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Antidiarrhoeal activity of Zingiber officinale (Rosc.)
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Zingiber officinale (ginger) was studied for its antimicrobial profile and effect on virulent features of diarrhoeal pathogens, viz. colonization of epithelial cells and production of enterotoxins. Z. officinale showed no antimicrobial activity. Although it inhibited the production of cholera toxin, it had no effect on the action of this toxin. It also had no effect on the production and action of E. coli heat labile and heat stable toxins. However the bacterial colonization of HEp-2 cells was reduced. The results indicate that in the absence of antimicrobial action, Z. officinale exhibits its antidiarrhoeal activity by affecting bacterial and host cell metabolism. The present study reports a novel mechanism of action by Z. officinale in infectious diarrhoea.
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... Ginger is recognized as an anti-inflammatory agent, while its properties related to cancer prevention of the raw substance have been addressed. The effects of ginger as a post-surgery anti-nausea agent were explored [30]. ...
Islam is the most all-encompassing religion, which offers the flexibility to adapt to new technologies and a comprehensive approach to living. In Islam, the ethical principles of biomedical ethics are connected to the Holy Quran and Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The current research is a component of the checklist of medicinal plants and their uses recorded in the Holy Quran. Approximately 14 plant species from various families have been identified, each possessing unique medicinal qualities, chemical compositions, and their global distribution. This study will provide detailed information regarding the extensive variety of plants referenced in the Holy Quran and Hadith, categorizing them as sacred plants such as fig, olive, date palm, and pomegranate, or aromatic plants such as ginger and basil, alongside nutritious plants like onion and garlic. Centuries ago, the Quran highlighted the beneficial aspects of numerous food items, and contemporary scientists have discovered some of these through extensive research, helping to appreciate the magnificence of God. It is concluded that herbal medicines are increasingly utilized worldwide due to their greater cultural acceptance, minimal harmful effects, and either negligible or significantly reduced side effects. KEYWORDS: Medicinal Plants, Holy Quran, Islamic medicine, Medicinal Constituents and their uses.
... Meanwhile, tannins and favonoids can aid reabsorption of intestinal fuids and electrolytes [45]. Tannins can also reduce intestinal motility by inhibiting bowel irritation [46]. ...
Diarrhea caused by gut motility involves 5-HT3 serotonin receptor (5-HT3R) antagonist, M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3-AchR), and H1 histamine receptor (H1R) via their respective agonist. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaf is an herbal medicine to treat diarrhea in Indonesia, though this has not yet been proven scientifically. This study aimed to determine the antidiarrheal properties of papaya leaf through in vivo and in silico studies. In the mice model, papaya leaves were infused with distilled water and subjected to in vivo antidiarrheal study using castor oil-induced diarrhea. In silico molecular docking study of nineteen secondary metabolites was carried out on the M3-AchR (PDB ID: 5ZHP) using AutoDock Tools 1.5.6, while ADMET was predicted by pre-ADMET. The results showed that papaya leaf infusion caused a decrease in the total number of feces, an increase in the onset time of diarrhea, a reduction in the frequency of diarrhea, and an increase in the percentage of inhibition of diarrhea. Quercetin 3-rutinoside, a flavonoid glycoside, is potentially an antidiarrheal remedy at M3-AchR. ADMET prediction showed good distribution on the target and was not toxic, but absorption needed to be considered. We concluded that the antidiarrheal activity of papaya leaf infusion was dose-dependent. Based on a molecular docking study, the flavonoid glycoside was very effective as an antidiarrheal remedy. ADMET prediction showed a specific distribution to the target and was not toxic.
... (1) Medicinal plants form a rich source of novel drugs in traditional medical systems , modern medicine , neutraceuticals , folklore medicine , pharmaceutical intermediates , food supplements and bioactive principles. (2) During recent years , multiple drug resistance has developed among human pathogens due to irrational use of antibiotics to treat even small ailments like cough and cold. ...
... Anti-diarrhoeal Activity: Poonam G. Daswani et al, (2010), the decoction of Zingiber officinale Rosc reduced the bacterial colonization of Hep-2 cells and disclosed its anti-diarrhoeal action by affecting bacterial and host cell metabolism 58 . ...
Background: In Ayurvedic classics Diarrhoea is described with the name of Atisaar. In modern science it is closely correlated with watery Diarrhoea which is defined as having loose or watery stools at least three times per day or more frequently than normal for an individual. Diarrhoea caused by bacterial pathogens is a global health problem, especially in developing countries and enteric bacterial pathogens are the main cause of infectious Diarrhoea. Ayurvedic literature have lot of unexplored or least tested medicine, Shadanga Ghrita is one of those Ayurvedic formulation used in the management of Tridoshaja Atisaar. But it has some disadvantages such as bitterness in taste, unpalatability, feasibility and inconvenience in transportation. Considering these, here an attempt was made to transform it into a new dosage form i.e., Ghana Vati. Aim & Objectives: Aim & objectives of present study was to evaluate the anti-bacterial activity of Shadanga Ghrita and its new dosage form on Diarrhoea causing enteropathogens. Material and Methods: Samples of Shadanga Ghrita & its Ghana Vati were prepared as per Sharangdhar Samhita Madhyama Khanda. All the samples of finished products were analyzed on organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters. Anti-bacterial study was done by using Well Diffusion Method and Muller Hinton Agar Media was used to evaluate anti-bacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, S. enterica, S. boydii, Y. enterolitica, A. species, and C. perfringens. Result: Both samples showed significant anti-bacterial activity against Diarrhoea causing enteropathogens. Conclusion: Shadanga Ghrita is more effective Antibacterial agent, as it was formulated by Sneha Paka Kalpana method; Gou- Ghrita has potentiated the anti- bacterial effect of it.
... Medicinal plants bearing tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, steroids, and terpenoids have been shown to have antidiarrheal effects [52]. For herbal products, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and flavonoids are clearly the main chemical components that have been shown to have a broad range of activities, including antidiarrheal effects due to their anti-motility and anti-secretory effects [53]. ...
Background
Natural products have been utilized by human beings for thousands of years to relieve a variety of ailments, including diarrhea. Conventional antidiarrheal drugs are associated with multiple adverse effects and contraindications. Traditionally, Rumex nepalensis by crushing the root, mix with water and then drunk the juice is extensively used for treating diarrhea. However, no scientific research has been done yet to support its antidiarrheal efficacy and safety. Hence, the aim of the study was to evaluate the antidiarrheal activity and safety profile of the plant in mice.
Methods
The hydro-methanolic extract was extracted through a cold maceration technique using 80% methanol. Castor oil-induced diarrheal, gastro-intestinal transit, and enteropooling models have been employed to assess the antidiarrheal activity of the test extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg.
Results
The crude root extract caused no mortality at a single limit test dose of 2 g/kg throughout the first 24 h and for the rest of the 14 days. In a castor oil-induced diarrheal model, the hydro-methanolic extract markedly delayed the onset of diarrhea, reduced the weight of wet and total feces at 100 (P<.05), 200 (P<.01), and 400 mg/kg (P<.001) test doses. Meanwhile, at 200 (P<.01) and 400 mg/kg (P<.001) doses, the plant extract considerably lowered the weight and volume of intestinal contents. In the gastro-intestinal transit model, however, a dramatic inhibition in the charcoal meal travel was noticed at 100 (P<.05), 200 (P<.01), and 400 mg/kg (P<.001) test doses. The peak antidiarrheal index was exhibited at the highest dose of the test extract.
Conclusion
The study speculated that Rumex nepalensis root extract possesses antidiarrheal activity, which could be owing to its inhibitory effect on both gastro-intestinal motility and fluid secretion.
Momordica cymbalaria Hook F. (MC), belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae, is a plant with several biological activities. This detailed, comprehensive review gathers and presents all the information related to the geographical distribution, morphology, therapeutic uses, nutritional values, pharmacognostic characters, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activities of MC. The available literature showed that MC fruits are utilized as a stimulant, tonic, laxative, stomachic, and to combat inflammatory disorders. The fruits are used to treat spleen and liver diseases and are applied in folk medicine to induce abortion and treat diabetes mellitus. The phytochemical screening studies report that MC fruits contain tannins, alkaloids, phenols, proteins, amino acids, vitamin C, carbohydrates, β-carotenes, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, α-eleostearic acid, and γ-linolenic acid. The fruits also contain calcium, sodium, iron, potassium, copper, manganese, zinc, and phosphorus. Notably, momordicosides are cucurbitacin triterpenoids reported in the fruits of MC. Diverse pharmacological activities of MC, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotec-tive, nephroprotective, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, anticancer, antiangiogenic, antifertility, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal and anthelmintic, have been reported by many investigators. M. cymbalaria methanolic extract is safe up to 2,000 mg/kg. Furthermore, no symptoms of toxicity were found. These pharmacological activities are mechanistically interpreted and described in this review. Additionally, the microscopic, powder and physiochemical characteristics of MC tubers are also highlighted. In summary, possesses remarkable medicinal values, which warrant further detailed studies to exploit its potential benefits therapeutically.
No need to say that diarrhoeal disease is one of the major health concerns of the entire world. Many treatment modalities are put forth and tried to achieve the best control over the morbidity and mortality caused by the diarrhoeal disease. The resistance to the anti-microbial drugs, development of carrier state, misuse of antimicrobial drugs by the common people and change in the course of the disease after the use of antimicrobial drugs are really the worrisome issues in treating diarrhoeal disease. On the top of it, the prevalence of diarrhoea in children is so much high and severe that addressing it with a proper therapy, in some cases and in some occasions becomes very difficult. Initial approach with effective herbs, sometimes, makes wonders. Tribal people staying away from the urban areas, have their own plant remedies for treating different diarrhoeas. Uttar Pradesh is one among such states of India that possesses enormous knowledge of traditional practices such as ethno-medicine and folklore practices. Their utility needs to be brought under the ambit of the main streams of health practices. For the reason, some of them, may turn in to the remarkable source of drugs or lead compounds or the drug candidates. This study is based mainly on the data published in the articles related to ethnobotany, folklore practice and local utilization of medicinal plants by the people of different zones of Uttar Pradesh. This review reveals 117 medicinal plants belonging to 53 different botanical families utilized in the ethnobotanical practices for treating diarrhoeal disease in Uttar Pradesh.
Current estimates of the global burden of disease for diarrhoea are reported and compared with previous estimates made using data collected in 1954-79 and 1980-89. A structured literature review was used to identify studies that characterized morbidity rates by prospective surveillance of stable populations and studies that characterized mortality attributable to diarrhoea through active surveillance. For children under 5 years of age in developing areas and countries, there was a median of 3.2 episodes of diarrhoea per child-year. This indicated little change from previously described incidences. Estimates of mortality revealed that 4.9 children per 1000 per year in these areas and countries died as a result of diarrhoeal illness in the first 5 years of life, a decline from the previous estimates of 13.6 and 5.6 per 1000 per year. The decrease was most pronounced in children aged under 1 year. Despite improving trends in mortality rates, diarrhoea accounted for a median of 21% of all deaths of children aged under 5 years in these areas and countries, being responsible for 2.5 million deaths per year. There has not been a concurrent decrease in morbidity rates attributable to diarrhoea. As population growth is focused in the poorest areas, the total morbidity component of the disease burden is greater than previously.
The present study was designed to compare the antioxidant, antiproliferative and apoptosis effects of ethanolic extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) with its phenolic component (6)-Gingerol on human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). We found that cytotoxic and antiproliferative effect of ginger extract and (6)-Gingerol could be associated with induction of apoptosis. Both ginger extract and (6)-Gingerol also showed remarkable antioxidant activities in comparison with ascorbic acid and N-acetyl-L-cysteine.
Purpose of review This review was designed to focus on the important research in the area of acute infectious diarrhea published within the past year. PubMed was, reviewed for articles published in 2004 and 2005 relating to pathogen-specific diarrhea and for travelers' diarrhea to identify,the newly published articles. Recent findings New studies continue to show the importance of the diarrheagenic Escherichia coli as, causes, of acute and persistent diarrhea. Enteroaggregative E coli has recently been shown to be an unrecognized cause of community-acquired diarrhea in infants in the USA. Genetic factors explain an increased, susceptibility to travelers' diarrhea among international travelers. Also, poorly non-absorbed rifaximin (<0.4%) was shown to be an effective drug when used prophylactically to prevent bacterial. diarrhea during high risk travel. Summary Studies will continue to define the etiology of diarrhea and to better understand the epidemiology and prevention of infectious diarrhea. Antibacteria resistance among enteric, bacterial pathogens is a growing problem, leading to the search for newer antibacterial drugs. Diarrhea due to bacterial agents international travelers can be prevented and treated successfully by antibacterial drugs, The nonabsorbed rifamycin drug, rifaximin, appears to be ideally suited to become the important hew drug in prevention and treatment of travelers' diarrhea. Studies are underway to determine the value of the drug in preventing invasive forms of diarrhea during travel to Asia and in the prevention of the commonly occurring, post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome.
Objective: To study the antiemetic effect of ginger root on nausea and vomiting induced by cyclophosphamide. Methods: A randomized, prospective, cross-over, double-blind study was carried out in patients receiving cyclophosphamide in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. Patients with atleast two episodes of vomiting in the previous cycle were included. The patients were randomly assigned to receive one of the three antiemetics: ginger, metoclopramide or ondansetron in the first cycle. They were admitted in the ward for 24 h and observed for the incidence of nausea and vomiting and adverse effects if any, were recorded. Patients were crossed over to receive the other antiemetic treatments during the two successive cycles of chemotherapy. Results: Complete control of nausea was achieved in 62% of patients on ginger, 58% with metoclopramide and 86% with ondansetron. Complete control of vomiting was achieved in 68% of patients on ginger, 64% with metoclopramide and 86% with ondansetron. No adverse effects attributable to ginger were recorded. Conclusion: Powdered ginger root in the dose used was found to be effective in reducing nausea and vomiting induced by low dose cyclophosphamide in combination with drugs causing mild emesis. The antiemetic efficacy of ginger was found to be equal to that of metoclopramide but ondansetron was found to be superior than the other two.
Holarrhena antidysenterica (L)-Apocyanaceae, well known for its antidiarrhoeal activity was studied for its effect on diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli. Different dilutions of the decoction of the plant were assayed for its effect on the adherence and toxin production of 2 groups of E.coli- enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enterotoxigenic (ETEC.) Adherence per se was not affected though disruption of the characteristic 'microcolonies' of EPEC on HEp-2 cell line was observed. The decoction was more effective in inhibiting stable toxin production as compared with labile toxin production.
This study investigated the anti diarrhoeal activity of the aqueous extract of dried ground leaves of Eremomastax speciosa (Hochst.) Acanthaceae. Diarrhea was induced in mice by the administration of 0.2 ml of castor oil, with the control group receiving water. The administration by oral garvage of 400 or 800 mg/kg body weight of Eremomastax speciosa extract reduced castor oil induced diarrheoa by reducing the number of wet stools by 42.50 and 48.35% respectively. This was as a result of the ability of the extract to stimulate the reabsorption of water from the intestinal lumen as well as significantly reducing the intestinal transit time and intestinal motility. This antidiarrhoeal property could be as a result of the tannins and flavonoids, which were found to be present in Eremomastax speciosa. © Copyright 2006 - African. Journal. Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines.
The pharmacological effects of crude drugs and other plant extracts on the contractile responses to serotonin (5-HT) in isolated guinea pig ileum were examined. The acetone extract of giner was found to possess an anti-serotonergic effect. The extract was further fractionated by column chromatography and results showed that [6]-, [8]- and [10]-gingerol were the active components exhibiting anti-5-HT action.