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A Theory of Human Motivation
... Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs provides a foundational framework for understanding human motivation and recovery processes, particularly in the context of disasters like urban fires. According to Maslow (1943), human needs can be categorized into five stages, ranging from basic physiological needs to self-actualization. These needs are typically presented in a hierarchical, rigid order: physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and finally, self-actualization. ...
... 2. Coding: The data will be coded both inductively and deductively. Inductive coding will capture themes emerging directly from the data, while deductive coding will align responses with theoretical frameworks such as Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Resilience Theory, and Collective Trauma Theory (Maslow, 1943;Masten, 2001;Alexander, 2004). ...
... These responses affirm that survivors' primary focus was securing basic survival needs such as food, shelter, and security. The priority for many survivors was ensuring their physical safety and securing essential resources, which is consistent with Maslow's physiological needs tier (Maslow, 1943). Fulfilling these foundational needs was essential before higher-level recovery or psychological healing could begin. ...
Urban fires pose complex challenges, particularly in densely populated areas where recovery processes involve not only rebuilding physical infrastructure but also addressing emotional, social, and psychological impacts. This qualitative case study explores the recovery experiences of fire survivors in a barangay in Davao City, focusing on coping mechanisms, the role of community support, and long-term recovery challenges. Guided by Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Resilience Theory, and Collective Trauma Theory, the study identifies five key themes: Coping with the Aftermath, Role of Community Support, Ongoing Challenges and Long-Term Recovery, Resilience and Adaptability, and Desire for Long-Term Stability. Data collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and surveys reveal that survivors prioritized immediate needs, such as shelter and safety, before addressing emotional recovery. Community support emerged as vital for both practical and emotional needs, while financial barriers and psychological trauma remained significant obstacles. Survivors demonstrated resilience through personal strength, faith, and community solidarity, but expressed a need for sustained support, including permanent housing and livelihood programs. The findings highlight the necessity of tailored disaster recovery strategies for urban settings, offering insights to policymakers and practitioners on fostering resilience and stability in disaster-affected communities.
... We focused on the medical school experiences of students from low-income backgrounds using an adapted version of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (MHN) 19 created by Hale and colleagues. 20 The adapted version, used as a framework for wellness initiatives in graduate medical education, modifies the traditional pyramid-shaped hierarchical framework by conceptualizing needs as interrelated and concurrent. ...
... Many also mentioned food insecurity, inadequate sleep/rest, financial insecurity, mental health struggles, unsafe living situations, inability to afford safe/reliable means of transportation, and lack of respect from peers or faculty. Below, we discuss our findings grouped by category of need identified by Maslow 19 and Hale and colleagues. 20 ...
Diversity in the physician workforce is critical for quality patient care. Students from low-income backgrounds represent an increasing proportion of medical school matriculants, yet little research has addressed their medical school experiences.
To explore the medical school experiences of students from low-income backgrounds using a modified version of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (physiologic, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization) as a theoretical framework.
We conducted an exploratory qualitative study through in-depth, semi-structured interviews.
Forty-two low-income medical students attending US-based MD or DO degree-granting institutions.
We conducted a content analysis of interview transcripts using deductive and inductive coding. We discussed our independent analyses to reach consensus and shared findings with a subgroup of participants for member checking.
Participants described substantial challenges in meeting their basic needs. Unmet physiologic needs included food insecurity, lack of adequate sleep/rest, and poor mental health. Unmet safety needs included lack of reliable transportation and safe housing; threats to financial safety included debt and an inability to cover both medical education–related and non–medical education–related expenses. Unmet belonging needs included difficulty connecting with peers or participating in financially inaccessible social activities. Unmet respect/esteem needs stemmed from bias from peers, teachers, and institutions. Unmet self-actualization needs were uncommon. Participants felt pride in their medical journey; however, some perceived that their financial struggles hindered them from realizing their full potential.
Previously reported attrition and adverse academic outcomes among low-income students may be linked to challenges they experience trying to more fully meet important human needs. This finding underscores the need to approach wellness holistically and ensure students do not exist in a prolonged state of unmet needs. Recommendations that accreditation bodies and medical schools could implement to promote tailored support for low-income and other marginalized learners are provided.
... Both of the caregiver sensitivity definition and the existing caregiver sensitivity assessments emphasize children's needs, which suggest the core role of children's needs from theoretical and practical perspective. Theoretically, Maslow's Hierarchical Theory of Needs points out that needs include Physiological Need, Safety Need, Belongingness and Love Need, Esteem Need and Self-Actualization Need (Maslow, 1943). Empirically, different psychological needs are associated with various aspects of child development (Tian et al., 2018). ...
... Drawing from Maslow's Hierarchical Theory of Needs (Maslow, 1943) and the result of EFA, the Chinese CSS was made up of 21 items, which was more effective, comprehensive and systematic than previous measurements ...
Caregiver sensitivity, especially female sensitivity, plays a crucial role in the cognitive and socioemotional development of children. However, existing measures of sensitivity have limitations. To enhance the study of caregiver sensitivity and advance research in this area, the current study aimed to develop and evaluate the reliability and validity of the Caregiver Sensitivity Scale (CSS) in Chinese. Through literature review and professional assessment, 34 items were formed to measure caregiver sensitivity. Two samples were recruited: the first sample included 749 participants (391 mothers and 358 grandmothers) for item analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), internal consistency reliability analysis and validity analysis; the second sample comprised 421 participants (217 mothers and 204 grandmothers) for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and test-retest reliability analysis. The final 21-item scale comprised five sub-scales, according to Maslow’s Hierarchy Theory of Needs, named physiological need sensitivity, safety need sensitivity, concern need sensitivity, understanding need sensitivity, and support need sensitivity. Internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability for the five dimensions and the entire questionnaire were ranged from 0.76 to 0.93. The construct validity had reached psychometric standard. Concurrent validity was assessed by examining the correlations of the CSS with the Child Attachment Scale and the Child Adjustment and Parent Efficacy Scale, with significant associations delivered. Additionally, the measurement invariance analysis suggested that the CSS was equally applicable across mothers and grandmothers. Overall, the CSS is a validated and reliable measure of female caregiver sensitivity.
... ' Equity Theory of Motivation(Adams, 1963)-Individuals are motivated by their perception of fairness and equity in the distribution of rewards in comparison to their inputs, such as effort, skill, experience, and time. This theory suggests that employees are motivated when they feel they are receiving a fair 's Theory of Need (also known as Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory)(Maslow, 1943)-Maslow's theory suggests that rewards can be used to motivate people to satisfy their needs. This theory can be an important framework for organizations to understand the needs of their work teams and create a work environment that promotes employee satisfaction and well--Determination Theory(Ryan & Deci, 2000)-In accord with these authors, individuals are more likely to be motivated and engaged with their work if they feel a sense of autonomy, competence, Social Exchange Theory(Thibaut & Kelley, 1959)-The theory is based on the idea that individuals are motivated to maximize their own benefits or rewards in social interactions and will engage in social behavior based on a cost-benefit analysis. ...
Currently, companies face several challenges and are increasingly concerned about human capital, particularly after the pandemic period. Reward systems emerge as a powerful resource to influence workers’ behavior. This study systematically reviews 61 articles on reward systems in an organizational context, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol and three databases were used. By limiting the year range, it was possible to confirm that there was an increase in scientific production in the post-pandemic. This research provides a significant contribution to academia and to organizations by offering deeper insights into how reward systems shape the management of intellectual capital, facilitate knowledge sharing within organizations, and foster innovation. The results also offer organizations differentiated strategies, helping them, in the current business environment, to manage their best talents more efficiently, increasing competitiveness.
... The Homo-urbanicus perception system is aligned with Maslow's hierarchy of needs [38,39] (Figure 1). Maslow's framework organizes human needs into five levels: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. ...
Previous research has shown that residents’ perceptions significantly influence their residential satisfaction. However, the internal relationships within these perceptions and their impact on satisfaction across different demographic groups remain underexplored. This study, guided by Maslow’s hierarchy and Homo-urbanicus, categorizes residents’ perceptions into four dimensions: safety, convenience, comfort, and aesthetics. Using multi-group structural equation modeling, an empirical investigation was conducted in Wuhan, China. The findings indicate that perceptions of safety, convenience, comfort, and aesthetics exert a chained mediating effect on satisfaction, with the impact pathway being safety → convenience → comfort → aesthetics → satisfaction. Both convenience and comfort also directly influence satisfaction. Notably, perception pathways vary among different demographic groups: women are more influenced by perceptions, younger individuals prioritize convenience and aesthetics, and older adults emphasize safety and comfort. This study highlights demographic differences in perception and satisfaction levels, offering insights into the hierarchical relationships among resident perceptions and their impact pathways on satisfaction. This research suggests enhancing residential satisfaction by optimizing these perceptions, particularly for vulnerable groups. Policy implications include improving human settlement elements at the residential area level, incorporating cultural and innovative elements, and expanding public participation in communities.
... Essa atividade também pode melhorar a produtividade do pesquisador ao estimular o aprofundamento do conhecimento de campo e suas habilidades metodológicas [31,32] . Ao apoiar seus estudantes-orientados na descoberta de suas vocações e no fortalecimento de suas escolhas, os orientadores também crescem e se beneficiam, promovendo um desenvolvimento mútuo e atendendo a necessidades fundamentais, como as estabelecidas na hierarquia proposta por Maslow [30,33,34] . Assim, os educadores difundem seus conhecimentos e suas experiências, promovendo o seu próprio desenvolvimento pessoal, melhorando suas habilidades obtendo a compreensão mais sólida em relação ao tópico de interesse. ...
Scientific and Technological Initiation (STI) is essential for academic and professional training, promoting scientific skills and critical and ethical thinking. In the Brazilian Federal Network for Professional, Scientific, and Technological Education institutions, STI guidance benefits both students and mentors. However, the factors that motivate educators to engage in this practice are still poorly systematized. This educational product aimed to identify factors that motivate educators to mentor in STI programs and present a knowledge base to support strategies and practices focused on effective mentoring. The evidence used to build this guide was obtained by consulting international scientific databases, with the support and supervision of artificial intelligence technologies. Searches were carried out using keywords and the knowledge mapping technique related to the main topics covered, such as: motivational factors, student mentoring, and effective mentoring. This guide is designed for educators who work or intend to work as STI mentors, as well as researchers involved in scientific projects and coordinators of research groups looking to improve their mentoring skills, thus contributing to their student's academic and professional development. Educators are expected to fully understand their role as mentors, recognizing themselves as catalysts for change in their mentees' educational, scientific, and professional careers. By promoting practices that stimulate students' holistic development – such as creativity, critical thinking, and research ethics – and by strengthening the bond between mentors and mentees, this guide will be intended to inspire reflections and actions that contribute to a more collaborative, efficient, and innovative academic environment. Ultimately, we propose a reflection on issues that can guide educators toward developing a robust and sustainable scientific community based on collaboration and ethical commitment to research.
... Загальновідомо, що дослідження у площині цієї функції менеджменту за напрямом спрямування дослідницького інтересу поділяються на змістовні (присвячені виявленню чинників, які спонукають до отримання очікуваного результату праці) та процесійні (увага зосереджується на самому процесі спонукання до отримання результату). Серед відомих вчених першого підходу роботи класиків менеджменту: А. Маслоу [1], Ф. Герцберга [2], М. Туган-Барановського [3], та інших. Тоді як серед класиків, які відомі своїми дослідженнями процесу мотивації -В. ...
Стаття присвячена дослідженню управління мотивацією персоналу в закладах вищої освіти (ЗВО), що є важливим аспектом підвищення якості освітнього процесу та досягнення успішності студентів. Автори аналізують значення мотиваційних стимулів, як фінансових, так і нефінансових, у контексті забезпечення задоволеності викладачів працею, підвищення ефективності їхньої діяльності та досягнення стратегічних цілей організації. У роботі розглянуто основні підходи до мотивації, зокрема психологічний, когнітивний, соціальний, економічний, управлінський та технічний, які дозволяють розкрити багатогранність цього явища. Методологія дослідження включає аналіз сучасних теоретичних концепцій, систематизацію емпіричних даних, а також застосування графічних і статистичних методів для вивчення впливу різних стимулів на результативність викладацької діяльності. Результати дослідження показують, що для ефективного управління мотивацією персоналу ЗВО необхідно враховувати індивідуальні пріоритети викладачів та комбінувати фінансові й нефінансові стимули. Фінансові стимули, такі як заробітна плата, премії та грошові винагороди за наукові досягнення, забезпечують базову стабільність і сприяють досягненню високих результатів у короткостроковій перспективі. У той же час, нефінансові стимули, як визнання, підтримка професійного розвитку, гнучкий графік роботи та створення сприятливої атмосфери, мають довгостроковий ефект, сприяючи підвищенню лояльності та професійного розвитку персоналу. Автори підкреслюють, що особливе значення має індивідуалізація підходів до мотивації. Орієнтація на специфічні потреби кожного працівника дозволяє максимально використовувати потенціал науково-педагогічних працівників і досягати стратегічних цілей ЗВО. Важливим є також врахування змін у зовнішньому середовищі, таких як перехід до дистанційного навчання, що впливає на мотивацію викладачів та ефективність освітнього процесу. У статті представлено практичні рекомендації для керівників ЗВО, спрямовані на вдосконалення системи управління мотивацією. Авторами наголошено на необхідності збалансованого використання різних типів стимулів залежно від віку, досвіду та пріоритетів викладачів, а також від умов стабільності або нестабільності освітнього середовища. Запропоновані заходи сприятимуть підвищенню задоволеності працівників, їхньої залученості до освітнього процесу та, відповідно, якості освіти.
... The need to belong is an innate, basic human need that all people strive to fulfil (Baumeister & Leary, 1995;Maslow, 1943). When this need is unmet, risk-taking behaviours may arise including consuming problematic levels of alcohol or drugs (Copeland et al., 2018;Horigian et al., 2021). ...
This study explored the longitudinal associations between multiple dimensions of school belonging during adolescence and substance use in young adulthood. Data were leveraged from the Australian Temperament Project, a comprehensive, multi-wave prospective cohort study. The current sample comprised 1565 participants (804 women). School belonging (1 wave; ages 15–16 years) was assessed using a condensed version of the School Life Questionnaire. Young adult substance use (3 waves; ages 19–28 years) assessments included binge drinking, tobacco, cannabis, and other illicit substances. Higher levels of overall school belonging were associated with reduced odds of tobacco, cannabis, and other illicit substance use in young adulthood (ORrange = 0.74–0.76), but not binge drinking. The dimensions ‘positive affect towards school’ and ‘confidence in ability/success’ were independently associated with reduced odds of tobacco (OR = 0.74 and 0.82, respectively) and cannabis (OR = 0.78 and 0.77, respectively) use in young adulthood. Effects did not differ by gender. These findings suggest that school belonging, particularly the dimensions of positive affect and academic confidence, may play an aetiological role in tobacco and illicit substance misuse in young adulthood.
... Maslow'un İhtiyaçlar Hiyerarşisi Teorisi, motivasyonu bireylerin ihtiyaçlarının karşılanma düzeyiyle açıklamaktadır. Bu teoriye göre, çalışanlar temel fizyolojik ve güvenlik ihtiyaçlarını karşıladıktan sonra sosyal bağlanma, tanınma ve kendini gerçekleştirme gibi daha yüksek seviyedeki ihtiyaçlara yönelmektedir (Maslow, 1943). Uzaktan çalışma bağlamında, çalışanların sosyal bağlanma ihtiyaçları, sanal sosyal etkinlikler ve dijital iş birliği platformlarıyla desteklenmektedir. ...
... Comparing Germany and Turkey, two countries with similar populations, in 2021, the number of passengers transported by rail in Germany is approximately seven times higher than in Turkey [37]. Considering Maslow's hierarchy of needs, we can see that individuals' physiological and safety needs, such as materialistic needs, should be met first [38]. In this context, it can be said that the intangible factors investigated in our study, such as anxiety, health literacy, and perceptions of social support, may be ranked after physiological needs such as transportation needs in the hierarchy of needs. ...
Introduction
Medical education typically focuses on the dyadic interaction between patient and physician. However, there is another significant presence in the room that can also impact the patient's health outcomes: caregivers. This topic has been relatively underexplored until now, and there is insufficient information available regarding situations in different cultures. In this study, we aimed to separately examine the characteristics of patients that influence the frequency of being accompanied and those that affect patients' preferences regarding the presence of a companion.
Methods
This cross‐sectional study was conducted in family medicine clinic of a tertiary hospital. During a period of 15 days, a total of 285 patients who visited the clinic were administered the questionnaire face‐to‐face. Two logistic regression models were used for dependent variables of “actual” and “desired” situations of admitting to healthcare service with companion.
Results
Of the participants, 167 (58.6%) were female, and the mean age was 36.8 ± 16.2 The sole significant factor, influencing actual visits to be occurred with a companion, was the solution for transportation issues (odds ratio [OR]: 26.25). It was found that unmarried individuals (single/divorced/widowed) (OR: 5.47), those with higher income (OR: 1.84), and older individuals (OR: 1.04) had a higher tendency to prefer visiting the clinic with companion while female are as opposite (OR: 0.50). Anxiety, perceived social support, and health literacy weren't associated with actual situation or desire to have companion.
Conclusion
Patients have companions to address tangible issues. However, different factors may influence the desire to have a companion. There is a large group of individuals who, are accompanied at clinic visits against their wishes, indicating a conflict between being accompanied and the desire for one.
Patient or Public Contribution
Our study was inspired by the unsolicited comments of patients made about their companions during clinical visits. Additionally, community provided valuable feedback during the pilot application phase, particularly in the development of the data form.
... Who is responsible for war ? 51 In this study, we describe human needs using the foundational levels of Maslow's hierarchy [9]. By 52 considering an abstract concept of wealth in a toy model, we examine how these needs are met across 53 five basic types of stratification. ...
This study investigates the relationship between entropy and societal dynamics, with a particular focus on the origins and implications of war. By using entropy as a measure of uncertainty and inequality, the research examines societal stability through patterns of stratification and wealth distribution. Employing simplified models of various wealth distributions, the study explores their effects on social stratification and the potential for conflict. Drawing on historical and contemporary examples, it delves into the interplay between resource limitations, societal stratification, and the likelihood of war. The findings suggest that entropy provides a valuable framework for understanding the stability of civilizations, offering a novel perspective on addressing inequality and fostering societal resilience. Notably, the role of elites in shaping conflict dynamics within the current Pareto distribution of wealth is highlighted as critically important. As stewards of societal prosperity, elites bear the responsibility of managing entropy growth through means other than war. A conflict would be justified only by their failure to achieve this objective through alternative methods, such as economic growth.
... Pendidikan awal kanak-kanak adalah penting kerana ianya merupakan pendidikan asas yang akan berlangsung sepanjang hayat. Lapan tahun pertama adalah sangat penting untuk menentukan hala tuju kehidupan pada masa akan datang dan kebiasaan mereka melakukan sesuatu perkara dengan baik.. Maslow (1943), tahap terendah adalah keperluan asas sehingga keperluan yang paling tinggi iaitu yang paling kompleks di bahagian atas piramid. Fisiologi merupakan keperluan yang paling asas demi kelangsungan hidup manusia. ...
ABSTRAK Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji amalan pengajaran dan pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan kemahiran psikomotor kanak-kanak. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti amalan pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan oleh guru dalam usaha memperkembangkan kemahiran psikomotor kanak-kanak di tadika swasta. Reka bentuk kajian yang dijalankan melibatkan kaedah kuantitatif dengan mengedarkan soal selidik dalam bentuk "google form". Soal selidik mengandungi 3 bahagian iaitu bahagian A mengenai demografi responden, bahagian B berkaitan tahap pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang dilakukan guru bagi perkembangkan kemahiran psikomotor kanak-kanak. Pemilihan responden kajian dilakukan secara sampel rawak mudah melibatkan 113 orang guru tadika swasta di daerah Petaling, Selangor. Data kajian dianalisis secara statistik deskriptif melibatkan nilai kekerapan, min, peratusan dan sisihan piawai. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa tahap amalan guru tadika dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran menggunakan tunjang fizikal dan estetika adalah tinggi. Maka, untuk meningkatkan amalan pengajaran dan pembelajaran guru dalam perkembangan psikomotor kanak-kanak adalah dengan meningkatkan kemahiran guru dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang berkesan melalui bahan bantu mengajar yang efektif. Oleh itu, setiap guru hendaklah memahami peranan dan tanggungjawab tersendiri kerana peranan dan tanggungjawab guru memberi impak yang besar dan mendalam kepada setiap kanak-kanak
... Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory (Maslow, 1943) classifies human needs into five levels, ranging from basic physiological needs to self-actualization. Entrepreneurial motivation is often associated with the needs for achievement, esteem, and self-actualization. ...
The purpose of this study is to examine how entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurial self-efficacy influence the success of leather shoe craftsmen in Indonesia, a developing country. This study used quantitative methods, such as the distribution of questionnaires. The questionnaire was graded using a 5-point Likert scale. 95 samples were collected from small and medium-sized business actors registered with the Ministry of Industry of the Republic of Indonesia, particularly those involved in the leather shoes and commodities sector. The findings of this study show that entrepreneurial motivation has a positive and significant effect on entrepreneur self-efficacy. Entrepreneurial motivation has a positive and significant impact on business success. Entrepreneur self-efficacy has a positive and significant impact on business success. The results also suggest that the relationship between entrepreneurial motivation and business success can be mediated by entrepreneur self-efficacy.
... Allowing the NPCs to interact with each other is another possible future work. At last, during the research process for the project, many different neuroscience theories demonstrated potential to control agent behaviour, such as Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs [Maslow 1943]. The integration between artificial intelligence and neuroscience has a lot of potential to give each other valuable insights. ...
Many video games depend solely on pre-written scripts, limiting character interaction complexity to what the writers and developers can explicitly design and implement. Nevertheless, real-life decision-making involves various human elements, particularly emotional relationships, which evolve unpredictably. One way to overcome the restrictions of scripted actions is to have non-player characters capable of simulating human emotions. However, the emotion models found in the literature do not adequately represent the dynamic and complex emotions that arise when an NPC is affected by an action. The Lövheim model has the advantage of associating emotions with the effects of neurotransmitters, which are directly related to what actions provoke in people. However, that model is complicated to associate with the diversity of emotions an NPC should experience in a game. In this paper, we propose a new emotion model for NPCs that combines the dynamics of the Lövheim model with the richness of Plutchik’s wheel of emotions, which we call the Extended Lövheim Cube. The combination of emotions caused by neurotransmitter variations must consider the emotional states’ fuzziness, which we consider using fuzzy logic in our model. We validate our Extended Lövheim Cube model by imposing typical in-game actions on an NPC and comparing the resultant emotions with expected ones. Our results show that the fuzzy logic was to able to keep the desired features while having acceptable accuracy values.
... The investigation of the social and psychological dynamics at work in workplaces was first spurred by the Hawthorne Studies in the 1920s and 1930s, but it wasn't until the 1950s that well-being as a crucial element of organizational health was systematically studied by researchers (Roethlisberger & Dickson, 1939). Prior ideas, including Maslow's Hierarchy of wants (1943), proposed that reaching higher levels of psychological well-being required meeting fundamental human wants (Maslow, 1943(Maslow, , 1954. ...
The chapter conceptualizes the distinct conceptual perspectives on the theme of well-being, which further introduces the research constructs and theoretical underpinnings that exist around the model. The chapter represents the existent scales that substantiate to ‘measure' the psychological state of Employee well-being. A multi-disciplinary approach is enunciated to determine its significance in organizational parlance; besides stating its significance to practitioners and theorists. The narrative also includes a brief discussion on the gendered approach to well-being, which devotes the prepositions around the notion of gender and happiness. The chapter offers a holistic understanding around the concept of well-being, approaches around it, research constructs and finally, its articulation to United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs).
... The pandemic and the end of a period of peace in Europe reveal the fragility of supposed constants and confront young generations Y and Z with new uncertainties. Before the outbreak of the crises, basic "physiological" and "safety" needs (Maslow, 1943) were taken for granted by the majority of European Gen Y and Gen Z. However, these generations are now experiencing a new contrasting reality. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical analysis, which consists of interviews with executive trainee programs of three international companies. The results of this analysis offer answers to questions currently being discussed in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) literature, namely, on the effects of CSR communication on top talent attraction.
Design/methodology/approach
The study uses structured interviews to analyze the communication perceptions and expectations of ( n = 15) top talents when making employer decisions. It compares these with the expectations and intentions of HR managers responsible for programs and communications ( n = 15).
Findings
The study found that HR managers only partially reflect top talents’ specific communication expectations. In addition to the program-specific CSR content, corporate communications have an overarching optimization potential in the communication mode and information architecture. It is particularly striking that future executives proactively seek CSR content in hiring and access corporate and brand communications for this purpose.
Research limitations
The study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, which made a digital interview setting necessary and did not allow to react in detail on every physical signal. On top, the study has only 30 participants (15 HR/15 talents) from three different talent programs.
Implications
The study identifies practical, gender-specific and industry-specific implications for corporate communications regarding content and mode of communication. Companies should specify concrete measures for recruiting future executives, but they can also indicate efforts and first initiatives, thus setting a more decisive stage for an aspiration.
Originality/value
The study is characterized by its unique data set. Only a few companies have explicit programs for the development of future executives. The study also examines HR managers’ communication planning and expectations and future executives’ effective communication perceptions and perspectives.
... Love and belonging can serve as another example of a basic human need (Maslow, 1943) affected by complexity. The digital world clearly addresses it, but in quite a specific way, based on mechanisms oriented on competitiveness, collecting and ostentation embedded in social media platforms. ...
... One way to think about the association between emojis and middle-classness is by corresponding the represented characters (such as the characters in Figure 1) to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a psychological theory that arranges human needs into a five-tiered pyramid, with basic "physiological" and "safety" needs at the bottom, followed by "belongingness and love," "esteem," and "self-actualization" needs (Abraham H Maslow 1943). It suggests that individuals must satisfy lower-level needs before progressing to higher-level ones, ultimately aiming for self-fulfillment and personal growth. ...
В статті представлено гендерні питання формування складових креативності в підлітків з порушеним інтелектуальним розвитком. Розвиток творчості є важливим методом компенсації поршених психічних функцій, формування позитивного ставлення до себе, оточуючих, а також адаптації та соціалізації підлітків, їх майбутньої професійної орієнтації. Питання статевого розподілу мають визначальне значення саме у підлітковому віці, оскільки пубертатний період в дівчат випереджає у формуванні його в хлопців приблизно на 1-2 роки. Тому метою дослідження став аналіз формування складових креативності підлітків з порушеним розумовим розвитком шляхом застосування створеної автором корекційно-розвивальної програми. Застосований диференційовано- особистісний підхід в процесі дослідження дав можливість виокремити вікові періоди в дівчат та хлопців і порівняти їх, оскільки розмежував вікови досвід та формування детермінант креативності відповідно до цих періодів. Творчість як діяльність є важливим механізмом виховання та самовиховання. Розвиток дитини починається з ігрової діяльності, яка дозволяє моделювати взаємовідносини між оточуючими, створюючи притаманний лише кожній дитині свій образ світу. У підлітковому віці, коли особливого значення набуває становлення особистості, діяльність змінює свої характеристики і творчий компоенет у ній посідає чільне місце. В даній статті наведено дослідження формування детермінант креативності з використанням методик Ф. Вільямса, Г. Девіса, дослідження саморегуляції та визначення тривожності за методом Ч. Спілбергера. Експериментально доведено підвищення показників складових дивергентного мислення, самооцінки, творчих здібностей під впливом корекцйно-розвивальної програми для формування складових креативності в групах дівчат та хлопців підліткового віку з порушеним інтелектом. Представлено хвилеподібний характер змін у формуванні цих складових і доведено, що стан показників у хлопців усіх вікових груп був вищим за показники в дівчат, що підтверджується літературними даними. Стан тривожності також переважав у групах хлопців, що можна пояснити більш пізнім завершенням формування в них емоційної складової психічного розвитку. Стаття пропонує подальші наукові пошуки дотичної тематики.
Authenticity, defined as the knowledge of one’s true self, living in accordance with one’s values and beliefs, and resistance to the influence of others, has gained increasing prominence within the realm of positive psychology. This paper presents the culmination of efforts to develop a Polish version of the Authenticity Scale (AS). The AS is a self-report instrument designed to examine three dimensions of authenticity: authentic living, accepting external influence, and self-alienation. To validate the psychometric properties of the Polish AS, a series of four studies were conducted, encompassing a total number of 1546 participants. The findings demonstrate the instrument’s high internal consistency (with Cronbach’s α ranging from .77 to .87), confirm the three-dimensional structure of authenticity (via confirmatory factor analysis), and provide evidence for measurement invariance across gender groups and under various testing conditions. Theoretical validity was established by investigating the relationships between the authenticity dimensions and a range of variables, including components of the PERMA model, psychological well-being, meaning in life, self-esteem, and personality traits. The observed associations align with theoretical expectations and corroborate the adaptive nature of authentic living and the maladaptive tendencies of accepting external influence and self-alienation. The obtained results collectively support that the psychometric properties of the Polish adaptation of the Authenticity Scale are comparable to those of the original version. It can therefore be concluded that the Polish adaptation of the AS is a reliable tool for measuring authenticity, which—once normalisation research has been conducted or local norms calculated—can be useful in the work of clinicians, psychological counsellors, and researchers.
Authenticity, defined as the knowledge of one’s true self, living in accordance with one’s values and beliefs, and resistance to the influence of others, has gained increasing prominence within the realm of positive psychology. This paper presents the culmination of efforts to develop a Polish version of the Authenticity Scale (AS). The AS is a self-report instrument designed to examine three dimensions of authenticity: authentic living, accepting external influence, and self-alienation. To validate the psychometric properties of the Polish AS, a series of four studies were conducted, encompassing a total number of 1546 participants. The findings demonstrate the instrument’s high internal consistency (with Cronbach’s α ranging from .77 to .87), confirm the three-dimensional structure of authenticity (via confirmatory factor analysis), and provide evidence for measurement invariance across gender groups and under various testing conditions. Theoretical validity was established by investigating the relationships between the authenticity dimensions and a range of variables, including components of the PERMA model, psychological well-being, meaning in life, self-esteem, and personality traits. The observed associations align with theoretical expectations and corroborate the adaptive nature of authentic living and the maladaptive tendencies of accepting external influence and self-alienation. The obtained results collectively support that the psychometric properties of the Polish adaptation of the Authenticity Scale are comparable to those of the original version. It can therefore be concluded that the Polish adaptation of the AS is a reliable tool for measuring authenticity, which—once normalisation research has been conducted or local norms calculated—can be useful in the work of clinicians, psychological counsellors, and researchers.
Objectives: This study aims to examine research trends and key factors influencing depression in urban young adults in South Korea. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following Arksey and O'Malley's framework. Literature published between 2020 and 2023 was systematically searched using keywords such as "urban," "young adults," and "depression" in databases including DBpia, KISS, and RISS. Of the 3,659 articles initially identified, 75 studies focusing on urban young adults and depression were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. Data extraction focused on study design, sample characteristics, depression measures, and significant risk and protective factors. Results: The results revealed a notable increase in studies on urban young adults' depression post-COVID-19, with 85% being university students. The CES-D was the most frequently used depression measure, appearing in 72% of studies, although variations in its adaptation potentially limited comparability across studies. Key personal factors, such as self-esteem and resilience, mitigated depressive symptoms, while social factors, including isolation and support, significantly influenced depression severity. Environmental factors, such as housing insecurity and economic burden, were major contributors to depression. Conclusion: Effective interventions to address urban young adults' depression require psychological support, community engagement, and policies addressing housing and economic challenges. Additionally, the post-pandemic increase in research highlights the need for continued exploration of dynamic risk factors and evolving mental health needs among young adults.
Amidst the growing complexity and uncertainty of today’s operating environments, traditional binary thinking—reducing choices to limited “either/or” decisions—often falls short. To address these nuanced challenges and the conflicting opportunities and threats shaped by diverse stakeholder perspectives, a radically more sophisticated approach is needed. This paper introduces The Möbius Paradigm, a transformative approach which transcends outdated paradigms through systems thinking. By embracing Möbius infinity loop pathways, leaders inspired by radical empathy can transcend simplistic dichotomies, adopting a more holistic and sustainable framework for resolving complex dilemmas. The study highlights the critical challenges faced by choice-makers navigating diverse perspectives within complicated environments, emphasising dynamic stakeholder relationship management as essential for successful leadership. It offers practical examples of how Möbius Mindsets, Logic, and Thinking can be applied to multifaceted scenarios, fostering inclusive, adaptive, and conscious solutions. By integrating awareness of underlying values in choice-making, the Möbius Paradigm enables profound change, bridging the major divides of our time. This approach promotes the realisation of sustainable outcomes, enhancing well-being in business and beyond.
Burnout is a major issue in the care of the elderly, as caregivers and nursing assistants working with this population are particularly vulnerable to burnout, leading them to
lose their sense of purpose, compromising the quality of care they provide. In order to ensure
optimal care for older adults, it is crucial to implement solutions to alleviate burnout among
caregivers and nursing assistants. Psycho-spiritual support emerges as a promising intervention
to strengthen resilience against professional burnout. This holistic approach is based on compassionate listening and non-judgment. The present study explores the potential benefits of
this intervention for nursing assistants working with elderly individuals in nursing homes, in
particular focusing on their feelings of exhaustion and their sense of purpose in life. An experimental study was conducted with 20 nursing assistants, divided into an experimental group and
a control group of 10 each. Psycho-spiritual support led to significant improvements, reducing
burnout and enhancing the sense of purpose in life. These findings have important implications
for institutions caring for older adults. In conclusion, psycho-spiritual support is a promising
approach for improving caregivers’ well-being and, in turn, the quality of care provided to
older adults in long-term care facilities.
Paleolithic art evolved from simple figurative representations; it signified the transition from Homo inspiciens to Artifex inspiciens. Later, Aurignacian primary sexual characteristics were replaced by Gravettian female figures with their secondary sexual characteristics highlighted. The postpartum period of raising the newborn, which defines secondary altriciality, explains their relevance. These images could be called Altricial Venus due to their intention to reflect the essential feminine sexual traits needed to bring children to their own fertile stage.The reasons for this substantial progress must be found in an evolution due to learning, which is responsible for intellectual development. It is based on inferences that link the cause and the effect of any event, and cognitive evolution expanded the time interval between them due to two factors: social environment and intuition. They provided a prior common cultural environment and the creative spark from the unconscious. This was the leap from Artifex inspiciens to Artifex intelligens, and as women participated in the first images of art, then we could also say Artifex feminina.
Augmented Reality (AR) is increasingly being adopted in education to foster engagement and interest in a variety of subjects and content areas. However, there is a scarcity of instruments to measure the instructional impact of this innovation. This article addresses this gap in two unique ways. First, it presents validation results of the Augmented Reality Presence Scale (ARPS), which was created to evaluate presence in augmented learning environments. Using the Rasch Rating Scale Model, ARPS was validated with 90 college students involved in an AR learning experience. Second, it analyzed the correlations between ARPS scores and the Reduced Instructional Materials Motivation Survey (RIMMS). ARPS was found to be a reliable instrument to evaluate AR presence. Additionally, ARPS was found to be positively correlated to all the four RIMMS dimensions (i.e., attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction). These research results point to presence as a desirable outcome of AR-mediated instruction. Moreover, AR presence was facilitated by non-invasive interfaces and perceived agency. Finally, this technology was shown to be productive in addressing all motivation stages rather than working just as a starting step.
The proposed chapter includes multiple aspects of employee retention based on the core concept of employee satisfaction. Research has consistently shown that employee satisfaction and the perception of company commitment to employees is paramount in the decision to remain with an organization. Moreover, the link between company commitment and perception is consistent across generations and various demographic factors. Research consistently shows that empowering employees is positively correlated to employee retention. This chapter provides an extensive, multi-faceted strategic plan for employee retention, focusing on the alignment of core values between the company and the employee. This “Retention Roadmap” is a key element in helping leaders retain their best employees, even when the phenomenon of “job hopping” is at an all-time high. Research-based and full of practical examples, the chapter provides leaders with essential tools to keep the organization running with a core group of satisfied employees.
The Real World is changing drastically. Changes come to occur frequently, extensively and what trouble us very much, in an unpredictable manner. Further, due to the remarkable progress of material engineering, objects are getting softer and softer. So, direct interaction becomes indispensable. Therefore, we need a much broader and more human-centered perspective. Living things are called Creatures, because we create movement to survive. Body and movement play an essential role for our living. And we should remember analog is no less important than digital. Blood, for example, is analog. It carries signals to move our body organs. These discussion will lead us to the realization of importance of Natural Intelligence. We often fall into error of contrasting Artificial Intelligence with Natural Intelligence. We should remember that Artificial Intelligence works in Natural Intelligence environment. We, humans, would like to actualize ourselves and to do the job that motivates us internally and that we self-determine. Then, we can get the maximum satisfaction and the feeling of achievement. To realize such a society for the next generation, we need to pay more attention to Natural Intelligence to really actualize “Self” society.
A longstanding and significant disparity in representation across gender, economic status, ethnicity, race, and sexual identity exists within STEM doctoral training. Most of the research on the retention and attrition of minoritized PhD STEM students focuses on individual factors, rather than system level issues. To address these gaps, we qualitatively examined longitudinal experiences of 33 Asian American, Black, and Latiné female biomedical PhD students, using a structural violence framework. The researchers developed three themes: (1) institutional hostility toward core aspects of identity; (2) the importance of intersectionality and within‐group variation in experiences with structural violence; and (3) students' growing awareness of structural violence in training. Findings have significant implications for the structure of doctoral training and interventions to create equitable training environments.
Aims
The research explored the educational experiences of young homeless people. It is acknowledged that the outcomes and difficulties experienced within education, are different from those of the homeless population and their housed peers. This article aims to explore the educational experiences of young people to better understand their experiences with a focus on motivation. Seven participants were recruited from Centrepoint, a UK based youth homeless charity, all aged 18–19.
Method
Interviews were used to capture the experiences of the young people, and Smith et al.’s (2009) IPA stages used to analyse them.
Findings
Nine overarching themes were found: (1) avoiding and building a future; (2) motivation or change in motivation towards education; (3) lack of drive towards education; (4) needing additional support in school; (5) behavioural challenges or academic failings at school; (6) support from professionals and external organisations; (7) support from teachers; (8) unsupportive educational settings/professionals; (9) challenges meeting basic needs and accessing resources.
Conclusions
The findings are discussed alongside Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000; 2008) to better understand how these experiences might impact young homeless people’s motivation towards engaging in education and what factors influence this motivation. The research encourages educational professionals to consider how these experiences might impact an individual educational journeys, and what they can do to support the experience of homeless individuals. Limitations of the research are considered, and opportunities for future research are identified.
Rationale
Young homeless people (YHP) often go unnoticed in educational settings resulting in missed opportunities for support. There is limited research involving YHP’s lived educational experiences.
Aim(s)
This systematic review sought to explore YHP’s experience of education, acknowledging their vulnerabilities, and identifying the strengths and resources which support their engagement with education. Method: Following five data base searches, seven papers (published between 2011 and 2023) were included in the final synthesis which met eligibility criteria. They were assessed for methodological quality and appropriateness of focus.
Findings
The review found YHP had the following strengths which supported them in education: narrative transformation of their experience of homelessness, personal attributes – intrinsic motivation, goals and aspirations, and positive relationships with family, peers, and educational professionals. The YHP’s vulnerabilities in education included: the practical challenges of homelessness – frequent mobility and unmet basic needs, public perceptions of homelessness and systemic barriers, which often disrupted their education.
Limitations
The review was a small-scale qualitative review which limits its generalisability, although it highlights the need for further research in this area.
Conclusions
The findings contribute to an understanding of YHP’s experiences of education, specifically, acknowledging their strengths and resources as mechanisms which support educational engagement. Strategies to support YHP in education are considered, with implications for educational psychologists.
Poverty and inequality between and within nations, migration, racism, xenophobia, pandemics, and climate change are some of the more pressing challenges that threaten human existence. These challenges have motivated many scholars within development studies to call for the reconfiguration of the field. Particularly, since the pandemic, increasingly vibrant debates within leading development studies journals have hosted debates about the future of development studies. This paper contributes to the debate on reimaging post-pandemic development studies, arguing for foregrounding ‘ethics’ as an analytical category within the field, towards what can be described as a development study of liberation.
Purpose
This study explores the experiences of care-experienced people living in supported housing provided by the Rees Foundation in England. This study aims to understand the challenges faced by those over 25 who have aged out of statutory support and explores how the Rees Foundation’s services help address these challenges.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses a qualitative approach, using semi-structured interviews with five tenants and five staff members from the housing project. Thematic analysis identified key themes related to homelessness, safety, stability and the importance of relationships with outreach workers.
Findings
The findings reveal that care leavers often face a “cliff edge” when statutory support ends, resulting in risks such as homelessness and social isolation. The Rees Foundation’s approach, which includes ongoing emotional and practical support, plays a crucial role in fostering safety, stability and hope among tenants.
Originality/value
This study offers original insights into the effectiveness of sustained support for care-experienced people beyond the age of 25, an age group that has been largely overlooked in existing research. By focusing on a population often neglected in care leaver studies, it highlights the need for extended support services to prevent long-term adverse outcomes, contributing to the broader understanding of post-care transitions.
Purpose
There is an emerging paradigm with reference to marketing communication, i.e. inclusive marketing communication (IMC). This calls for brands to be sincere with their customers and give due recognition and representation to underrepresented groups, communities and individuals. In this constantly evolving and globalized world, consumers have become more sensitive towards authentic portrayals of inclusivity and diversity by brands while choosing one brand over another.
Design/methodology/approach
A mixed method approach was used whereas in the first study, a quantitative method was used. Standardized questionnaire was used for collecting data through a time-lagged method. While the second study adopted the qualitative method. Semi-structured interviews were performed which lasted for 30–45 min for most of the participants.
Findings
It was found that IMC has a positive and noticeable effect on brand attitude (BA) and brand love (BL) when mediated by social identity (SI). While stigmatization was found to positively and significantly moderate the relationship between IMC and SI. Moreover, it was also found from both the studies that if a brand fails to strengthen the SI of an individual it doesn’t affect the BA as well as BL of customers.
Originality/value
Very few studies have incorporated a quantitative method of study while studying IMC. Furthermore, a collective study on different aspects of inclusivity like ethnicity, sexual orientation, disability, physical attractiveness, etc., has not been explored yet. Scattered studies on aspects like skin tone, body size, religion, etc., have been explored individually in prior studies.
The study explores the social belonging of first-generation students in a large university in Austria after the pandemic. While social belonging is a complex notion and nebulous to define, this study applies n enhanced concept of student engagement, which views student engagement as active involvement and social belonging on behalf of a student, and as integration and social support measures on behalf of the university. A strong sense of social belonging is on the one hand fundamental to becoming a student and the likelihood to graduate, however, the institution must also provide social support and academic integration on the other hand. This study explores the social belonging of seven first-generation students in Austrian higher education applying a qualitative approach using narrative interviews. The findings illustrate that first-generation students navigate higher education under significant economic constraints and experience intermittent access to social support measures. They hold strong feelings of social belonging with friends outside the university and do not make new friends at university easily. The study shows that first-generation-students depend on financial and social support by their families more than others and that negative sentiments during studying block their active involvement in class, and thus their sense of belonging.
The increasing prevalence of digital technology has reshaped higher education and influenced lecturers' perceptions and experiences of their work. Traditional measures of decent work often fail to capture the unique challenges and opportunities offered by digital contexts. This study aimed to address this gap by developing and validating a new scale to measure perceived decent work (PDW) in the digital age. The initial phase of the study involved a comprehensive investigation of 175 lecturers' perceptions of decent work, which led to the identification of six key dimensions. The second study expanded the scope to include 234 employees from various industries, further validating the scale's reliability and applicability. This study makes a valuable contribution to the field by providing a robust tool for assessing PDW at the individual level. These findings have profound implications for both academic research and practical applications, enabling a deeper understanding of the impact of digital technologies on work experiences and informing strategies to promote decent work in an evolving digital landscape.
The focus of job satisfaction literature remains on the subordinate even though supervisors are responsible for evaluating employee performance, determining employee pay, raises, promotions, growth opportunities, etc., all of which impact employees’ subsequent performance that contributes (or not) to organizational success. Using a psychological contracts lens, we develop and test theoretical arguments predicting supervisors’ response to contributions is not uniformly positive depending on the type and amount of contribution involved. Across two studies, we ask supervisors to evaluate subordinates’ delivered contributions relative to promised contributions. Our results challenge the assumption that supervisors always desire larger amounts of work from their subordinates; excess contributions were associated with lower supervisors’ satisfaction with subordinates for some types of contributions. The results imply that subordinates’ contributions of work to supervisors may influence supervisors’ satisfaction with subordinates perhaps affecting their performance reviews and career opportunities.
Museums, as cultural spaces of fruition, are also places of knowledge that have always dwelled with educational purposes. Non-formal education is a recurrent topic in the agenda of all museums across the globe. In this digital era, they incorporate multimedia forms in order to address learning in a more intuitive, enjoyable and inclusive way. Nevertheless, the construction of digital experiences is always complex and involves several factors that are unrelated to learning per se. Digital educational activities in museums are delivered through exhibitions, educational services, and museum websites. To a certain extent, they have the goal of providing more visual and engaging learning activities to visitors. Even so, how do museums know if they are, in fact, delivering what they expected? The otherness that the technological paradigm created enhances spaces with digital solutions that are not always the right answer for learners’ constructed needs. With this in mind, we take a closer look into digital gamification, within which we intend to understand the motivational aspects that these introductions can potentially arouse in individuals, address some learning and memory processes, and summarise some helpful points that can underline the creation and implementation of gamified learning systems through otherness questioning in museums.
This book purports to be a guide to the study, treatment and postwar care of those neurotic disturbances which are incidental to war. The greatest stress in this work falls on the discussion of those principles of psychopathology necessary to make these neuroses intelligible and to furnish a rational basis for therapy. This was regarded as the prime objective, for without this knowledge no intelligent program for treatment, prophylaxis, and postwar care can be formulated. In addition, an attempt is made to discuss the forensic aspects of the traumatic neuroses, since so many of them become government charges for a long postwar period. Treatment is discussed at length only in connection with several chronic cases which terminated successfully. This is in no way to be construed as indicating that therapy in these chronic cases is universally successful. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Reviews the book "Principles of abnormal psychology (Revised)" by Edmund S. Conklin (see record
1936-01487-000). The revised edition is increased in size about 70 pages and also reveals certain changes in point of view, arrangement, and choice of subject-matter. Writing as a psychologist primarily for advanced undergraduate students in psychology, the author in both editions gives the impression of being at great pains to steer clear of issues which might conceivably concern the clinical art of treating persons manifesting abnormalities of behavior. The latter is to be the task of psychiatry and the psychiatrist; whereas psychology, we are told, should stand apart as a basic science. Happily our author in his revision has made a start in this direction by including a new chapter on psychotherapy, although he states in the preface that there is some question on his part of the propriety of so doing. Somewhat apologetically he continues in justification of this innovation in these terms: "Nevertheless, there is no reason why the educated layman should not know the basic principles of current psychotherapeutic methods....It is even possible that the dissemination of such information might contribute not a little to a better popular attitude towards psychiatry...." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This chapter presents case examples of children who have suffered maternal rejection, focusing on "affect hunger." The term is used to mean an emotional hunger for maternal love and those other feelings of protection and care implied in the mother-child relationships. The term has been utilized to indicate a state of privation due primarily to a lack of maternal affection, with a resulting need, as of food in a state of starvation. The author focuses on individuals who have suffered lack of maternal love in the early years of life. Assuming for the moment the value of maternal love as an essential component in the development of the emotional life, what happens when this element is left out of the primary social relationship? Is it possible that there results a deficiency disease of the emotional life, comparable to a deficiency of vital nutritional elements within the developing organism? Examples of adopted children who could not attach to their adoptive parents are provided. The case studies indicate certain basic responses to affect hunger, showing a group in which there are pathologic residues due to an extreme deficiency; second, a group in which the restoration of maternal love has marked therapeutic effect; and third, a group which demonstrates specialized difficulties in social relationships that are derivatives of a primary affect hunger. This chapter was abridged from the American Journal of Psychiatry, 1937, 94, 643-652 (see record
1938-02985-001) and reprinted by permission of the author and The American Psychiatric Association. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The chapter headings are as follows: the problem; the energetics of activity; animal drives; drive and purpose; direction and regulation; positive and negative behavior; psychological hedonism; social motivation; emotion and motivation; the dynamic interplay of motives. Under each heading a representative sampling of the more significant work is described. The author maintains the hypothesis of a physical mind, i.e. physical monism with recognition of the individual (i.e. mental) aspects of experience. A selected bibliography closes each chapter, and questions and exercises and author and subject indexes are presented at the end of the book. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Conflict, frustration, and the theory of threat
MASLOW, A. H. Conflict, frustration, and the theory of threat. J. abnorm. (soc.)
Psychol., 1943, 38, 81-86.
Dominance, personality and social behavior in women
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1939, 10, 3-39.
A preface to motivation theory
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Children's adjustments to a strange situation
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The experimental analysis of appetite
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