Additionally, ArcGIS software is used to analyze spatial agglomeration and the auto-correlation (Moran-i) and predict mapping patterns in the data corresponding to all three levels of the digital divide. Findings According to the study's findings, poverty is a significant factor in the digital divide between different regions in China. The research shows that provinces with advanced administrative systems, such as Guangdong, Shanghai, Beijing, Jiangsu, Shandon and Zhejiang, have high scores on the digital development index (DDI). However, regions with poverty-ridden and rural areas, primarily located in southwest, central and western China, tend to have lower DDI scores. Originality/value This study offers a novel contribution to the literature by presenting an innovative conceptual framework that explores the impact divide within China's provinces. The authors also address this lacuna in the literature by developing and testing two dimensions to examine the relationships statistically under a wide range of socioeconomic and ICT indicators.
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The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) is a potential paradigm for explaining technology adoption and can be applied to a wide range of scenarios. During the COVID-19 (C-19) outbreak in China, mobile-payment platforms (Mpayment) were used extensively in everyday life because they allowed people to avoid direct and indirect connections during transactions, adhere to social-distancing guidelines, and support social-economic stabilization. By exploring the technological and psychological variables that influenced user Mpayment-adoption intentions during the C-19 pandemic, this study broadens the literature on technology adoption in emergency circumstances and expands the UTAUT. A total of 593 complete samples were collected online, with SPSS used for data analysis. The empirical findings reveal that performance expectancy, trust, perceived security, and social influence all had a significant influence on Mpayment acceptance during the C-19 outbreak, with social distancing having the greatest impact, followed by fear of C-19. Interestingly, perceived-effort expectancy had a negative influence on payment acceptance. These findings suggest that future studies should apply the expanded model to different countries and areas to investigate the impact of the C-19 pandemic on Mpayment acceptance.
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This paper reconsiders the outpacing argument, the belief that changes in law and other means of regulation cannot keep pace with recent changes in technology. We focus on information and communication technologies (ICTs) in and of themselves as well as applied in computer science, telecommunications, health, finance, and other applications, but our argument applies also in rapidly developing technological fields such as environmental science, materials science, and genetic engineering. First, we discuss why the outpacing argument is so closely associated with information and computing technologies. We then outline 12 arguments that support the outpacing argument, by pointing to some particular weaknesses of policy making, using the United States as the primary example. Then arguing in the opposite direction, we present 4 brief and 3 more extended criticisms of the outpacing thesis. The paper's final section responds to calls within the technical community for greater engagement of policy and ethical concerns and reviews the paper's major arguments. While the paper focuses on ICTs and policy making in the United States, our critique of the outpacing argument and our exploration of its complex character are of utility to actors in other political contexts and in other technical fields.
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In the container shipping industry, the importance of adopting technology for enhancing transport security has been well acknowledged. Institutional pressures can be a key driver of change for firms in a container transport chain and these firms include shippers, consignees, freight forwarders, transport operators, maritime carriers, container terminal operators, customs authorities, and government agencies. Technological devices such as radio-frequency identification, the smart box initiative, non-intrusive inspection, and Automatic Identification System have been adopted to enhance container transport security. This chapter discusses the implications of the different types of institutional isomorphism from the perspectives of container transport operators that have taken the initiative to adopt technology for container transport security enhancement and those that have followed other firms to adopt the technology. The possible impacts of the different types of institutional isomorphism, namely coercion, mimesis, and norms, elaborated in this study can help shipping and logistics managers better understand the institutional pressures that are put on them, and the institutional pressures that drive them to adopt technologies in the container transport chain.
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Digital innovations in Africa have increased dramatically over the past two decades, and are fueling a rich literature. In this paper, we examine their impact and transmission channels on women's entrepreneurship in a sample of 54 African countries. We specify and estimate a cross-sectional data model by generalized least squares (GLS) over the period of 1996–2020. Our results show that digital innovations (measured by researchers in R&D, firms in R&D, patents owed by residents, patents owed by non-residents) significantly reduce women's entrepreneurship in Africa. Their effects are mediated by energy, female education, the internet, mobile phones, migration and marriage. We suggest strengthening the digital infrastructure for sustainable women's entrepreneurship in Africa.
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Purpose Digital freight platform is an innovation practice of green concept, sharing economy and crowdsourcing concept in China's logistics field. It has many advantages, such as improving the utilization rate of logistics resources, reducing carbon emissions, etc., so it has been highly regarded by the government. This paper systematically studies what types of government supports are available and explores the influence mechanism of these government supports on users' participation intention in digital freight platform. Design/methodology/approach In total 191 valid questionnaires were collected through a questionnaire survey in China. Then SmartPLS is used to analyze the collected data. Findings The empirical results show that user subsidies, standardization of tax administration and financial resource support have a significant impact on actual carriers' participation intention in digital freight platform. The impact of standardization of tax administration on actual carriers' participation intention is the most substantial, followed by that of financial resource support, while the user subsidies exert a minimum impact. Moreover, the impact of standardization of tax administration and user subsidies on legitimacy perception is related to enterprise scale. Originality/value This study enriches the field of crowdsourcing logistics research and provides referential suggestions for the formulation and implementation of government supports to promote the sustainable development of green crowdsourcing logistics platforms represented by digital freight platform. In addition, in the growth process of new models with strong social benefits, the government can promote its development through a variety of policy tools to improve the accuracy of government policies.
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This paper investigates the evolution of China's technology standardization policy system in the period from 1978 to 2021. The standardization policy system comprising the supply, demand, and environment policy tool types has evolved during standardization development process, which includes three sequential stages: 1) the following-up stage, 2) the catch-up stage, and 3) the upgrading stage. In responding to changes in institutional, economic and technological contexts, the policy orientation has transformed from supporting the government-controlled adoption and standardization of foreign technologies in the following-up stage of standardization development process to developing indigenous standards owning independent intellectual property rights (IPRs) through the government-led standardization system in the catch-up stage, and to international standardization adopting both government-led and market mechanisms in the upgrading stage. In this process, the Chinese Government continued to offer policy support to but tended to relax its control over standardization. Of the three policy tool types, the supply type have remained the dominant ones; the weight of the environment-type of tools tended to decrease, and that of the demand-type of tools tended to increase. Further, the government rationalized the mix of each type of policy tools as the standardization contexts changed. From the Chinese experience, theoretical prescriptions for how standardization policy systems evolve in latecomers are developed. Practical implications for latecomer countries to transform standardization policy system and design their standardization policies are discussed.
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We set out in this study to examine the mechanisms (specific knowledge management practices) required to operationalize service innovation readiness within public sector service delivery. Data is obtained from 150 service delivery managers drawn from public sector service organizations within the emirate of Sharjah. Sampling is undertaking utilizing a 38 factor knowledge management-focused service innovation readiness questionnaire developed from the literature. Analysis of the data is via variable ranking and multidimensional scaling (MDS). The findings of the study suggest the existence of four knowledge management-based imperatives which are construed as managerial mechanisms for public sector service innovation readiness. These are (i) ‘Knowledge core competence’ (knowledge as a key strategic asset) (ii) ‘Organizational structure’ (internal patterns of organizational communication, authority and relationships) (iii) ‘Responsiveness to change’ (propensity to engage in both purposeful and timely behavioral change in response to modulating stimuli), and (iv) ‘Innovativeness’ (relative earliness in adopting innovation). The findings lead to a service innovation readiness typology which is oriented towards ensuring that public sector entities are able to effectively and efficiently deliver innovative services that meet both operational mandates and national visions of service expectations.
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Many formal organizational structures arise as reflections of rationalized institutional rules. The elaboration of such rules in modern states and societies accounts in part for the expansion and increased complexity of formal organizational structures. Institutional rules function as myths which organizations incorporate, gaining legitimacy, resources, stability, and enhanced survival prospects. Organizations whose structures become isomorphic with the myths of the institutional environment-in contrast with those primarily structured by the demands of technical production and exchange-decrease internal coordination and control in order to maintain legitimacy. Structures are decoupled from each other and from ongoing activities. In place of coordination, inspection, and evaluation, a logic of confidence and good faith is employed.
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This paper develops a new theoretical model with which to examine the interaction between technology and organizations. Early research studies assumed technology to be an objective, external force that would have deterministic impacts on organizational properties such as structure. Later researchers focused on the human aspect of technology, seeing it as the outcome of strategic choice and social action. This paper suggests that either view is incomplete, and proposes a reconceptualization of technology that takes both perspectives into account. A theoretical model—the structurational model of technology—is built on the basis of this new conceptualization, and its workings explored through discussion of a field study of information technology. The paper suggests that the reformulation of the technology concept and the structurational model of technology allow a deeper and more dialectical understanding of the interaction between technology and organizations. This understanding provides insight into the limits and opportunities of human choice, technology development and use, and organizational design. Implications for future research of the new concept of technology and the structurational model of technology are discussed.
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This article tests two competing theories of system development referred to here as environmental and institutional models. These models form the basis for most explanations of why systems are developed and utilized. We will examine both models in detail and apply them to a single set of data concerned with the emerging national computerized criminal history system (CCH). A hybrid model, which combines elements of environmental and institutional approaches, is also developed and tested. A substantive result of this new model will alter our understanding of why a national CCH system is being developed. At the theoretical level, we conclude that a hybrid model is more powerful than either an environmental or an institutional model taken separately and that future research must take this into account.
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Historical trends in international patterns of technological innovation a dynamic model of the post-war growth of international economic activity in Europe and the USA the evolution of technological competition between US and European firms technological advantage as a determinant of the international economic activity of firms technological competition and intra-industry production in the industrialised world a classical model of the impact of international trade and production on national industrial growth towards and evolutionary theory of international production.
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The American commercial aircraft industry has complied an extremely impressive record of performance in innovation and growth in output. This paper assesses the impact of government policy during a fifty-year period upon innovative performance and market structure in the commercial aircraft industry. In general, this apparent success of government policies in supporting rapid technical change in the industry reflects the impact of these policies upon both the supply of technological knowledge and the demand for innovative aircraft designs. The success of this policy structure has implications for technology policies in other industries.
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Social studies of science and technology are dominated by action and macro approaches. This has led to a neglect of institutions and institutional arrangements at the meso level, which are important, in particular to the student of technology. The transfer of concepts and methods from social studies of science to technology studies has conserved this lack of concern with the meso level. This article suggests a more critical evaluation of this transfer, along with a review of the now popular assumption of a high degree of similarity between science and technology. Two case studies show how meso-level considerations are important to an understanding of the nature of technological innovation and illustrate the lack of similarity between scientific and technological development.
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This paper is intended for general managers and those concerned with teaching information management. It gives the principal findings of a study to investigate why managers do, or do not, adopt modern Information Technology and Systems (IT/IS). The study ...
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This paper takes the context of interorganizational behavior as an interorganizational field, within which specific interactions occur. An example of organizational interaction within such a field is presented by the numerous community decision organizations, such as urban renewal authorities, chambers of commerce, welfare councils, and antipoverty organizations, operating in American metropolitan communities. A typology of contexts for inclusive decision making derived from a preliminary study in three cities is used in analyzing interaction among these organizations. In the heuristic model developed, such organizations are considered the community's vehicles for the attemped maximization of specific values which become incompatible, however, when pressed beyond a certain threshold. Based on the analysis of this interorganizational field, suggestions are made for improving the "mix" of realized values which these organizations accomplish in their interaction.
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I. Single unexpected innovation, free entry, 556. — II. Single unexpected innovation, blocked entry, 560. — III. A foreseen flow of innovations, blocked entry, 567. — IV. A foreseen flow of innovations, free entry, 568. — V. Welfare appraisal, 572. — VI. Limited availability and the patent problem, 575.
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In an attempt to make Singapore an economic power in the post‐industrial information era, the Singaporean government is implementing a series of national computer plans designed to farther the country's efforts to move up the value‐added chain by driving information technology into all sectors of society, these plans can be divided into three distinct phases with the goal of the first phase to computerize the government sector; the goal of the second phase to computerize the country; and the goal of the third phase to turn Singapore into an information society with global connections. In looking at IT (information technology) policy for Singapore, we see that the government has had a high level of involvement in the computerization and informatization of Singapore. The Singaporean government has taken a large participatory role and a smaller but significant regulatory and coordinating role in the development and diffusion of information technology throughout the country. While production and use of IT started out as equal priorities, over time the emphasis has shifted to promoting IT use as a means of increasing the competitiveness of all sectors of the economy. The government has played a strong role in developing the necessary IT infrastructure and maintaining a favorable investment climate to attract IT producers and sophisticated IT users to the island. Ironically, it is the strong government participation that has taken Singapore so far so fast, and which might now be a constraint to reaching the next logical stage of development.
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Traducción de: Communication of Innovations. A Cross-Cultural Approach
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The interorganizational network may be conceived as a political economy concerned with the distribution of two scarce resources, money and authority. Organizations, as participants in the political economy, pursue an adequate supply of resources. Interactions and sentiments of organizations are dependent upon their respective market positions and power to affect the flow of resources. The interorganizational network is itself linked to a larger environment consisting of authorities, legislative bodies, bureaus, and publics. The flow of resources into the network depends upon developments in this larger environment. Interorganizational relations at the level of sentiments and interactions are viewed as existing in an equilibrium framework. Four components of interorganizational equilibrium are domain consensus, ideological consensus, positive evaluation, and work coordination. These components tend to vary together and, thus, to become balanced at varying equilibrium levels. The equilibrium components are limited, however, by their dependence upon the political-economic substructure.
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The author discusses how public technology policy issues can be conceptualized and analyzed. he presents the results of empirical research bearing on the resolution of these issues and discusses the implications of research findings for Federal public technology policy. He concludes that Federal policy should eemphasize strengthened analytic and evaluative capabilities of state and local governments rather than the development and use of parituclar solutions - i.e., technologies, techniques, and systems. 45 references and footnotes.