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Analysis of bio-active constituents of the ethanolic leaf extract of Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

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Ramalakshmi. S
Ramalakshmi. S
Ramalakshmi. S
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K. Muthuchelian
K. Muthuchelian
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Tabebuia rosea is one of the medicinally important plants belonging to the family Bignoniaceae. Tabebuia sp are native to tropical rain forests throughout Central and South America. The herbal products obtained from the bark of tabebuia trees are called “taheebo”, “lapacho”, “pau d’arco”, and “ipe roxo”. Traditionally, taheebo has been used for treating ulcers, syphilis, gastrointestinal problems, candidiasis, cancer, diabetes, prostatitis, constipation, and allergies. In the present study the ethanolic leaf extract of Tabebuia rosea has been subjected to GC-MS analysis. The major chemical constituents are 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-hydroxy methyl (19.39%), 2-deoxy, D-erythropentose (11.01%), Santolina triene(8.28%), 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl (6.07%), 7-Quinolinol (6.01%), phenol, 2-(2-methyl propyl) (5.41%) and Cinnamadehyde (2.42%). Thus the extract of Tabebuia rosea was characterized by various types of active compounds such as aromatic aldehydes (21.81%), sugar (11.01%), aromatic compounds (7.28%), terpenoids (8.3%), quinone (6.01%), alkanes (6.35%), phenolics (6.85%) and flavonoid (6.07%).
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International Journal of ChemTech Research
CODEN( USA): IJCRGG ISSN : 0974-4290
Vol. 3, No.3, pp 1054-1059, July-Sept 2011
Analysis of Bioactive constituents from the
Ethanolic leaf extract of T
abebuia rosea
(
Bertol.) DC by Gas Chromatography – Mass
Spectrometry
Ramalakshmi. S. and Muthuchelian. K.*
Professor and Head, Department of Bioenergy, Chairperson, School of Energy,
Environment and Natural Resources, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai – 625
021,India, Telephone: +91 452 2458020,
Corres.author: drchelian1960@yahoo.co.in*,
rama_laksh24@yahoo.com
Abstract: Tabebuia rosea is one of the medicinally important plants belonging to the family Bignoniaceae. Tabebuia
sp are native to tropical rain forests throughout Central and South America. The herbal products obtained from the bark
of tabebuia trees are called “taheeb o”, “lapacho”, “pau d’arco”, and “ipe roxo”. Traditionally, taheebo has been used for
treating ulcers, syphilis, gastrointestinal problems, candidiasis, cancer, diabetes, prostatitis, constipation, and allergies. In
the present study the ethanolic leaf extract of Tabebuia rosea has been subjected to GC-MS analysis. The major
chemical constituents are 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-hydroxy methyl (19.39%), 2-deoxy, D-erythropentose (11.01%),
Santolina triene(8.28%), 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl (6.07%), 7-Quinolinol (6.01%), phenol,
2-(2-methyl propyl) (5.41%) and Cinnamadehyde (2.42%). Thus the extract of Tabebuia rosea was characterized by
various types of active compounds such as aromatic aldehydes (21.81%), sugar (11.01%), aromatic compounds (7.28%),
terpenoids (8.3%), quinone (6.01%), alkanes (6.35%), phenolics (6.85%) and flavonoid (6.07%).
Keywords: Tabebuia rosea, phytochemicals, GC-MS analysis, (5-hydroxy methyl), 2-furancarboxaldehyde, santolina
triene, cinnamaldehyde, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl, 4H-Pyran-4-one, Quinolinol.
INTRODUCTION
Natural products have played an important
role in the development of drugs and drug leads for
various diseases including cancer1. The secondary
metabolites from natural sources are good candidates
for drug development because being elaborated within
the living systems, they are perceived to exhibit more
similarities to drugs and show more biological
friendliness than totally synthetic drugs2. Thus a search
for anticancer compounds from medicinal pla nts is on
a rise.
Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC. Commonly
known as “Pink Trumpet Tree” can grow up to 15
meter and well known for its beautiful flowers. The
timber is widely used for general construction and
carpentry in many European countries. The fruits are
green, long and bean pod -like with a length of 20-40
cm (8-16 inch). The fruits turn dark brown when ripe
and contain flat, heart-shaped seeds with tiny wings.
The graceful beauty is a treat for the eyes, but the tree
has medical uses as well. Tea made from the leaves
and bark is known to have a fever-reducing effect3.
Muthuchelian. K.
et al
/Int.J. ChemTech Res.2011,3(3)
1055
Taheebo is reported to be an astringent, anti-
inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, diuretic, and
laxative4-8.
The Tabebuia roseae ethanolic leaf extract is
said to have remarkable antimicrobial activity against a
wide range of gram positive and gram negative
bacteria9. The essential oil of Tabebuia rosea leaf and
bark is reported to be cytotoxic which may be du e to
the presence of o-xylene (2.13%), 2,4-dimethylhexane
(1.03%), methyl cyclohexane (53.13%), methyl
benzene (12.75%), 3-Pentene-2-one(0.11%)10. The
earlier investigations on the phytochemical
constituents of Tabebuia rosea leaves in our lab
revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, phenolic
acids, flavonoids and alkaloids11. Also the alkaloid
extract from Tabebuia rosea leaves is preferentially
said to be cyt otoxic to human T-cell leukemia (MOLT-
4) cells in a dose and time dependent manner with the
absence of genotoxicity12. This work reports the active
constituents in the ethanolic leaf extract of Tabebuia
rosea by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of plant material
Mature healthy leaves were collected from the
tree found in the Centre of Biodiversity and forest
studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India.
The collected plant materials were botanically
authenticated by the Director, Centre for Biodiversity
and Forest Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University,
Madurai, India.
Preparation of powder and extract
Leaves (1KG) were shade dried, powdered and
extracted with ethanol for 6-8 hours using soxhlet
apparatus. The extract was then filtered through
muslin, evaporated under reduced pressure and
vacuum dried to get the viscous residue. The ethanolic
extracts of the plant was used for GC-MS analysis.
GC –MS ANALYSIS
Preparation of extract
2μl of the ethanolic extract of Tabebuia rosea
was employed f or GC/MS analysis.
Instruments and chromatographic conditions
GC-MS analysis was carried out on a GC
clarus 500 Perkin Elmer system comprising a AOC-20i
autosampler and gas chromatograph interfaced to a
mass spectrometer (GC-MS) instrument employing the
following conditions: column Elite-1 fused silica
capillary column (30 × 0.25 mm ID ×1EM df,
composed of 100% Dimethyl poly siloxane), operating
in electron impact mode at 70 eV; helium (99.999%)
was used as carrier gas at a constant flow of 1ml/min
and an injection volume of 0.5 EI was employed (split
ratio of 10:1) injector temperature 250°C; ion-source
temperature 280°C. The oven temperature was
programmed from 110°C (isothermal for 2 min), with
an increase of 10°C/min, to 200°C/min, then 5°C/min
to 280°C/min, ending with a 9 min isothermal at
280°C. Mass spectra were taken at 70 eV; a scan
interval of 0.5 s and fragments from 40 to 550 Da.
Identification of components
Interpretation on mass spectrum of GC-MS
was done using the database of National Institute
Standard and Technology (NIST) having mor e than
62,000 patterns. The mass spectrum of the unknown
component was compared with the spectrum of the
known components stored in the NIST library. The
name, molecular weight and structure of the
comp onents of the test materia ls wer e ascertained.
Figure1: GC-MS Chromatogram of ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Tabebuia rosea
Muthuchelian. K.
et al
/Int.J. ChemTech Res.2011,3(3)
1056
Table1: Phytocomponents identified in the ethanolic extracts of the whole plant of Tabebuia rosea by GC-
MS.
No RT Name of the compound Molecular
Formula
MW Peak
Area(%)
1. 10.12 Cyclopentane, methyl- C6H12 84.17 3.46
2. 22.71 1,6:2,3-dianhydro-4-o-acetyl-beta-d-
allopyranose
C8H10O5186.16 3.22
3. 33.77 3-hydroxy phenyl acetylene C8H6102.13 1.44
4. 36.01 Cyclohexaneethanol,4-methyl-beta-methylene-
trans
C10H16O152.24 0.73
5. 36.33 4H-pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-
methyl
C6H8O4144.13 6.07
6. 36.67 7-Quinolinol C9H7NO 145.16 6.01
7. 37.44 Cinnamaldehyde C9H8O 132.16 2.42
8. 37.80 Benzene, 1-methyl-2-nitro- C7H7NO2137.14 1.79
9. 38.04 Benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro- C8H8O120.15 3.18
10. 39.20 Cyclohexane, 1-ethyl-4-methyl,cis C9H18 126.24 2.89
11. 39.34 2-Furancarboxaldehyde,5(hydroxymethyl) C6H6O3126.11 19.39
12. 40.03 9-Borabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane,9-(1-methylbutyl) C8H15B244.03 2.57
13. 41.79 Phenol,2-(2-methylpropyl)- C10H14O150.22 5.41
14. 42.26 D-erythro pentose,2-deoxy C5H10O4134.13 11.01
15. 42.93 Oxirane, hexadecyl- C18H36O268.48 3.34
16. 43.25 1-hexacosanol C26H54O382.71 2.03
17. 44.07 Santolina triene C10H16 136.23 8.28
18. 46.16 2-methyl Benzoic acid C8H8O2136.2 2.31
Table 2: Activity of phyto-components identified in the ethanolic extracts of the whole plant of Tabebuia
rosea by GC-MS analysis.
RT Name of the compound Compound Nature **Activity
10.12 Cyclopentane, methyl- alkane Precursorfor cyclopentane
monoterpenoid synthesis
22.71 1,6:2,3-dianhydro-4-o-acetyl-beta-d-
allopyranose
Sugar glycoside Preservative
33.77 3-hydroxy phenyl acetylene Phenol Antibacterial
36.01 Cyclohexaneethanol,4-methyl-beta-
methylene-trans
Alkane ethanol Antibacterial
36.33 4H-pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro-3,5-
dihydroxy-6-methyl
Flavonoid Antimicrobial,anti-
inflammatory,anti-
proliferative
36.67 7-Quinolinol Heterocycle quinoline Metal chelator, anti-fungal
37.44 Cinnamaldehyde Phenolic aldehyde Flavorant,anti-ca ncer
antimicr obial
37.80 Benzene, 1-methyl-2-nitro- Aromatic compound
38.04 Benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro- Coumaran Antihelminthic,anti-
inflammatory,anti-
diarrhoeal
39.20 Cyclohexane, 1-ethyl-4-methyl,cis Alkane
39.34 2-Furancarboxaldehyde,
5(hydroxymethyl)
Aldehyde Antimicrobial, Preservative
Muthuchelian. K.
et al
/Int.J. ChemTech Res.2011,3(3)
1057
40.03 9-Borabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane,9-(1-
methylbutyl)
Organo borane Antimicrobial
41.79 Phenol,2-(2-methylpropyl)- Phenol Antibacterial
42.26 D-erythro pentose,2-deoxy Sugar Preservative
42.93 Oxirane, hexadecyl- Epoxide Adhesives
43.25 1-hexacosanol Fatty alcohol Antibacterial
44.07 Santolina triene Terpenoid,essential oil Cytotoxic,
Anti-fungal, Antibacterial,
Anti-inflammatory
46.16 2-methyl Benzoic acid Aromatic carboxylic acid Antimicrobial
Figure 2: The mass spectrum analysis and structure of 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5(hydroxymethyl) (19.39%)
Figure 3: The mass spectrum analysis and structure of D-erythro pentose, 2-deoxy (11.01%)
Muthuchelian. K.
et al
/Int.J. ChemTech Res.2011,3(3)
1058
Figure 4: The mass spectrum analysis and structure of Santolina triene (8.28%)
Figure 5: The mass spectrum analysis and structure of 4H-pyran-4-one, 2, 3-dihydro-3, 5-dihydroxy-6-
methyl (6.07%)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
GC-MS analysis
GC-MS chromatogram of the ethanolic extract
of Tabebuia rosea is given in (Figure1). On
comparison of the mass spectra of the constituents
with the NIST library, twenty peaks were obtained, out
of which eighteen phyt oconstituents were
characterized and identified (Table 1). The retention
times (RT) are in minutes. The various phytochemicals
which contribute to the medicinal activity of the plant
are listed in (Table 2).
The active components present in the ethanolic
extract of Tabebuia rosea are grouped as follows,
aromatic aldehydes (21.81%), sugar (11.01%),
aromatic compounds (7.28%), terpenoids (8.3%),
quinone (6.01%), alkanes (6.35%), phenolics (6.85%)
and flavonoid (6.07%). The major constituent was
found to be 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5(hydroxymethyl)
Muthuchelian. K.
et al
/Int.J. ChemTech Res.2011,3(3)
1059
at retention time of 39.34. The sugar, 2-deoxy-D-
erythro pent ose is found in next higher concentration
at the retention time of 42.26. The flavonoid
component, 4H-pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro-3,5-
dihydr oxy-6-methyl is found at the retention time of
36.35. The monoterpenoid, santolina triene is found at
the retention time of 44.07. The heterocycle quinoline,
7-Quinolinol is found at retention time of 36.67.
Phenolic compounds such as 3-hydroxy phenyl
acetylene and phenol, 2-(2-methyl propyl) are found at
retention time of 33.77 and 41.79 respectively. Methyl
cyclopentane reported in essential oil of leaf and bark
is also found in ethanolic leaf extract at retention time
of 10.12. Cinnamaldehyde, a phenolic aldehyde is
found at retention time of 37.44.
The major phytochemical constituent’s present
in ethanolic extract of Tabebuia rosea are presented as
mass spectra and compound structures are in (Figure 2
to Figure 5). They were identified as 2-
Furancarboxaldehyde, 5(hydroxymethyl) (19.39%), D-
erythro pentose, 2-deoxy (11.01%), Santolina triene
(8.28%) and 4H-pyran-4-one, 2, 3-dihydro-3, 5-
dihydroxy-6-methyl (6.07%) respectively.
CONCLUSION
The present study has been found useful,
where a variety of a ctive compounds have been found
in ethanolic extract, instead going for ess ential oils.
The presence of various bioactive compounds
(identified as aromatic aldehydes, alkanes, quinone,
alcohols, sugar, monoterpenoids, phenolics, flavonoid)
justifies the use of the whole plant for various ailments
by traditional practitioners. It could be concluded that
Tabebuia rosea leaf ethanolic extract of plant is of
phytopharmaceutical importance. However, isolation
of individual phytochemical constituents and
subjecting it to biological testing will definitely give
fruitful results.
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  • Sep 2022
Mitracarpus scaber is an annual plant found in different parts of the world with vast applications in ethnomedicine. The use of its ethanolic leaf extract as an antifungal agent has been widely reported. The identification of compounds in the leaf extract with the potential to inhibit fungi keratinase was carried out in silico. Chromatographic analysis of the ethanolic leaf extract of this plant showed that oxirane, 2,2'-[(1-methylethylidene)bis(4,1-phenyleneoxymethylene)]bis- (47.00%) and 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (21.12%) were the most abundant compounds in the extract. Site-directed multiligand docking of the identified compounds was performed on keratinase KP2 molecular target using the synthetic cocrystallized ligand from the protein and fluconazole as controls. The binding affinity of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (–8.1 kcal/mol) was significantly higher than the control compounds (– 6.7 kcal/mol and – 7.8 kcal/mol). The interactions of this molecule with the amino acids of the protein showed that the mechanism of its inhibitory action is similar to that of the cocrystallized ligand. The results from this study validated an earlier report that the ethanolic leaf extract from this plant showed excellent inhibitory activity against keratinophilic fungi isolated from cattle skin. It also identified 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene as the main compound responsible for the observed fungicidal action.
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... It also possesses therapeutic potential such as reducing inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolic disorders (Singh et al., 2016). Amongst all the eight identified compounds via GC-MS in methanol extract of C. axillaris, 4H-Pyran-4-one was reported to have antiproliferative activity (Mahdavia et al., 2018) and other identified compounds (2,5-Furandicarboxaldehyde, hexadecanoic acid and 5-hydroxymethyl) were reported to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity (Tyagi et al., 2017, Ramalakshmi et al., 2011. Herbal/natural medicinal plants are producing secondary metabolites that are playing a role in the prevention and treatment of cancer (Greenwell and Rahman, 2015). ...
Antitumor Activity of Choerospondias axillaris Fruit Extract by Regulating the Expression of SNCAIP and SNCA on MDA-MB-231 Cells
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2022
Objective: Cancer is a huge problem of disease globally. Today, the percentage of people die from cancer is more than a combination of various diseases. In females, most common types of malignancies that occur are breast and cervical. The present focus has been shifted on medicinal plants as a form of therapy and there is a constant need to identify new therapeutic agents. Choerospondias axillaris (C. axillaris), an underutilized fruit, has been used in the remedy of various diseases. In the present communication, we evaluated the molecular mechanism of C. axillaris methanol extract in regulating cell death in human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Methods: Methanol extract of C. axillaris was prepared and compounds were screened by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effect of fruit extract was determined on MDA-MB-231 cells by MTT ((3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and to analyse the molecular mechanism of human breast cancer cells after treating with fruit extract, protein profiling study was performed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Results: A total 9 differentially expressed proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS/MS) analysis. Among 9 identified proteins, synphilin-1 protein was found to be significantly downregulated, validated by western blot and RT-qPCR analysis. Possible interacting partners of synphilin-1 (SNCAIP) were analyzed for their possible role in cancer by the in-silico method. Conclusion: Our data implicate that the presence of bioactive compound(s) in C. axillaris fruits might play an important role in inhibiting the proliferation of breast carcinoma cells and Synphilin-1 protein may play a role of apoptotic function.
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Mycorrhization changes the antioxidant response and chemical profile of Lippia alba (Verbenaceae) essential oil under salinity conditions
Article
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of salinity and mycorrhizal association on the physiological responses in Lippia alba and on the production and composition of the essential oil of the plant. Rooted cuttings were planted in a substrate containing a mix of spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Fuscutata heterogama and Claroideoglomus etunicatum. After 90 days of planting, the plants treated and not treated with AMF were irrigated with water (control) or 40, 80, or 120 mM NaCl solution for 30 days. Growth, gas exchange, primary metabolites, pigments, nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium), antioxidant system components, and essential oil (EO) yield and composition were analyzed. Salinity directly affected physiological processes such as gas exchange, total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) content in leaves, as well as sucrose and biomass production, and plants irrigated with 120 mM NaCl were the most affected. Conversely, leaf temperature and EO yield increased in these plants. Na+ accumulation was higher in the roots of plants treated with the lowest NaCl concentrations (40 mM); lower potassium (K+) content and higher Na+/K+ ratios were also observed after saline treatment. Mycorrhization resulted in lower Na+ and higher P and proline concentrations in plants treated with 120 mM NaCl. Under salinity conditions, plants without AMF accumulated TSCs in their roots. Mycorrhizal plants from all saline treatments showed higher antioxidative enzyme activity and an altered EO chemical profile with reduced monoterpene levels and increased levels of sesquiterpenes and phenylpropanoids. We concluded that salinity negatively affected the primary physiological responses but increased EO production in L. alba plants. Mycorrhization in saline-treated plants increased the enzymatic antioxidant efficiency and promoted changes in the EO chemical profile. Under salinity conditions, L. alba plants can be an alternative for the cultivation in moderately saline environments and mycorrhization may be a strategy to induce tolerance responses and secondary metabolites production.
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Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC. ethanol extract attenuates body weight gain by activation of molecular mediators associated with browning
Article
  • Nov 2021
Tabebuia rosea has been reported to have anti-cancer, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic activities, and other species of the same genus have anti-obesity effect. Ethanol extract of T. rosea (TrEtOH) produced a significant decrease in body weight (12.1%), and a diminution in lipid profile markers in high fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. A reduction in the number of hypertrophic adipocytes and a decrease of triglycerides was observed in adipose tissue, added to a reduction in size and fat in hepatocytes. The administration of TrEtOH leads to the mRNA overexpression of UCP1, TBX1, and GLUT4, suggesting that the extract promotes adipocyte browning as a possible mechanism of action. A glycosylated coumarin, lapachol and quercetin were quantified in TrEtOH extract. Interestingly TrEtOH extract did not show mutagenicity, genotoxicity, or toxic effects after acute or 28 days repeated administration. TrEtOH extract could be used for the development of new drugs against obesity and its comorbidities.
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Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research Original Research Article Phytochemical Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Bioactive Compounds from the Roots of Dictyandra arborescens (Welw.) against Plasmodium berghei Protein Targets
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  • Mar 2021
The constant emergence of resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum has necessitated the continuous screening of traditional plants such that novel and effective antimalarial drugs will be developed. The antiplasmodial activity of the methanol root extract of Dictyandra arborescens against Plasmodium berghei was determined in vivo and the active compounds responsible for the observed activity identified in silico. Column chromatography was used to determine the solvent fraction containing the active compounds. All fractions reduced percentage parasitaemia in the treated mice, and hexane fraction showed significant (p ˂ 0.05) antimalarial activity. The hexane fraction gave two eluates coded EA and EB whose bioactive components were determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Eluate EA gave 11 compounds (propane 1,2-dichloro propane, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, n-hexadecanoic acid, 9,17 octadecadienal, (Z)-, cis-13-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, 6-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)-, heptadecanoic acid, 16-methyl, methyl ester and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phtalate). In comparison, eluate EB gave 16 compounds (carbonic acid, prop-1-en-2-yl tetradecyl ester, 5-octadecene, (E)-, isobutyl tetradecyl carbonate, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, n-hexadecanoic acid butyl octadecyl ether, 10-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, cyclopropaneoctanoic acid, 2-hexyl-2,3-divinyloxirane and carbonic acid, dodecyl 2,2,2-trichloroethyl ester). These compounds were subjected to molecular docking against Lactate dehydrogenase and Plasmepsin II enzymes from P. berghei. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and bis(3-methylbutan-2-yl) phthalate gave binding affinity values close to artesunate for the two protein targets. The antimalarial potential of D. arborescens root as a novel source of an antimalarial drug is thus validated.
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Anticancer agents from medicinal plants
Article
Full-text available
Cancer is a major public health burden in both developed and developing countries. Plant derived agents are being used for the treatment of cancer. Several anticancer agents including taxol, vinblas-tine, vincristine, the camptothecin derivatives, topotecan and irinotecan, and etoposide derived from epipodophyllotoxin are in clinical use all over the world. A number of promising agents such as flavopiridol, roscovitine, combretastatin A-4, betulinic acid and silvestrol are in clinical or preclinical development.
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Cytotoxic Effects of Tabebuia rosea Oils (Leaf and Stem Bark)
Article
  • Jan 2010
The leaf and stembark of Tabebuia r osea were separately collected, dried and grounded. The powdered samples were subjected to distillation using a hydro-distiller (all-glass clavenger apparatus), to extract the essential oil present in the plant samples. GC and GC/MS analysis were carried out on the essential oils and were found to contain a total of five and six compounds in the leaf and stembark respectively. The leaf contained o-xylene (2.13%), 2,4-dimethylhexane (1.03%), methyl cyclohexane (53.13%), methyl benzene (12.75%), 3-Pentene-2-one(0.11%) representing 69.15% of the total essential oil while the stem bark contained n-amyl ketone (46.69%), methyl cyclohexane (24.07%), methyl benzene (13.88%), α-carene (0.46%), β-carene (0.46%),and γ-carene (0.46%) representing 85.62% of the total essential oil. The toxicity of these oils was shown by brine shrimp test. The LC 50 value (µ g/ml) of 1.701 with upper confidence limit and lower confidence limit of 2.137 and 0.4678 respectively for both the leaf and stem bark indicated that the oils were highly toxic. T a b e b u i a r o s e a (B i g n o n i a c e a e) is a huge canopy tree native to the Amazon rainforest and other tropical parts of South and Latin America. It is a deciduous, massive and majestic tree. It is commonly known as "Pink Trumpet tree" and can grow up to 15 meters high. It is well known for its beautiful flowers and can live for hundreds of years. The fruits are green, long and bean pod-like with a length of 20-40cm. The fruits turn dark brown when ripe and contain flat, heart-shaped seeds with tiny wings. It has other common names like pau d'arco, ipê roxo and lapacho. It became popular in Nigeria due to its various medicinal applications traditionally; as astringent, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and laxative; it is used to treat ulcers, syphilis, urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal problems, candida and yeast infections, cancer, diabetes, prostatitis, constipation, and allergies. Tea made from the leaf and bark has fever-reducing effect [1-2]. Pau d'arco and its chemicals have also demonstrated in vitro antimicrobial and antiviral 127 Scholar Research Library
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A Synopsis of Bignoniaceae Ethnobotany and Economic Botany
Article
  • Jan 1992
Bignoniaceae include attractive ornamental flowering trees and lianas and produce hard and durable timbers, many pharmacologically active chemicals, various products used in local handicrafts, and even a few edible seeds and fruits. These uses are summarized here.
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Antitumor Potential of Total Alkaloid Extract from Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC. Leaves on MOLT-4 Cells In Vitro
Article
Currently there is considerable scientific and commercial interest in the continuing discovery of new anticancer agents from plants. Here the in vitro antitumor potential of the total alkaloid extract from Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC. leaves was evaluated by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2yl)2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) based cytotoxicity test using the human leukemic cells (MOLT-4) and the genotoxic potential of the extract was also tested using cytokinesis block in vitro micronucleus assay. Simultaneously, the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the extract were compared with mitogen stimulated T-lymphocyte cultures derived from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers. The MTT test revealed that the extract exhibited comparatively higher toxicity towards the cancer cells than the normal cells and the GI 50 values at 24, 48 and 72 h exposure were found to be 46.95, 36.05, and 25.75 µg/ml/1×10 6 cells against cancer cells. The micronucleus assay showed that in both cultures the number of micronuclei obtained even at the highest exposure concentration tested was very low than that of the positive control mitomycin-C. The results of the present investigation demonstrate that the alkaloid extract from Tabebuia rosea leaves is preferentially cytotoxic to human T-cell leukemia (MOLT-4) cells in a dose and time dependent manner with the absence of genotoxicity. [Nature and Science 2010;8(9):77-85]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). List of Abbreviations: TAE -total alkaloid extract; MTT -3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; MN – micronucleus; BNC -binucleated cell; GI 50 -concentration of total alkaloid extract (µg/ml) required to induce 50 % cytotoxicity in the respective time point.
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E R Almeida, A A Silva-Filho, E R Santos, C A C Lopes (1990) Antiinflammatory Action of Lapachol Journal of Ethnopharmacology 29: 239-241 January
Article
  • Jun 1990
Lapachol, 2-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1,4-naphtoquinone, isolated from some species of Bigoniaceae, was studied originally by Paterno (1882) and more recently by Gofll;alves de Lima et al. U956) in regard to its anti­ biotic/antineoplastic potential. Recently, according to the observations of one of us (C.A.C. Lopes), and antiinflammatory action in humans has been observed (unpublished results). The present paper attempts to document this action using widely accepted models of inflammation in animals.Clinically, lapachol is presently being used in them treatment of adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma
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Studies on Phytochemical Profile and Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.
Article
Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC. is commonly grown as an ornamental tree for its grand and majestic pink or purple flowers which offer different shades of colours. The wood is valuable and used in the manufacture of furniture. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids and alkaloids. In vitro antibacterial studies on the ethanolic leaf extracts were carried out on ten medically important bacterial strains, including Salmonella typimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Psudomonas sp., Staphylococcus epidermis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococccus sp. and Bacillus subtilis, which were procured from the Microbial Type Cultrue and Collection, Chandigarh, India, using agar disc diffusion method. The bacterial strains were exposed to the following four different concentrations of extracts: 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml and 300 mg/ml solvent. The results of our antibacterial assay revealed that the extract showed good inhibitory activity against all the tested pathogens compared with standard antibiotics like streptomycin and penicillin. The inhibitory activities were found to be dose dependent.
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Medicine and magic among the Maka Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco
Article
The Maká Indians are an ethnic group of hunters and gatherers of the Paraguayan Chaco. In order to heal illnesses and counteract different kinds of evil, they practice shamanism, magic and the use of medicines of vegetal and animal origin. A general review of the history, magic and medicine in this culture is undertaken. A list of the components of their pharmacopoeia, with details of their use and particular indications is presented.
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