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Applying QR code in augmented reality applications
Abstract
In this paper we present an augmented reality (AR) application based on the QR Code. The system can extract the information embedded in a QR Code and show the information in an extended 3D form with the QR Code being the traditional AR marker. Traditional AR systems often use a particularly designed pattern (the marker) to recover the 3D scene structure and identify the object to be displayed on the scene. In these systems, the marker is used only for tracking and identification. They do not convey any other information. Consequently, the applications of these systems are limited and often a registration procedure is required for a new marker. QR Code has the advantage of large information capacity and is similar to an AR marker in appearance. Thus, more interesting and useful applications can be developed by combining the QR Code with the traditional AR system. In this paper, we combine these two techniques to develop a product demo system. A QR Code is pasted on the package of a product and then a 3D virtual object is displayed on the QR Code. This system allows the customer to visualize the product via a more direct and interactive way. Our system demonstrates the success of using QR Code as the AR marker to a particular application and we believe it can bring more convenient to our life in the future.
... We generate the QR codes for each dish using an online QR generator https://me-qr.com/. QR code-based AR uses a QR code as a trigger for augmenting the 3D model in the real world (Kan et al., 2009). QR codes are 2D matrix barcodes with a distinctive design, as shown in Figure 4. ...
... Therefore, we chose to utilize QR because it does not have the limitation of displaying only a specific amount of information as it has the ability to access remote repositories. The comparison made by Kan et al. (2009) between QR codes and fiducial markers has been given in Table 1. ...
... It also adds the image target into the Unity database. Therefore, we establish the image marker, which in our case are the QR QR code structure (Kan et al., 2009) Artificial Intelligence and Applications Vol. 1 Iss. 1 2023 codes, using the Vuforia Development Portal. It is used to generate a licensing key for our AR application and add our image target to a database. ...
The food industry is becoming competitive on a daily basis and introducing newer cuisines to the menu in an attempt to rise up the ladder. But they still are not being able to improve their performances because customers often only have the waiters to describe the dishes to them and thus, most of the time results in not fulfilling their expectations. Thus, to allow the customers to visualize their orders more informatively, this paper presents an android application that overlays digital three-dimensional (3D) food models onto a quick responsible (QR) code image marker on a food menu using augmented reality (AR) technology through the camera of the system. Moreover, the price and a detailed list of the ingredients used to prepare the dish, along with the nutritional and calorie content, will also appear beside the 3D food model to keep the customers completely informed of what they will be ordering. This work focused on designing the 3D food models in the Blender 3D tool, which were then imported into the Unity 3D application with the Vuforia software development kit preinstalled, and Figma has been utilized for designing the user interface of the system. The study’s outcome is an AR application that provides the customer with a more engaging approach to visualize the dishes in 3D form, which can improve customer sales and restaurant loyalty.
... Based on this technique, the data content of a QR tag can be encoded and decoded efficiently. Therefore, more and more research has tried to combine mobile AR with QR codes [17,18]. For example, Ken et al. [17] applied QR code as an AR-based marker to track the angle of the QR Code and its positioning coordinates and mapped 3D virtual objects to the QR marker. ...
... Therefore, more and more research has tried to combine mobile AR with QR codes [17,18]. For example, Ken et al. [17] applied QR code as an AR-based marker to track the angle of the QR Code and its positioning coordinates and mapped 3D virtual objects to the QR marker. VisionLens [18] also utilized a similar concept, establishing a QR Code for each product. ...
... Unfortunately, current AR schemes [17][18][19][20][21][22] align the same virtual object with the same marker. The AR system thus considers all users with the same maker the same role. ...
The augmented reality (AR) system requires markers to recognize and locate virtual objects on the screens of mobile devices. However, both markers and objects must be registered via the online platform in advance. In addition, an AR marker can only pair with a fixed set of virtual objects, limiting the flexibility and immediacy of changing and updating these data. This paper incorporates the quick response barcode (QR code) into the AR system to address these issues. We propose an algorithm with two vital goals, including (1) generating differentiated virtual objects for different target users by using only one QR code as the marker and (2) concealing different private authentication in QR modules by applying the error correction capability. We then demonstrate the proposed approach via a simulation of two practical scenarios, the electronic catalogs for business applications, and differentiated instructional materials for digital learning. This paper contributes to AR and QR code research and practices.
... O QR code é um código de barras bidimensional criado em 1994 por uma empresa de origem japonesa. O QR significa Quick Response, pois o código pode ser interpretado rapidamente, mesmo com imagens de baixa resolução, feitas por câmeras digitais em formato VGA (Video Graphics Adapter), que é um padrão de vídeo similar ao dos celulares (REGATTIERI et al, 2007;KAN et al, 2009). Esses códigos possuem a capacidade de armazenar o maior número de dados sobre o produto oferecido, permitindo ao consumidor obter informações mais precisas a respeito desse produto (CHAVES, 2009). ...
... O uso de QR code como um código de barras inteligente é eficaz, uma vez que possui alta velocidade de leitura com precisão e funcionalidade, permitindo, além do recall, o arquivamento de novos dados à medida que sua leitura é realizada ao longo da cadeia de produção. Logo, é possível arquivar informações de lote, validade e características do produto, bem como data de saída e entrada em um estabelecimento comercial (KAN et al., 2009). No Brasil, desde 2007, algumas empresas passaram a adotar o QR code. ...
Nas últimas décadas, a aquicultura, em especial a piscicultura marinha, tem experimentado um grande crescimento em todo o mundo. No Brasil, embora haja registros antigos da criação de peixes marinhos na região Nordeste, a atividade atualmente não contribui significativamente com a produção de pescado. Durante muitos anos, os esforços de pesquisa e desenvolvimento no Brasil estiveram direcionados às tainhas (Mugil spp.), ao robalo-peva (Centropomus parallelus) e ao linguado (Paralichthys orbignyanus), as quais, infelizmente, ainda não alcançaram um patamar de produção comercial. Com o desenvolvimento da tecnologia de criação e consequentemente da produção em larga escala do beijupirá (Rachycentron canadum) na Ásia, alguns produtores nacionais passaram a considerar essa espécie nativa do Brasil, inclusive com várias iniciativas de produção nas regiões Nordeste e Sudeste. A despeito do potencial do beijupirá, os estudos científicos sobre a biologia e aquicultura dessa espécie ainda eram escassos no Brasil. Cientes dessa realidade, este livro representa o esforço de uma equipe de pesquisadores de disponibilizar o conhecimento científico e tecnológico adquirido durante as atividades da Rede de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Piscicultura Marinha – REPIMAR, que contou com o apoio financeiro do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), do então Ministério da Aquicultura e Pesca (MPA), do Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia – MCT, do Fundo Setorial do Agronegócio – CT/Agronegócio e da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA). Este livro é, portanto, fruto do esforço dos pesquisadores ligados à REPIMAR, uma rede formada em 2007 com o propósito de apoiar o desenvolvimento sustentável da piscicultura marinha com foco no aprimoramento dos sistemas de produção do beijupirá. Em um primeiro momento, a REPIMAR esteve composta por pesquisadores da UFRPE, UFPE, UFRB, USP, FIPERJ, UFLA, UFSC, FURG, Instituto de Pesca – SP e EMBRAPA. Posteriormente, colegas da UFPI, UFAL, UFMT, UFPR, UFT, UNIR, IFPB, Redemar Alevinos e CSIRO (Austrália) também passaram a colaborar. Na concepção desse livro optamos por não nos limitarmos unicamente aos estudos desenvolvidos no âmbito da REPIMAR, mas também incorporar noções básicas relativas à biologia e às tecnologias de produção desse peixe em cativeiro como pano de fundo para o leitor não familiarizado com tais temas, além de estudos desenvolvidos por colegas paralelamente às ações da REPIMAR. Outros aspectos igualmente importantes para a sustentabilidade da atividade foram abordados. Entre estes destacamos os capítulos que tratam de impactos ambientais, sanidade, viabilidade econômica, variabilidade genética, tecnologias de abate, aproveitamento de subprodutos, rastreabilidade, desenvolvimento de embalagens e mercado. Esta certamente não é uma obra definitiva, mas um primeiro passo no sentido de disponibilizar, em um só volume e em português, noções sobre a biologia e as tecnologias de produção do beijupirá. À medida que mais tempo e recursos forem dedicados na solução dos problemas existentes, e em outros que certamente surgirão, as tecnologias, sistemas e as noções aqui apresentadas e discutidas terão que ser modificadas e aperfeiçoadas.
... It was originally designed to support automotive production lines. However, as mentioned by Kan, Teng, and Chen [34], the widespread use of mobile devices extended the use of QR Codes to many business areas, such as trade, retail, marketing, logistics, education, tourism, entertainment, etc. [35][36][37][38][39]. Furthermore, Tiwari argued that as consumers feel increasingly more attached to their smartphones and carry them at all times, including when they go shopping, marketers will generate new ideas and methods to better reach consumers [40]. ...
... Similar frequencies and percentages are observed in terms of gender and educational level between the above samples. Younger respondents (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) participated in the 2nd questionnaire, more specifically, 34% versus 20.5%. In the first stage, female respondents were more likely to be university graduates (x2 (1) = 14.016, p < 0.01) and to be in the age group ...
Today, consumers consider food packaging to be as equally important as a product brand. In addition, the increase in smartphone usage by consumers has led marketers to design new forms of packaging. Among the latest marketing trends, smart packaging with the use of QR Codes is emerging as one of the most promising technologies to enhance the information provided to consumers and influence their buying behavior. This study evaluates the use of a QR Code on bottled milk and more specifically on milk produced by one of the most well-known “boutique” Greek dairy producers. It consists of two phases. In the first one, data was gathered from 537 consumers of the product to capture and analyze their (i) buying behavior, (ii) perception of the product’s package, and (iii) knowledge about the product. In the second phase, a Quick Response (QR) Code was placed on the bottle’s label. Consumers who scanned it were linked to a web page containing information on the product. A total of 308 from the 537 initial respondents scanned the code, accessed the site, and answered the second questionnaire. Similar to the first stage, (i) the consumers’ buying behavior, (ii) their perception of the product’s package, and (iii) their knowledge about the product were examined, following their visit to the above-mentioned website through the QR Code. The objective was to evaluate the use of web applications using enriched text information. The results show that a QR Code on the packaging of food products, which directs consumers to entertaining and enriched content, results in an increased level of usage intention. Moreover, they proved that comprehension and self-confidence are higher with the adoption of the QR Code. In addition, the use of QR Codes enables businesses to provide timely and accurate information and positively influence consumers′ buying behavior.
... Thus, the use of TAM aspects with benefits and innovativeness related to this system will be understood via attitude and, finally, its adoption of QR code payments. Denso Wave company developed the QR code two-dimensional bar code system for mobile payments (Kan, Teng, & Chou, 2009). The practice of the QR code services is'nt limited to transactions but it has expanded in different usages such as navigation system (Y.-C. ...
... Thus, employing new technology is one way to do it. The use of QR code payments during the shopping experience can help the companies and the consumers for fast and safe transactions (Kan et al., 2009; H. C. Lai et al., 2013). Thus, the managers of the companies can use QR code payments in the Pakistani context and make the payment method more effective. ...
Consumers tend to find ways that are beneficial and useful for them during a shopping experience. They use different methods, either online or offline, for a more considerable retail experience. Thus, the use of a particular technology when it accessible, useful, beneficial, and innovative may help them progress a certain attitude. The practice of the theory of acceptance model(TAM) proved to be right in this context of embracing of QR code transaction method. This kind of payment system is still relatively new in the Pakistani environment, but this, with the current research framework, it shows that consumers are willing to adopt it. Thus, CINN, PBN, PEU, PUF, and attitude proved to be suitable variables for the adoption of this technology
... Artificial markers are printed and attached to the locations [1]. Some examples of artificial markers are dot-based markers [61], QR code markers [62][63], circular markers [64], square markers [65], and alphabetic combination markers [65]. Due to fiducial marker use in the environment, and the fact that these markers are distinguishable in the environment (physical world), the marker-based tracking approach is very robust with high accuracy [66][67][68]. ...
... Artificial markers are printed and attached to the locations [1]. Some examples of artificial markers are dot-based markers [61], QR code markers [62,63], circular markers [64], square markers [65], and alphabetic combination markers [65]. Due to fiducial marker use in the environment, and the fact that these markers are distinguishable in the environment (physical world), the marker-based tracking approach is very robust with high accuracy [66][67][68]. ...
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In this paper, we propose a position and orientation approach that reduces the image transformation phenomena in advance (i.e., process modification). Thus, this approach which integrates with image matching techniques that have limitations dealing with image transformation (i.e., result modification) could be valuable. The advantage of this approach is that it is not dependent on scene features, and therefore it can be used in situations where the features in a scene change or when extremely image transformations occur. This approach can be used as a supplementary approach to assist the feature-based methods.
Abstract
Image matching techniques offer valuable opportunities for the construction industry. Image matching, a fundamental process in computer vision, is required for different purposes such as object and scene recognition, video data mining, reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) objects, etc. During the image matching process, two images that are randomly (i.e., from different position and orientation) captured from a scene are compared using image matching algorithms in order to identify their similarity. However, this process is very complex and error prone, because pictures that are randomly captured from a scene vary in viewpoints. Therefore, some main features in images such as position, orientation, and scale of objects are transformed. Sometimes, these image matching algorithms cannot correctly identify the similarity between these images. Logically, if these features remain unchanged during the picture capturing process, then image transformations are reduced, similarity increases, and consequently, the chances of algorithms successfully conducting the image matching process increase. One way to improve these chances is to hold the camera at a fixed viewpoint. However, in messy, dusty, and temporary locations such as construction sites, holding the camera at a fixed viewpoint is not always feasible. Is there any way to repeat and retrieve the camera’s viewpoints during different captures at locations such as construction sites? This study developed and evaluated an orientation and positioning approach that decreased the variation in camera viewpoints and image transformation on construction sites. The results showed that images captured while using this approach had less image transformation in contrast to images not captured using this approach.
... In order to provide tight registration of data onto objects in a scene, it is most common for markers to be employed. Innumerable visual tagging strategies have been investigated in both academia and industry (e.g., retroreflective stickers, barcodes, ARToolKit markers [15], ARTags [7], AprilTag [31], QR Codes [14], and ArUco markers [29]). ...
... For example, ARTags [15] use black-and-white 2D patterns that allow conventional cameras to read a data payload and also estimate 3D position/orientation of the tag. Other popular schemes include QR Codes [14], April Tags [31] and ArUco markers [29]. These printed tags are highly visible, and thus often obtrusive to the visual design of objects. ...
Augmented reality requires precise and instant overlay of digital information onto everyday objects. We present our work on LightAnchors, a new method for displaying spatially-anchored data. We take advantage of pervasive point lights - such as LEDs and light bulbs - for both in-view anchoring and data transmission. These lights are blinked at high speed to encode data. We built a proof-of-concept ap-plication that runs on iOS without any hardware or software modifications. We also ran a study to characterize the performance of LightAnchors and built eleven example demos to highlight the potential of our approach.
... Thus, they provide students and tourists with an enjoyable experience and a desire to visit museums regularly by using 2D QR codes, mobile phones, and a built-in camera. Kan et al. (2009) specified that numerous details and 3D representations of images and objects can be found in QR codes. Therefore, it is not essential to directly scan a camera facing a QR code to access information. ...
... Marker-based links can be printed and attached to surfaces [34]. Some examples of marker-based links are dot-based markers [35], QR code markers [36,37], circular markers [38], square markers [39], and alphabetic combination markers [39]. A fiducial marker like a QR code could effectively connect the information available in the electronic channel to the physical channel. ...
... By scanning the QR code that is pasted on the printed scientific material, a 3D virtual object is displayed in the real world. This system allows learners to visualize and interact with educational content directly through AR technology [71]. ...
AR technology allows users to interact with virtual objects in real-world settings. Immersive AR experiences can enhance creativity and possibilities. Learners can explore real-life situations in a safe, controlled environment, understand abstract concepts and solve problems. This study investigates whether AR-codes affect boxing beginners’ performance in some fundamental defensive techniques. An experimental and control group were created to implement a quasi-experimental design. By using the ASSURE instructional design model, AR technology was incorporated into the educational program and delivered in flipped classroom method to the experimental group. Comparatively, the control group is taught a program using a teacher’s command style. A post-measurement of defensive boxing skills was conducted for both groups. Participants were 60 boxing beginners aged 12 to 14 who had enrolled in Port Fouad Sports Club’s 2023/2024 training season in Port Said, Egypt. Randomly, participants were divided into control and experimental groups. They were homogenized and equivalent in terms of age, height, weight, IQ, physical fitness, and skill level. According to the study results, the experimental group performed better in post-measurements than the control group. The AR Codes technology had a large effect size on the learning of boxing defensive skills under study. Consequently, it is necessary to use AR Codes technology as an educational resource to enhance the learning process, integrate it with active learning strategies, and use it to teach defensive boxing skills and apply them to offensive and counterattack skills, thereby improving the learning process.
... These patterns mainly incorporate vital characteristics of the image, such as the version format, decoding direction, and the start and end points of decoding [17]. Typically, a QR code can be categorized into four levels in terms of error correction, level L (7%), level M (15%), level Q (20%), and level H (30%) [18], which have pivotal roles in the repair and recognition of a QR code that has been subjected to light damage. ...
The advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) has enhanced the extensive usage of QR code images in various computer vision applications. Nonetheless, this has also brought forth several technical challenges. In particular, the logistics sorting system often encounters issues such as a low recognition rate and slow processing speed when dealing with QR code images under complex lighting conditions like uneven illumination. To address these difficulties, a method that focuses on achieving a fast adaptive binarization of QR code images through dynamic illumination equalization was proposed. First, an algorithm based on edge enhancement to obtain the position detection patterns within QR code images was applied, which enabled the acquisition of structural features in uneven illumination. Subsequently, QR code images with complex lighting conditions can achieve a fast adaptive binarization through dynamic illumination equalization. As for method validation, the experiments were performed on the two datasets that include QR code images influenced by strong light, weak light, and different shadow degrees. The results disclosed the benefits of the proposed method compared to the previous approaches; it produced superior recognition rates of 78.26–98.75% in various cases through commonly used decoders (Wechat and Zxing), with a faster processing speed of 0.0164 s/image, making it a proper method to satisfy real-time requirements in practical applications, such as a logistics sorting system.
... Marker-based links can be printed and attached to surfaces [56]. Some examples of marker-based links are dot-based markers [57], QR code markers [58,59], circular markers [60], square markers [61], and alphabetic combination markers [61]. ...
Traditional methods of delivering construction information, relying on paper-based shop drawings, specifications , and verbal instructions, often lead to increased mental workload, error rates, and difficulties in accessing information. This raises the question of how the traditional approach to accessing design and construction information on construction sites can be improved to address these issues. This paper describes a hybrid approach known as AR-QR code, which aims to enhance the conventional paper-based method of accessing such information using the power of Augmented Reality (AR). The research methodology involved: process mapping, prototype development, and evaluation. The evaluation results revealed that professionals expressed confidence in the potential of the AR-QR code approach to alleviate the limitations associated with traditional methods at construction sites. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights into the need for a hybrid approach that preserves the advantages of traditional methods while avoiding their drawbacks.
... For AR to be comparable with digital and robotic fabrication methods, accurate alignment between virtual models and the real world is essential [10]. The four most prevalent methods for experiencing AR are location-based, projection-based, marker-less, and marker-based AR [22]. Location-based AR relies on GPS to superimpose digital content onto the physical world. ...
In recent years, the utilization of Augmented-Reality (AR) within the construction industry has increased. However, high-precision applications such as glulam beam fabrication require tolerances of less than 2 mm, which is smaller than what current AR workflows can offer. This research investigates the use of QR-Code Markers on glulam beams to encode additional positional data in the environment to better interpolate between the physical space, the glulam beam, and the headset. The objective is to understand the effects of Marker placement, size, and frequency on the accuracy of AR projection for glulam fabrication. This paper describes the AR workflow, the effects of Markers, and the framework of the Twinbuild software for drift correction in large-scale AR applications. The method can achieve an average tolerance as low as 0.97 mm when Markers are placed in 1.25 ft. increments along the beam edge. The research demonstrates the viability of AR for high-precision fabrication applications.
... QR (quick response) code technology is free-of-charge information technology. The company that invented it did not patent it to make this technology available to everyone (Kan, et al., 2009). Today, QR codes are everywhere. ...
The purpose of this study is to explain restaurant patrons’ behavioral intentions toward QR code menu utilization in restaurant servicescapes (restaurant-scapes) under pandemic constraints. The study consists of 844 participants from the U.S.and employs multivariate analyses. With only five direct determinants without interaction terms, our proposed model performed better in explaining the error variance (62%) in behavioral intentions over and beyond the extant models of technology acceptance – the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology model (UTAUT henceforth) and UTAUT2, both of which explain only 35% and 44% respectively. Our findings indicate the importance of an overlooked construct (Trialability) in a consumer context, particularly in servicescapes, and a contextual construct (hygiene) in explaining the intention to accept technology under the conditions originated by environmental factors (COVID-19). Technology acceptance models are middle-level theories attempting to explain behavioral intentions toward technology adoption, not general theories aiming to explain broad human behavior. This means that the extension of these theoretical models is necessary for particular contexts. Thus, contextual factors originating from environmental conditions (e.g. COVID-19) have a critical role in explaining behavioral intentions toward particular technology adoption. In a consumer context, acceptance of technology adoption is assumed as voluntary/quasi-voluntary. Therefore, practitioners should ensure that the purpose of technology adoption is obvious to customers. Additionally, first-time users, particularly, may need to receive assistance with operating the technology in restaurant-scapes.
... QR codes have been applied in publicity campaigns, advertisements, product promotions, item identification, etc but the randomized black and white patterns make them unattractive. Multiple applications [1][2][3][4][5] and due to the widespread use of QR codes in the industry, there is a need for beautification of QR codes. Beautification of QR codes is to embed an image or a poster on the original QR code to make them visually better. ...
... Among the diferent types of planar markers used in AR, Figure 2 presents typical examples, including shaped-based markers such as squares (ARTag [66], ARToolKit [134]), circles (Intersense [170], RUNE-tag [32]), and pervasive point lights (e.g., LEDs or light bulbs) to spatially-anchor data (LightAnchors [5]). Planar patterns, such as QR codes [116] are good at encoding information. However, they do not function well in certain MAR situations, such as when there are large ields of view and when perspectives are distorted [66]. ...
Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) integrates computer-generated virtual objects with physical environments for mobile devices. MAR systems enable users to interact with MAR devices, such as smartphones and head-worn wearables, and perform seamless transitions from the physical world to a mixed world with digital entities. These MAR systems support user experiences using MAR devices to provide universal access to digital content. Over the past 20 years, several MAR systems have been developed, however, the studies and design of MAR frameworks have not yet been systematically reviewed from the perspective of user-centric design. This article presents the first effort of surveying existing MAR frameworks (count: 37) and further discuss the latest studies on MAR through a top-down approach: (1) MAR applications; (2) MAR visualisation techniques adaptive to user mobility and contexts; (3) systematic evaluation of MAR frameworks, including supported platforms and corresponding features such as tracking, feature extraction, and sensing capabilities; and (4) underlying machine learning approaches supporting intelligent operations within MAR systems. Finally, we summarise the development of emerging research fields and the current state-of-the-art, and discuss the important open challenges and possible theoretical and technical directions. This survey aims to benefit both researchers and MAR system developers alike.
... In other words, the augmented reality system when scanning the fiducial marker could run a series of queries to the server system and depending on the outcome produce a different object that was dependent upon the current state of being at the fiducial marker. For example, the London Tube (2013) There is a special type of fiducial marker that is being used to increase the amount of data that can be embedded within a single marker, and that is the quick response or QR code (figure 2.5) (Kan, Teng, and Chou, 2009). The QR code is not in itself a fiducial marker, but rather they have been used as them; similar to the sense that every square is a rectangle but not every rectangle is a square. ...
By understanding the effects that augmented reality could have on the archaeological process, archaeologists can have a better understanding on where the technology can best be applied to the field. There have been a few recent advancements with AR as an archaeological tool but unfortunately that is where the information ends, the impact of these advancements has not been assessed. By taking an archaeological standard tool, the boat plan, and enhancing it with Augmented Reality capabilities some of the inherent downsides of the boat plan can be addressed as well as adding a new dimension of data within the same paper space. By doing this we can link multiple forms of meta-data directly to the object in question.
The goal of this study is to investigate the impact that augmented reality has on the typical use of a boat plan. This will be done by using multiple groups in a controlled environment with different tools allotted to each group to complete a series of tasks and questions that represent the typical usage of a boat plan. By monitoring the groups and deriving relationships from the interactions we can begin to investigate the impact augmented reality will have on the archaeological process.<br/
... QR code images were used to enable successful detection and tracking. This is because some studies in the literature have shown that when QR codes are used in imagebased AR applications, they can be more easily tracked by imaging systems (Kan, Teng & Chou, 2009;Walsh, 2010). So, a free QR -code generator was used to create a custom QR -marker for each AR -application to be used in the experiment. ...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Augmented Reality (AR) intervention on students' spatial skills and academic achievement. The study was conducted in a freshman technical drawing course at Mechanical Engineering Department. An exploratory quasi-experimental method was used for the study. The study was conducted in two groups (Experiment-Control) as a quasi-experimental pre-post design. The pre-test results were used only to determine the control group and the experimental group. The research process was conducted within a four-week experimental period, including a one-week pilot study. The researchers and lecturers who are recognised experts prepared the instruments. The drawings of the experimental and control groups were evaluated using the evaluation criteria prepared by the two expert lecturers of the course. In the evaluation, two types of scores were given to the students, namely "Academic Achievement Score" and "Spatial Ability Score". Using ANOVA, the effects of AR intervention on students' spatial skills and academic performance were examined over three experimental periods. There was a significant main effect for both groups with a large effect size (η2=.253). However, it was found that there was no significant effect between the control group and the experimental group on spatial skills. However, it was found that there was a significant interaction effect providing the interaction between time and group on spatial abilities. In addition, no statistically significant difference was found between the academic performance of the experimental group and the control group and no significant difference was found in the weekly measurements of the groups. It was suggested that AR applications are very useful for students' spatial skills in technical drawing.
... Afterwards the AR tool will automatically identify the sensor with its respective ID. The method of QR-ID pairing enables filtering the relevant data coming from the database, providing only the information that corresponds to the sensor selected by the inspector (Kan et al., 2009;Mascarenas et al., 2019). ...
Wireless Smart Sensors (WSS) process field data and inform structural engineers and owners about the infrastructure health and safety. In bridge engineering, inspectors make decisions using objective data from each bridge. They decide about repairs and replacements and prioritize the maintenance of certain structure elements on the basis of changes in displacements under loads. However, access to displacement information in the field and in real-time remains a challenge. Displacement data provided by WSS in the field undergoes additional processing and is seen at a different location by an inspector and a sensor specialist. When the data is shared and streamed to the field inspector, there is a inter-dependence between inspectors, sensor specialists, and infrastructure owners, which limits the actionability of the data related to the bridge condition. If inspectors were able to see structural displacements in real-time at the locations of interest, they could conduct additional observations, which would create a new, information-based, decision-making reality in the field. This paper develops a new, human-centered interface that provides inspectors with real-time access to actionable structural data (real-time displacements under loads) during inspection and monitoring enhanced by Augmented Reality (AR). It summarizes the development and validation of the new human-infrastructure interface and evaluates its efficiency through laboratory experiments. The experiments demonstrate that the interface accurately estimates dynamic displacements in comparison with the laser. Using this new AR interface tool, inspectors can observe and compare displacement data, share it across space and time, and visualize displacements in time history.
... Some of these fiducial markers (Figure 12), such as QR codes (quick response codes) and Maxi codes since the late 90s, are commonly considered to be two-dimensional cryptograms or barcodes that redirect to other databases and programs, typically online, activating multimedia information or applications. In the last decade, they have also been used in AR [120]. An AR code is usually a QR code with a marker that redirects the user to the AR web app or mobile app. ...
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This article proposes an AR overview in Architecture, highlighting the main methodological steps in the AEC and educational fields, encouraging a unified view of a fragmented subject towards a democratization of AR in the domain.
Abstract
Augmented reality (AR) allows the real and digital worlds to converge and overlap in a new way of observation and understanding. The architectural field can significantly benefit from AR applications, due to their systemic complexity in terms of knowledge and process management. Global interest and many research challenges are focused on this field, thanks to the conjunction of technological and algorithmic developments from one side, and the massive digitization of built data. A significant quantity of research in the AEC and educational fields describes this state of the art. Moreover, it is a very fragmented domain, in which specific advances or case studies are often described without considering the complexity of the whole development process. The article illustrates the entire AR pipeline development in architecture, from the conceptual phase to its application, highlighting each step’s specific aspects. This storytelling aims to provide a general overview to a non-expert, deepening the topic and stimulating a democratization process. The aware and extended use of AR in multiple areas of application can lead a new way forward for environmental understanding, bridging the gap between real and virtual space in an innovative perception of architecture.
... However, there are still many challenging issues that are waiting to be discovered and improved in AR related fields. One of the major difficulties is that there are several AR markers on the market, each with its own unique encoded information algorithm [13][14][15][16][17], such as template (Figure 4a), bar-code (Figure 4b) or pictorial bar-code (Figure 4c) markers. They usually require the users to modify their original material contents in some way, either partially or completely. ...
Augmented reality is one of the fastest growing fields, receiving increased funding for the last few years as people realise the potential benefits of rendering virtual information in the real world. Most of today’s augmented reality marker-based applications use local feature detection and tracking techniques. The disadvantage of applying these techniques is that the markers must be modified to match the unique classified algorithms or they suffer from low detection accuracy. Machine learning is an ideal solution to overcome the current drawbacks of image processing in augmented reality applications. However, traditional data annotation requires extensive time and labour, as it is usually done manually. This study incorporates machine learning to detect and track augmented reality marker targets in an application using deep neural networks. We firstly implement the auto-generated dataset tool, which is used for the machine learning dataset preparation. The final iOS prototype application incorporates object detection, object tracking and augmented reality. The machine learning model is trained to recognise the differences between targets using one of YOLO’s most well-known object detection methods. The final product makes use of a valuable toolkit for developing augmented reality applications called ARKit.
... Among the diferent types of planar markers used in AR, Figure 2 presents typical examples, including shaped-based markers such as squares (ARTag [66], ARToolKit [134]), circles (Intersense [170], RUNE-tag [32]), and pervasive point lights (e.g., LEDs or light bulbs) to spatially-anchor data (LightAnchors [5]). Planar patterns, such as QR codes [116] are good at encoding information. However, they do not function well in certain MAR situations, such as when there are large ields of view and when perspectives are distorted [66]. ...
Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) integrates computer-generated virtual objects with physical environments for mobile devices. MAR systems enable users to interact with MAR devices, such as smartphones and head-worn wearables, and performs seamless transitions from the physical world to a mixed world with digital entities. These MAR systems support user experiences by using MAR devices to provide universal accessibility to digital contents. Over the past 20 years, a number of MAR systems have been developed, however, the studies and design of MAR frameworks have not yet been systematically reviewed from the perspective of user-centric design. This article presents the first effort of surveying existing MAR frameworks (count: 37) and further discusses the latest studies on MAR through a top-down approach: 1) MAR applications; 2) MAR visualisation techniques adaptive to user mobility and contexts; 3) systematic evaluation of MAR frameworks including supported platforms and corresponding features such as tracking, feature extraction plus sensing capabilities; and 4) underlying machine learning approaches supporting intelligent operations within MAR systems. Finally, we summarise the development of emerging research fields, current state-of-the-art, and discuss the important open challenges and possible theoretical and technical directions. This survey aims to benefit both researchers and MAR system developers alike.
... These applications include retailing, healthcare, life sciences, transportation, office automation, marketing, and advertising [19]. The QR code can transmit information through a print-scan channel [19]- [21] and display the information in the forms of numeric and alphabetic characters, kanji, kana, hiragana, symbols, binary, and control [22]. QR code is very similar to matrix barcode [23], [24], however, the data stored in a QR code is much higher. ...
Advertisement on products or services can be found in many forms; video, banners, pamphlets, etc. However, these advertisements only function as a one-way communication as consumers are only presented with the product information and the seller. Further action on purchasing the product is absent or is to be made separately. Such an approach may not guarantee a sale for the seller as the customer may only retrieve the information of the product but purchase it elsewhere. Hence, this study demonstrates the use of QR code technology not only in marketing but also in e-commerce. The technology is realized in "On the GoShop" mobile application that has two types of users: seller and buyer. Sellers are people who wanted to promote their product and/or services while buyers are the ones who have a desire to purchase. An evaluation study on the acceptance of the mobile application was then performed on a total of 50 respondents and it is learned that the proposed e-commerce application is well accepted. Ninety percent of the respondents agree with the usefulness of the application and are looking forward to using the application in daily routines. The use of QR code technology not only facilitates consumer in purchasing their desired product but also contribute to cost-effective marketing.
... Though black and white colors are the most used for AR markers, other colors can also be used as long as there is a distinct contrast making them easily recognizable by cameras [4], [6]. ...
The Cape Flats Nature Reserve, situated in the Western Cape, South Africa provides refuge to over 200 plant species, many endemic to the Western Cape. As part of the reserve’s recreational activities, scheduled guided tours are offered to the public. The tours focus on the ecological importance and educational aspect of the reserve. A complete tour usually takes more than an hour. Due to the lack of trained tour guides and its strenuous nature, tours are only offered once daily. This has been identified as a challenge by the management of the nature reserve. In this paper a solution to the challenge using an augmented reality mobile application is proposed. The application allows visitors to experience the nature reserve in their own time without a guide. Augmented reality markers are placed at points of interest around the reserve. These in conjunction with the mobile application provide information about plants thereby mimicking actual tour guides. Outlines for the design and development of this self-guided tour application and the results of user acceptance and unit tests are provided in this paper.
... The use of markers for tracking AR has been used for the past two decades. [53][54][55] A type of unique barcode is used in the real environment to be able to be identified by the AR device. The marker is used for estimating the object distance, pose estimation, head tilt, and orientation. ...
Decaying infrastructure maintenance cost allocation depends heavily on accurate and safe inspection in the field. New tools to conduct inspections can assist in prioritizing investments in maintenance and repairs. The industrial revolution termed as “Industry 4.0” is based on the intelligence of machines working with humans in a collaborative workspace. Contrarily, infrastructure management has relied on the human for making day-to-day decisions. New emerging technologies can assist during infrastructure inspections, to quantify structural condition with more objective data. However, today’s owners agree in trusting the inspector’s decision in the field over data collected with sensors. If data collected in the field is accessible during the inspections, the inspector decisions can be improved with sensors. New research opportunities in the human–infrastructure interface would allow researchers to improve the human awareness of their surrounding environment during inspections. This article studies the role of Augmented Reality (AR) technology as a tool to increase human awareness of infrastructure in their inspection work. The domains of interest of this research include both infrastructure inspections (emphasis on the collection of data of structures to inform management decisions) and emergency management (focus on the data collection of the environment to inform human actions). This article describes the use of a head-mounted device to access real-time data and information during their field inspection. The authors leverage the use of low-cost smart sensors and QR code scanners integrated with Augmented Reality applications for augmented human interface with the physical environment. This article presents a novel interface architecture for developing Augmented Reality–enabled inspection to assist the inspector’s workflow in conducting infrastructure inspection works with two new applications and summarizes the results from various experiments. The main contributions of this work to computer-aided community are enabling inspectors to visualize data files from database and real-time data access using an Augmented Reality environment.
... Moisoiu et al. [3] used the QR technology to facilitate users to accomplish multi-purpose activities and tasks with Google Glass or any mobile device via Android. Kan et al. [14] used the QR codes in augmented reality, he proposed a system that uses QR to extract information stored in the QR and displays the information in 3D graphics. ...
Due to the growing number of articles and the everincreasing
number of information provided by them, the process
of extracting important information needed by a researcher
requires a lot of time and effort. In this research, we propose a
system that uses QR codes to retrieve key data from articles, so
that researchers can obtain information with less time and effort
compared to traditional ways of searching and reading. This
smart and fast searching approach can be done by placing QR
codes on articles with high storage ratio. The QR code contains
key information about the article such as paper title, keywords,
place and date of publication, evaluation and other basic information
needed by researchers. The system implemented and
designed as Android smart phone application with easy-to-use
interface.
... Smartphones became popular used devices in everyday life, so QR code (Quick Response Code) has become a popular way for acquiring information of specific object/event in our daily life and different applications (Kan et al., 2009;Anezaki et al., 2011;Erol et al., 2007;Haisler et al., 2010;Nikolaos and Kiyoshi, 2010). ...
Purpose
Android mobile phones are usually used in everyday life. QR (quick response) codes are one of the smart and interesting technologies to convey information fast and accurately through smartphones. So printing QR codes on different textiles by inkjet method concerns specific people, such as with Autism, and Down syndrome, deaf and dumb children and also people having Alzheimer’s disease, who do not have the ability to communicate to others properly; these people cannot know, express or remember information about their selves. So printing QR codes in their clothes can help improve their lives.
Design/methodology/approach
In this study, different factors affecting QR codes scanability on fabrics were examined to clarify optimum conditions of recognition and readability. This paper examines different factors as QR Code different resolutions, sizes and lighting conditions. Different weave structures were also used. A questionnaire was done in a deaf and dumb school, for clarifying how QR codes can improve communication to some extent with others, especially those who do not realize sign language. In this study, different factors affecting QR codes’ scanability on fabrics were examined to clarify the optimum conditions of recognition and readability. This paper examines different factors as QR Code different resolutions, sizes and lighting conditions. Different weave structures were also used. A questionnaire was done in deaf and dumb school, to clarifying how QR codes can improve communication to some extent with others who especially do not realize sign language.
Findings
The finding of this study can provide basic data for future researches on QR codes printing on textiles. The effect of weave structure on QR code reading is obvious, as code reading time consumed in the plain fabric is more than that required in a twill structure. This economical method can enhance wearer life, especially for some cases as deaf and dumb cases.
Originality/value
These creative functions will surprise users and motivate them to scan the Codes. Increasing utility of QR codes in the textile and clothing field, give sustainability to the wearer clothes and accessories.
... A receiver equipped with camera image sensors captures the screen to decode the information. Screen-camera communications can be used for various wireless applications, such as inter/intra vehicle communications [8], near field communications [9], [10], and augmented reality [11]. The use of screen and camera can form so-called multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems in which optical transmissions by an array of light-emitting devices are received by an array of photo-detector elements. ...
Screen-camera communications, using a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen and camera image sensors, have been attractive variants of visible light communications (VLC) since any external light-emitting modules and photo detectors are required for recent mobile devices, which are usually equipped with display and camera. A major issue in screen-camera communications is a performance loss in transmission rate due to nonlinear channel impairments with ambient noise. To improve transmission rates, we investigate the impact of nonlinear channel equalization, nonbinary channel coding, probabilistic shaping, and nonlinear precoding for high-order modulation schemes. Experimental evaluations using an LCD screen and camera demonstrate that our proposed scheme achieves
times higher transmission rates compared to existing schemes for a communication distance of
cm.
... A receiver equipped with camera image sensors captures the screen to decode the digital information. Screen-camera communications can be used for various wireless applications, such as inter/intra vehicle communications [7], near field communications [8], [9], and augmented reality (AR) [10]. ...
Simultaneous screen-to-camera and screen-to-eye communications, i.e., watermarking, have been proposed in visible light communications. The main purpose of such communications is to provide many data bits for camera devices and visual information for human eyes by using a common displayed image. To this end, the existing studies leverage the capability discrepancy and distinctive features between the human vision system and camera devices. However, the existing techniques mainly require high refresh rates in both screen and camera devices to achieve better throughput while keeping high visual quality. In this paper, we propose a novel transmission scheme for efficient simultaneous screen-to-camera and screen-to-eye communications without a need of high refresh rates. Specifically, we use deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN)-based watermark encoder and decoder to embed many bits into high-quality images, and then to maximize throughput from the bit-embedded image. With end-to-end adversarial learning, the encoder networks learn a mapping function to embed digital data into an original image based on a perceptual loss function while the decoder networks also learn a mapping function from the bit-embedded image to the data bits based on a cross-entropy loss function. From the evaluations, we show that the proposed watermark encoding and decoding networks yield high throughput from the bit-embedded images compared with a simple DCNN-based watermarking. In addition, the bit-embedded images on the screen achieve high quality for human perception.
QR codes are increasingly used in a plurality of scenarios, and research activities are being successfully carried out to improve this technology and widen its contexts of applicability. After an extensive survey of the state-of-the-art on the subject, this work presents the new, promising possibility to embed a programming language in a QR code. This new kind of executable QR codes, we named eQR codes, enable interaction with end users even in the absence of an Internet connection, and provide a sort of IoT paradigm where intelligence is embedded in the object tag in the form of a program. Among all the possible languages that can be embedded, this work focuses on a powerful but compact (in terms of QR code storage occupation) dialect, termed QRtree, which is aimed at implementing decision trees. The eQR code technology makes a new class of applications possible, e.g., providing hints for navigation or instructions for using rescue devices in places with no network coverage like mountains and caves. Smart interactive user manuals are enabled as well. Besides defining the QRtree language and eQR code structure, this paper describes all the steps needed to generate eQR codes and to manage their execution in end-user devices. A simple yet realistic example and the related code are also presented, to practically show how this technology can be used to solve real-world problems. For the example, the QRtree version of the code takes 234B, less than one-half the size of an equivalent program in Python bytecode (634B).
COVID-19 pandemisi ve devamındaki dönemde birçok sektörde olduğu gibi yiyecek içecek sektöründe de temassız teknolojilerin kullanımı artış göstermiştir. İşletmelerin altyapı yatırımlarının da bu çerçevede şekillendiği görülmektedir. QR kod menü uygulaması bu durumun en somut örneklerinden biridir. Özellikle, dijital dönüşüm ve akıllı uygulamaların hayatımızın her alanına yayılması ile birlikte kullanımı daha da yaygınlaşmıştır. Bu araştırma, QR kod menülerin potansiyelini ortaya koymayı ve geleceğe yönelik menü stratejileri geliştirmede işletmelere yol gösterici olmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma verileri, sistematik derleme yöntemi kullanılarak; elde edilen bulgular ise hem müşteri hem de işletme perspektifini kapsayacak şekilde SWOT analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Eski neslin uyum problemleri ve altyapı sorunları gibi kısıtlı sayıda tehdit unsuruna rağmen, güçlü yanlar ve sunduğu olanaklar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda zayıf yönlerin irdelenerek QR kod menülerin pazarlama, müşteri ile doğru iletişim ve operasyon verimliliği açısından işlevselliğinin artırılması gerekliliği, çalışmanın dikkat çekici bulguları arasındadır.
Anahtar kelimeler: QR Kod Menü, Yiyecek İçecek İşletmeleri, SWOT Analizi
The increasing number of objects in ubiquitous computing environments creates a need for effective object detection and identification mechanisms that permit users to intuitively initiate interactions with these objects. While multiple approaches to such object detection -- including through visual object detection, fiducial markers, relative localization, or absolute spatial referencing -- are available, each of these suffers from drawbacks that limit their applicability. In this paper, we propose ODIF, an architecture that permits the fusion of object situation information from such heterogeneous sources and that remains vertically and horizontally modular to allow extending and upgrading systems that are constructed accordingly. We furthermore present BLEARVIS, a prototype system that builds on the proposed architecture and integrates computer-vision (CV) based object detection with radio-frequency (RF) angle of arrival (AoA) estimation to identify BLE-tagged objects. In our system, the front camera of a Mixed Reality (MR) head-mounted display (HMD) provides a live image stream to a vision-based object detection module, while an antenna array that is mounted on the HMD collects AoA information from ambient devices. In this way, BLEARVIS is able to differentiate between visually identical objects in the same environment and can provide an MR overlay of information (data and controls) that relates to them. We include experimental evaluations of both, the CV-based object detection and the RF-based AoA estimation, and discuss the applicability of the combined RF and CV pipelines in different ubiquitous computing scenarios. This research can form a starting point to spawn the integration of diverse object detection, identification, and interaction approaches that function across the electromagnetic spectrum, and beyond.
AR and VR technologies hold significant potential for enhancing learning by creating captivating and interactive environments. AR overlays digital information onto the real world, while VR generates fully simulated settings, offering realistic scenarios and simulations that are challenging to replicate physically. This improves engagement and information retention. Furthermore, AR and VR personalize learning experiences based on individual needs and styles, and they facilitate collaborative learning by connecting students across locations, fostering communication and exposure to diverse perspectives. The integration of AR and VR in education can revolutionize the learning process, making it interactive, engaging, and effective. As advancements continue and accessibility increases, we can expect more innovative and impactful applications of AR and VR in enriching learning experiences.KeywordsAugmented RealityARLearningVirtual RealityVREducation
Wireless smart sensors (WSS) process field data and inform inspectors about the infrastructure health and safety. In bridge engineering, inspectors need reliable data about changes in displacements under loads to make correct decisions about repairs and replacements. Access to displacement information in the field and in real-time remains a challenge as inspectors do not see the data in real time. Displacement data from WSS in the field undergoes additional processing and is seen at a different location. If inspectors were able to see structural displacements in real-time at the locations of interest, they could conduct additional observations, creating a new, information-based, decision-making reality in the field. This paper develops a new, human-centered interface that provides inspectors with real-time access to actionable structural data during inspection and monitoring enhanced by augmented reality (AR). It summarizes and evaluates the development and validation of the new human-infrastructure interface in laboratory experiments. The experiments demonstrate that the interface that processes all calculations in the AR device accurately estimates dynamic displacements in comparison with the laser. Using this new AR interface tool, inspectors can observe and compare displacement data, share it across space and time, visualize displacements in time history, and understand structural deflection more accurately through a displacement time history visualization.
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought a sudden and widespread reorganization of public spaces, underpinned by digital technologies. The impromptu, ad hoc and collective character of this reorganization of shared places for social interactions echoes traditional practices of placemaking otherwise advocated for liveable cities, now applied to the new—physical, virtual and, increasingly, hybrid—public spaces people started to inhabit. In this article, I define the notion of ‘augmented placemaking’, referring to a particularly new form of digital placemaking, unleashed by the pandemic. First, I identify key new scenarios for the design of urban interfaces that emerged or gained impetus in response to COVID-19. Following that, I synthesize a model for augmented placemaking based on emerging topologies, discussing the opportunities and challenges they posed, and their potential to inform future HCI. I then conclude by proposing guidelines to inform the design process of augmented placemaking initiatives going forward.
Categories and subject descriptors: cities; pervasive computing; smart cities
This paper proposes a novel hybrid parallel algorithm with multiple improved strategies. The whole population is divided into three subpopulations and each sub-population executes butterfly optimization algorithm, grey wolf optimization algorithm, and marine predator algorithm respectively. Meanwhile, they share information through three different communication strategies. And in order to improve the performance of the algorithm, the text uses the cubic chaotic mapping mechanism in the initialization stage. At the same time, the idea of adaptive parameter strategy is also introduced, so that some hyperparameters are changed along with the iteration. The results show that the algorithm can provide very competitive results, and is superior to the best algorithm in the literature on most test functions.
QR codes provide potential opportunities to improve interaction in different areas of application. Even so, this technology has been utilised in punctual and specific standalone applications, being barely applied to broader contexts, such as the educational one, where different scenarios can be considered to take advantage of the same QR-code approach. In this paper, key issues for the development of applications that utilise QR codes to improve sharing and availability of resources are presented, specifically focusing on improving interaction and acceptance. In this way, a holistic approach has been developed where the system is aimed at improving the interaction between educators and students. On the one hand, educators use a web interface to manage educational resources and announcements and automatically generate QR codes. On the other hand, students scan those QR codes using a mobile device, obtaining updated information related to their lectures. This scenario has been evaluated by educators and students, obtaining good results in terms of acceptance, cognitive burden, and overall usability. The approach provides development clues and the evaluation method that can be applied to different contexts, thus representing a generalisable solution.
QR code widely used as an url to link to a website or data that contains the essential text to fetch. Its nearly a decade has been used in day today life on products. An idea about re-inventing the qr code in such a way that making files in transformation of base64 (code text)which then formatted to a pattern of qr code which enables qr code has the content of the file. Now when a person scans the QR(Quick Response) code without the interaction with the internet he gets the app or the file in his device. While in this if the scanner of the app has the predefined AR(Augmented reality) object which helps the today's world to make an advertisable mode for attracting customers. Like adding a predefined cube with rotating animation. Now the user just has to add text on what side has to be placed. so image code just has to contain the text on which side and what speed the cube to rotate. By this a new way already defined library holding in decoder or scanner app helps the user interaction and content delivery easily. In this adding color QR code which gives the possibility to explore more data into it .
With the rapid development of mobile payment and scanning technology, QR code has become widespread in both consumer and enterprise domains. However, there is the lack of corresponding research on detecting QR code in panoramic video due to the lack of high-quality datasets. To fill this gap, in this work we propose a large-scale panoramic QR code dataset to facilitate relevant research. Our dataset includes the following characteristics: (1) It is by far the largest dataset in terms of image quantity. (2) Compared with the existing datasets, ours is closer to the realistic setting and can derive a variety of research problems. In addition to the dataset, we propose a QR code detecting approach in a complex environment based on deep learning improving accuracy of QR code detection.
This article introduces a novel approach for embedding 3D models in offline physical environments using quick response (QR) codes. Unlike conventional methods, we consider settings where 3D models cannot be retrieved from a remote server. Our method involves generating octree models from voxelized 3D models and storing them in QR codes using a space-efficient data structure. This allows storing 3D models that are both intelligible and purposeful on standard QR codes while addressing the major storage constraint that is present in offline situations. Furthermore, we explore 3D convolutional neural networks (CNN) and autoencoders (AE) to compress 3D models with high resolutions where using octrees alone does not suffice. To the best of our knowledge, our AE network is the first to employ octrees to further compress its encoded data. Through user-friendly desktop and mobile applications, we allow users to encode, decode and visualize 3D models in augmented reality (AR) using QR codes, thus experiment with our methods. The proposed approach enables unique applications and future research in ubiquitous computing, 3D data compression and transmission, 3D AEs, AR and Virtual Reality, low-cost autonomous robots, and 3D printing.
In this paper, we combine beautified QR (Quick Response) code with data hiding algorithm. The QR code beautification algorithm based on error correction mechanism is used to generate the beautified QR code. In the process of generating the beautified QR code, the QR code modules are removed with the error correction capability allowed. The verified QR code is added to the beautified QR code to prevent the tampering of the QR code. Thus, we can enhance the security of the QR code when user scans it. The original image covered by the QR code and the verified QR code are embedded in the beautified QR code by using the LSB (Least Significant Bit) data hiding method. The experimental results show that the beautified QR code generated by the proposed algorithm is superior to the reference method in visual quality and security.
A Nested Marker, a novel visual marker for camera calibration in augmented reality (AR), enables accurate calibration even when the observer is moving very close to or far away from the marker. Our proposed Nested Marker has a recursive layered structure. One marker at an upper layer contains four smaller markers at the lower layer. Smaller markers can also have lower-layer markers nesting inside them. Each marker can be identified by its inside pattern, so the system can select a proper calibration parameter set for the marker. When the observer views the marker close-up, the lowest layer marker will work. When the observer views the marker from a distance, the top-layer marker will work. It is also possible to simultaneously utilize all visible markers in different layers for more stable calibration. Note that Nested Marker can be used in a standard ARToolkit framework. We have also developed an AR system to demonstrate the ability of Nested Marker
Paper plays a crucial role in many developing world information practices. However, paper-based records are inefficient, error-prone and difficult to aggregate. Therefore we need to link paper with the flexibility of online information systems. A mobile phone is the perfect bridging device. Long battery life, connectivity, solid-state memory, low price and immediate utility make it better suited to developing world conditions than a PC. However, mobile software platforms are difficult to use, difficult to develop for, and make the assumption of ubiquitous connectivity. To address these limitations we present CAM - a framework for developing mobile applications for the rural developing world. CAM applications are accessed by capturing barcodes using the phone camera, or by entering numeric strings with the keypad. Supporting minimal navigation, direct linkage to paper practices and offline multimedia interaction, CAM is uniquely adapted to rural user, application and infrastructure constraints
This study aims to construct a 2D barcode handheld augmented reality supported learning system called HELLO (handheld english language learning organization), to improve students' English level. The HELLO integrates the 2D barcodes, the Internet, augmented reality, mobile computing and database technologies. The proposed system consists of two subsystems: an English learning management system and a mobile learning tools system. A four-week pilot study and questionnaire survey were conducted in college to evaluate effects of proposed learning system and student learning attitudes. Furthermore, the evaluation results indicate that 2D barcodes and augmented reality technology are useful for English learning.
The CyberCode is a visual tagging system based on a 2Dbarcode technology and provides several features not provided by other tagging systems. CyberCode tags can be recognized by the low-cost CMOS or CCD cameras found in more and more mobile devices, and it can also be used to determine the 3D position of the tagged object as well as its ID number. This paper describes examples of augmented reality applications based on CyberCode, and discusses some key characteristics of tagging technologies that must be taken into account when designing augmented reality environments. KEYWORDS: Augmented reality, merging virtual and real, ID-aware interface, CyberCode. INTRODUCTION: ID-AWAREAUGMENTEDENVIRONMENTS In designing augmented reality systems, it is often essential to implement a tagging (ID) system to make a link between physical and digital spaces. Some examples of tagged IDs are barcodes [18, 11, 9, 6], radio-frequency (RF) tags [2, 23], resonant tags [13], and infrared IDs [22]. 1 Unl...
Webtag is a marker based system where every marker contains an internationally unique identifier which links to 2D or 3D content from a user's Website. A two stage design combines the basic 10-bit ID (tier-1 ID) of the current ARTag system which is used for pose tracking when the marker is far away, and a smaller and dense array of extra bits allow an additional 32 bits (tier-2 ID) to be recognized when the camera is close. A user brings his/her AR device close to the marker such that the tier-2 ID is read, and then the IDs are mapped to a web address from which the augmenting model, image, or animation is loaded. Thereafter the content is rendered relative to the tier-1 ID which can be seen at greater distances. This allows a user anywhere on internet to access augmented content printed in magazines, seen on posters, etc. Webtag is a prototype system that may allow large scale acceptance of AR by the public.
Technologies that enable traceability for fishery products are increasing their demands. Recently proposed technologies are mainly based on disposal RF(IC) tags which are able to record information directly onto them. However, the current systems based on RF tags have problems of expensive price of tags, and weakness of reading information if applied onto surface of products containing much water, which prevents to construct practically feasible systems using the RF tags. To provide a traceability system that uses much inexpensive media and that assures as high security as the RF tags, we propose a system based on a combination of printed 2D codes and internet connection, with security control similar to on-line electronic transactions. The proposed system identifies a fishery product by giving it a unique serial ID, which is issued by a database server, and printed in 2D code onto a paper or a plastic plate, which is directly put on the product. All the trace information sent from client (producer, transporters, and retailer) via internet is associated to the ID and stored to the server. Since 2D code is able to be read by such as mobile phones with built-in camera, a consumer is able to get history of the product with a single scanning operation. For the weakness of printed codes against duplication by copying, we propose a method to identify its validity by digital encryption, along with identification by weight information. The system is assured its usability by a series of experiments conducted for the distribution of cultured flounder in Hakodate, Japan
This paper surveys the current state-of-the-art in Augmented Reality. It describes work performed at many different sites and explains the issues and problems encountered when building Augmented Reality systems. It summarizes the tradeoffs and approaches taken so far to overcome these problems and speculates on future directions that deserve exploration. This paper does not present new research results. The contribution comes from consolidating existing information from many sources and publishing an extensive bibliography of papers in this field. While several other introductory papers have been written on this subject [Barfield95] [Bowskill95] [Caudell94] [Drascic93b] [Feiner94a] [Feiner94b] [Milgram94b] [Rolland94], this survey is more comprehensive and up-to-date. For anyone interested in starting research in this area, this survey should provide a good starting point. Section 1 describes what Augmented Reality is and the motivations for developing this technology. Four classes of potential applications that have been explored are described in Section 2. Then Section 3 discusses the issues involved in building an Augmented Reality system. Currently, two of the biggest problems are in registration and sensing, so those are the subjects of Sections 4 and 5. Finally, Section 6 describes some areas that require further work and research. 1.2 Definition
ARToolKit. http://www.hitl.washington 2D barcode and augmented reality supported english learning system Designing an ar-chitecture for delivering mobile information services to the rural developing world
- M Fiala
- Augmented Reality
- H Kato
- M And Billinghurst
- Artoolkit
- T.-Y Liu
- T.-H Tan
- Y.-L And Chu
- Com
- T S Parikh
- E D And Lazowska
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Designing Personalized Mobile Shopping System for Cell Phones by QR Code
- F.-C Chen
- Chen F.-C