Article

Efficacy of dietary D α-tocopherol and DL α-tocopheryl acetate for weanling pigs

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Abstract

A 2 x 3 factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design was conducted using a total of 180 weanling pigs in five replicates. The study evaluated the efficacy of two dietary vitamin E sources (D-alpha-tocopherol, DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) added at three dietary levels (16, 48, 96 IU/kg) during a 35-d postweaning trial. Pigs within each treatment were fed two similarly fortified vitamin E diets in sequence; the first contained 40% milk products and was fed to 14 d, and the second contained 20% milk product and 5% fat and was provided from 15 to 35 d postweaning. Five pigs per pen per replicate were bled weekly for serum analysis of alpha-tocopherol, Se, cholesterol, triglyceride, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. At the end of the trial, one pig per pen was randomly selected and killed with liver, loin, lung, and heart excised and frozen for tocopherol analysis. Postweaning gains, feed intakes, and efficiencies were similar between the two vitamin E sources and at the various dietary levels. Serum tocopherol concentrations were consistently higher when D-alpha-tocopherol was provided. Vitamin E sources and levels had no effect nor did they influence weekly serum Se, cholesterol, or triglyceride concentrations or GSH-Px activity. A serum and tissue interaction (P less than .05) response occurred between dietary vitamin E source x level with alpha-tocopherol concentrations increasing linearly (P less than .01) as dietary vitamin E level increased, but at a higher rate when D-alpha-tocopherol than when DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate as fed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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... However, there were no known pathogenic challenges, and environmental stressors were minimal in the current study. Serum concentrations of α-tocopherol declined by 82% in pigs after the first month postweaning (effect of time, P < 0.05;Table 5), which is consistent with results reported by others showing reduced circulating vitamin E concentrations within the first few wk postweaning (Chung et al., 1992; Moreira and Mahan, 2002; Lauridsen, 2010). These changes are likely related to metabolic and environmental changes associated with weaning. ...
... Chung et al., 1992; Moreira and Mahan, 2002; Lauridsen, 2010). These changes are likely related to metabolic and environmental changes associated with weaning. For example, dl-α-tocopheryl acetate is commonly supplemented in nursery diets, but d-α-tocopherol is the predominant form of vitamin E in sow milk (Mahan, 1994; Lauridsen and Jensen, 2007). Chung et al. (1992) reported that supplementing d-α-tocopherol improved retention of serum vitamin E postweaning compared to dl-α-tocopheryl acetate, suggesting greater bioavailability of the alcohol form. Varying bioavailability among vitamin E sources is related to inefficient removal of the acetate group by carboxyl ester hydrolase before absorption in ...
... Chung et al. (1992) reported that supplementing d-α-tocopherol improved retention of serum vitamin E postweaning compared to dl-α-tocopheryl acetate, suggesting greater bioavailability of the alcohol form. Varying bioavailability among vitamin E sources is related to inefficient removal of the acetate group by carboxyl ester hydrolase before absorption in the intestinal lumen (Chung et al., 1992 ) because the activity of carboxyl ester hydrolase declines after weaning (Jensen et al., 1997). Furthermore, stressors at weaning may contribute to the postweaning decline in vitamin E status . ...
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This experiment evaluated the effects of including peroxidized corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets for sows and nursery pigs on growth performance, vitamin E (VE) and Se status, and the incidence of Mulberry Heart Disease (MHD) of nursery pigs. Sows (n = 12) were fed corn-soybean meal diets (C-SBM) or C-SBM diets with DDGS (40 and 20% in gestation and lactation, respectively) for 3 parities. In the third parity, 108 weaned pigs (BW = 6.6 ± 0.36 kg) were blocked by BW within litter, assigned to pens (2 pigs/pen; 5 and 4 pens per litter for groups 1 and 2, respectively), and pens were assigned 1 of 3 nursery diets: 1) corn-soybean meal (CON), 2) 30% peroxidized DDGS (Ox-D), and 3) 30% Ox-D with 5× NRC (1998) level of VE (Ox-D+5VE) for 7 wk, in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of sow and nursery diets (n = 9 pens/treatment). The peroxidized DDGS source in nursery diets contained concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and peroxide value that were 25 and 27 times greater than a reference corn sample. Sow colostrum, milk, and serum, as well as pig serum and liver samples were analyzed for α-tocopherol and Se concentrations. Pig serum was analyzed for glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), TBARS, and sulfur-containing AA (SAA). Pig hearts were evaluated for gross and histopathological lesions indicative of MHD, but none were detected. Pigs from sows fed DDGS tended to have reduced (P = 0.07) VE in serum during lactation and reduced VE at weaning (P < 0.01; 5.6 vs. 6.7 ± 0.1 μg/mL) compared with pigs from sows fed C-SBM. Inclusion of DDGS in sow diets reduced the VE status of pigs during lactation, but not in the nursery when MHD can be a concern. Pigs fed Ox-D+5VE (P = 0.08) tended to have, and those fed Ox-D (P = 0.04) had greater ADFI than pigs fed CON, but ADG was not affected (P > 0.1) by nursery diet. Feeding Ox-D or Ox-D+5VE increased (P < 0.05) serum α-tocopherol compared with CON (2.5, 2.8, and 3.4 ± 0.09 μg /mL, respectively), but TBARS and GPx were not affected by nursery diet. Serum concentration of SAA was 40 to 50% greater (P < 0.01) for pigs fed Ox-D or Ox-D+5VE compared with those fed C-SBM, which was likely due to greater (P < 0.01) SAA intake for pigs fed Ox-D. The antioxidant properties of SAA may have spared VE and Se and masked any effect of Ox-D on metabolic oxidation status. Therefore, increasing the dietary VE concentration was unnecessary in nursery diets containing Ox-D.
... Maternal feeding constitutes the main transmission vehicle of this nutrient that provides the newborn piglet with the first defences against oxidative damage (Debier, 2007). However, serum vitamin E suffers an important decline after weaning (Chung et al., 1992) because of † E-mail: anarey@vet.ucm.es Animal (2014), 8:3, pp 410–419 © The Animal Consortium 2014 doi:10.1017/S1751731113002401 ...
... Transfer of α-tocopherol to piglets Piglets suffer a marked decline in α-tocopherol concentration after weaning (Chung et al., 1992; Mahan et al., 2000; Lauridsen et al., 2002). As micellized natural vitamin E (D-αtocopherol ) was expected to be more efficiently accumulated than the synthetic form (Pumfrey et al., 1993; Pagan et al., 2005) and that water consumption would be more consistent than feed intake during the post-weaning period (Wilburn et al., 2008), we designed various strategies to study the effectiveness of supplementing piglets and/or sows with vitamin E. Supplementation ratios to piglets and/or sows were 1 : 1, 1 : 2 and 1 : 3 (natural vitamin E in water: synthetic in feed) trying to find a real equivalence between both forms of vitamin and administration vehicles that minimize piglet serum α-tocopherol decline after weaning. ...
... Moreover, as expected, sow serum α-tocopherol concentration increased with supplementation time (P < 0.001; Table 2) with it being interesting to note that the increase was higher when sows were supplemented with the natural vitamin E (contrast 3: interaction time × source, P < 0.001), mainly with 1/3-NAT (contrast 4: interaction time × dose: P = 0.011). Other authors have previously demonstrated that natural vitamin E was a superior source compared with synthetic (Chung et al., 1992; Mahan et al., 2000; Yang et al., 2009) and that the supplementation was more effective in increasing serum α-tocopherol when administered in the water supply than when it was added to the diet (Wilburn et al., 2008). Moreover, micellized natural vitamin E is better absorbed in plasma because micelles that transport vitamin E solubilized in their core (Pumfrey et al., 1993; Pagan et al., 2005). ...
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This study evaluated the strategy of supplementing oral micellized natural vitamin E (d-α-tocopherol) to either piglets and/or sows on α-tocopherol concentrations in piglets serum and tissues after weaning. One first experiment tested the influence of the vitamin E supplementation source (natural form in water v. the synthetic form in feed) and dose administered to piglets and/or sows on serum α-tocopherol concentration, α-tocopherol stereoisomer accumulation, antioxidant capacity and immune response of weaned piglets. A second experiment studied the effect of sow source and dose vitamin E supplementation on some of these parameters in piglets. Oral supplementation to sows with natural vitamin E as a micellized form (d-α-tocopherol) at the lowest dose produced a similar concentration of α-tocopherol in serum at days 2, 14 and 28 postpartum to those supplemented with threefold higher dose of the synthetic form in feed. At day 39 of age, neither piglet supplementation source nor dose significantly affected α-tocopherol accumulation in the serum, muscle, subcutaneous fat or liver. Those piglets from sows supplemented with the micellized alcohol form had higher RRR-α-tocopherol stereoisomers (P
... The modification consisted of extraction in propanol instead of ethanol. Extraction of a-tocopherol from tissues and feed was done using a procedure outlined by Chung et al. (1992). This procedure was a modification to that of McMurray and Blanchflower (1979b) and Hatam and Kayden (1979). ...
... by supplementation of the vitamin E sources. Chung et al. (1992) found no difference in growth performance due to vitamin E source (encapsulated D-a-tocopherol or DLa-tocopheryl acetate) or level (16, 48, and 96 I U k g ) in trials with young, starting swine. In contrast, Asghar et al. ( 199 1 ) reported improved growth rates in growing-finishing pigs fed DL-a-tocopheryl acetate a t 100 I U k g of diet compared with pigs fed 10 I U k g of diet. ...
... DL-a-tocopheryl acetate = 100; IU basis. vitamin E (Hidiroglou et al., 1988;Jensen et al., 1988;Behrens and Madere, 1991;Asghar et al., 1991;Chung et al., 1992). Honvitt et al. (1984) noted in a study with humans that serum a-tocopherol concentration was increased a t 8 to 24 h after ingestion of various vitamin E forms. ...
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Relative bioavailabilities of four chemical forms of vitamin E were evaluated when supplemented in diets of finishing swine for 28 d. Forty crossbred pigs (80 kg), individually penned, were divided equally among five treatments. Treatments consisted of corn soybean meal-based diets supplemented with DL-alpha-tocopherol, DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, D-alpha-tocopherol, or D-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. A treatment without vitamin E supplementation (negative control) served as the fifth treatment. Each compound was supplemented at 62 IU/kg of diet. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28. On d 29, half the pigs were slaughtered to obtain tissue samples. Feed samples, taken from feeders, were also collected on d 0, 5, 14, and 21. All vitamin E forms fed increased (P < .01) serum alpha-tocopherol by d 2 and peaked by d 7. Serum alpha-tocopherol in pigs fed either acetate form remained elevated beyond d 7; serum alpha-tocopherol steadily declined and was lower (P < .01) on d 14, 21, and 28 in pigs fed either alcohol form compared with concentrations in the acetate-fed pigs. The decrease was probably a reflection of poor stability of the alcohol forms observed in the feed; the acetate forms were found to be stable in the feed over the 28-d study. Dietary supplementation of D-alpha-tocopheryl acetate resulted in the highest serum alpha-tocopherol throughout the study. A similar trend was observed in tissue (liver, backfat, leaf fat, semimembranosus, rhomboideus) alpha-tocopherol and serum: the liver had the highest concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
... The predominant source of VE supplementation in poultry feeds has been dl-a-tocopheryl acetate (dl-a-TACT). However, reports with some species (Hung et al, 1982;Chung et al, 1992) have suggested that the natural alcohol form of the vitamin may have a greater biological activity than the acetate ester. Also, parenteral administration of a single dose of VE has proved effective to improve the a-TOC status of black rhinoceros (Dierenfeld and Citino, 1989), sheep (Hidiroglou and Karpinski, 1991), and pigs (Batra and Hidiroglou, 1994). ...
... Addition to the diets of 12, 80, or 150 IU of dl-a-TACT (LACT, MACT, and HACT treatments, respectively), or d-a-TOC (LOL, MOL, and HOL treatments, respectively), or subcutaneous injection of 25 IU of d-a-TOC at Day 1 (INOL treatment) did not affect performance of the poults during the 21-d experiment. Information in the literature concerning the effect of different dietary sources, or different routes of VE administration on performance is scarce, and, in most instances, agrees with results reported herein (Judson et al, 1991;Chung et al., 1992;Soto-Salanova et al, 1993). At 14 d of age, the entire flock contracted an enteric disease caused by rotavirus D. In avian species, and specifically in turkeys, common features of an infection by rotavirus D include enteritis and diarrhea, and, as a consequence, reduced growth and impaired feed utilization (Reynolds, 1992). ...
... Specifically, lipase activity decreases between 6 and 8 d of age and probably contributes to the poor utilization of dietary fats (Sell et ah, 1986), and possibly of fat-soluble vitamins, by poults during early growth. A low activity of lipase during the 1st wk after hatching could contribute to the decreased bioavailability of dl-a-TACT at Day 7. From that time on, the digestive system of the poult is more developed, and this may be the reason that no further differences between d-a-TOC and dl-a-TACT could be detected after Day 7. Most reports in the literature comparing natural and synthetic sources and alcohol and ester forms of dietary VE indicate that the natural alcohol is the most effective form of VE to improve a-TOC status of different species, irrespective of route of administration of VE (Ogihara et al., 1985;Hidiroglou and Karpinski, 1988;Chung et al., 1992;Fuhrmann et ah, 1994). ...
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An experiment was conducted to compare the efficacy of two dietary sources and an injectable form of vitamin E (VE) to improve the VE status of poults. Six of the treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of three concentrations and two sources of dietary VE. Turkeys in these treatments received 12, 80, or 150 IU of either dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate or d-alpha-tocopherol (d-alpha-TOC)/kg of diet. The seventh treatment consisted of a single subcutaneous injection of d-alpha-TOC at 1 d of age. Poults in this treatment were subcutaneously injected in the dorsal area of the neck with 25 IU of d-alpha-TOC, this amount being approximately equivalent to the amount poults would consume if their diet was supplemented with 150 IU of VE/kg during their 1st wk of life. Concentration, source, or route of VE administration did not affect growth parameters, plasma creatine kinase, plasma triglycerides, or liver lipid peroxidation as measured by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay (TBARS). Plasma, red blood cells (RBC), and liver alpha-TOC decreased from hatching to 14 d of age in poults fed either source of VE. The use of 80 or 150 IU of dietary VE (either source) reduced (P < 0.05) the extent of depletion of alpha-TOC at all ages and also reduced the susceptibility of RBC to hemolysis. There was no effect of source of dietary VE on concentration of alpha-TOC in plasma, RBC, or liver, or on RBC hemolysis. Subcutaneous injection of 25 IU of d-alpha-TOC at Day 1 increased (P < 0.05) alpha-TOC concentration until 7 d of age. Also, d-alpha-TOC injection reduced (P < 0.05) RBC susceptibility to hemolysis through 21 d of age. Data showed that one single subcutaneous injection of 25 IU of d-alpha-TOC at 1 d of age was as effective as 80 IU or more of dietary VE through 21 d to improve the alpha-TOC status of poults.
... Serum cholesterol is reduced by vitamin E in rabbits (Williams et al., 1992) and by tocotrienols in pigs (Qureshi et al., 1991), both affected by inherited hyperlipidemia. Dietary vitamin E is critical during the period of rapid growth and cellular hypertrophy in pigs, and consequently, a nutritional deficiency of vitamin E is more frequently found in younger than in older swine (Meyer et al., 1981; Chung et al., 1992). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin E on the serum lipid pattern in weanling rabbits fed an all-rac-a-tocopheryl acetate-enriched diet and in rabbits fed a vitamin E-free diet. ...
... There was a substantial decrease of serum total cholesterol concentration, without significant changes of HDL cholesterol, during the first 24 postweaning days, in rabbits fed a normolipidic starter diet containing 60 mg/kg of all-rac-a-tocopheryl acetate, a level generally recommended for rabbits. A similar trend was reported in weanling pigs during the first 7 d postweaning (Chung et al., 1992 ) and was attributed to the elimination from the circulation of the cholesterol supplied by the maternal milk, which is only partially balanced by the low cholesterol diet andFigure 3. Correlation between all-rac-a-tocopheryl acetate intake and changes in serum total cholesterol (top) and serum HDL cholesterol (bottom) in two vitamin E nutritional states. Vitamin nutrition status designation: 1) plasma-a-tocopherol <23.5 mmol/L (n = 52 observations); 2) plasma-a-tocopherol >23.5 mmol/L (n = 38 observations). ...
... Tocotrienols inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis in vitro by posttranslational suppression of the HMG- CoA reductase activity (Qureshi and Qureshi, 1993; Pearce et al., 1994). Because serum cholesterol concentrations in pigs are strictly related to endogenous synthesis of cholesterol in the weanling period (Chung et al., 1992), one may speculate that the effects induced by dietary supplements of all-raca-tocopheryl acetate in weanling rabbits are due to an inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity by atocopherol . This is unlikely, however, because tocotrienols contain an unsaturated side chain that is involved in the mechanism of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition (Qureshi et al., 1991), whereas tocopherols have a saturated side chain. ...
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In a 6-wk postweaning trial (Trial 1), 30 male New Zealand White rabbits were fed a starter diet with three different levels of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (60, 160, or 260 mg/kg diet). Plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and serum concentrations of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured at 2, 4, and 6 wk. In a 20-wk postweaning trial (Trial 2), 48 male New Zealand White rabbits were divided into two groups; one group was fed a vitamin E-free diet, and the other was fed the same diet supplemented with 60 mg/kg of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. Plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured at 2, 4, 6, and 20 wk. In Trial 1, split-plot ANOVA showed that dietary all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate increased plasma alpha-tocopherol (P < .01); in addition, serum total cholesterol and triglycerides declined more rapidly (P < .01) and HDL cholesterol increased more rapidly (P < .005) in rabbits fed supplemental all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate than in controls. The all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate intake was significantly correlated with serum total cholesterol reduction and HDL cholesterol increase only when plasma alpha-tocopherol was relatively low (< 23.5 mumol/ L). In trial 2, the vitamin E-free diet caused an increase (P < .05) in total serum cholesterol and a reduction in HDL cholesterol (P < .05 at 6 wk and P < .01 at 20 wk). The overall results of this study suggest that vitamin E plays an important role in the regulation of serum concentrations of cholesterol and lipoproteins in weanling rabbits. Consequently, the maintenance of an adequate nutritional status of vitamin E in the postweaning period is important to avoid alterations of serum lipid pattern.
... The dietary concentration (i.e. nutrient intake) of vitamin E (Chung et al., 1992; Lauridsen et al., 1999) Se (Kim and Mahan, 2001), and Trp (Le Floc'h et al., 2009) affects tissue and serum concentrations of these nutrients. The sum of triglyceride and cholesterol content of serum was a covariate for serum -tocopherol analysis because concentrations of -tocopherol are influenced by total serum lipids (Thurnham et al., 1986; Traber and Jialal, 2000). ...
... Regardless of dietary treatment, serum concentrations of -tocopherol declined from 5.9 ug/mL at weaning, to 0.93 ug/mL on day 14 post-weaning. Other researchers have reported that circulating levels of vitamin E decline within the first few weeks post-weaning (Chung et al., 1992; Moreira and Mahan, 2002; Lauridsen, 2010). The metabolic oxidative system of pigs is clearly stressed during Table 4Selected tissue parameters of pigs fed increasing dietary concentrations of rapidly peroxidized maize oil. ...
Article
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary levels of peroxidized maize oil on growth performance and antioxidant status of nursery pigs. Weanling barrows (n = 128; initial body weight (BW) = 6.3 ± 1.4 kg) were blocked by initial BW and assigned randomly to 1 of 32 pens. Within block, pens were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: 90 g/kg unheated maize oil, 60 g/kg unheated maize oil +30 g/kg rapidly peroxidized (RO) maize oil, 30 g/kg unheated maize oil +60 g/kg RO maize oil, or 90 g/kg RO maize oil. Diets were formulated to contain identical levels of total maize oil and standardized ileal digestible Lys to metabolizable energy (ME) ratios. Maize oil was heated for 12 h at 185 °C (air flow rate = 12 L/min) to yield RO (PV = 5.7 meq O2/kg; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances = 26.7 mg malondialdehyde eq/kg) maize oil. A 3-phase feeding program (phase 1 = d 0–4, phase 2 = d 4–14, and phase 3 = d 14–35) was used, and average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain to feed ratio (G:F), and energetic efficiency (g ADG/MJ of ME intake) were determined. Serum was collected on d 0, 14, and 35 from 1 pig per pen that was subsequently harvested to obtain liver and heart tissue. Final BW (19.5 vs 18.5 ± 0.6 kg for 0 vs 90 g/kg RO maize oil; P < 0.15) and ADG (377.5 vs 347.0 ± 13.6 g for 0 vs 90 g/kg RO maize oil; P ≤ 0.10) tended to decline linearly with increasing dietary RO, but ADFI was not affected. Consequently, G:F (P < 0.05) declined linearly by 1.4–4% with increasing dietary concentrations of RO maize oil. The α-tocopherol content of serum declined with increasing dietary concentrations of RO maize oil (linear and cubic; P < 0.01). These data suggest that RO maize oil negatively affects growth performance and the efficiency of energy utilization of nursery pigs linearly and reduces serum α-tocopherol content.
... A further possibility could involve the use of the natural form of vitamin E (mainly composed of the RRR-stereoisomer) instead of the synthetic form (all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate), which contains a mixture of eight stereoisomers. Indeed, it has recently been demonstrated that the natural form of vitamin E (D-α-tocopherol) is accumulated more efficiently than the synthetic form (Chung et al., 1992; Hoppe and Krennrich, 2000; Lauridsen et al., 2002; Mahan et al., 2000) due to the higher affinity of the α-tocopherol transfer protein for the natural RRR-stereoisomer (Hosomi et al., 1997). Likewise, drinking water could be an interesting vehicle for providing vitamin E to weaned piglets as water consumption is generally not compromised by weaning (Wilburn et al., 2008) and hence would not be affected by lack of appetite during this period. ...
... It is interesting to note that at weaning, serum α-tocopherol concentration was higher in those piglets from sows supplemented with natural vitamin E in drinking water when compared with those that received the synthetic form. This effect is related to that observed in sows' serum and is in part explained by a more efficient accumulation of the natural form (Chung et al., 1992; Lauridsen et al., 2002; Mahan et al., 2000). Moreover, the piglet serum α-tocopherol concentration decreased with time (P = 0.0001), especially from weaning to day 5 postweaning due to the increased stress and low feed intake. ...
Article
The influence of vitamin E supplementation (d-α-tocopherol) in drinking water administered concomitantly with the synthetic form in feed to sows during the lactation period and/or piglets post-weaned on tocopherol, and its transfer from sows to milk and piglet serum, as well as its antioxidant power and immune response, were investigated. Those piglets supplemented with natural α-tocopherol in drinking water and born from sows supplemented with the same form of vitamin E (SS-SP) had the highest serum α-tocopherol concentration at five days post-weaning, whereas the lowest serum α-tocopherol concentration was found for the group fed α-tocopheryl acetate and born from sows fed the same type of vitamin E (CS-CP). Intermediate values were found in those piglets provided with α-tocopheryl acetate born from sows supplemented with natural vitamin E in drinking water (SS-CP) and those provided with natural α-tocopherol in water born from sows supplemented with α-tocopheryl acetate (CS-SP) at five days post-weaning. From weaning to day 5, piglet serum α-tocopherol concentration decreased by 65% for CS-CP and SS-CP groups and 47% for groups CS-SP and SS-SP. The CS-SP and SS-CP groups had similar α-tocopherol concentrations in serum to the SS-SP group at 20 days post-weaning. The FRAP was significantly affected by the natural vitamin E supplementation of piglets (P = 0.037) which is in accordance with the differences observed in vitamin E concentration. The GSSH level in the SS-SP group was by approximately 20% and 25% lower (P = 0.0023) with respect to the CS-CP group at 5 and 20 days post-weaning, respectively. The immunoglobulin levels in piglet serum were not significantly affected by natural vitamin E supplementation in drinking water. The treatment effects observed were mainly due to vitamin E supplementation of piglets.
... E-mail: Maria.Kawecka@zut.edu.pl (Chung et al., 1992;Lauridsen & Jensen, 2005;Lechowski, 2009). Vitamin E deficiency occurs more frequently in the offspring of older sows (Mahan et al., 2000). ...
... The serum a-tocopherol concentrations declined linearly from 7 to 42 days after weaning (Moreira & Mahan, 2002). The utilization of synthetic vitamin E added to the feed by piglets is also low (Chung et al., 1992;Lauridsen et al., 2002;Wilburn et al., 2008). ...
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increased vitamins E and C doses in the feeding of sows at the last stage of gestation (90 day) and during lactation on the performance of sows and their piglets. The study was carried out in two seasons (winter and summer) on 139 multiparous sows, divided into three groups: control diet – vitamin E 60 mg/kg, experimental diet – vitamin E 200 mg/kg, experimental diet – vitamin E 200 mg/kg + vitamin C 500 mg/kg. In spite of an increased concentration of these vitamins in the serum of piglets, no clear effect on the rearing results was found. However, an advantageous post-effect of the vitamins fed to sows was shown. The addition of vitamin E together with vitamin C significantly reduced the body temperature of sows after farrowing and considerably reduced the number of sows culled after rearing.
... In addition, the relative bioavailability and biopotency of the various supplemental forms of vi tamin E for ruminants has been questioned because the standard values were determined with specific bioassays using only rats and chicks. Several recent studies with a variety of species have indicated that the currently used standard activity values for the supplemental forms of vitamin E may require revision (Chung et al. 1992, Hidiroglou et al. 1988, Horwitt et al. 1984, Ingoldetal. 1987, Papas et al. 1991, Pumfrey et al. 1993). ...
... l recovery phase of the study produced the same results and also indicated an activity of 3.10 IU per mg of micellized RRR-a-tocopherol. The close agreement of the milk and plasma profiles from this study, plus those of the previously cited vitamin A and E study with lactating dairy cows, validates using milk a-tocopherol as a vitamin E assay tool. Chung et al. (1992) compared RRR-a-tocopherol with all-rac-a-tocopheryl acetate in pigs. Although neither of their vitamin forms was micellized, they arrived at activity values of 2.50 and 2.42 IU per mg of RRR-a-tocopherol when based on plasma or tissue a-tocopherol responses, respectively, rather than the currently used standard activity value of 1.49 lU ...
Article
Recent interest in antioxidant vitamins and animal nutrition has resulted in the investigation of feeding levels of vitamin E which are considerably higher than NRC requirements. Relatively high levels of vitamin E are required to improve animal product quality such as extending beef color stability and minimizing off-flavors in milk due to lipid oxidation. Concerns regarding a negative effect of vitamin A on vitamin E utilization and the suitability of currently used standard activity values for vitamin E supplements for ruminants have been raised. High dietary levels of vitamin A have depressed vitamin E utilization in most animals studied. In the dairy cow, 675,000 IU of vitamin A acetate per head per day is required to significantly depress vitamin E utilization. This is approximately 10-fold greater than the highest levels currently fed to dairy or beef cattle and therefore should not cause a practical problem. Synthetic and naturally derived alpha-tocopherol, and their ester forms, are commonly used as vitamin E supplements. These various forms give rise to isomer differences, ester differences and formulation differences that can affect their absorption and subsequent utilization. The current research indicates that the commonly used standard activity values based on a value of 1.00 IU per mg of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate are probably too low for the ruminant. The roles of isomeric forms and gastrointestinal tract absorption have not been completely resolved regarding their effects on the bioavailability of vitamin E supplements.
... However, natural a-tocopherol is twice as active as DL-atocopheryl acetate and 5-7-fold more bioavailable than synthetic tocopherols. Therefore, it is desirable to optimize the natural tocopherol composition in seeds used as feed (Roquet et al. 1992;Chung et al. 1992) by enhancing a-tocopherol accumulation (Grusak and DellaPenna 1999;Bergmüller et al. 2003;Munne-Bosch and Falk 2004). ...
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The vitamin E family includes tocopherols and tocotrienols, which are essential lipid-soluble antioxidants necessary for human and livestock health. The seeds of many plant species, including maize, have high gamma (γ)-tocopherol but low alpha (α)-tocopherol contents; however, α-tocopherol is the most effective antioxidant. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the tocopherol composition in plants. α-Tocopherol is synthesized from γ-tocopherol by γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT, VTE4) in the final step of the tocopherol biosynthetic pathway. In the present study, the full-length coding sequence (CDS) of γ-TMT was isolated from Zea mays, named ZmTMT. The ZmTMT CDS was 1059 bp in size, encoding 352 amino acids. Recombinant ZmTMT was expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified protein effectively converted γ-tocopherol into α-tocopherol in vitro. A comparison of enzyme activities showed that the activity of ZmTMT was higher than that of GmTMT2a (Glycine max) and AtTMT (Arabidopsis thaliana). Overexpression of ZmTMT increased the α-tocopherol content 4–5-fold in transgenic Arabidopsis and around 6.5-fold in transgenic maize kernels, and increased the α-/γ-tocopherol ratio to approximately 15 and 17, respectively. These results show that it is feasible to overexpress ZmTMT to optimize the tocopherol composition in maize; such a corn product might be useful in the feed industry in the near future.
... Consequently, high fortification levels of vitamin A could exacerbate the vitamin E and Se deficiency postweaning if the same responses are shown to occur in pigs. Chung et al. (1992) reported higher serum and tissue α-tocopherol concentrations when D-tocopherol rather than when DL-α-tocopheryl acetate was fed. Although these researchers did not use the acetylated form of D-α-tocopherol in their study, their results imply that the form of vitamin E may be a factor in the absorption and retention of vitamin E. ...
Article
Two experiments evaluated the relationship of vitamin E (source and level) and vitamin A (level) on the apparent absorption and retention of both vitamins in weaned pigs. Both experiments used a combined total of 460 crossbred pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc), housed in elevated 1.2- × 1.2-m crates containing five pigs per pen. Experiment 1 was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design conducted in seven replicates. Levels of vitamin A (2,200 or 13,200 IU/kg), vitamin E (15 or 90 IU/kg), and two vitamin E sources (d-α-tocopheryl acetate [d-TAc] or dl-α-tocopheryl acetate [dl-TAc]) were evaluated over a 35-d period. Vitamin A or E levels and the two vitamin E sources did not affect pig performances to 20 kg BW. Serum retinol and α-tocopherol concentrations increased (P < 0.01) as the dietary level of each vitamin increased. Serum α-tocopherol declined as dietary vitamin E level increased when vitamin A level increased resulting in an interaction (P < 0.05). Serum α-tocopherol concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) at 35-d postweaning when d-TAc was the vitamin E source. Experiment 2 was a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments conducted in six replicates. Three levels of vitamin A (2,200, 13,200, or 26,400 IU/kg) and two sources of vitamin E (d-TAc or dl-TAc) each provided at 40 IU/kg diet were evaluated over a 35-d period. Pig performances to 35-d postweaning were not affected by the dietary variables. Serum α-tocopherol (P < 0.01) and retinol (P < 0.05) concentrations increased as their respective vitamin level increased. Serum (P < 0.05) and liver (P < 0.01) α-tocopherol concentrations both declined as dietary vitamin A levels increased resulting in interaction responses. Serum α-tocopherol concentration was higher (P < 0.05) at 35-d postweaning when d-TAc was the vitamin E source. Dietary vitamin E sources had no effect on serum or liver retinol concentrations. These results demonstrated that both supplemental vitamin A and vitamin E increased in the blood as their dietary levels increased. However, as dietary vitamin A level increased, serum and liver α-tocopherol concentrations declined, suggesting a reduced absorption and retention of α-tocopherol when weaned pigs were fed high dietary vitamin A levels.
... In growing male mink kits, it was previously shown that plasma and liver concentrations of RRR-TOC decreased throughout the entire weaning period in RRR-TOC-supplemented mink, whereas concentrations of 2S-isomers of TOC increased in all-rac-TOC-supplemented mink (28) . Furthermore, serum and liver TOC concentrations in growing pigs were found by Chung et al. (29) to be higher when RRR-TOC was used as a feed additive than when all-rac-TOC was used in amounts between 16 and 96 IU/kg feed. This is probably because the synthetic isomers of all-rac-TOC are accumulated in the liver, owing to the preference of TOC transfer protein (α-TTP) for secreting the natural RRR-stereoisomer of TOC into lipoproteins (30,31) . ...
Article
A sufficient but balanced vitamin supplementation is a prerequisite for a satisfactory growth pattern and an effective immune system in mink and all other species. The fat-soluble vitamins are very sensitive to over- or under-supply because they interact with each other with respect to dose-response and chemical form. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of increasing the amount of retinol in combination with RRR-α-tocopherol or all-rac-α-tocopherol in the feed given to growing mink on their retinol, cholecalciferol and α-tocopherol concentrations in plasma and selected organs. The results showed that the mink met their retinol requirements from the basal diet, but there were no negative effects of supplying various amounts of retinol on their plasma α-tocopherol concentrations. On the other hand, the study showed that the cholecalciferol status in plasma, assessed as the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration, was low when retinol was supplemented in the feed at high levels. In addition, supplementation with RRR-α-tocopherol in the feed negatively affected the plasma concentration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol compared with supplementation with all-rac-α-tocopherol. In general, female mink had higher concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins in plasma than male mink.
... También, altas concentraciones de vitamina A en las dietas pueden exacerbar o agudizar deficiencias de vitamina E y selenio en cerdos destetados (Blakely et al., 1991;Drott et al., 1993;Ching et al., 2002). Además, la fuente de vitamina E adicionada a la dieta (natural o sintética) puede ser un factor que afecta su absorción (Chung et al., 1992). ...
Article
Se determinaron los niveles sericos de vitamina A, E y hierro en cerdos de granjas porcicolas del Municipio de Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico, ya que actualmente se carece de informacion de estos micronutrientes en esta region. Se muestrearon 4 granjas, en donde se tomaron muestras de sangre en base al 5 % la poblacion total de cerdos en etapa de destete (21 ± 5 dias de edad). Las vitaminas A y E se determinaron por HPLC. El hierro serico y la capacidad total de fijacion de hierro se determinaron por espectrofotometria. Las concentraciones de vitamina E mostraron variacion entre granjas, los cerdos de las granjas 1 (3,4 µg/mL) y 2 (3,2 µg/mL) mostraron valores mas altos de vitamina E (p<0,001) respecto a las granjas 3 (2,6 µg/mL) y 4 (1,6 µg/mL). Para la vitamina A y hierro no se encontraron diferencias entre granjas. En la granja 3 se evaluaron estas vitaminas y hierro en los dias 1, 11, 18 y 25 posdestete y se encontro una disminucion en la vitamina E en la primera semana, mientras que los niveles de vitamina A y hierro aumentaron. En este estudio, no se encontraron deficiencias de las vitaminas A y E, ni en hierro en cerdos.
... The fact that the sows that received lower doses of natural vitamin E in water tended to have higher values in colostrum than those supplemented with the synthetic form, would in part indicate that the micellized natural alcohol form in water was more efficiently accumulated than the synthetic form. Other authors have demonstrated that natural vitamin E was superior compared to its synthetic counterpart[13,29,30]and that the supplementation was more effective in increasing serum ?-tocopherol when administered in the water supply than when it was added to the diet[9]. Micellized natural vitamin E is better absorbed in plasma because micelles transport solubilized vitamin E in their core[10,11]. ...
Article
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This study evaluated the effect of vitamin E supplementation source, and the dose given to sows or piglets, on the fatty acid profile of colostrum, milk, subcutaneous and intramuscular fat, and the oxidative status of piglets at 39 days of age. Sows (n = 10) were given 150 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate/d in feed, or 75 or 50 mg micellized-d-α-tocopherol/d in water from Day 103 of pregnancy. Weaning piglets from each group of sows (n = 7) received 3.33 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate/d in feed, or 1.7 mg micellized-d-α-tocopherol/d or 1.1 mg micellized-d-α-tocopherol/d in water for 14 days. Colostrum from sows supplemented with micellized-d-α-tocopherol had a lower proportion of C20:0 (P = 0.02), C18:4 n-3 (P = 0.03) and a higher C18:1 n-9 to C18:0 ratio than those given dl-α-tocopheryl acetate. Supplementation with micellized-d-α-tocopherol decreased the C18:0 proportion (P = 0.04) and the C18:1 n-9 to C18:0 ratio (P = 0.03) in milk, whereas the C18:1 n-7 proportion increased (P = 0.03) compared to dl-α-tocopheryl acetate. Composition was affected by the d-α-tocopherol dose. A similar trend to that observed in milk was observed in fatty acid composition in piglet fat. Piglets supplemented with micellized-d-α-tocopherol at low doses did not have different ferric reducing antioxidant power in muscle tissues (P = 0.31) than when they were supplemented with dl-α-tocopheryl acetate. Piglets given 1.7 mg micellized-d-α-tocopherol/d had lower oxidized glutathione than those given 1.1 mg/d (P = 0.0055). In conclusion, oral supplementation of sows (75 mg/d) and piglets (1.7 mg/d) with micellized natural vitamin E modified the fatty acid profile of piglet tissues and improved their oxidative status.
... The lower bioavailability of synthetic vitamin E (dl-α-TA) when compared to the natural vitamin E (d-α-tocopherol) was demonstrated [10,11]. However, dl-α-TA is fairly stable during storage [12]; therefore, commonly added to fish feed. The dl-α-TA becomes active as an antioxidant following hydrolysis of the acetate group in the fish body [9]. ...
Article
A trout diet was supplemented with 0, 8.5, or 15 g/100 g of flaxseed oil (FO). To prevent lipid oxidation of fillets, FO-supplemented diets were also enhanced with 0, 400, and 900 mg/kg of alpha-tocopheryl acetate (α-TA). α-tocopherol content of fillets were determined following fish harvest on days 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120. FO supplementation resulted in increased (P<0.05) concentration of omega-3 fatty acid (ω3 FA) in fillets, mainly due almost two-fold increase (P<0.05) of α-linolenic acid, while docosahexaenoic and eicopentaenoic acids slightly decreased (P<0.05). The highest (P<0.05) α-tocopherol content in fillets was determined when supplementing trout with 900 mg/kg of α-TA at day 120. Our results indicate that regardless of FO level in trout diet, 900 mg/kg of α-TA can prevent lipid deterioration of fillets.
... Downloaded from unsaturated fatty acids from free radical damage ( Chung et al . , 1992 ) . In the current experiment , although all pigs had greater daily consumption of dietary α - T than NRC ( 1998 ) recommendations , pigs fed lipids that had been subjected to SO or RO exhibited lower serum α - T than pigs fed OL within the CN or CA treatment . Oxidative stress in animals fed peroxidized lipids has been well doc - ument ...
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To evaluate the effect of feeding thermally-oxidized lipids on metabolic oxidative status, gut barrier function, and immune response of young pigs, 108 barrows (6.67 ± 0.03 kg BW) were assigned to 12 dietary treatments in a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement in addition to a corn-soybean meal control diet. Main effects were 4 lipid sources [corn oil (CN), canola oil (CA), poultry fat (PF), and tallow (TL)] and 3 oxidation levels [original lipids (OL), slow oxidation (SO) of lipids heated for 72 h at 95°C, or rapid oxidation (RO) of lipids heated for 7 h at 185°C]. Pigs were provided ad libitum access to diets for 28 d, followed by controlled feed intake for 10 d. After a 24-h fast on d 38, serum was collected and analyzed for α-tocopherol (α-T), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), endotoxin, haptoglobin, IgA, and IgG. On the same day following serum collection, lactulose and mannitol were fed and subsequently measured in the urine to evaluate gut permeability. There was a source × peroxidation interaction for serum α-T concentration where pigs fed SO or RO had decreased (P < 0.05) serum α-T concentration compared with pigs fed OL in CA and CN diets, but not in pigs fed PF and TL diets. There was no source × peroxidation interaction for serum TBARS, but among all lipid sources, pigs fed SO or RO lipids had increased (P < 0.05) serum TBARS compared with pigs fed OL. In addition, pigs fed CN or CA had greater (P < 0.05) serum TBARS compared with pigs fed PF or TL diets. There was no lipid source × peroxidation level interaction, or lipid source or peroxidation level effects on serum endotoxin, haptoglobin, IgA, or IgG. Pigs fed lipid supplemented diets tended to have increased serum endotoxin (P = 0.06), IgA (P = 0.10), and IgG (P = 0.09) compared with pigs fed the control diet. There was no lipid source × peroxidation level interaction or lipid source or peroxidation level effects on urinary TBARS and lactulose to mannitol ratio. Compared with pigs fed the control diet, pigs fed diets containing lipids had a lower lactulose to mannitol ratio (P < 0.01). In conclusion, feeding weaning pigs diets containing 10% thermally-oxidized lipids for 38 d, especially vegetable oils containing greater concentrations of PUFA, appeared to impair oxidative status, but had little influence on gut barrier function or serum immunity parameters.
... The greater serum and liver levels of a-tocopherol when d-a-tocopherol in micellized form is compared to dl-atocopheryl acetate in feed is in agreement with the findings by others [16] that the natural alcohol form of vitamin E is more active. In the present instance the alcohol form was also micellized, so the comparison is not direct. ...
Article
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This study compares activities of micellized d-α-tocopherol, micellized d-α-tocopheryl acetate, and dl-α-tocopheryl acetate in turkeys as indicated by serum and liver storage levels. The influence of micellized d-α-tocopherol is observed at a somewhat greater level in drinking water. A comparison of vitamin E stability in feed is included. Based on serum and liver α-tocopherol and d-α-tocopherol and d-α-tocopheryl acetate showed equivalent biopotency at 10 and 25 IU/kg diet and were somewhat more potent than dl-α-tocopheryl acetate at 25 IU/kg diet. From time of hatching, serum and liver vitamin E concentrations fell markedly by 9 days of age and remained low through 26 days of age with vitamin E added to feed at 0 or 25 IU/kg. At 25 IU vitamin E/kg feed, serum storage of α-tocopherol was greater with micellized d-α-tocopherol than with dl-α-tocopheryl acetate during 5 to 26 days. Sixty IU micellized d-α-tocopherol/kg drinking water resulted in relatively high liver and serum vitamin E during 5 to 26 days of age
... The low plasma a-tocopherol concentration observed in newborn piglets born from gilts receiving 22 IU vitamin E in the diet either with no fat or 5% Canola oil did not manifest any clinical vitamin E deficiency symptoms. Chung et al (1992) reported that dietary D -a-tocopherol may be more effectively absorbed and retained by weanling swine than DL -a-tocopheryl acetate. ...
Article
Twelve (Yorkshire) gilts were assigned to 2 dietary fat supplement groups starting at 57 d of gestation. Group 1 received no fat and Group 2 was supplemented with 5% Canola oil. Each group was supplemented with 0.1 ppm Se and 22 IU of DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate/kg of feed. Colostrum (d 0) and milk (7, 14, 21 and 28 d post partum) were sampled from gifts. At farrowing 3 piglets from each gilt of both groups were injected with alpha-tocopherol at birth (500 IU) and at 7 and 14 d (1 000 IU) of age and 3 piglets were injected with saline and used as control. Blood samples were taken from the newborn piglets at birth and at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 d of age. alpha-Tocopherol concentration in the colostrum of gilts was significantly higher than in the milk. Plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations and antibody titres to Keyhole limpet haemocyanin of piglets injected with vitamin E were significantly higher than the control piglets. Vitamin E injected piglets had significantly higher alpha-tocopherol concentrations in spleen, liver, kidney, heart, lung and hip muscle than the control piglets.
... Vitamin E is commercially available in different chemical forms—natural (D-a-tocopherol) and synthetic or esterified (DL-a-tocopheryl acetate). The efficacies of these different forms of the vitamin have been reported to be different (Chung et al. 1992; Roquet et al. 1992). For instance, Hosomi et al. (1997) reported a-tocopherol to be the most biologically active vitamin E. Recently, Trushenski and Kohler (2006) reported for sunshine bass that naturalsource vitamin E (a purified source of R,R,R-a-tocopherol) is as effective as syntheticsource vitamin E (all-rac-a-tocopheryl acetate), but at lower concentrations. ...
Article
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This study aimed to compare the efficacy of dietary α-tocopherol with that of dl-α-tocopheryl acetate, both either alone or in combination with vitamin C (ascorbic acid), on the growth performance, survival, and stress resistance of angelfish, Pterophylum scalare, juveniles. Juveniles were fed ad libitum for four weeks with Artemia enriched with no vitamins (control), vitamin C (Tc), α-tocopherol (Tα), dl-α-tocopheryl acetate (T dl ), α-tocopherol and vitamin C (Tα+C), and dl-α-tocopheryl acetate and vitamin C (T dl+C). After four weeks, an osmotic stress test was performed using seawater (25g/L) to evaluate juvenile’s resistance to stress. Whole-body glucose and cortisol were used as stress indicators. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance and survival of the juveniles fed vitamin-enriched Artemia were significantly (P<0.05) higher than for the control fish. Best performance was recorded for the Tα+C group. Survival, however, was not significantly (P>0.05) different between the vitamin-fed groups. Osmotic stress significantly elevated the stress indicators, whole-body cortisol and glucose levels (P<0.05), highest and lowest values being observed in control and Tα+C groups, respectively. Survival after osmotic stress of juveniles fed the Tα+c diet was significantly higher (by 46.2%, P<0.001) than for controls. Results suggested that α-tocopherol has greater efficacy than dl-α-tocopheryl acetate and enriching Artemia with α-tocopherol and vitamin C together improves growth performance, survival, and stress resistance of angelfish juveniles.
... In general, the retinol and retinyl palmitate contents reflected the retinyl acetate concentration of the diets. The a-tocopherol content was higher in the adipose tissue, followed by the liver and the muscle samples, in accordance with earlier findings (Chung et al., 1992; Buckley et al., 1995). The retinol and ...
Article
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This study aimed to assess the interaction between different dietary vitamin A (dVitA) levels and the same concentration of vitamin E (100 IU all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg feed) in growing-finishing pigs. In the first experiment, two fat sources × two dVitA levels (0 v. 100 000 IU) were used. The supplementation of 100 000 IU dVitA induced a range of 5.13 to 30.03 μg retinol/g liver, 62.78 to 426.88 μg retinol palmitate/g liver, and 0.60 to 1.96 μg retinol/g fat. Dietary fat did not affect retinol or retinyl palmitate deposition in pigs. The high concentration of dVitA produced lower fat and liver α-tocopherol concentrations, and increased susceptibility of muscle tissue to oxidation. A second experiment was carried out to study the retinol and α-tocopherol retention at different withdrawal times prior to slaughter (two dVitA levels; 0 v. 100 000 IU). A high dose of 100 000 IU vitamin A during a short 2-week period was enough to induce α-tocopherol depletion in liver and fat to a similar extent as when 100 000 IU were administered during the whole fattening. Muscle, fat and liver α-tocopherol concentrations were not affected by dVitA in the 1300-13 000 IU/kg range, but liver α-tocopherol concentration was higher when vitamin A was removed from the vitamin mix 5 weeks prior to slaughter (experiment 3).
... Vitamin E produced from natural ingredients (e. g., vegetable oils) contains 100 % RRR-a-tocopherol stereoisomer. The preferential transfer of RRR-a-tocopherol may contribute to the higher bio-potency of naturalsource vitamin E supplementation relative to synthetic vitamin E supplementation, as has been ob-served in pigs (1,9,11,16], dairy cows [4,13]; calves [2], horses [14], dogs [15], and trout [5]. ...
Article
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This study evaluated the biological discrimination of different alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers (i. e. RRR-, RRS-, RSR-, RSS- and the four 2S-alpha-tocopherols) from all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation in milk replacer for rearing and veal calves respectively, in practical farming conditions. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, six rearing calves were fed milk replacer supplemented with 80 mg/kg all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate for a period of 9 weeks. The calves were supplied calf starter concentrate from 1 to 12 weeks. In experiment 2, six veal calves were fed milk replacer supplemented with 80 mg/kg all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate for a period of 24 weeks. Blood samples were taken at the start and every 4 weeks until 12 weeks for rearing calves in experiment 1, and until slaughter (24 weeks) for veal calves in experiment 2. Liver, adipose, muscle, and brain samples were taken at slaughter of the six veal calves in experiment 2. The distribution of different alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers in feed, plasma, and tissues was analyzed. In both experiments, it was observed that RRR-alpha-tocopherol was the dominant stereoisomer in plasma and tissues. The average percentage of the RRR-alpha-tocopherol stereoisomer was 64 %, and 39 % of the total alpha-tocopherol in plasma for rearing and veal calves, respectively. The higher RRR-alpha-tocopherol stereoisomer proportion as percentage of the total alpha-tocopherol in rearing calves was related to higher dietary natural vitamin E intake. Other 2R-alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers had lower utilization efficiency than RRR-alpha-tocopherol stereoisomer. 2S-alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers were basically not utilized by calves.
... Tissue samples were frozen following collection and stored a t -20°C until they were analyzed. Vitamin E ( cy-tocopherol) was extracted from serum samples using the procedure described by McMurray and Blanchflower 1979) with modifications as reported previously (Anderson et al., 1995) and from tissue samples using the procedure of Chung et al. (1992) with modifications (Anderson et al., 1995). Alpha-tocopherol was determined by injecting 20 pL of the reconstituted sample (serum or tissue) into an HPLC system (Anderson et al., 1995). ...
Article
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A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of high dietary vitamin A on vitamin E status and performance of growing-finishing pigs fed diets supplemented with varying levels of vitamin E. Treatments consisted of corn-soybean meal-based diets supplemented with retinyl acetate to provide 2,000 or 20,000 IU of vitamin A/kg of diet and with DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate to provide 0, 15, or 150 IU of added vitamin E/kg in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. The trial involved 84 crossbred pigs (26 kg initial BW) allotted to pens of two pigs each (one gilt, one barrow). Serum was obtained from all pigs on d 0, 3, 7, 21, 35, 63, and 77 of the 83- or 90-d feeding period. Tissue samples (liver, leg, and neck muscle, backfat, and leaf fat) were collected from one pig (barrow) in each pen at the end of the feeding period. Average daily gain and gain:feed were .93 kg and .30, respectively, without treatment differences (P > .10). Serum alpha-tocopherol increased linearly (P < .01) by d 3 with increasing level of dietary vitamin E supplementation. High dietary vitamin A resulted in a small decrease (P < .01) in serum alpha-tocopherol on d 3, but serum alpha-tocopherol concentration was not affected (P > .10) on other days. Tissue alpha-tocopherol increased linearly (P < .001) as dietary vitamin E increased in all tissues examined. No consistent evidence was found to indicate that a high level of dietary vitamin A interfered with performance or with blood serum or tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations in growing-finishing swine.
... -1448 ments were made, Charmley et al. (1992) suggested that in different classes of cattle circulating levels of tocopherol seemed to be influenced by blood lipids making serum tocopherol an unreliable index of vitamin E status. There was no difference between expressing serum a-tocopherol as micrograms/milliliter of serum or milligrams of serum tocopheroV gram of blood lipids (Chung et al., 1992; Njeru et al., 1994). Weiss et al. (1992) reported a weak positive correlation between serum a-tocopherol and cholesterol in periparturient cows. ...
Article
Effects of four dietary levels of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (0, 500, 1,500, and 3,000 IU.animal-1.d-1) on serum, red blood cell (RBC), and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations were investigated in 32 yearling cattle during an 84-d trial. Supplemental vitamin E was fed for 28 d, withdrawn for 28 d, and then resumed for another 28 d. Blood was collected on d 1 before treatment administration, d 3, and biweekly thereafter. Serum alpha-tocopherol increased rapidly from pretreatment values (1.8 micrograms/mL) with linear (P < .05) treatment effects on d 3 and 14 and cubic treatment effects on d 28. Upon withdrawal of vitamin E supplementation, serum tocopherol concentrations declined and again increased rapidly and linearly by d 84 after supplementation was resumed. Concentration of alpha-tocopherol in RBC did not respond appreciably to supplemental vitamin E. There were no vitamin E treatment effects on blood lipid fractions (cholesterol and triglycerides). When serum tocopherol was expressed relative to the sum of cholesterol and triglycerides, response to vitamin E intake followed similar trends as serum alpha-tocopherol. The relationship between serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations or serum tocopherol:cholesterol plus triglycerides ratio and vitamin E intake was linear (P < .05) for d 14, 28, and 84 and linear with liver for d 84. Serum and liver tocopherol reflected vitamin E intake and can be used reliably to estimate vitamin E status in young cattle.
... ( Hidiroglou et al., 1993). Vitamin E supplementation had no effect on these two serum lipid fractions, in agreement with observations made in other studies with sheep ( Judson et al., 1991;Hidiroglou et al., 1993) and weanling pigs ( Chung et al., 1992). In studies with rats, dietary vitamin E supplementation both increased ( Lehmann, 1981) and lowered (Yang and Desai, 1977) plasma lipids, whereas no effects were observed by Afflin-Slater (1960). ...
Article
The effects of supplemental dietary vitamin E (as DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate; 0, 15, 30, and 60 IU/d) on serum, platelet, and muscle tocopherol and lipid (cholesterol and triglycerides) concentrations in 32 sheep were investigated in a 60-d trial. Serum, platelet, and muscle alpha-tocopherol concentrations increased linearly (P < .05) with treatment. Platelet tocopherol concentrations were more sensitive to vitamin E intake than either serum or muscle tocopherol. There were no effects on serum lipid concentrations. There were low correlations (P > .05) between serum or platelet tocopherol and either cholesterol or triglycerides or the sum of the two lipid fractions. Correlations between serum or platelet tocopherol and muscle tocopherol were also low (P > .05). Although platelet tocopherol was more sensitive to vitamin E intake than serum tocopherol, serum tocopherol concentrations can be reliably used to estimate vitamin E status. Expressing serum tocopherol relative to blood lipids did not improve the relationship between serum tocopherol and vitamin E intake.
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World consumption of pork is steadily increasing, with the growing demand for pork being met by increasing both the number of pigs and their slaughter weight. However, pork production faces negative factors leading to the development of oxidative stress, which does not allow the genetic potential of the breeds to be fully realised. Particular attention is paid to the post-weaning period in pigs, when they are exposed to numerous stresses, with low adaptive capacity. This is an important period in pig rearing as it is often accompanied by temporary low feed intake, poor growth, intestinal dysbiosis and diarrhoea after weaning. These factors pose a threat to animal health and welfare, increasing the risk of mortality and leading to significant economic losses. For many years the problem of oxidative stress has been solved by the use of zinc oxide in the diets of weaned piglets. The use of natural antioxidant additives in pig diets is becoming more and more relevant in pig breeding practice. Natural antioxidants include ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherol (vitamin E) and dihydroquercitin. The aim of our research was to create and test a feed complex with the additive properties of antioxidants and vitamins. We developed a new feed complex of Dihydroquercetin (DHQ) with vitamins E and C (DHQEC), which was fed to boars at a dose of 0.025% of the basic diet during the whole period of fattening. The concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the blood serum of experimental animals was found to be significantly higher (p<0.1) by 12.5% at the end of the study compared with the control group. There was also a dynamics of oxidized glutathione concentration (GSS) decrease in experimental group animals, as well as a significant increase (p<0.05) of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSS) ratio by 45,9%. The concentration of malonic dialdehyde (MDA) was reliably lower (P<0.05) by 33,6% in comparison with the control group, while the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was 48.2% higher in the period before slaughter (p<0,1) in experimental group. The main effect of feeding DHQEC in mixed fodders was evident in the improvement of average daily live weight gain (ADG), including at the beginning of the experiment, the 1st week (p<0.10), and in the first period of fattening (5-8 weeks, p=0.09; 8 weeks, p<0.05). These indices testify to effective action of antioxidants and promote reactivity of organism and stress resistance, which raises the indices of productivity.
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Vitamin E is an essential nutrient usually recommended in post-weaning piglets, when a decline in the serum vitamin E concentration is observed. Selected polyphenols have the potential to partially replace vitamin E in animal feed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the dietary inclusion of some commercial polyphenol products (PPs) on the growth performance, antioxidant status and immunity of post-weaning piglets. A total of 300 piglets (BW 7.18 kg ± 1.18) were randomly assigned to six dietary groups: CON− (40 mg/kg vitamin E); CON+(175.8 mg/kg vitamin E); and PP1, PP2, PP3 and PP4, in which 50% vitamin E of CON+ was replaced with PP with equivalent vitamin E activity. The PP1 group exhibited lower performance (p < 0.05) than the other dietary groups, but a similar performance to that commonly registered in pig farms. Dietary polyphenols did not influence the IgG concentration or the IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α cytokine concentrations. A lower IL-8 level was found in the PP4 group than in the other groups. The diets that affected the vitamin A content showed the highest value (p < 0.05) in the PP1 group, and a trend was noted for vitamin E with a higher content in PP4 and CON+. The polyphenols-enriched diets, especially the PP3 diet, maintained an antioxidant capacity (whole blood KRL) similar to the CON+ diet. In conclusion, the replacement of vitamin E with all PPs enables partial vitamin E substitution in post-weaning piglets.
Chapter
This chapter aims to integrate recent scientific advances in vitamin nutrition of pigs. Vitamin A may influence both ovarian steroidogenesis and the uterine environment by affecting ovarian progesterone production. The pig uterus secretes a large amount of several proteins in response to progesterone. Like vitamin E, ascorbic acid plays a role in protection against oxidative processes, which is important for both protection of sperm, and the breakdown of highly reactive oxygen molecules and radicals in granulosa and luteal cells and also immune function. Besides toxicity resulting from excess vitamin A, vitamin D is the vitamin most likely to be toxic for both humans and livestock. Excessive intake of vitamin D produces a variety of effects, all associated with abnormal elevation in blood calcium. Vitamin provision may have impact on health of pigs when taking into account that all vitamins have direct or indirect influence on the immune response.
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Vitamin E is typically supplied in the form of tocopheryl-acetate (T-Ac) since tocopherol (T) has stability issues. Tocopheryl-acetate, however, must be hydrolyzed in the intestines before it can be absorbed, a step that is purportedly rate-limiting for its bioavailability. The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of absorption of T-Ac and T in broilers. In addition, two test procedures were evaluated in which animals received the test substances for either 2 or 4 days only. Animals were adapted to diets without supplemental vitamin E (feedstuffs contributed 14±1 ppm natural vitamin E (RRR-tocopherol)) till the age of 25 d (individual housing) or 28 d (group housing). Subsequently, they were fed T-Ac at 80, 53, 36, 24, or 16 ppm or T at 80, 40, 20, 10, or 5 ppm for a period of 4 d (4-di) or 2 d (2-dg), after which serum and liver were collected for analysis of vitamin E. Measured feed vitamin E levels were used for the data analysis; the recovery of T-Ac was 85%, and that of T was 39%. Both test procedures (2 or 4 days) yielded good quality data. Based on linear regression analysis, the relative efficiency with which T-Ac raised tissue levels as compared to T was 0.24 (2-dg) to 0.37 (4-di), with liver and serum yielding similar results. Analysis using more complex dose response models imply that the hydrolysis of T-Ac was strongly dose-dependent and that it could be saturated at doses above approximately 50 ppm in animals only briefly fed T-Ac; for T there was no evidence of saturation. These data imply that T, provided that stable forms can be developed, has the potential to be much more efficient at providing vitamin E to the animal, and on top, can yield much higher tissue levels, than T-Ac.
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Vitamin E (VE), an indispensable vitamin in piglet feed formula. Among other things, it affects tissues including small intestine tissues and in particular its major unit intestinal epithelial cells. Previously limited in vivo experiments have focused on the effect of VE on the intestine, particularly digestion and absorption. VE has been shown to inhibit proliferation of some types of cells. This experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that VE affects intestinal functions by influencing the intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. Thirty 21-day old weaned [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] piglets with body weights of 6.36 ± 0.55 kg were randomly divided into 5 VE-containing feeding formula group. The treatments were: 1. 0 IU (control); 2. 16 IU; 3. 32 IU; 4. 80 IU; and 5. 160 IU. The treatments lasted 14 days. At the end of the experiment, all subjects were sacrificed to obtain blood and tissue samples. The results suggest that VE did not affect the growth performance. VE did tend to decrease jejunal crypt depth (CD) (linear, P = 0.056) and villus width (VW) (linear, P< 0.05). Sucrase activity significantly decreased in the adding 80 IU VE compared to the control (P < 0.05). Jejunal crypt, cell proliferation in 80 IU group significantly decreased compared to the control group (P < 0.05). This study suggests that dietary VE may affect intestinal morphology and functions by inhibiting weaned piglet jejunal epithelial cell proliferation.
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In livestock diets, energy is one of the most expensive nutritional components of feed formulation. Because lipids are a concentrated energy source, inclusion of lipids are known to affect growth rate and feed efficiency, but are also known to affect diet palatability, feed dustiness, and pellet quality. In reviewing the literature, the majority of research studies conducted on the subject of lipids have focused mainly on the effects of feeding presumably high quality lipids on growth performance, digestion, and metabolism in young animals. There is, however, the wide array of composition and quality differences among lipid sources available to the animal industry making it essential to understand differences in lipid composition and quality factors affecting their digestion and metabolism more fully. In addition there is often confusion in lipid nomenclature, measuring lipid content and composition, and evaluating quality factors necessary to understand the true feeding value to animals. Lastly, advances in understanding lipid digestion, post-absorption metabolism, and physiological processes (e.g., cell division and differentiation, immune function and inflammation); and in metabolic oxidative stress in the animal and lipid peroxidation, necessitates a more compressive assessment of factors affecting the value of lipid supplementation to livestock diets. The following review provides insight into lipid classification, digestion and absorption, lipid peroxidation indices, lipid quality and nutritional value, and antioxidants in growing pigs.
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no. 119, Midwestern Section meeting of the American Society of Animal Science, Des Moines, IA. Trotter, M., and C. L. Allee. 1979a. Availability of phosphorus in corn, soybean meal and wheat. J. Anim. Sci. 49(Suppl. 1):255 (Abstr.). Trotter, M., and G. L. Allee. 1979b. Availability of phosphorus in dry and high-moisture grain for pigs and chicks. J. Anim. Sci. 49(Suppl. 1):98 (Abstr.). Trotter, M., and G. L. Allee. 1979c. Effects of steam pelleting and extruding sorghum grain-soybean meal diets on phosphorus availability for swine. J. Anim. Sci. 49(Suppl. 1):255 (Abstr.). Tucker, H. F., and W. D. Salmon. 1955. Parakeratosis or zinc deficiency disease in the pig. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 88:613--616. Tunmire, D. L., D. E. Orr, Jr., and L. F. Tribble. 1983. Ammonium polyphosphate vs. dicalcium phosphate as a phosphorus supplement for growing-finishing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 57:632--637. Ullrey, D. E. 1992. Basis for regulation of selenium supplements in animal diets. J. Anim. Sci. ...
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Vitamin E is an essential micronutrient for humans and animals due to its antioxidant and non-antioxidant biological activities. The α-tocopherol acetate form is often used in foods and other products due to its high biological activity and chemical stability. In this study, we examined the influence of carrier oil type on the bioaccessibility and molecular form of emulsified vitamin E using a simulated gastrointestinal model. Oil-in-water emulsions containing α-tocopherol acetate were prepared using quillaja saponin as a natural surfactant, and either long chain triacylglycerols (LCT) or medium chain triacylglycerols (MCT) as carrier oils. The rate and extent of lipid digestion was higher for MCT- than LCT-emulsions, which was attributed to differences in the water dispersibility of the free fatty acids formed during lipolysis. Conversely, the total bioaccessibility of vitamin E after digestion was higher for LCT- than MCT-emulsions, which was attributed to the greater solubilisation capacity of mixed micelles formed from long chain fatty acids. The conversion of α-tocopherol acetate to α-tocopherol after in vitro digestion was also considerably higher for LCT- than MCT-emulsions, which may impact the subsequent absorption of vitamin E. Overall, this research has important implications for the design and fabrication of effective emulsion-based delivery systems for increasing the bioavailability of vitamin E.
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Vitamin E is an essential micronutrient for humans and animals due to its antioxidant and non-antioxidant biological activities. In this study, an emulsion titration assay was used to quantify the kinetics and extent of vitamin E and vitamin E acetate solubilization in model mixed micelles. The composition of the mixed micelles was designed to mimic those produced during digestion of lipids in the human small intestine: bile salts, phospholipids, and free fatty acids. Initially, the optimum conditions required to form model mixed micelles were established. The solubilization capacities of vitamin E and vitamin E acetate in the mixed micelles were then compared. The solubilization capacity of the mixed micelles for vitamin E was higher than that for vitamin E acetate, which was attributed to differences in the ability of the vitamin molecules to be incorporated into the micelle structure. The solubilization capacities also depended on the composition of the mixed micelles: micelle solubilization of vitamin E was increased by the presence of phospholipid (DOPC), but did not depend strongly on the presence of free fatty acid (octanoic acid or linoleic acid). Overall, this research has important implications for understanding the digestion, absorption, and transportation of vitamin E in the human gastrointestinal tract and for designing suitable delivery systems to increase its bioaccessibility.
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The application of Kit Radicaux Libres (KRL) test to assess total blood antioxidant activity in pigs was evaluated. The KRL has been validated and is widely used in humans for assessing the effectiveness of natural or pharmaceutical treatments, and in vitro to evaluate the antioxidant activities of natural or synthetic antioxidants. In this study the sensitivity of the KRL test in assessing the effectiveness of dietary antioxidant supplementation (vitamin E and plant extract) was evaluated in two different phases of pig breeding. The first trial, in post-weaned piglets (40 piglets/group) fed dietary vitamin E supplementation for 60days, indicated that there was a higher total antioxidant activity (P=0.032) of whole blood and of red blood cells (P=0.001) than for control pigs. The second trial indicated that long-term supplementation of water soluble plant extract (20 pigs/group) from the leaves of Verbenaceae (Lippia spp.) tended (P=0.091) to increase antioxidant activity in the whole blood of treated, rather than control pigs. These results indicate that the KRL might be recommended as one of efficient means for evaluating antioxidant activity of dietary ingredients fed to pigs.
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The present study investigated the effect of dietary fats rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (soybean oil), mono‐unsaturated fatty acids (olive oil) and saturated fatty acids (beef tallow) on the susceptibility of low‐density lipoproteins (LDL) to lipid peroxidation in pigs. In a cross‐over design with three periods, nine pigs were fed each of the fats in daily amounts of 250 g for two weeks. The susceptibility of LDL to lipid peroxidation was determined by Cu ²⁺ ‐catalysed oxidation. The lag phase before onset of oxidation, the rate of diene formation during propagation phase and the maximal amount of dienes produced during oxidation were considered for assessing the oxidative susceptibility. The LDL of pigs fed soybean oil had a higher oxidative susceptibility than the LDL of pigs fed beef tallow or olive oil. Probably, the increased susceptibility of LDL from pigs fed soybean oil to lipid peroxidation is due to an enrichment of LDL with linoleic acid whereas an enrichment of LDL with oleic acid in pigs fed olive oil or beef tallow reduced its oxidative susceptibility. The concentration of total tocopherols in plasma, expressed per mol lipid, was not influenced and that in LDL was only slightly influenced by the dietary fat, indicating that the dietary fat had only a small effect on vitamin E status. Pigs fed soybean oil had increased concentrations (expressed per mol lipid) of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in plasma, suggesting an enhanced lipid peroxidation relative to pigs fed olive oil or beef tallow. The effect of dietary fats on the susceptibility of LDL to lipid peroxidation might be of physiological relevance because oxidatively modified LDL play an important role in the progress of atherosclerosis. Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß des Fettes auf die Oxidationsanfälligkeit der Lipoproteine geringer Dichte beim Schwein In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluß verschiedener Fette, nämlich von Sojaöl mit einem hohem Anteil mehrfach ungesättigter Fettsäuren, von Olivenöl mit einem hohen Anteil einfach ungesättigter Fettsäuren sowie von Rindertalg mit einem hohen Anteil gesättigter Fettsäuren auf die Oxidationsanfälligkeit der Lipoproteine geringer Dichte (LDL) beim Schwein untersucht. Dazu erhielten neun Schweine entsprechend eines Cross‐over Versuchsplans mit drei Versuchsperioden von jeweils zwei Wochen Dauer jedes der drei Fette in einer Zulage von 250 g pro Tag einmal. Die Oxidationsanfälligkeit der LDL wurde durch das Ausmaß der durch Kupferionen induzierten Oxidation bestimmt. Als Meßparameter wurden hierbei die Zeit bis zum Einsetzen der Oxidation, die Rate der Bildung konjugierter Diene sowie die maximal erreichte Konzentration konjugierter Diene herangezogen. Die Zulage von Sojaöl führte zu einer deutlich erhöhten Oxidationsanfälligkeit der LDL im Vergleich zur Zulage von Rindertalg oder Olivenöl. Diese erhöhte Oxidationsanfälligkeit bei der Sojaölzulage ist vermutlich auf eine Anreicherung von Linolsäure in den LDL zurückzuführen. Bei der Zulage von Olivenöl und Rindertalg zeigte sich hingegen eine Anreicherung von Ölsäure in den LDL, was vermutlich die geringe Oxidationsanfälligkeit der LDL der mit diesen Fetten gefütterten Tiere erklärt. Die Konzentrationen der Gesamt‐Tocopherole (bezogen auf die Lipidkonzentrationen) wurden durch die Art des Fettes nicht (Plasma) bzw. nur geringfügig (LDL) beeinflußt. Folglich hatte die Art des Fettes keinen starken Einfluß auf den Vitamin E‐Status der Tiere. Bei Zulage von Sojaöl ergaben sich im Vergleich zu den Zulagen an Olivenöl oder Rindertalg erhöhte Konzentrationen Thiobarbitursäure‐reaktiver Substanzen im Plasma, was auf eine erhöhte Lipidperoxidation in vivo hinweist. Der Einfluß des Diätfettes auf die Oxidationsanfälligkeit der LDL dürfte von großer physiologischer Bedeutung sein, da oxidativ modifizierte LDL in vivo eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entstehung der Arteriosklerose Rolle spielen.
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We determined the effect of pasture feeding (P0) or sorghum feeding with 2500 IU/head/d; (G2500) or without (G0) vitamin E supplementation on the color stability of gluteus medius (GM), longissimus lumborum (LL) and semimembranosus (SM). Diets did not affect the total pigment concentration of the muscle. Color stabilities were G2500 > P0 > G0 for fresh GM and SM and G2500 > G0 > P0 for fresh LL. Color stabilities of aged beef from the P0 and G2500 treatments were similar and higher than those from unsupplemented animals. Color stability of minced beef ranked as: P0 aged > G0 and G2500 fresh > P0 fresh > G0 and G2500 aged.
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A trout diet was supplemented with 0, 8.5, or 15 g/100 g of flaxseed oil (FO). To prevent lipid oxidation of fillets, FO-supplemented diets were also enhanced with 0, 400, and 900 mg/kg of alpha-tocopheryl acetate (α-TA). Total fat, moisture content, lipid oxidation, fatty acid profile, and α-tocopherol content of fillets were determined following fish harvest on days 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120. FO supplementation resulted in increased (P<0.05) concentration of omega-3 fatty acid (ω3 FA) in fillets, mainly due almost two-fold increase (P<0.05) of α-linolenic acid, while docosahexaenoic and eicopentaenoic acids slightly decreased (P<0.05). Regardless of supplementing trout diets with FO or α-TA, no (P>0.05) difference of the total fat in fillets was measured. The highest (P<0.05) α-tocopherol content in fillets was determined when supplementing trout with 900 mg/kg of α-TA at day 120. The effect of retarding lipid oxidation in fillets was recorded after supplementing trout with α-TA for 60 days. Our results indicate that regardless of FO level in trout diet, 900 mg/kg of α-TA can prevent lipid deterioration of fillets. However, to achieve more pronounced antioxidant effect in the ω-3-enhanced trout fillets, a synergetic effect of antioxidants and anaerobic packaging with α-TA supplementation should be investigated.
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Mulberry heart disease (MHD) in pigs is characterized by lesions of acute haemorrhagic myocarditis and myocardial necrosis. The objectives of this study were to determine the levels of vitamin E and selenium and 13 other trace minerals in heart and liver tissues and to determine the prevalence of certain viral infections in heart tissues from MHD-affected and MHD-unaffected pigs and the vitamin E and selenium concentration in feed samples from selected farms with MHD. Based on the pathological examination, 114 pigs were separated into MHD lesion-negative (L-NEG) (n = 57) and MHD lesion-positive (L-POS) (n = 57) groups. Seventy-three samples (40 L-NEG and 33 L-POS) were subjected to chemical analysis, and 66 (32 L-NEG and 34 L-POS) were subjected to PCR detection for viral pathogens. Lower (P < 0.05) levels of myocardial copper, lower (P < 0.05) levels of hepatic magnesium and higher (P < 0.05) levels of myocardial and hepatic sodium were detected in the L-POS cases. Although lower (P < 0.05) levels of hepatic selenium were detected in L-POS group, all were within the normal range. Analysis of feed samples (n = 22) revealed that selenium levels in all the samples were above the legal limit (0.3 ppm) for pigs. Vitamin E levels in all feed samples were above 20 IU/kg. Among the 66 pigs subjected to PCR detection, there were 19, 4, 13, 8, 2 and 1 animals positive for porcine circovirus type 2, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, pan-herpes virus, porcine enterovirus, pan-pestivirus and porcine parvovirus, respectively. Clear evidence of viral association with L-POS was lacking.
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Bio-availability of different alpha-tocopherol forms in livestock animals is measured by the increase in plasma or tissue concentrations of alpha-tocopherol after oral administration. It is generally accepted that RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (natural source vitamin E derived from vegetable oil) has a higher bio-availability compared to all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (synthetic vitamin E, i.e. alpha-tocopherol produced by chemical synthesis). However, different bio-availability ratios have been reported in the literature. The major reason for conflicting results in literature studies was the inability to separate the proportion of alpha-tocopherol originating from test materials, from the proportion of alpha-tocopherol originating from basal dietary ingredients and pre-feeding. This causes significant variability. For bio-availability determination, a baseline or control treatment is essential. The estimation of bio-availability without correction for basal vitamin E status will lead to incorrect interpretation of the results. When using proper methodologies, it is possible to correct for the impact of alpha-tocopherol intake from basal ingredients and alpha-tocopherol originating from pre-feeding, therefore yielding results reflecting the true relative bio-availability of different alpha-tocopherol substances. When reviewing literature data a critical evaluation of the method used in determination of relative bio-availability is recommended.
Article
ANIMAL and human studies have shown that the biological activity of vitamin E sources is dependent on their particular stereochemistry and chemical form (Ingold and others 1987, Ferslew and others 1993, Acuff and others 1994, Kiyose and others 1995). The two most common commercial sources of vitamin E are natural analogues (d- or RRR-a-tocopherol) and synthetic derivatives (dl- or all-rac-atocopherol) with their corresponding stabilised acetate esters. Usually, synthetic vitamin sources are, for the most part, equal in efficacy and structure to the natural source of that vitamin; however, this is not the case for vitamin E (Burton and others 1998). The source of vitamin E with the highest biological activity is natural a-tocopherol that has been isolated from seed oils. Synthetic vitamin E is made from petrochemicals. The difference between natural and synthetic vitamin E is their chemical structures. Natural vitamin E contains one isomer, RRR-a-tocopherol, which has eight different forms; these are alpha-, beta-, gamma- and 8-tocopherols and alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols. Many different tocopherol and tocotrienol derivatives have been synthesised, but these are most commonly based on racemic a-tocopherol, which contains equimolar amounts of eight stereoisomers, with only one being identical to the natural RRR-isomer. Synthetic vitamin E contains equimolar amounts of eight stereoisomers, of which one is identical to the natural RRR-isomer. The body preferentially transports and incorporates the natural isomer, thereby making the bioavailability of synthetic vitamin E less than that of natural vitamin E (Acuff and others 1994, Burton and others 1998).
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Se realizó un experimento para estudiar el efecto de la suplementación con vitamina E y selenio sobre los parámetros productivos, los parámetros hematológicos y el sistema inmune de lechones recién destetados. Se utilizaron 96 lechones recién destetados (26 + - 2 días) distribuidos en cuatro tratamientos agrupados según un diseño factorial 2 x 2, con dos niveles de vitamina E (30 ó 200 ppm) y dos de selenio (0 ó 0,3 ppm). Cada tratamiento se replicó cuatro veces (seis lechones por réplica). El experimento duró cuatro semanas durante las que se administró un pienso único basado en cereales-soja-harina de pescado a la que se le añadieron los niveles de vitamina E y selenio señalados. La inclusión de 0,3 ppm de selenio aumentó la ganancia media diaria (370 vs. 413,0 g ; P < 0,05) y mejoró el índice de transformación (1,52 vs. 1,46 g / g ; P < 0,05) en el período experimental global. La adición conjunta de las dosis más altas de vitamina E y de selenio produjo una mayor formación de anticuerpos a los 21 días después del destete (P=0,06). La suplementación con vitamina E o con selenio no modificó (P > 0,05) ni el consumo medio diario ni el valor hematocrito ni la concentración plasmática de hemoglobina, manteniéndose los parámetros hematológicos dentro de los valores normales. Se concluye que la adición de 0,3 ppm de selenio en piensos de lechones recién destetados mejora la productividad independientemente del nivel de vitamina E de la dieta. En la tercera semana después del destete, su adición conjunta con 200 ppm de vitamina E aumenta la formación de anticuerpos frente a la vacuna para el virus de Aujeszky.
Article
Relative vitamin E status of pigs fed natural or synthetic vitamin E was evaluated based on serum and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations. Individually fed finishing gilts at a BW of 70.5 kg (n = 24) were allotted to dietary treatments based on initial BW. The 5 dietary treatments consisted of a positive control diet using synthetic vitamin E acetate (Syn E Ac) supplemented at 22 mg/kg, and 4 dietary levels of natural vitamin E acetate (Nat E Ac) supplemented at 6.71, 8.33, 11.00, and 16.18 mg/kg of diet. Before initiation of the 32-d experiment, pigs were fed a non-vitamin E-fortified diet for 30 d. Diets were formulated to contain true ileal digestible lysine of 0.9 and 0.8% for the pretest and test diets. Serum samples were collected on d 15 and 32, whereas tissue samples were collected on d 32 for alpha-tocopherol analysis. Serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations on d 15 and 32 were greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed 8.33, 11.00, or 16.18 mg/kg of Nat E Ac than in pigs fed 22 mg/kg of Syn E Ac. When compared with pigs fed 22 mg/kg of Syn E Ac, alpha-tocopherol concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in 6 tissues (heart, kidney, spleen, liver, lung, and adipose) in pigs fed 16.18 mg/kg of Nat E Ac; greater (P < 0.05) in heart, kidney, spleen, liver, and adipose tissue in pigs fed 11.00 mg/kg of Nat E Ac; and greater (P < 0.05) in spleen, loin, and adipose tissue in pigs fed 8.33 mg/kg of Nat E Ac. As dietary Nat E Ac increased from 6.71 to 16.18 mg/kg, serum alpha-tocopherol increased linearly (P < 0.01) on d 15 and 32 of the experiment. Increasing dietary Nat E Ac linearly increased (P < 0.05) alpha-tocopherol concentrations for lung, heart, kidney, spleen, and liver. These results indicate that Nat E Ac was an effective vitamin E source and its relative bioavailability was substantially greater than 1.36 for finishing swine when compared with Syn E Ac.
Article
Alpha-tocopherol derived from natural source is a single stereoisomer (i.e. RRR-α-tocopherol), whereas synthetic α-tocopherol consists of a mixture of eight stereoisomers, including RRR-, RRS-, RSR-, RSS-α-tocopherol (the 2R isomers, R configuration at positions 2′ of the phytyl tail) and SRR-, SSR-, SRS- and SSS-α-tocopherol (the 2S isomers, S configuration at positions 2′ of the phytyl tail). R and S are assigned by the sequence-rule procedure, i.e. the priorities of the substituents decrease in clockwise direction or anti-clockwise direction at each chiral centre. Not all these stereoisomers are equally bio-available, which can be explained by the differences in the rate of degradation, transportation and retention. Humans and livestock animals can only utilize the 2R forms, while the 2S forms have very low bio-availability or basically are not bio-available. The utilization of 2R forms differs between different animal species. For humans and livestock animals, RRR-α-tocopherol has the highest bio-availability compared with other stereoisomers, while other 2R forms have lower bio-availability compared with RRR-α-tocopherol. The relative bio-availability of RRR- and all-rac-α-tocopherol is related to animal species, ages of animals and assessment criteria. In general, recent literature studies have demonstrated that the relative bioavailability of RRR- and all-rac-α-tocopherol is 2:1, differing from the commonly used conversion factor of 1.36:1. The latter was based on rat-resorption-gestation test. Most recent studies have shown that this conversion factor of 1.36:1 is not applicable to livestock animals and based on other metabolic functions. When IU is required to express vitamin E activity, new conversion factors need to be defined for livestock animals. Quantitative determination of bio-availability of the individual α-tocopherol stereoisomers will give a more detailed picture of the bioavailability of natural and synthetic vitamin E forms.
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A rapid sensitive, and reproducible procedure is described for the analysis of alpha-tocopherol in blood cells and plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorometric detection. The cardinal feature for the increased sensitivity of this high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is that the fluorometric analysis was carried out at a short excitation wavelength (205 nm) which increased the sensitivity of 20-fold over the usual excitation wavelength of 295 nm. Tocopherol levels can be measured in as little as 50 microliters of plasma and 200 microliters of erythrocytes. The tocopherol contentof plasma, red blood cells, platelets, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and lymphocytes of normal subjects and subjects ingesting additional quantitites of vitamin E are reported. The values for the white cells are approximately 30 times higher than those of the red blood cells (polymorphonuclear leukocytes 4.47 +/- 0.62 micrograms/10(9), lymphocytes 3.89 +/- 0.85 micrograms/10(9), and erythrocytes 1.40 +/- 0.14 micrograms/10(10) cells). The tocopherol contents of the plasma and all the cellular elements of the blood were increased by oral feeding with vitamin E.
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Twenty-seven New Zealand women received daily for 4 wk, 200 micrograms selenium as sodium selenite, 170 mg alpha-tocopherol acetate, or a placebo. Se supplementation raised platelet selenoglutathione peroxidase (Se-GSHPx, p less than 0.001) and also Se and Se-GSHPx in whole blood and plasma. Se concentrations and Se-GSHPx activities in liver biopsies taken after supplementation were greater (p less than 0.05) for the Se group and a good correlation was found between Se and Se-GSHPx in liver and muscle for all subjects. Platelet Se-GSHPx correlated well with Se and Se-GSHPx in liver, indicating its suitability for assessing Se bioavailability. This is the first reported study of relationships between Se and Se-GSHPx in human liver and muscle tissue and platelet Se-GSHPx after Se supplementation. These observations verify in man relationships observe in animal studies, giving support to assumptions made in methods for assessing Se status and bioavailability in man, in particular the use of platelet GSHPx.
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Purification of the oily, nonpolar fraction of high protein barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) flour by high pressure liquid chromatography yielded 10 major components, two (I, II) of which were potent inhibitors of cholesterogenesis in vivo and in vitro. The addition of purified inhibitor I (2.5-20 ppm) to chick diets significantly decreased hepatic cholesterogenesis and serum total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and concomitantly increased lipogenic activity. The high resolution mass spectrometric analysis and measurement of different peaks of inhibitor I gave a molecular ion at m/e 424 (C29H44O2) and main peaks at m/e 205, 203, and 165 corresponding to C13H17O2, C13H15O2, and C10H13O2 moieties, respectively. which are characteristic of d-alpha-tocotrienol. This identification was confirmed against synthetic samples. The tocotrienols are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and differ from tocopherols (vitamin E) only in three double bonds in the isoprenoid chain which appear to be essential for the inhibition of cholesterogenesis.
Article
Glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver supernatant from rats fed a Se-deficient diet for 2 weeks was 8% of control when measured with H2O2 but 42% of control when assayed with cumene hydroperoxide. Two peaks of glutathione peroxidase activity were present in the Sephadex G-150 gel filtration chromatogram of rat liver supernatant when 1.5 mM cumene hydroperoxide was used as substrate. Only the first peak was detected when 0.25 mM H2O2 was used as substrate. The first peak was absent from chromatograms of Se-deficient rat liver supernatants; but the second peak, which eluted at a position corresponding to M.W. = 39,000, appeared unchanged. The second peak thus represents a second glutathione peroxidase activity which catalyzes the destruction of organic hydroperoxides but has little activity toward H2O2 and which persists in severe selenium deficiency.
Article
A method is described for measuring free, total, and esterified cholesterol in blood serum in which reversed-phase liquid chromatography is used and the eluate is monitored at 200 nm. The sample for total cholesterol is prepared according to the Abell-Kendall procedure, and for free cholesterol an extract of serum--isopropanol (1:5, v/v) is used. The column is a muBondapak C18, 10 micrometers, and the mobile phase for total cholesterol is isopropanol--acetonitrile (50:50, v/v); for free cholesterol, it is isopropanol--acetonitrile--water (60:30:10). An approximation of the free cholesterol, triglycerides, and individual cholesteryl esters is obtained from single chromatograms of isopropanol extracts of serum if the first mobile phase is used. In a comparison study with the Abell-Kendall method for total cholesterol, the correlation is excellent and the precision is acceptable.
Article
The concentration of tocopherols in blood serum, liver and adipose tissue of growing pigs with different vitamin E supply was estimated gas-chromatographically. The animals were fed with a practical diet, supplemented with 0, 5, 15, 25 and 95 ppm dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (groups I-V). Based on a naturally vitamin E content of 7.4 and 8.6 mg per kg of the diet the control animals (group I) showed very low tocopherol concentrations of 0.5 mug per ml serum and about 1 mug per g tissue. No clinical vitamin E-deficiency symptoms were observed. The increasing alpha-tocopherol supplements raised the vitamin E contents in a proportional rate, and with high vitamin E supplies the highest quantities of tocopherols were stored in the adipose tissue. When the alpha-tocopherol content in the diet was raised by 1 mg, the concentration in the serum increased by 0.033 mug per ml, in the liver by 0.094 and in the adipose tissue by 0.129 mug per g, respectively (gamma = 0.99). This increase in the concentrations was strongly linear and can be interpreted by constant rates of absorption and retention of alpha-tocopherol in the present investigation. The growth of the pigs was no influenced by the different alpha-tocopherol supplements.
Article
Twelve d,1-3,4-3H2-alpha-tocopheryl esters were synthesized from d,1-3,4-3H2-alpha-tocopherol. They were acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, caprylate, palmitate, acid succinate, benzoate, nicotinate, o-hydroxybenzoate, o-acetoxybenzoate, and pivalate. The hydrolysis of these esters with bile-pancreatic juice and with 9,000 x g supernatant of small intestine and liver homogenates of rats was examined. When these esters were incubated in small intestine or liver supernatants, hydrolysis occurred at a similar rate. In the incubation experiments, alpha-tocopheryl acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, caprylate, palmitate, and acid succinate were classified as an easily hydrolyzable group. Alpha-tocopheryl benzoate and nicotinate were in a moderately hydrolyzable group. O-hydroxybenzoate and pivalate, which resisted hydrolysis, were in a scarcely hydrolyzable group. O-acetoxybenzoate was easily hydrolyzed to the o-hydroxybenzoate. Hydrolysis on straight chain fatty acid esters of alpha-tocopherol easily occurred in bile-pancreatic juice. In in vivo experiments, the lymphatic absorption rate of 6 esters, acetate, palmitate, acid succinate, nicotinate, o-hydroxybenzoate, and pivalate, was measured on thoracic duct fistula rats. Easily hydrolyzable esters were recovered mostly in lymph as alpha-tocopherol, whereas, an ester which strongly resisted hydrolysis, such as pivalate, appeared mainly unchanged. This fact suggested that hydrolysis of alpha-tocopheryl esters was not necessarily a prerequisite for intestinal absorption. The percentage of absorption of slowly hydrolyzed esters in lymph was relatively lower than that of moderately or easily hydrolyzable esters.
Article
A total of 280 crossbred pigs weaned at 21 d of age and weighing approximately 6 kg were utilized in five replicates to evaluate pig growth responses when fed a basal diet or one of several dietary lipid sources during a 4-wk postweaning period. A basal corn-soybean meal-corn starch-dried whey diet was compared with diets supplemented at a 7.75% level with one of the following lipid sources: corn oil, coconut oil, soybean oil, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) or an animal-vegetable blend. A sixth treatment evaluated a roasted soybean diet formulated to an energy:lysine level equivalent to that of the fat-supplemented diets. In Exp. II, 36 crossbred weanling barrows were used to determine apparent fat and N digestibilities when soybean oil, roasted soybean, coconut oil or the MCT-supplemented diets were fed. Although pigs fed coconut oil grew somewhat faster, fat inclusion generally did not increase pig growth rate or result in lowered feed intake during the initial weeks postweaning; during the latter portion of the starter phase the addition of dietary fat resulted in a higher growth rate but feed intake was unaffected, resulting in an overall improvement in feed-to-gain ratio (P less than .05) for all but the roasted soybean diet. Pigs fed coconut oil had higher serum triglyceride and lower serum urea concentrations than did pigs fed diets containing most other lipid sources. Pigs fed MCT and coconut oil diets had a higher (P less than .01) apparent fat digestibility during the initial 2 wk postweaning than pigs fed soybean oil or roasted soybean diets. Pigs fed MCT and roasted soybeans had poorest growth rates; apparent fat and N digestibilities were lowest (P less than .05) for the roasted soybean diet.
Article
A total of 180 crossbred, weanling pigs were assigned to five dietary treatment groups: 1) a basal corn-soybean meal diet formulated to current NRC recommendations, 2) basal + monosodium phosphate (2 x NRC P recommendations; P), 3) basal + alpha-tocopheryl acetate (220 IU/kg; E), 4) basal + sorbitol (1% of the diet; S) and 5) basal + PES. Dietary treatments were continued until market weight (104 kg). Blood samples were obtained at 3-wk intervals for analysis of serum alpha-tocopherol, P and total cholesterol. Liver and muscle (semimembranosus) samples were obtained at the end of the starter, grower and finisher phases for determination of total cholesterol concentration. The Ca:P imbalance produced by the high-phosphorus diets (P and PES) increased feed intake during the finisher phase. Dietary treatment did not consistently affect total serum cholesterol at any phase of growth. A transient 21.5% (P less than .05) depression of liver cholesterol concentration was observed in the PES-fed pigs at the end of the starter phase but was not apparent at market weight. A similar trend (nonsignificant) was noted for muscle cholesterol concentration. The present study suggests that the PES diet can decrease tissue cholesterol concentration during the nursery phase, but it remains uncertain whether this transient response is a function of age and(or) diet transition at weaning. Further research is necessary to determine whether this response can be translated to the finishing phase, and thereby reduce carcass cholesterol.
Article
Seventeen crossbred yearling wethers were randomly allotted to four dietary groups that consisted of 400 IU/day/sheep either of (1) dl-alpha-tocopherol (five sheep), (2) dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate (five sheep), (3) d-alpha-tocopherol (four sheep) or (4) d-alpha-tocopherol acetate (three sheep). Blood samples were taken at day 0 and then at frequent intervals for alpha-tocopherol determination. At the end of the 28-day experiment, animals were killed and various tissues sampled. Higher concentrations of alpha-tocopherol were observed in tissues of sheep fed d-alpha-tocopherol than the other tocopherol forms. In sheep fed d-alpha-tocopherol, the most important index of bioavailability, the area under the plasma alpha-tocopherol time curve (AUC), was larger as compared to other forms of vitamin E supplementation. Identification of alpha-tocopherol was confirmed by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Article
Twenty-four crossbred beef cows were used to investigate the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in plasma and tissues following oral administration of four tocopherol sources. Animals were allotted to the following treatments: DL-alpha-tocopherol, D-alpha-tocopherol, DL-tocopheryl acetate and D-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. Animals received a daily oral dose of 1,000 IU of the respective tocopherol treatment for 28 d and then were slaughtered. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 1, 7, 14 and 28 for tocopherol concentration assays, and samples from 10 different tissues were collected from slaughtered cows. Identification of alpha-tocopherol in tissues was confirmed by HPLC retention times and by comparison of mass spectra with that of alpha-tocopherol standards. The D-alpha-tocopherol and its acetate ester increased plasma tocopherol concentration faster than the racemic products, the greatest response occurring with D-alpha-tocopherol. Across all treatments, the highest alpha-tocopherol concentrations were noted in the adrenal gland and liver, the lowest in muscle and thyroid tissue. Tissue analyses confirmed that in adrenal gland, kidney, liver and lung, alpha-tocopherol concentrations were higher following D-alpha than DL-alpha-tocopherol supplementation.
Article
The vitamin E requirement of growing pigs was estimated on the basis of prevention of morphological signs of deficiency. Five groups of pigs were fed a barley-based diet low in vitamin E that contained 16 mg of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate equivalents/kg and .1 ppm of Se for 4 wk (depletion I). This period was followed by 7 wk of supplementation, during which the groups received 0, 15, 45, 135 and 405 mg of supplemental DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet. Finally, all the animals were fed the low vitamin E diet for 7 wk (depletion II). To follow the vitamin E concentration in serum and tissues, blood samples were collected and biopsies were taken from skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and the liver throughout the experiment. The peak vitamin E value was observed in the liver, followed by the adipose tissue and then skeletal muscle. The liver responded rapidly to changes in dietary vitamin E intake, whereas the adipose tissue and the skeletal muscle reacted at a slower rate. In spite of the abundant occurrence of the different vitamin E isomers in the feed, alpha-tocopherol was the main isomer detected both in the serum and in the tissues. The activity of glutathione peroxidase in serum increased with age but was independent of the serum vitamin E concentration. In the unsupplemented group all animals suffered from the vitamin E and Se deficiency syndrome (VESD) in an acute or chronic form. A total of 31 mg of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet (16 mg of naturally occurring vitamin E and 15 mg as supplementation) equivalent to 2.5 IU vitamin E/g polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was enough to prevent the development of VESD. In view of the large individual variations of vitamin E concentration in target organs, and to obtain a certain safety margin for prevention of VESD in growing pigs, a supplement of 30 mg of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet is recommended.
Article
Changes in plasma and RBC alpha-tocopherol after intravenous and oral administration of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate were investigated using vitamin E-deficient rats and were compared with those following the administration of d-alpha-tocopherol, which is the most active and natural form of tocopherol. Intravenous administration: By the administration of dl-tocopheryl acetate, the elevated plasma tocopherol levels were higher at 6 h than those elevated by d-tocopherol, but the RBC tocopherol was lower 6 h after the infusion of dl-tocopheryl acetate than after d-tocopherol infusion. The tocopheryl acetate incorporated into the RBCs remained for 24 h after the administration of tocopheryl acetate, the acetate then becoming undetectable in plasma. Oral administration: The tocopherol elevated in plasma and RBC was only the alpha-form and not tocopheryl acetate. In both plasma and RBCs, tocopherol levels were higher after the administration of d-tocopherol than after dl-tocopheryl acetate administration, and more was found in RBCs.
Article
All the factors studied that affect the total lipid content of the serum lipoproteins influence the levels of α tocopherol in the serum at a given level of α tocopherol intake. Thus there is a tendency for the serum α tocopherol to rise and fall in proportion to the amounts of cholesterol, phospholipid, and triglycerides present in the serum. Physiological, pharmacological, genetic, and dietary factors that change the level of the serum lipids produce a concomitant change in the level of α tocopherol in the serum. This makes previous conclusions on the state of tocopherol nutrition from serum tocopherol levels inadequate, except in those cases where the level of blood lipids was in the medium range. It is suggested that serum tocopherol be related to serum total lipids, and that all future records of serum tocopherol levels also record the level of serum total lipids, simultaneously: for example, 0.62/630 mg, which means 0.62 mg tocopherol and 630 mg total lipids in 100 ml of serum. Examination of data from children and adults on tocopherol deficient diets produced a ratio of less than 0.8 mg serum tocopherol to 1 g total lipids, if the data on serum cholesterol levels are extrapolated. All subjects supplemented with tocopherol and practically all of 76 St. Louis University Hospital patients, taken at random, had a ratio of above 0.8. It is noteworthy that data from newborn full term infants who had low levels of tocopherol in their serum produced a ratio of 0.8 or slightly higher; this indicates that sufficient tocopherol can cross the placenta when the mother's tocopherol intake is adequate. All adult subjects who in a previous study had been fed a low tocopherol diet for several years had tocopherol:total lipid ratios of less than 0.8. After supplementation with tocopherol, all these subjects had tocopherol:total lipid ratios of above 0.8. Since the tocopherols in the blood are only a tiny part of the total tocopherols in the body, additional studies are required to relate tissue tocopherol to vitamin E nutrition. The concept that changes in serum lipid levels can change α tocopherol levels may also be applicable to other fat soluble vitamins and to fat soluble pharmacological products.
Article
A colorimetric method for the estimation of serum glycerides is presented. The glycerol released by saponification of the serum glycerides is oxidized to formaldehyde which reacts with acetylacetone to form a yellow dihydrolutidine derivative absorbing at 405 mμ. The results correlate well with those given by the ZilversmitVan Handel method. Values for normal subjects range between 40–155 mg triolein per 100 ml (1.36–5.25 mequiv/1), the difference between the mean values for males and females being statistically significant by Student's t test.
Article
A method is described for the extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and quantitation of naturally occurring tocopherols and tocotrienols in feedstuffs. Validation of the method in feedstuffs is also reported including reproducibility, linearity, recovery, and precision. A survey of U.S. feedstuffs was performed by using this developed method, and the results are presented showing the α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols and the α- and γ-tocotrienols of animal feedstuffs collected in five major areas of the United States. Assay results from 77 samples are included.
Article
A rapid and sensitive method was developed for the quantitative determination of alpha-tocopherol in tissues and plasma of rats and mice. Tissue and plasma were extracted in acetone and chromatographed on a reverse-phase C18 column with 2% water in methanol. Fluorescence and ultraviolet detection were used for tissue and plasma alpha-tocopherol levels, respectively. Extraction of tissues and plasma was found to be more complete in acetone than in other solvent systems analyzed. The average recovery of alpha-tocopherol added to tissue samples was 97%. As little as 0.1 g of tissue or 0.1 ml plasma can be accurately used for analysis. The method is sensitive to 0.05 micrograms alpha-tocopherol/g tissue.
Article
The reaction of 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) with Se(IV) to form a fluorescent Se-DAN complex is the basis of a fluorometric method for determination of Se. With the aid of metabolically incorporated 75Se the method was critically re-examined. The study showed that loss of 75Se was negligible when liver or blood was microwave-dried or thermally dried at temperatures up to 120 degrees C; during HCl reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV), a temperature up to 210 degrees C could be used with no loss of 75Se; it was unnecessary to perform pH adjustment of solution for formation of Se-DAN complex before solvent extraction; it was unnecessary to carry out the chelation/extraction step in diffuse light; solvent phase containing Se-DAN complex could be left in contact with aqueous phase up to one week under fluorescent light with no effect on analytical results. From this study we were able to dispute or overcome a number of criticisms and myths which have been laid against the fluorometric method for many years. As a result, an improved single tube method was developed. The within-batch variation of the improved method was about 2%, while the between-batch variation over a period of 2 years was less than 10%. The method can handle 200 samples per batch and is applicable to a wide range of biological samples including liver, orchard leaves, barley, wheat, lucerne (alfalfa), poultry feed, fish, hair, blood, urine, and milk.
Article
The appearance of radioactivity after the oral administration of 3 microCi D-alpha-[5-methyl-3H]tocopherol and 10 microCi DL-alpha-[3',4'-14C]tocopheryl acetate in plasma, liver, kidney, spleen and heart of rainbow trout showed an exponential increase up to 32 hours, followed by a plateau or slight decline from 32 to 64 hours. Radioactivity in the skeletal muscle increased exponentially up to 8 hours followed by a slower liner increase up to 64 hours. Comparisons of plasma 3H and 14C radioactivity suggested that the uptake of D-alpha-tocopherol (EOH) was 6 to 18 times greater than DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (EAc) in the first 4 hours and 2 to 3 times greater between 8 and 64 hours. At the plateau, the amount of 3H and 14C radioactivity incorporated per unit wet weights of tissue decreased in the order liver greater than kidney greater than plasma greater than spleen greater than heart much greater than skeletal muscle. More than 87% of the 3H and 14C radioactivity after 16 hours was found to be free alpha-tocopherol in both plasma and liver. The radioactivity labeled vitamins were bound primarily to plasma low-density lipoprotein (density 1.015 to 1.085). These studies support the hypothesis that the uptake, transport and distribution fo EAc after hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract of trout follows a pattern similar to that of EOH.
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