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Vision problems at video display terminals: a survey of optometrists
Abstract
One thousand three hundred seven optometrists responded (25.3 percent response rate) to a mail questionnaire concerning VDT patients in their practice. On the average, 14.25 percent of optometric patients present with symptoms primarily associated with use of the VDT, or almost 10 million examinations annually when projected to the U.S. population. A majority (55.3 percent) reported that their VDT patients have symptoms that are different than other near point workers, especially as related to glare, lighting, unique viewing conditions and spectacle requirements, and the greater frequency and severity of symptoms. They judged that they were unable to arrive at a confident diagnosis and treatment plan for 20.87 percent of VDT patients, which was significantly more than the 14.05 percent for non-VDT patients. Uncorrected refractive errors, accommodative disorders, irritated eyes, binocular vision disorders, and spectacle design problems were the most frequently cited diagnoses. On the average, 39.3 percent of their VDT patients receive a special VDT prescription or spectacle design that is different than they would require for other daily activities. They judged that 36.8 percent of the symptoms were related to visual environmental factors, primarily glare, lighting, screen resolution and work arrangement. The best way to resolve symptoms for VDT workers is to provide thorough vision examination and treatment in conjunction with diagnosis and treatment of visual environmental problems.
... In most cases, symptoms occur because the visual demand of the task exceeds the visual abilities of the individual to comfortably perform the task [7]. The symptoms of the CSV are headache, blurring vision, burning sensation, eye redness, and pain, lacrimation, focusing problem, neck and shoulder pain [7][8][9]. If the individual spend more than two hours each day in front of a computer screen, he likely to experiences some symptoms of computer vision syndrome CVS is caused by the eyes reacting differently to characters on the screen than they do to printed characters. ...
... They instead drift out to a point called the resting point of accommodation (RPA) and then refocus on the screen. This continuous flexing of the eyes focusing muscles creates fatigue and the burning, tired eyes feeling [8,9]. The principal factors affecting the ability to see well are the glare, the amount of light and the luminance (brightness), the distance between the eye and the screen and document, the readability of the screen and document and the angle made by the visual axis with the screen [7][8][9]. ...
... This continuous flexing of the eyes focusing muscles creates fatigue and the burning, tired eyes feeling [8,9]. The principal factors affecting the ability to see well are the glare, the amount of light and the luminance (brightness), the distance between the eye and the screen and document, the readability of the screen and document and the angle made by the visual axis with the screen [7][8][9]. ...
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the computer related eye problems (as special near work).
Material and Methods: This is field-based, descriptive, cross sectional, case control study. We selected about 100 computer users according the following inclusion criteria: Continuous use of the computer for at least 1 year. Using of the computer every day for at least 4 hours (except official holidays). Exclusion criteria are: Anyone having P.H of the symptoms or signs of CVS before computer using and anyone with ocular disease (i.e. glaucoma, conjunctivitis). We select another group from the same area and of the same range of age (100 subjects) as control group. A complete medical examination was performed.
Results: The study showed that symptoms and signs in the computer users are greatly higher than in the control group, (p=0.001). The odds ratio for the most of the symptoms and signs were also high. The study showed that there are relations between the symptoms and signs and the time (hours) per day and duration per year of exposure to the computer.
Conclusion: Users of the computers are subject to visual problems. These effects tend to be significant as the time of the exposure per day and the duration per year increases.
Keywords: Computer vision syndrome; Precorneal tears film; Near response and accommodation
... Visual fatigue is another criterion that is widely used for display evaluation. Tasks involving prolonged exposure to visual displays often cause visual fatigue, which can result in headaches and task performance degradation (Sheedy, 1992a(Sheedy, , 1992b. In general, visual fatigue can be induced either by repeated activation/deactivation of the ocular muscles (Hsu and Wang, 2013) or by prolonged accommodative response to similar focal distances (Eastman Kodak Company, 2009). ...
... The resultant stress and physiological strain can induce visual fatigue and degrade visual system performance (Lambooij et al., 2010). Continuous visual fatigue provokes asthenopic, ocular-surface-related, visual, and extraocular symptoms (Blehm et al., 2005), and degrades visual task performance (Sheedy, 1992a(Sheedy, , 1992b. ...
... The outer zones of a display with a wide horizontal field of view require excessive eye/head rotation (Table 4), with additional trunk rotation required for a comfortable posture. Extraocular symptoms of computer vision syndrome in the head, neck, and/or back (Sheedy and Parsons, 1990; Sheedy, 1992b;Anshel, 2005) owing to improper posture could intensify in such cases (Blehm et al., 2005). A primary cause for neck and back pain is improper viewing position (Yan et al., 2008). ...
This study examined the effects of display curvature (400, 600, 1200 mm, and flat), display zone (5 zones), and task duration (15 and 30 min) on legibility and visual fatigue. Each participant completed two 15-min visual search task sets at each curvature setting. The 600-mm and 1200-mm settings yielded better results than the flat setting in terms of legibility and perceived visual fatigue. Relative to the corresponding centre zone, the outermost zones of the 1200-mm and flat settings showed a decrease of 8%e37% in legibility, whereas those of the flat setting showed an increase of 26%e45% in perceived visual fatigue. Across curvatures, legibility decreased by 2%e8%, whereas perceived visual fatigue increased by 22% during the second task set. The two task sets induced an increase of 102% in the eye complaint score and a decrease of 0.3 Hz in the critical fusion frequency, both of which indicated an increase in visual fatigue. In summary, a curvature of around 600 mm, central display zones, and frequent breaks are recommended to improve legibility and reduce visual fatigue.
... Itching, redness, burning, tearing of the eyes, headache, double vision, eye strain, and blurred vision were grouped into a condition termed computer visual syndrome (CVS) [3]. Studies have shown CVS occurring with greater frequency and severity with increasing computer monitor use [4,5]. Indeed, a study found that 2 hours of visually demanding computer work could significantly increase eye-related pain, tiredness, blurred vision, and other symptoms [6]. ...
... The following descriptors were selected: burning, dryness, eye pain, irritation, eyestrain, and blurring. The symptoms questionnaire utilized a Likert scale (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) to measure to what extent participants experienced the above descriptors. Participants were also asked to provide their definition of eye strain and tired eyes using fill-in text format. ...
... In addition, our pilot study's 1-h reading time may be another possible limiting factor. Studies have reported longer periods of electronic monitor use associated with a higher prevalence of CVS [5]. Therefore, insufficient testing time may have been provided for more CVS symptoms to be observed. ...
Background
With the increasing prevalence of electronic readers (e-readers) for vocational and professional uses, it is important to discover if there are visual consequences in the use of these products. There are no studies in the literature quantifying the incidence or severity of eyestrain, nor are there clinical characteristics that may predispose to these symptoms with e-reader use. PurposeThe primary objective of this pilot study was to assess the degree of eyestrain associated with e-reader use compared to traditional paper format. The secondary outcomes of this study were to assess the rate of eyestrain associated with e-reader use and identify any clinical characteristics that may be associated with the development of eyestrain. Methods
Forty-four students were randomly assigned to study (e-reader iPAD) and control (print) groups. Participant posture, luminosity of the room, and reading distance from reading device were measured during a 1-h session for both groups. At the end of the session, questionnaires were administered to determine symptoms. ResultsSignificantly higher rates of eyestrain (p = 0.008) and irritation (p = 0.011) were found among the iPAD study group as compared to the print ‘control’ group. The study group was also 4.9 times more likely to report severe eyestrain (95 % CI [1.4, 16.9]). No clinical characteristics predisposing to eyestrain could be identified. Conclusions
These findings conclude that reading on e-readers may induce increased levels of irritation and eyestrain. Predisposing factors, etiology, and potential remedial interventions remain to be determined.
... In addition to the well-documented performance disadvantage, reading from screen was also found to have negative effects on subjective well-being. The main complaints reported by computer users were eye-related symptoms (Cole, Maddocks, and Sharpe 1996;Knave et al. 1985;Läubli, Hünting, and Grandjean 1981;Ong, Hoong, and Phoon 1981;Rey and Meyer 1980;Sheedy 1992;Smith et al. 1981) and musculoskeletal pain (Bergqvist et al. 1995;Cole, Maddocks, and Sharpe 1996;Hünting, Läubli, and Grandjean 1981;Ong, Hoong, and Phoon 1981;Smith et al. 1981;Starr 1983). For example, Sheedy (1992) conducted a survey on 1307 optometrists who reported that 14.25% of their patients complained about symptoms mainly related to the use of computer screens. ...
... The main complaints reported by computer users were eye-related symptoms (Cole, Maddocks, and Sharpe 1996;Knave et al. 1985;Läubli, Hünting, and Grandjean 1981;Ong, Hoong, and Phoon 1981;Rey and Meyer 1980;Sheedy 1992;Smith et al. 1981) and musculoskeletal pain (Bergqvist et al. 1995;Cole, Maddocks, and Sharpe 1996;Hünting, Läubli, and Grandjean 1981;Ong, Hoong, and Phoon 1981;Smith et al. 1981;Starr 1983). For example, Sheedy (1992) conducted a survey on 1307 optometrists who reported that 14.25% of their patients complained about symptoms mainly related to the use of computer screens. The most frequently mentioned symptoms in this context were eye-related symptoms, such as dry eyes, blurred vision or colour vision changes, and musculoskeletal symptoms like neck ache and backache. ...
... Two work periods of 50 min were scheduled for each display condition in the study by Wilkinson and Robinshaw (1987). In contrast, in the study by Oborne and Holton (1988) who found no difference in reading speed between 1996; Knave et al. 1985;Läubli, Hünting, and Grandjean 1981;Ong, Hoong, and Phoon 1981;Rey and Meyer 1980;Sheedy 1992;Smith et al. 1981) but also with the results recently reported by Chu et al. (2011) andPortello (2014), who found higher eye-related symptom scores in their LCD conditions. A possible explanation for the stronger ratings of eyestrain in the screen condition is be the increased visual effort associated with reading on screen. ...
Four experiments were conducted to test whether recent developments in display technology would suffice to eliminate the well-known disadvantages in reading from screen as compared with paper. Proofreading speed and performance were equal for a TFT-LCD and a paper display, but there were more symptoms of eyestrain in the screen condition accompanied by a strong preference for paper (Experiment 1). These results were replicated using a longer reading duration (Experiment 2). Additional experiments were conducted to test hypotheses about the reasons for the higher amount of eyestrain associated with reading from screen. Reduced screen luminance did not change the pattern of results (Experiment 3), but positioning both displays in equal inclination angles eliminated the differences in eyestrain symptoms and increased proofreading speed in the screen condition (Experiment 4). A paper-like positioning of TFT-LCDs seems to enable unimpaired reading without evidence of increased physical strain. Practitioner Summary: Given the developments in screen technology, a re-assessment of the differences in proofreading speed and performance, well-being, and preference between computer screen and paper was conducted. State-of-the-art TFT-LCDs enable unimpaired reading, but a book-like positioning of screens seems necessary to minimise eyestrain symptoms.
... Subsequently, the CFF measurement is reduced [26]. Sheedy conducted a study on visual problems in computer users who used computers for a long period [27]. They found a decrease in image sharpness adjustment (accommodation) over time. ...
... As a result, the eyes need to focus more on the computer screen to be able to view it more clearly. Therefore, visual fatigue can occur, which increases over time when using a computer screen [27]. ...
Objectives: Computer usage has rapidly grown. This is because it helps to resolve problems, i.e., encountered in daily life by individuals. Various monitor screens that have been developed affect the user’s eyes. Screen size is one of the relevant impacts. Thus, this study compared the immediate effects of two computer screen sizes on visual fatigue in Video Display Terminal (VDT) users. Methods: Twenty female VDT users participated in this study. Using a randomized block design for the study, the study participants randomly drew a ballot to determine the order of using an 18.5-inch and 23-inch computer screen size. The research participants were assessed by a visual fatigue score, critical flicker frequency, and dry eye score before and after using both computer screen sizes. They were tested in an ergonomic computer workstation for 2 hours. Besides, where they rested between each workstation for ≥30 minutes or until presetting no eye fatigue symptoms. The relevant data were compared between before and after using the computers and between the two different screen sizes. Results: The collected results suggested no significant difference in the visual fatigue score, critical flicker frequency, and dry eye score between using either computer screen sizes (P>0.05). However, there were significant differences in the visual fatigue score, critical flicker frequency, and dry eye score between before and after computer screen usage (P<0.05). Discussion: Using both computer screen sizes resulted in increased visual fatigue, reduced critical flicker frequency, and increased dry eyes. The present study results can provide information in determining how to reduce risk factors and prevent visual fatigue from continuous computer use for a long time.
... Specific occupational lenses prescribed to meet the unique demands of computer work may be needed. [15] Special lens designs, lens powers, or lens tints or coatings may help to maximize visual abilities and comfort. [16] Computer workers who receive eye examinations and occupational eyewear have reported improved comfort and resolution of their symptoms. ...
... Surveys indicate that many computer users report problems with general workplace lighting, glare, and images reflected on the computer screen. [15,18] Many problems related to lighting may be caused by the introduction of computers into offices where the lighting was originally designed for traditional desktop work. The lighting is designed on the assumption that workers will perform tasks requiring their lines of sight to be depressed 200-400 from the horizontal. ...
... Uncorrected refractive error, presbyopia, and binocular vision abnormalities are additional factors associated with computer-related visual symptoms [6,10]. For instance, the incidence of CVS has been reported to be higher in both undercorrected and uncorrected ametropes than in emmetropes [19,20]. Wiggins and Peers showed that uncorrected astigmatism produced a significant increase in CVS symptoms [21]. ...
... Infrequent breaks and prolonged use of computers are strongly associated with complaints of dryness of the ocular surface. We also found similar symptoms identified by Sheedy [19] as the five commonest CVS symptoms: eyestrain, headache, blurred vision, dry eyes, and neck/back pain. Poor workstation or office ergonomic practices account for several visual symptoms and all non-eye-related symptoms associated with the use of computers [22]. ...
Aim:
The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of computer vision syndrome (CVS) and its associated ergonomic factors among university administrative staff in Ghana.
Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 200 administrative staff of the University of Cape Coast. The procedure included a self-administered questionnaire, comprehensive ocular health examination, and assessment of computer workstation and lighting conditions. The prevalence of CVS among the subjects and the association between CVS and ergonomic practices were determined.
Results:
The mean age of the study sample was 31.0 ± 4.7 years, and the majority were males (56.0%). The prevalence of CVS was among 103 (51.5%)participants. Over a third of the respondents used computers for 6 or more hours daily. Significant association was found between CVS and poor ergonomic practices (χ = 15.175, p = 0.001).
Conclusion:
In addition to poor ergonomic office setup, university administrative staff spend several hours behind computer screens leading to the development of CVS. Increased awareness of CVS and adherence to recommended ergonomic practices are necessary to reduce the prevalence of CVS and ultimately enhance work satisfaction and productivity.
... Prominent amongst these discomforts were neck, back and shoulder pains, eyestrain, burning and itchy, headache and red eyes. A study by Sheedy [16], also showed the five most common symptoms of CVS as eyestrain, headache, blurred vision, dry eyes, and neck/back pain. These symptoms could be attributed to poor workstation ergonomics ranging from bad lighting conditions, bad ventilation, and monitor placement [17] amongst others. ...
... This difference could be attributed to several reasons, notable among them are the low level of knowledge of CVS among study population, differences in pain threshold, differences in sampling technique and sample size as well as the methodologies adopted. According to Anshel and Sheedy, though the problem of CVS is very prevalent, CVS still remains unknown to a lot of computer users including professional computer users [16,19]. Thus a lot of the respondents in this present survey might have been experiencing these symptoms, but very few of them were well informed enough to be able to attribute these symptoms to prolonged computer work. ...
Objective: Ergonomically designed workstations have direct bearing on the comfort and safety of office computer users. Tremendous usage of computers in most offices of emerging economies have however, not seen accompanying applications of ergonomics in the design of computer workstations despite the numerous benefits. Injuries and discomforts therefore have higher propensity to occur since most offices formally designed for paper-based work now accommodate computer workstations, without corresponding redesigning. The study therefore sought to assess computer workstation designs in administrative offices at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, with the aim of creating awareness of ergonomics and its application among administrative office computer users. Method: A total of 150 office employees purposively sampled participated in this study. Respondents selected included secretaries, research assistants and data and account processors. This cross-sectional study consisted of a checklist (computer workstation components, visual complaints and ergonomics knowledge), work posture observations and measurements of workstation linear distances and monitor tilt angle. Descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20.0 was used for data analysis. Results: Almost half (50%) of respondents had monitors facing windows without appropriate blinds, 42% with monitor tilt angle less than 10 degrees and majority (76%) observed monitors either at or above horizontal eye level. Most (70%) of the workers acknowledged not having knowledge of ergonomics whiles 100% noted that they did not have any ergonomic assessment of their workstations. Neck, back and shoulder pains were reported by 85% of respondents while 73% complained of eyestrain. Conclusion: The study revealed lack of information and skills in ergonomics contributing to poor ergonomic conditions and consequent visual discomforts among computer users in the work place.
... According to the American optometric association, digital eye strain (DES) is known as a complex of both eye and vision related symptoms that are associated with prolonged use of digital screens [3]. American optometric association came to the conclusion that 14.25% of individuals who visited optometry clinic complained primarily of symptoms related to prolonged exposure to digital screens [4]. These symptoms can be grouped into two categories, internal symptoms such as eye pain, headache, and blurred vision. ...
... Various studies have reported that working for a long-time at a poorly designed workstations results in various WRMD [40]. This is associated with poor ergonomic factors such as remaining seated in awkward or uncomfortable postures for longer periods, fixed keyboard height, repetitive joint movements, poor lighting conditions, mouse use, and psychosocial factors [2,41,42]. It can lead to development of WRMD in back, shoulders, elbows, arms, wrists, hands, legs, feet, etc. [43][44][45], and symptoms often include pain, tenderness, tingling, swelling and stiffness [46]. ...
Background:
This study was done to see the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among information technology (IT) professionals in Saudi Arabia, the risk factors associated with them, their consequences, and to propose some preventive measures.
Material and methods:
A self-administered online questionnaire that included questions on the demographic data, job nature, medical history, work-related pain after joining information technology profession and distribution and severity of pain was sent to 250 information technology professionals working in Saudi Arabia.
Results:
Out of 250, 202 (81%) IT professionals participated in the study. At least 62 (32%) reported that they have developed some type of musculoskeletal pain after joining their profession and 38 (61%) respondents further reported that it was so severe that they had to seek some sort of treatment for their pain. On the Visual Analog Scale ranging 0-10, 14 (23%) respondents reported that their worst ever pain was >7. Despite lower representation 67% of the females reported to develop work-related pain.
Conclusions:
Development of work-related musculoskeletal pain among information technology professionals has been shown to affect their activities of daily living. It may even force them to change their work setting or reduce working hours. Information technology sector has rapidly grown in Saudi Arabia in the recent times and there is no data on the incidence or prevalence of such disorders among them. Role of ergonomics and counseling should be emphasized during their training that help them work effectively and efficiently. A similar large-scale study should be conducted to see the effect of lifestyle related to COVID-19 on the lives of working population especially IT professionals. Med Pr. 2022;73(5).
... Digital screens are recommended to be 10-20° below eye level, as higher than this position requires a head up posture with resulting muscular strain on the neck muscles 18 . ...
... A higher prevalence of CVS has been reported in medical students (95%) and among computer-using office workers (67.4%) in developing countries. 10,11 It was also reported that 14.25% of people visiting eye care professionals for ocular examination have symptoms related to CVS. 12 There are no documented cases of permanent visual damage due to extensive computer use. However, prolonged computer use while maintaining a single posture is a known predictor for developing CVS and musculoskeletal problems. ...
Objectives:
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of symptoms of computer vision syndrome (CVS) and identify its associated risk factors among computer-using bank workers in Pakistan.
Materials and methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted on computer-using bank workers. The data collection procedure included a self-administered questionnaire and comprehensive ocular health examination. The prevalence of CVS and its associated risk factors were investigated. The chi-square test was used to study the significance of the association of CVS with potential risk factors.
Results:
Of 127 participants, 95 (74.8%) were men. Most of the participants (n=53; 41.7%) were in the 30-40 years age group. A total of 101 participants (79.5%) reported any ocular symptom, with burning eyes being the most frequent ocular symptom (77.2%). General body fatigue was the most common non-ocular symptom of CVS (92.9%), followed by headache (83.5%). Out of 127 participants, 71 men and 30 women had some degree of CVS. Female participants had significantly higher risk of CVS than male participants (p=0.01). Total duration of computer use per day and duration of uninterrupted computer use were significantly associated with the occurrence of CVS (p=0.001 and p=0.008, respectively). No significant association was found between CVS and distance from computer screen (p=0.89), frequency of breaks (p=0.18), or font size (p=0.12).
Conclusion:
A high prevalence of CVS-related symptoms was observed among computer-using bank workers. Non-ocular symptoms associated with computer use were more common than ocular symptoms (92.9% vs. 77.2%).
... (vi) The screen lighting, contrast and brightness should be adjusted to the optimum before starting the work on the computer. The luminance of the room should not exceed three times than the mean luminance on the screen (Sheedy et al, 38 2005) . ...
PURPOSE: The aim of study was to assess the prevalence of CVS symptoms concerned to eye & other health related problems in digital device users METHODS: A Cross-sectional study was conducted among medical & engineering graduates & IT professionals during march-june2020.After taking informed consent the data of the effects and prevalence of CVS among digital device users were collected using a structured questionnaire RESULTS: Amongst 417 participants, most common & disturbing symptoms of Eye were eye strain, fatigue, dry eye (39.5%,20.7%,11.3%), headache & blurring of vision (40.1%&15.9%), neck & back pain (41%&37.6%), were experienced after 2-4hrs (28.5%) of continuous use.7.2%were unaware of above side effects. CONCLUSION: We noted 92.8% users were having CVS symptoms & duration of digital device usage is directly proportional to the severity of symptoms. CVS oftenly goes unnoticed. People might not have the appropriate vocabulary to label & describe their symptoms, hence this study helps to seek early diagnosis and prevention.
... Eye fatigue or computer vision syndrome (CVS) encompasses various symptoms such as eye discomfort, blurred vision, headache, lacrimation, dryness, redness, inability to focus, and neck and shoulder pain [7]. If a person spends more than two hours per day in front of a computer screen, he is more prone to develop those CVS symptoms [8][9]. CVS is a severe condition that affects attention and daily performance. ...
Background Digital eye strain (DES) or computer vision syndrome (CVS) manifests as eye fatigue caused by prolonged exposure to screens and exaggerated by some attitudes. Online education plays a crucial role in helping schools, instructors, and universities ensure the continuity of the education process during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a lack of attention given to the effects of online teaching on teachers' eyes health during the pandemic and is nearly nonexistent. Hence, we aim to evaluate this among teachers in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Methodology A cross-sectional electronic self-administered questionnaire was distributed through social media applications among teachers in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. The survey contained three main parts: biographical data, educational status, and eye health scale before and during the pandemic. All statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results A total sample of 301 teachers was identified with ages ranging from 22 to 60 years, the majority were female (75.4%). Twenty-four point nine percent (24.9%) of the sample have a chronic disease, and 17.3% had previous LASIK surgery. Twenty-four point nine percent (24.9%) spent two to five hours teaching before the pandemic versus 60.8% with online education during the pandemic spent two to five hours daily. Fifty-two point eight percent (52.8%) of the teachers kept the distance between them and the digital screen at less than 50 cm. Eighty-one point four percent (81.4%) of teachers reported severe to moderate effects of online teaching using a computer/tablet/phone on their eye health. Fifty-two point two percent (52.2%) reported headache. Conclusion There is an obvious negative effect reflected by subjects' symptomatology and complaints in their eyes. This should prompt health authorities to provide better teaching equipment and accessibility to essential eye care to teachers.
... This is a transversal descriptive have a look at performed over three months from July 1 st to September 30 th , 2021, withinside the Eye Clinic and Eye Camp on a hundred sufferers of every age group [10][11][12][13]. A form of contraptions had been used to perceive Digital Eye Strain (DES) victim sufferers among the elderly of zero to 60 years who underwent cycloplegic refraction. ...
Electronic devices like mobiles, computer systems, etc. have emerged as components and parcels
of lifestyles. With numerous advances in technology, numerous progressive programs have
made our lifestyles clean and smooth going however immoderate use of digital devices has a
sure inadvertent impact on eyes. It additionally ends in numerous eye fitness problems. These
devices have enslaved people and sadly even kids aren’t any exception to this. High energy, shortwavelength, blue mild is scattered simpler than every other seen mild and isn’t always without
difficulty focused. This unfocused visible noise reduces assessment and traces the eye. Digital
gadgets emit excessive tiers of blue mild and publicity to this may result in Refractive blunders
withinside the lengthy run. This generation is pushed with the aid of using technology. So
nowadays workplace work and laptop utilization have emerged as synonymous. Excessive use of
laptop and non-stop gazing every other tool display/display screen purpose dry eye, eye strain,
headache, blurred imaginative and prescient, trouble in refocusing, etc. This situation is referred to
as Computer Vision Syndrome. Too stupid or too shiny display, direct air blow from AC/fan can get
worse this situation. Electronic devices like smartphones and computer systems supply us the way
to provide new approaches to have to interact and educate our kids. Children among the while of
five to fifteen can spend nearly 6 hours of display screen time every day once they have interaction
with their televisions or mobiles. Exposing younger kids to such a lot of virtual gadgets at an
early age can result in a bunch of developmental problems. A number of refractive errors (Myopia,
Hypermetropia, and Astigmatism) were objectively obtained with the aid of using this study. Dry
eye, eye strain, headache, blurred imagination, and prescient and trouble in refocusing may also
be identified, and the development of visible consolation can be found after the installation of
sure methods.
... Daum (2002) strongly suggests that improving the visual status of workers using computers results in greater productivity in the workplace, as well as improved visual comfort. The visual symptoms can largely be resolved with proper management of the environment and by providing proper visual care for the employees (Sheddy 1992). The symptoms of CVS-headaches and eyestrain-can force employees to shut down. ...
Good eyesight is an important part of wellbeing and a significant factor in retaining independence and quality of life as we get older. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that up to 80 per cent of blindness and serious visual loss around the world is avoidable through prevention or treatment. The study is set out to predict an increase in eye related problems in the nearest future in Ijebu-Ode and Ijebu North Local Government of Ogun State, judging from the personal experience of the respondents. To elicit response for the study, the research design adopted was the surveyed method using questionnaire as the instrument for data collection. Five hundred and fifty (550) questionnaires were administered to different categories of people that use computer or handset from the two local government areas, out of which 519 (97.9%) were duly answered and returned to the researcher. Those that participated in the study are people from banking sector, tertiary institutions, health sector, and civil service. The selection cut across different professions. The data obtained were analyzed using Frequency Distribution, Pearson Correlation, Chi-Square and Crosstab. The result obtained showed in fig. 1 that headache, eyestrains, double vision, redness of eye, blurred eye and irritation of eyes are different problems majority of those who spent much time with Smartphone/Computer mostly have, while watery eyes and dryness of eye are in the minority. Also the results consistently show that in the nearest future there will be an increase in eye related problem in Nigeria.
... Eye discomfort and visual problems have been linked to computerized tasks [25]. e abundance of CVS in computer system regular users is indeed linked to the screen time duration of the computer system [26]. ...
The aim of the presented work is to analyze the ergonomics-related disorders in online education using the fuzzy AHP approach. A group dialogue with online education academicians, online education students, biotechnologists, and sedentary computer users has been performed to spot ergonomics-related disorders in online education. Totally eight ergonomics-related disorders in online education have been identified, and the weight of each disorder has been computed with triangle-shaped fuzzy numbers in pairwise comparison. Furthermore, the ergonomics-related disorders in online education are kept in four major categories such as afflictive disorders, specific disorders, psychosocial disorders, and chronic disorders. These four categories of ergonomics-related disorders in online education are evaluated and compared using fuzzy analytical hierarchical process methodology to get ranked in terms of priorities. The results may be instrumental for taking appropriate corrective actions to prevent ergonomics-related disorders.
... 4 American Optometric Association found that 14.25% people who visited the optometry clinics have complained primarily of the symptoms related to computer use. 5 CVS occurs due to an increased visual demand to the extent that it exceeds the person's visual ability. 6 It could also be explained by reduced blinking reflex, while staring at the screen, resulting in exaggeratedly dry eyes. ...
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of computer vision syndrome (CVS) and associated risk factors of prolonged use of electronics. Methods: This was an online non-interventional cross-sectional studyconducted over the period of COVID curfew in Jeddah city from April to June 2020, through a questionnaire. Participants were between 20 and 60 years of age and used electronic devices. Results: Total 1,227 participants were recruited between 20 and 60 years of age. The majority of them were females (69.9%). Almost 1,048 participants used smartphones or laptops. More than half (54.5%) of them used electronics for more than 4 hours daily. A high symptom severity score was found in 44% of the respondents. Taking breaks during electronics use <30 minutes (P=0.018), viewing computers at a distance less than arm length (P=0.001), and the use of screen protectors (p=0.014) were significant factors related to the symptom’s severity score. Conclusion: CVS was prevalent among the participants who used electronics for more than 4 hours daily. Taking breaks during electronics use, viewing computers at an appropriate distance, and the use of screen protectors were effective practices to relieve the eye symptoms severity score.
... Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is one of the typical computer-related health issues [3][4][5][6]. Approximately 70% of computer users have CVS-related problems. ...
Background
Prolonged time of computer use increases the prevalence of ocular problems, including eye strain, tired eyes, irritation, redness, blurred vision, and double vision, which are collectively referred to as computer vision syndrome (CVS). Approximately 70% of computer users have vision-related problems. For these reasons, properly designed interventions for users with CVS are required. To design an effective screen intervention for preventing or improving CVS, we must understand the effective interfaces of computer-based interventions.
Objective
In this study, we aimed to explore the interface elements of computer-based interventions for CVS to set design guidelines based on the pros and cons of each interface element.
Methods
We conducted an iterative user study to achieve our research objective. First, we conducted a workshop to evaluate the overall interface elements that were included in previous systems for CVS (n=7). Through the workshop, participants evaluated existing interface elements. Based on the evaluation results, we eliminated the elements that negatively affect intervention outcomes. Second, we designed our prototype system LiquidEye that includes multiple interface options (n=11). Interface options included interface elements that were positively evaluated in the workshop study. Lastly, we deployed LiquidEye in the real world to see how the included elements affected the intervention outcomes. Participants used LiquidEye for 14 days, and during this period, we collected participants’ daily logs (n=680). Additionally, we conducted prestudy and poststudy surveys, and poststudy interviews to explore how each interface element affects participation in the system.
Results
User data logs collected from the 14 days of deployment were analyzed with multiple regression analysis to explore the interface elements affecting user participation in the intervention (LiquidEye). Statistically significant elements were the instruction page of the eye resting strategy (P=.01), goal setting of the resting period (P=.009), compliment feedback after completing resting (P<.001), a mid-size popup window (P=.02), and CVS symptom-like effects (P=.004).
Conclusions
Based on the study results, we suggested design implications to consider when designing computer-based interventions for CVS. The sophisticated design of the customization interface can make it possible for users to use the system more interactively, which can result in higher engagement in managing eye conditions. There are important technical challenges that still need to be addressed, but given the fact that this study was able to clarify the various factors related to computer-based interventions, the findings are expected to contribute greatly to the research of various computer-based intervention designs in the future.
... Eye symptoms and visual discomfort has been a computer work [20]. The prevalence of CVS among computer users is directly related to the number of hours spent in front of the computer [21]. ...
The prime focus of this work is to recognise and rank the ergonomics related disorders in online classes using Best Worst Method. A group discussion with online classes academicians, students and medical practitioners, biotechnology experts, sedentary computer users was performed to spot ergonomics related disorders in online classes. Total six ergonomics related disorders in online classes have been identified as Lower Back Pain, Computer Vision Syndrome, Mental Stress, Fatigue, Hypertension and Diabetes. These were compared using Best Worst Method to get ranked in terms of priorities. The results may be effectual for initiating adequate corrective actions to avoid ergonomic related disorders.
... 6 A national survey conducted in the United States showed that more than 14% of patients presented with vision-related symptoms which resulted from computer use. 7 CVS is a common illness among individuals who use computers continuously that strain eyes. 8 Many people face vision problems when they view a computer screen for long period of time. ...
Background:
Prolonged use of computers led users to risk of computer vision syndrome (CVS). CVS is one of the occupational health problems. The aim of this study was to assess CVS and associated factors among secretaries working in government ministry offices in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Materials and methods:
Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected using interviewer administered pretested structured questionnaire and ophthalmic examinations. A total of 455 secretaries were participated in the study. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied to investigate determinants associated with CVS. Variables with p-value <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results:
The prevalence of CVS among secretaries working in ministry offices in Addis Ababa was 68.8%. The main reported symptoms were blurred vision (36.9%), eye strain (32.1%), redness of the eye (27.3%) and headache (26.4%). Average monthly income (AOR=0.453, 95% CI: 0.235-0.874), habit of frequent voluntary blinking (AOR=0.313, 95% CI: 0.150-0.655), taking regular breaks between work (AOR=0.279, 95% CI: 0.078-0.996), using computer eye/glasses/spectacles (AOR=0.451, 95% CI: 0.245-0.830), sources of light at work place (AOR=0.009, 95% CI: 0.001-0.076), using an antiglare filter (AOR=0.216, 95% CI: 0.117-0.401) and knowledge (AOR=0.212,95% CI:0.115-0.389) were significantly associated with CVS.
Conclusion:
Prevalence of CVS among secretaries was high. Average monthly income, habit of voluntary blinking, taking regular break, using computer spectacles, sources of light at work place, using an antiglare filter and knowledge were significantly associated with CVS. The findings suggest the need for adjusting exposure time to computers and increase awareness on safety measures and regular eye screening.
... 5,6 In a national survey reported by Ophthalmologist it was stated that more than 14% of the patients had vision related symptoms. 7 The prevalence of eye straining symptoms among prolonged computer users were in a range of 25-93% as reported by surveys. 8 Very few research has been conducted so far on the effects of prolonged computer usage on Indian medical college students, so a preliminary survey for the medical students was planned and designed to assess their knowledge regarding computer vision syndrome. ...
... Nearly 45 million workers use computers by staring at the screen for hours continuously [6]. A survey study among American optometrists found that 14.25% of patients who visited optometry clinic were suffering primarily from symptoms associated with computer use [7]. Nowadays, university students including medical students are spending more time staring at the screen for studying and for research work. ...
Introduction. Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is “a complex of eye and vision problems related to near work experienced during computer use.” It is one of the rising health concerns related to technology (cell phones and tablets) due to continuous use of computers among students. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CVS, associated risk factors, and commonly associated symptoms and to assess the awareness and proper practice of using computers for studying. Methods. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 651 undergraduate medical students in King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. An electronic survey was conducted to collect the data. Data were analyzed using SPSS v21. The chi-square test (Fisher’s exact test when required) was used to study the significance of associations. P value
... Asthenopia, also known as eye fatigue and eye strain, is a common phenomenon [1,2] and is mostly associated with near vision tasks. In the last decade, there has been a resurgence of awareness and concern because the condition seems to be aggravated by computer use [3][4][5]. Rosenfield coined the term 'Computer Vision Syndrome' to describe the combination of eye and vision problems related to computer use [6]. Symptoms include tired eyes, blurred vision, ocular discomfort, and redness [7]. ...
Purpose
Accommodative micro-fluctuations (AMF) are small dioptric changes during accommodation. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare changes in AMF when wearing silicone hydrogel contact lenses of two different optical designs.
Methods
A multi-centre, randomised, cross-over, non-dispensing study was conducted on 68 adapted contact lens wearers aged 25–35 years to compare AMF responses to a spherical and aspheric silicone hydrogel (comfilcon A) lens designs. A Righton Speedy “i” series Auto Refractometer in accommodation analyser mode was utilized before and after reading a standard text in font size 8 on an iPhone 5 for 20 min at a 25 cm viewing distance. Phone screen brightness was set by automatic adjustment mode and ambient illumination was controlled at all sites.
Results
Mean ± SD AMF change from before to after the reading task was 2.25 ± 5.6 and 0.13 ± 5.7 (relative values) for the spherical and aspheric lens designs, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.017, Paired t-test).
Conclusions
The smaller change in AMF when using an aspheric lens design suggests reduced ciliary muscle stress when reading print on a smart phone at a close distance for short periods (20 min). Contact lens wearers who frequently use digital devices and are experiencing eye strain may benefit from switching from a spherical design to one that incorporates aspheric optics.
... La Sindrome da Visione al Computer (dall'acronimo anglosassone Computer Visual Syndrome -CVS) è definita come l'insieme di disturbi riguardanti gli occhi e la visione riferiti a seguito di un uso prolungato di computer, tablet, lettori elettronici o telefoni cellulari (3). Si riferisce a ciò che i soggetti utilizzatori di VDT lamentano come disturbi visivi quando la necessità dell'accomodazione/ messa a fuoco e la convergenza/fusione binoculare sono superiori alle loro capacità visive, con la conseguenza che gli occhi non sono in grado di mettere a fuoco un'immagine con precisione (27). Oltre alla sensazione oculare prodotta dalla diminuzione della frequenza e dell'ampiezza dell'ammiccamento (1), il lavoratore sente come se avesse sabbia negli occhi e ciò può causare bruciore o prurito, maggiore sensibilità alla luce e visione offuscata (1,32,33). ...
BACKGROUND
The original Spanish version of the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q©) is a validated instrument with good psychometric properties to measure the Computer Visual Syndrome (CVS) in workers exposed to video display terminals (VDT). The Italian version would facilitate research and its use in clinical practice the prevention of occupational hazards.
OBJECTIVE
To culturally translate and adapt the CVS-Q© into Italian.
METHODS
Study with 5 consecutive stages: Direct translation, Synthesis of translations, Retro-translation, Consolidation by a committee of experts and Pre-test. During the Pre-test, a cross-sectional pilot study was conducted on users of VDT (n=40) who completed the Italian version of the questionnaire. Socio-demographic information and exposure assessment to VDT was also collected, as well as on the difficulty to fill in the CVS-Q©.
RESULTS
The final version into Italian of the CVS-Q© was obtained. The totality of the sample considered that it didn't present difficulty in its completion and 90% confirmed that no improvement was needed; so that the 15% required to make changes was not reached. The mean age of participants was of 35.80±16.28 (20-65 years), 57.5% were women and 67.5% used VDT at work. A prevalence of CVS of 62.5% was observed.
CONCLUSION
The CVS-Q© can be considered a tool easy to understand and manage for measuring the CVS in the population exposed to VDT in Italy.
... The incidence is directly related to the number of hours spent in front of the computer or ''visual display terminal.'' In a survey, optometrists reported that 14.25% of their patients presented with symptoms primarily associated with use of the bright screens [6]. Radiologists stare at computer monitors that are larger in dimensions than personal computers. ...
Radiologists typically spend long hours staring at the computer monitor. This unavoidable nature of our work can lead to detrimental effects on the eyes. Moreover, there is little awareness among radiologists with regards to such potential harm. Ocular hazards, such as computer vision syndrome, are increasingly becoming more relevant to the radiology community. In this article, we discuss the ocular occupational hazards faced by radiologists and suggestions that may help in minimizing such hazards.
... Also very mild to mild redness in eyes and worse driving/ night vision after computer/laptop use was felt by the majority of the total respondents. A national survey by doctors of optometry found that more than 14% of their patients were present with eye or vision related symptoms resulting from computer work (Sheedy, 1992). The most common symptoms reported were eyestrain, headaches, blurred vision and, neck or shoulder pain. ...
Each year, thousands of individuals are diagnosed with an illness directly related to poorly designed workstations, and among these are Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). MSDs are the repeated trauma and deterioration of the tissues, joint, tendons, and nerves that affect the muscles and supporting structures of the body, caused by the work nature or by an employee’s working environment (Bernard 1997). The prevalence of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSD‘s) is increasing among Computer users throughout the world. Approximately 76% of Computer professionals from India reported musculoskeletal discomfort in various epidemiological studies. So, the present study was undertaken to study computer/laptop use pattern and knowledge of related ergonomic practices among students of Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, India and to assess the prevalence and magnitude of computer/laptop use related MSDs among students. 120 students pursuing post-graduation were selected randomly from the four different disciplines namely College of Agriculture, College of Agriculture Engineering and Technology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities and College of Home Science of PAU. Results revealed that majority of the respondents were in the age group of 26-27 years. They were using computer/laptop for 3-4 years, for 3-4 hours daily and they used to sit in bed while working on computer/laptop. Majority of the respondents had some knowledge about the importance of work behavior while using computer/laptop. Most of the total respondents felt pain in the neck (88.32%), lower back (75.00%), mid back (73.33%) and upper back (72.50%) while working on computer/laptop. Overall bodily fatigue or tiredness, shoulder or back pain/stiffness and headache during or after working on the computer were the major symptoms as reported by respondents
... However, after prolonged uses of these visual display units, the symptoms reported were eyestrain, tired eyes, headache, blurred vision, irritation, burning sensation, redness, double vision, neck pain, backache which might caused by combination of individual visual problems, poor workplace conditions and improper work habits [2][3] . On top of that, eye related symptoms reported as the most common health problem among VDT users [4][5][6] . ...
... Screens are recommended to be 10-20° below eye level, as higher than this position requires a chin up posture with resulting muscular strain on the trapezius and neck muscles. 28 If the viewing angle is greater there is an increase in blurred vision, because of the effect on the amplitude of accommodation. 27 An ideal downward gaze of 15° ...
Aim:
To determine the prevalence of computer vision syndrome (CVS) and ergonomic practices among students in the Faculty of Medical Sciences at The University of the West Indies (UWI), Jamaica.
Method:
A cross-sectional study was done with a self-administered questionnaire.
Results:
Four hundred and nine students participated; 78% were females. The mean age was 21.6 years. Neck pain (75.1%), eye strain (67%), shoulder pain (65.5%) and eye burn (61.9%) were the most common CVS symptoms. Dry eyes (26.2%), double vision (28.9%) and blurred vision (51.6%) were the least commonly experienced symptoms. Eye burning (P = .001), eye strain (P = .041) and neck pain (P = .023) were significantly related to level of viewing. Moderate eye burning (55.1%) and double vision (56%) occurred in those who used handheld devices (P = .001 and .007, respectively). Moderate blurred vision was reported in 52% who looked down at the device compared with 14.8% who held it at an angle. Severe eye strain occurred in 63% of those who looked down at a device compared with 21% who kept the device at eye level. Shoulder pain was not related to pattern of use.
Conclusion:
Ocular symptoms and neck pain were less likely if the device was held just below eye level. There is a high prevalence of Symptoms of CVS amongst university students which could be reduced, in particular neck pain and eye strain and burning, with improved ergonomic practices.
... The use of computers has been associated with a minor but temporary myopic shift of refraction as compared with typists who showed no change in refraction in a cross sectional study done by Saito et al. 19 All However, those subjects who suffer from under-corrected errors of refraction like myopia, astigmatism, presbyopia and so on are already prone to the development of computer-related eye stress. [21][22][23][24] Maintaining the same posture for a long period of time can contribute significantly to muscular problems like neck, back and shoulder pain. ...
Objectives:
The aim of this study was to assess the evidence and available literature on the clinical, pathogenetic, prognostic and therapeutic aspects of Computer vision syndrome.
Methods:
Information was collected from Medline, Embase & National Library of Medicine over the last 30 years up to March 2016. The bibliographies of relevant articles were searched for additional references.
Findings:
Patients with Computer vision syndrome present to a variety of different specialists, including General Practitioners, Neurologists, Stroke physicians and Ophthalmologists. While the condition is common, there is a poor awareness in the public and among health professionals.
Interpretations and implications:
Recognising this condition in the clinic or in emergency situations like the TIA clinic is crucial. The implications are potentially huge in view of the extensive and widespread use of computers and visual display units. Greater public awareness of Computer vision syndrome and education of health professionals is vital. Preventive strategies should form part of work place ergonomics routinely. Prompt and correct recognition is important to allow management and avoid unnecessary treatments.
... Visual fatigue is another criterion for display evaluation. Both prolonged repeated use of ocular muscles (Hsu & Wang, 2013) and accommodative response to similar focal distances (Young, 2004) can cause visual fatigue, resulting in headache and degraded reading task performance (Sheedy, 1992aSheedy, , 1992b). To measure visual fatigue, diverse measures are available including questionnaires (Benedetto et al., 2013; Li et al., 2012; Steenstra et al., 2009), CFF (Chi & Lin, 1998; Nahar et al., 2011), blinking duration and frequency (Zhang et al., 2015), EMG and EOG (Kaneko & Sakamoto, 2001), and pupil accommodation speed (Lee et al., 2009). ...
With more curved display products in the market and more exposure to such products, it is necessary to examine the effects of display curvature and task duration from the ergonomics perspective. The current study examined the effects of these two factors on visual performance, visual fatigue, visual discomfort, and display satisfaction during proofreading tasks. We incorporated five display curvatures (600R, 1140R, 2000R, 4000R, and flat) and five task durations (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min). Each of 50 individuals completed a 1-hr proofreading task at one of five display curvature conditions. The horizontal viewing distance was fixed at 600mm. Proofreading performance (speed and error rate), subjective visual fatigue [on ECQ (Eye Complaint Questionnaire)], physiological visual fatigue [CFF (Critical Fusion Frequency), blink duration, and blink frequency], visual discomfort (on VAS), and display satisfaction (on VAS) were measured. The highest mean proofreading speed was at 600R. The mean proofreading speed and error rate increased by 15.5% and 22.3%, respectively, over the 1-h task. The mean ECQ score and visual discomfort increased by 188.6% and 107.2% during 45 and 60 min of the task, respectively. The mean CFF and display satisfaction decreased by 0.49Hz and 11.2% during 15 and 15-45 min of the task. A polynomial regression model for subjective visual fatigue was developed (adjusted R2 = 0.6). These findings can be used when determining ergonomic display curvatures and predicting visual fatigue.
... It is well established that sustained computer viewing also causes symptoms of blurred vision and dry eye. 14,15 These have been attributed to the reduction of eye blinks due to visual and cognitive demands, and also possibly visuo-ocular fatigue associated with accommodative and vergence demands. Difficulties caused by wearing contact lenses therefore can be exacerbated by performing demanding sustained visual tasks on a computer display. ...
In reading, text difficulties increase the duration of eye fixation and the frequency of refixation and regression. The present article reviews previous attempts to quantify these effects based on the frequency of effect theory (FET), and links these effects to results from microstimulation of primate supplementary eye fields. Observed stimulation effects on the latency and frequency of visually-guided saccades depend on the onset time of electric current relative to target onset, and the strength of applied current. Resultant saccade delay was only observed for those made towards a highly predictive location ipsilateral to stimulated SEF sites. These findings are interpreted in the context of reading, where the detection of processing difficulty allows a suppression signal to supersede a forward saccade signal in a time race. This in turn permits a cognitively-based refixation/regression to be initiated in place of the suppressed forward saccade.
... Andererseits werden in zahlreichen Studien subjektive (Seh-)Beschwerden bei Bildschirmarbeit festgehalten, die sich jedoch oft nicht mit physiologischen Ursachen begründen lassen (vgl. Salibello/Nilsen, 1995;Sheedy, 1992;Jaschinski, 1996aJaschinski, , 1996bJaschinski, , 1999aJaschinski, , 1999b. Mangels eines objektiven kausalen Zusammenhangs werden die Symptome dann häufig individualisiert. ...
Im multimedialen Zeitalter ist der Arbeitsalltag zunehmend durch Bildschirmarbeit geprägt. Branchenübergreifend wächst die Zahl der Arbeitsplätze an Bildschirmgeräten und die Dauer der Bildschirmtätigkeit. Dabei werden die Informationsaufnahme auf das visuelle System gebündelt und gleichzeitig dem Individuum "unnatürliche" Sehmodalitäten abverlangt. Trotz einer Vielzahl geäußerter visueller Beschwerden, die mit diesem Wandel in der Arbeitswelt einhergehen, beschränken sich Untersuchungen zu deren Ursachen bzw. zu Veränderungen des Sehens zumeist auf die Sehleistung im Sinne der Sehschärfe sowie Veränderungen von statischen Größen der Konvergenz und Akkommodation. Messverfahren werden zunehmend technisiert und dabei wesentliche, auf organischer Funktion aufbauende Prozesse des Sehens, ausgegrenzt. Es liegen bislang nur sehr wenige Erkenntnisse zu den Einflüssen des Arbeitstyps Bildschirmarbeit auf andere Bereiche des Sehens vor, insbesondere wenn man sich loslöst von der rein physiologischen Disziplin. In Theorie und verschiedenen neueren Studien sind Ansätze erkennbar, die Praxis zeigt jedoch, wie auch das Beharren an den Bildschirmarbeitsplatz-Screening-Tests nach G 37 in der Arbeitsmedizin beweist, kaum Interesse. Ausgangspunkt und Anlass dieser Arbeit sind die von Böhle, Weishaupt, Hätscher-Rosenbauer und Fritscher (1998) in "Tätigkeitsbezogene Sehschulung – Ein zukunftsweisender Ansatz zur Förderung der Gesundheit bei visueller Beanspruchung am Arbeitsplatz" dargestellten neuen Erkenntnisse zur Vereinseitigung des Sehens aus dem vom BMBF/AuT geförderten Verbundvorhaben "Entwicklung von Methoden zur Identifikation visueller Ursachen arbeitsbedingter Gesundheitsrisiken und hierauf bezogener Präventionsstrategien im betrieblichen Gesundheitsschutz" (Förderkennzeichen 01 HP 594/9). Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, verschiedene Beschwerden der Bildschirmarbeit auf das visuelle System aus interdisziplinärer Perspektive zu beleuchten. Berücksichtigt werden dabei der Stand praktischer Überprüfungen nach G37, physiologische Erkenntnisse, Theorien der Verhaltensoptometrie, der Arbeitssoziologie und der Kognitionswissenschaften. Aufbauend auf diesen bestehenden Erkenntnissen und Theorien werden mögliche Veränderungen des Sehens bei Bildschirmarbeit dargestellt und in einer empirischen Querschnittsstudie (n=321) mittels schriftlicher Befragung und psychophysischen Messungen überprüft. Es werden arbeitsbedingte Veränderungen des Kontrast- und Farbsehens, Einschränkungen der peripheren Wahrnehmung und von flüssigen Blickbewegungen festgestellt. Weiterhin können Einflüsse der Bildschirmarbeit auf die Motilität (Anpassungsgeschwindigkeit) von Akkommodation und Konvergenz an ferne und nahe Objekte, das räumliche Sehen und Wahrnehmungspräferenzen aufgezeigt werden. Eine Korrelation der experimentellen Messungen mit erfragten subjektiven asthenopischen Beschwerden kann ebenfalls nachgewiesen werden. Wenn auch der standardisierte Screeningtest nach G 37 keine Auffälligkeiten erkennen lässt, so lassen sich trotzdem im Gruppenvergleich von Bildschirmarbeitern (SG=158) und Kontrollgruppen (KG1 "konventionelle Büroarbeit"=27; KG2 "Handwerk"=104; KG3 "Berufskraftfahrer"=32) statistisch signifikante Veränderungen des Sehens belegen. Auch die subjektive Beurteilung des Sehens bei Bildschirmarbeit weicht von der Einschätzung des Sehens bei anderen Arbeitsformen ab. Veränderungen des Sehens sind nicht nur vorübergehend – während und unmittelbar nach der Bildschirmarbeit – vorhanden: Auffälligkeiten des Sehens zeigen sich auch ohne unmittelbar vorausgehende Arbeitsbelastung. Diese Ergebnisse stellen Sehbeschwerden bei Bildschirmarbeit in ein neues Licht und liefern Ansätze für weitere (interdisziplinäre) Forschung sowie zur Entwicklung konkreter Handlungsempfehlungen für arbeitsorganisatorische und verhaltensorientierte Prävention und Kompensation.
... 81% of telephone operators wear glasses and 20% have a change in there glasses number. Many researchers (23,24,25) consider eye -related symptoms as more frequentlyoccurring health disorder among computer users (26). ...
Background: Telephone operators face unique occupational hazards – mental, physical and
psychosocial.
Material & Method: A sample 100 female telephone operators and from Dadar in Mumbai, and
Thane were surveyed by both qualitative and quantitative methods for the risk of above health
problems. Quantitative analysis of risk of work related musculoskeletal disorder was assessed
using RULA.
Results: A high proportion of 32% of telephone operators have RULA index of 4 and 27% have
RULA index of 3 representing Action Level 2 indicating that further investigations are needed and
modifications in their posture at workplace may be required. 19% of telephone operators
presented with RULA index 7 indicating that further investigations and changes are required
immediately. 10% of telephone operators presented with RULA index of 5 and 12% represented
with RULA index 6.
A large population of 81% of operators suffered from vision problems due to prolonged use of
computers, 51 % felt they were physically stressed, 27% complained of dry skin due to prolonged
use of air conditioner, 26 % had hearing problems due to prolonged use of head phones and on an
average only 25 % of the operators complained of Musculoskeletal problems. 23 % faced sleep
disturbances and associated mental stress and anxiety
Conclusion: Better personal management, health education andmore research is indicated to study
the health problems in this emerging occupation.
Key words:Telephone operators, musculoskeletal disorders (MSD’s) RULA, Mumbai
Background: The new normal era in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic has changed various
aspects of life, including teaching and learning activities in the education system. The increasing use
of gadgets such as laptops, cell phones while studying or working at home has an impact on
increasing health problems. Many people who work on laptops report high levels of complaints and workrelated
symptoms, including eyestrain or computer vision syndrome (CVS). Aims: The objective of
researchto determine the risk factors of CVS in the Mulawarman University academic community while
working from home. Settings and Design: This research is analytic observational with cross sectional
study of 746 theUniversity of Mulawarman academic community consisting of lecturers, education
staff, and students. Methods and Material: Data collection using an online questionnaire by google
form. This study was conducted among 746 respondents in Mulawarman University. All the
respondents were asked to confirm informed consent to participate in the study. Statistical analysis
used: Data were analyzed using statistic program. The binar logistic registration test was used to
study the significance of influences. Results: The risk factors for the incidence of CVS in the
Mulawarman University academic community are influenced by monitor distance, illumination level,
eye disorders and sex, while the use of air conditioner is a protective factor for CVS incidence.
Conclusions: The Mulawarman University academic community has a risk of CVS incidence.
Keywords: Computer Vision Syndrome, Covid-19, University academic community, Workplace
Digital display use has been accepted to be implicated as a contributing factor for dry eye disease (DED). Abnormal blinking during computer operation, including a reduced blink rate and an incomplete eyelid closure, increased palpebral fissure as consequence of high visualization angles, and meibomian gland dysfunction associated to long-term display use, are behind the increased prevalence of dry eye signs and symptoms found in digital display users. Previous research reveals significant reductions in tear volume and stability, alterations in tear film composition, including increased osmolarity, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers and reduced mucin secretion, eyelid abnormalities and ocular surface damage, encompassing corneal and conjunctival staining and bulbar redness, as a direct consequence of digital display use. In this regard, individual differences in the way that the various digital displays are typically set up and used may account for differences in their effects on induced dryness signs and symptoms. Furthermore, factors such as the use of contact lenses or inappropriate working environments, usually accompanying the use of displays, may significantly increase the prevalence and the severity of induced dry eye. Other factors, such as old age and female gender are also relevant in the appearance of associated alterations. Finally, clinicians should adopt a treatment strategy based on a multidirectional approach, with various treatments being applied in conjunction.
Purpose:
Previous reports indicate that "eye fatigue" occurs in roughly 60 % of the adult population using digital devices and may negatively impact quality of life. However, the construct of eye fatigue remains poorly understood. The goal of this study was to quantify the relationship among symptoms most frequently associated with eye fatigue in those using digital devices.
Methods:
Six hundred and two soft contact lens (SCL) wearers and 127 non-contact lens (non-CL) wearers who reported using digital devices at least 4 hours per day completed a questionnaire assessing the frequency and severity of ten symptoms commonly associated with digital device-related eye fatigue. Subjective ratings were made separately for each symptom using unipolar, five-point Likert scales.
Results:
From the initial pool of respondents, 89 % of the SCL wearers reported experiencing eye fatigue more than once per month, while over 60 % reported more than once per week. Notably, eye fatigue frequency did not differ between the soft contact and non-contact lens groups. Although eye strain/pain, dryness, and tired eyes were the most frequently endorsed symptoms by both groups, only dryness and eye irritation were significant factors that discriminated the SCL from the non-CL wearers on the basis of frequency and severity. Principal component analysis indicated that eye strain/pain, soreness, tired eyes, and headaches may comprise a "primary sensations" factor, whereas burning, eye irritation, tearing and dryness comprise a "secondary or surface sensations" factor, and blurred/double vision and words move/float comprise a "visual sensations" factor. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of frequency and severity ratings for SCL wearers yielded excellent fits (RMSEA = 0.046 and 0.050, respectively) with construct reliabilities ranging from 0.729 to 0.824.
Conclusion:
Frequent and severe eye fatigue is highly prevalent among both soft contact lens and non-contact lens wearers. Those utilizing SCL do not experience symptoms at higher frequency or severity. Key descriptors of digital eye fatigue have been identified and may then be used to help identify and evaluate specific causative, palliative, or ameliorating factors.
Technological development is characterised by a series of related phenomena – digitalisation, informatisation, robotisation, and globalisation – resulting in continuous and essential adaptations of human brain and behaviour. These adaptations have awaken the interest of numerous disciplines, but their systematic study, actually, is missing. In the present paper, along with the list of several adaptation fields and examples, the establishing of a new science is suggested – epharmology (from the Greek epharmozein = to adapt) which might be able to comprehensively approach the gathering and analysis of data from various observations and sources and, based on discerning between wishful and unwishful adaptations, which could exert influence upon legislation and education reform.
The aim of the study was to analyze the effects that gadgets have on eyesight quality (also known as Computer Vision Syndrome). A Questionnaire & survey study was conducted on Ashad,2075 on 46 students, with a mean age of 25.13 years( with standard deviation 1.50) from Central Department of CSIT TU.
The Students Characteristic is observed. A questionnaire was also distributed, which contained 8 questions that highlighted the gadget’s impact on the eyesight. The use of different gadgets, such as TV, computer, laptops, projectors, mobile phones or other displays become part of our everyday life and people experience a variety of ocular symptoms or vision problems related to these.
Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) represents a group of visual and extra ocular symptoms associated with sustained use of visual display terminals. Eye Strain, Dry Eye, and Red Eye are the most frequent manifestations determined by the long time use of gadgets.
Television, Mobile phones and laptops are the most frequently used gadgets. People who use gadgets for a long time in a day have more CVS symptoms than that who use less. A small amount of refractive errors (especially myopic shift) was objectively obtained by this study on near work. Dry eye syndrome could also be identified, and an improvement of visual comfort could be observed after the instillation of artificial tears drops.
Computer Vision Syndrome is still under-diagnosed, and people should be made aware of the bad effects the prolonged use of gadgets has on eyesight. The prevalence of symptoms of CVS (one or more) was found to be 80.4%; the most disturbing symptom was Eyestrain (15.2%) followed by Tired Eye (13.2%). Students who used VDT Display Gadgets for more than 4 hours per day experienced significantly more symptoms of CVS.
Average hours using Computer as well as mobiles using per day, wearing eyeglass & Using preventive Measures, were significantly associated with present of CVS While CVS symptoms were not associated with Gender, Duration of wearing Eyeglass and duration (years) of using Electronic gadgets.
Background:
Computer users frequently complain about problems with seeing and functioning of the eyes. Asthenopia is a term generally used to describe symptoms related to (prolonged) use of the eyes like ocular fatigue, headache, pain or aching around the eyes, and burning and itchiness of the eyelids. The prevalence of asthenopia during or after work on a computer ranges from 46.3% to 68.5%. Uncorrected or under-corrected refractive error can contribute to the development of asthenopia. A refractive error is an error in the focusing of light by the eye and can lead to reduced visual acuity. There are various possibilities for optical correction of refractive errors including eyeglasses, contact lenses and refractive surgery.
Objectives:
To examine the evidence on the effectiveness, safety and applicability of optical correction of refractive error for reducing and preventing eye symptoms in computer users.
Search methods:
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); PubMed; Embase; Web of Science; and OSH update, all to 20 December 2017. Additionally, we searched trial registries and checked references of included studies.
Selection criteria:
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomised trials of interventions evaluating optical correction for computer workers with refractive error for preventing or treating asthenopia and their effect on health related quality of life.
Data collection and analysis:
Two authors independently assessed study eligibility and risk of bias, and extracted data. Where appropriate, we combined studies in a meta-analysis.
Main results:
We included eight studies with 381 participants. Three were parallel group RCTs, three were cross-over RCTs and two were quasi-randomised cross-over trials. All studies evaluated eyeglasses, there were no studies that evaluated contact lenses or surgery. Seven studies evaluated computer glasses with at least one focal area for the distance of the computer screen with or without additional focal areas in presbyopic persons. Six studies compared computer glasses to other types of glasses; and one study compared them to an ergonomic workplace assessment. The eighth study compared optimal correction of refractive error with the actual spectacle correction in use. Two studies evaluated computer glasses in persons with asthenopia but for the others the glasses were offered to all workers regardless of symptoms. The risk of bias was unclear in five, high in two and low in one study. Asthenopia was measured as eyestrain or a summary score of symptoms but there were no studies on health-related quality of life. Adverse events were measured as headache, nausea or dizziness. Median asthenopia scores at baseline were about 30% of the maximum possible score.Progressive computer glasses versus monofocal glassesOne study found no considerable difference in asthenopia between various progressive computer glasses and monofocal computer glasses after one-year follow-up (mean difference (MD) change scores 0.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) -5.0 to 5.4 on a 100 mm VAS scale, low quality evidence). For headache the results were in favour of progressive glasses.Progressive computer glasses with an intermediate focus in the upper part of the glasses versus other glassesIn two studies progressive computer glasses with intermediate focus led to a small decrease in asthenopia symptoms (SMD -0.49, 95% CI -0.75 to -0.23, low-quality evidence) but not in headache score in the short-term compared to general purpose progressive glasses. There were similar small decreases in dizziness. At medium term follow-up, in one study the effect size was not statistically significant (SMD -0.64, 95% CI -1.40 to 0.12). The study did not assess adverse events.Another study found no considerable difference in asthenopia between progressive computer glasses and monofocal computer glasses after one-year follow-up (MD change scores 1.44, 95% CI -6.95 to 9.83 on a 100 mm VAS scale, very low quality evidence). For headache the results were inconsistent.Progressive computer glasses with far-distance focus in the upper part of the glasses versus other glassesOne study found no considerable difference in number of persons with asthenopia between progressive computer glasses with far-distance focus and bifocal computer glasses after four weeks' follow-up (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.40 to 2.50, very low quality evidence). The number of persons with headache, nausea and dizziness was also not different between groups.Another study found no considerable difference in asthenopia between progressive computer glasses with far-distance focus and monofocal computer glasses after one-year follow-up (MD change scores -1.79, 95% CI -11.60 to 8.02 on a 100 mm VAS scale, very low quality evidence). The effects on headaches were inconsistent.One study found no difference between progressive far-distance focus computer glasses and trifocal glasses in effect on eyestrain severity (MD -0.50, 95% CI -1.07 to 0.07, very low quality evidence) or on eyestrain frequency (MD -0.75, 95% CI -1.61 to 0.11, very low quality evidence).Progressive computer glasses versus ergonomic assessment with habitual (computer) glassesOne study found that computer glasses optimised for individual needs reduced asthenopia sum score more than an ergonomic assessment and habitual (computer) glasses (MD -8.9, 95% CI -16.47 to -1.33, scale 0 to 140, very low quality evidence) but there was no effect on the frequency of eyestrain (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.38 to 3.11, very low quality evidence).We rated the quality of the evidence as low or very low due to risk of bias in the included studies, inconsistency in the results and imprecision.
Authors' conclusions:
There is low to very low quality evidence that providing computer users with progressive computer glasses does not lead to a considerable decrease in problems with the eyes or headaches compared to other computer glasses. Progressive computer glasses might be slightly better than progressive glasses for daily use in the short term but not in the intermediate term and there is no data on long-term follow-up. The quality of the evidence is low or very low and therefore we are uncertain about this conclusion. Larger studies with several hundreds of participants are needed with proper randomisation, validated outcome measurement methods, and longer follow-up of at least one year to improve the quality of the evidence.
Interferometría para optómetras: técnicas de diagnóstico ocular no invasión para uso en clínica
Computer and visual display terminals have become an essential part of modern lifestyle. The use of these devices has made our life simple in household work as well as in offices. However the prolonged use of these devices is not without any complication. Computer and visual display terminals syndrome is a constellation of symptoms ocular as well as extraocular associated with prolonged use of visual display terminals. This syndrome is gaining importance in this modern era because of the widespread use of technologies in day-to-day life. It is associated with asthenopic symptoms, visual blurring, dry eyes, musculoskeletal symptoms such as neck pain, back pain, shoulder pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, psychosocial factors, venous thromboembolism, shoulder tendonitis, and elbow epicondylitis. Proper identification of symptoms and causative factors are necessary for the accurate diagnosis and management. This article focuses on the various aspects of the computer vision display terminals syndrome described in the previous literature. Further research is needed for the better understanding of the complex pathophysiology and management.
We investigated pupil abnormalities of the near response in children with the "Visual Display Terminal" (VDT) syndrome. Children that use VDTs might experience many of the same visual symptoms that are seen in adults. There were 378 normal junior high school students enrolled in the study and all students answered a questionnaire related to their VDT usage. A total of 213 of the students underwent basic eye examinations and measurements of their near response, which was determined by a TrilRIS C9000. Normal waveforms of the near response were analyzed as follows: 1 Pupil constriction ratio (PCR)=(initial pupil size-maximum constricted pupil size)/initial pupil size x 100), 2 Amount of convergence (AOC)=center of the pupil position at the farthest target distance-center of the pupil position at the nearest target distance, and 3 Pupil asthenia ratio (PAR)=(initial pupil size-final pupil size)/initial pupil size x 100). All of the subjects (100%) were using various VDT devices. Values for the normal AOC, PCR and PAR were 2.6±0.6 mm, 47.7±10.8% and 12.4±13.15% (mean±standard deviation), with the proportion of the number of subjects showing abnormal scores being 26.5%, 27.2% and 21.7%, respectively. Analysis by a chi-square test indicated there was no significant difference between the normal and abnormal PAR related to the VDT usage. A high prevalence of abnormalities in the AOC, PCR and PAR in children should be considered to be a serious condition. Abnormal pupillary response to near stimulation may reflect changes in the autonomic nervous system. Further research on this syndrome in children needs to be undertaken.
Background:
Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a collection of symptoms related to prolonged work at a computer display.
Objective:
This article reviews the current knowledge about the symptoms, related factors and treatment modalities for CVS.
Methods:
Relevant literature on CVS published during the past 65 years was analyzed.
Results:
Symptoms reported by computer users are classified into internal ocular symptoms (strain and ache), external ocular symptoms (dryness, irritation, burning), visual symptoms (blur, double vision) and musculoskeletal symptoms (neck and shoulder pain). The major factors associated with CVS are either environmental (improper lighting, display position and viewing distance) and/or dependent on the user's visual abilities (uncorrected refractive error, oculomotor disorders and tear film abnormalities).
Conclusion:
Although the factors associated with CVS have been identified the physiological mechanisms that underlie CVS are not completely understood. Additionally, advances in technology have led to the increased use of hand-held devices, which might impose somewhat different visual challenges compared to desktop displays. Further research is required to better understand the physiological mechanisms underlying CVS and symptoms associated with the use of hand-held and stereoscopic displays.
The most widespread problem in computer use today is not carpal tunnel syndrome, nor is it those nagging
problems of the upper back, neck, or shoulders. According to the National Institute of Occupational
Health and Safety (NIOSH), The number one cause of high levels of fatigue, errors at work and lost
days of production is eye strain. NIOSH studies indicate that if you work at a computer for more than 3
hours a day, you may be among the 88 percent who suffer from eyestrain. Our Nation has moved from
a manufacturing society to an information society, computer vision syndrome has become a workplace
concern specially among library fraternity. While prolonged computer use will not damage vision, it can
make you uncomfortable and decrease productivity and efficiency.
Keywords: Computer vision syndrome, Eyes, Library professionals health, Vision Deficits, Eye and
vision problems, Visual Fatigue syndrome, Computers fatigue, Library professionals.
Purpose: purchasing status and understanding trends of Functional progressive addtions lenses buyers', Correlation analysis of the Binocular Function value to determine ADD then can be apply sales and prescriptions. Methods: Years 2011 to 2014, 298 patients who were prescribed functional progressive lenses were analysed based on the prescription data and SPSS (Ver. 20.0) was treated using the statistics. Results: Results: The average age of our customers are 27.66?11.55 years, average addition power is 0.73?0.36D, customers are using take a prescription of ADD 0.75?0.28D was the highest 44.33% to 132 people. Near point of convergence of 276 people (92.62%) was mostly less than 10 cm, and near point of accommodation of 134 people (44.97%) was also below 10 cm, within 11~15 cm were 122 people (40.94%). Most of people were within normal range in terms of Near point of convergence and near point of accommodation, near point of accommodation tend to be longer than Near point of convergence. As you can see this result shows most of customers need extra help in their near point of accommodation instead of they are leak at it. FCC (Fused cross cylinder) check Value and ADD (addition power) tests showed that the value of a strong correlation (p=0.00), NPC and NPA were also p=0.001, the correlation of the NPC and ADD is p=0.003, In addition, NPA and ADD also showed a significant correlations (p=0.005). Near Point of Accommodation, negative relative accommodation, and positive relative accommodation are all significantly correlated (p=0.00). The short distance-related variables of the ADD which are NPC, NPA, Age, also appeared to side correlate significantly with each other. Conclusion: Binocular function values of the subjects were highly correlated with each other so precise examination is required. when Age young people are working at short distance, low ADD values was prescribed for solving discomfort. So, in the case of early presbyopia, accommodative insufficiency, or people feel fatigue when they often working at near although their accommodation function is normal, when functional progressive lenses are prescribed, expectation of this should be exactly notified.
Purpose: The accommodative response and the near horizontal phoria were examined with additional spherical power to analyze the stimulus and response AC/A ratios that suggest reference data for the binocular vision. Methods: The open-field autorefractometer (Nvision-K 5001, Shin nippon) and modified thorington method (MIM card; Muscle Imbalance Measure card, Bernell) at 40 cm were utilized to measure the accommodative response and the near horizontal phoria for 81 persons (20.89?1.92 years old) with additional spherical power. The stimulus and the response AC/A ratios were calculated by gradient AC/A method. Results: The exophoria group showed the highest accommodative response (1.92?0.26D) at 40 cm, followed by orthophoria group and esophoria group(1.72?0.26D and 1.62?0.42D, respectively) Meanwhile, the esophoria group showed the biggest ocular deviation for the near (23.24{\Delta}) followed by the orthophoria group and exophoria group (19.76{\Delta} and 15.14{\Delta}, respectively). The biggest difference of the stimulus and the response AC/A ratios was 1.72{\Delta} for the exophoria group with -2.00 D, while the one was 3.43{\Delta} for the esophoria group with +1.00 D. There was a significant difference between AC/A ratios for the exophoria group with -2.00 D, -1.00 D and the esophoria group with +3.00 D, +2.00D, +1.00D and -1.00D. Conclusions: The difference between stimulus and response AC/A was greater when increased minus spherical power for the exophoria group, while it was greater when increased plus spherical power for the esophoria group. Furthermore, the difference for the esophoria group was a greater than the one for the exophoria group.
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