Article

Justice transitionnelle: concept et leçons tirées des expériences internationales

Authors:
  • Economic Social and Environmental Council (ESEC)
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Abstract

Plusieurs pays sortant des conflits ont eu recours aux commissions de vérité pour panser leurs blessures. Celles-ci essaient avec habileté de faire la part des choses entre enjeux divergents: vérité, réconciliation, justice et impunité. Cela est surtout vrai pour certains pays, du moins, car il arrive aussi que ce choix se révèle futile et superficiel. Ces commissions ont fait surgir aussi la notion d’une justice transitionnelle, sans juges ni tribunaux. Grâce à elles, les sociétés apprennent à affronter la part sombre de leur histoire au travers l’établissement de la vérité sur les abus du passé et se donner une chance de reconstruire une société juste et équitable. Elles permettent également de reconnaître les souffrances endurées et placer les responsables et les coupables sur la défensive. C’est une fonction morale et historique qui n’utilise pas les instruments traditionnels de la justice, mais favorise son œuvre. Cette contribution a pour objectif de mettre en évidence le lien existant entre la transition démocratique et la justice transitionnelle, d’esquisser les caractéristiques, le fonctionnement, les défis et les lacunes des commissions de vérité et enfin d’évaluer l’apport de celles-ci au processus de démocratisation à partir des leçons tirées des expériences internationales. Transitional Justice: Concept & Lessons learned from International Experiences. For countries just emerging from a struggle against oppression and tyranny, the first challenge is whether to blindly forgive past oppressors or hunt them down and punish them. Often there seems to be a choice between reconciliation or justice, instead of attaining a balance between the two. By early 2007, over two dozen countries have created truth and reconciliation commissions (TRCs) in an attempt to put the past behind them. Particularly in those instances where political transitions came about through negotiation rather than due to outright victory by one side of the conflict, the TRCs have become an attractive option. During democratization process, these commissions have come to be seen as a staple of post-conflict peace-building efforts and a valuable transition tool to balance demands for accountability for past human rights abuses. Broadly speaking, even if all the TRCs refer to what it is called ‘‘transitional justice’’, there are as many types of commissions as there are types of transitions, and each commission has its own characteristics and limitations. This paper offers an analysis of the link between democratization process and the concept of “transitional justice” and examines the characteristics, the work, and the limitations of the TRCs as main transitional justice mechanisms. It will also assess its impact, specifically on subsequent human rights practices and democratic development, by answering the following question: how can a TRC be a valuable tool for democratic transition and what are the main lessons of the related international experiences?

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