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Medicinal properties of milk thistle with special reference to silymarin– An overview
Abstract
Milk Thistle, Silybum marianum Gaertn. plant has been used for centuries as a natural remedy for several diseases. Its active constituent, silymarin displays several medicinal properties, viz. antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cytoprotective, amelioration of hepatic collagen accumulation in advanced fibrosis, immunomodulatory activity, etc. Present paper summarizes various research reports on the medicinal properties of the plant with special reference to silymarin.
... [10,11] Although it is a native of the Mediterranean; India (Jammu and Kashmir), Africa, America, Australia, China, and Mexico are the ideal places for its growth and cultivation. [10][11][12][13] Silymarin is an active ingredient that is found in the plant Milk Thistle (also known as Artichoke) scientifically known as Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn (Family Asteraceae) is obtained from the purified extracts of seeds and fruits of the plant. [14] Silybin (C 25 H 22 O 10 ), Figure 2, [15] is one of the main active constituents (50-70% of silymarin extract) and most studied flavonolignans found in silymarin. ...
... Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is a member of family Compositae. Silybin, silibinin are major constituent of milk thistle with maximum amount of biological activity, which contains 90 per cent of herb's component in most preparations (Das et al. 2008). Umar also known as gular; umber (Ficus glomerata) belongs to family Moraceae (Mulberry family). ...
... Além das intervenções já citadas, cabe ressaltar que muitos estudos trouxeram o uso de plantas na composição dos produtos como alternativas para a prevenção da SMP. Dentre as plantas utilizadas, destacam-se a henna, um corante extraído das folhas secas e de ramos de Lawsonia inermis, com efeitos antioxidante e imunomodulador (66)(67)(68) ; a curcumina, principal componente da cúrcuma, conhecida por suas atividades anti-inflamatórias e antioxidantes, por impedir a ativação da biossíntese de prostaglandinas e c-Jun/AP-1, proteínas quinases e expressão de COX-2 (69,70) ; e a silimarina, membro da família Asteraceae, que atua como antioxidante e inibidor de atividade de peroxidação de lipídios, apresenta efeito imunomodulador, aumentando a proliferação de linfócitos, do interferon gama (IFN-γ), de secreção de IL-4 e IL-10 por linfócitos e supressão da ativação de células T, por afetar a via NF-kB (28,(71)(72)(73) . ...
Objective
To map topical interventions used to prevent hand-foot syndrome in cancer patients undergoing antineoplastic therapy.
Method
This is a scoping review reported in accordance with the recommendations of PRISMA-ScR (extension for scoping review) and the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual. The searches were carried out in the electronic databases CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, LILACS, LIVIVO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science; and gray literature (Google Scholar, Pro-Quest).
Results
The searches resulted in 12,016 references and the final sample consisted of 45 studies. A total of 42 topical interventions were identified, including: moisturizing creams, corticosteroids, acids, mapisal, silymarin, and henna. However, urea was the most cited intervention (62%). As for the presentations of the interventions, they varied among creams, ointments, gels, hydrocolloids, decoctions, patches, powders, oils, and soaps.
Conclusion
The results allowed reviewing topical interventions, with emphasis on the use of urea and moisturizing creams. However, most of the interventions identified in this review require evaluation in future studies for better understanding of their benefits.
DESCRIPTORS
Hand-Foot Syndrome; Oncology Nursing; Nursing Care; Skin Care; Review
DESCRIPTORS
Síndrome Mano-Pie; Enfermería Oncológica; Atención de Enfermería; Cuidados de la Piel; Revisión
... PK is important to calculate the therapeutic potential and effectiveness of prescribed dosages of certain medications (9,10). Silibinin is the predominant molecule and is also considered the active metabolite in most scenarios (11). ...
: The utilization of natural plants as potent sources for curing chronic diseases has increased researchers' attention toward herbal and nutraceutical treatments. Silymarin, a flavonolignan, is derived from the natural plant milk thistle, Silybum marianum. It is utilized in both clinical and experimental settings to protect against a variety of diseases. Silymarin has only a modest influence on the pharmacokinetics of numerous medicines in vivo. The pharmacokinetics of silymarin indicate that it is readily absorbed and metabolized in phases I and II. Its conjugation can be found in phase II, and it is ultimately eliminated in urine and bile. The main active ingredients, silibinin and silymarin, are protective against cancer in a wide range of tissues. Additionally, it exhibited anti-angiogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-metastatic effects. Several types of research have proven the chemopreventive effects of silymarin in both in vivo and in vitro models of tumor development. It could be used as an addition to existing treatments for cancer survivors. This review includes the chemistry of silymarin, mechanistic studies on the potential biological targets of silymarin/silibinin for chemoprevention, several putative molecular pathways, and human clinical trials.
Ethnomedicinal plants have been the source of drugs since the dawn of human civilization. A number of systems of traditional medicine have evolved from the application of ethnomedicinal plants for treating human disorders. Producing drugs from medicinal plants largely relied on chemical techniques like solvent extraction, distillation, fermentation, digestion, decoction, percolation, and chromatography until the advent of omics technologies during the early twenty-first century. The availability of human genome sequence data has propelled drug discovery, where knowledge of disease-susceptibility genes can be used to design drugs with minimal off-target effects. Understanding biochemical pathways using the genome sequence data can help identify new targets for drug development. Sequencing of medicinal plant genomes can help in understanding the metabolite pathways and uncover key intermediates that can be tweaked to enhance the production of bioactive chemicals. Metabolomic approaches are playing a crucial role in discovery of new drug molecules, as a major category of plant drugs are secondary metabolites. Metabolic engineering, combining the power of genetics, biochemistry, and system biology, has facilitated the development of novel drug molecules. Using a semi-synthetic approach to drug production involving metabolic engineering, we can scale up the production of plant-based drugs without negatively affecting endangered or threatened plant species. A lot of plant proteins have been discovered to play a role in combating diseases like cancer, diabetes, HIV, and microbial diseases. Developments in proteomic technologies like 2D-PAGE, mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF, NMR, and protein interaction networks can minimize the time period required to develop new drugs and help in studying drug interactions and biosafety. We are witnessing a new era in the identification, purification, and production of plant-based medicinal compounds, greatly assisted by omics technologies enabling the mankind to effectively fight against severe and emerging diseases.
The trail aimed to explore the effect of dietary supplementation of Milk Thistle (MT) extract on growth performance and health status of growing rabbits exposed to serve heat stress condition, considering the economic efficiency of supplementation. A total of 96 weaned male rabbits were divided into 4 groups (24 rabbits/group). The first group received the basal diet without any supplementation and served as a control (MT0), while 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups supplemented with MT at levels of 5 (MT5), 10 (MT10) and 15 (MT15) g/kg diet, respectively, for 10 consecutive weeks. Both of growth performance and feed utilisation were significantly enhanced by the dietary treatment, the optimum dose of MT was 12 g/kg diet for average daily gain, specific growth rate and performance index. However, it was 13 g/kg diet for feed conversation ratio. The polynomial regression analysis showed that the lowest values of rectal temperature and respiration rate were observed at doses of 11 and 13 g/kg diet respectively. The dressing percentage and the relative weights of liver and total edible giblets were significantly improved by the treatment ( p = 0.0416, 0.0112 and 0.0032, respectively), maximising in the MT10 group. The MT10 and MT15 groups showed higher erythrocytes and leucocytes counts and lower levels of urea, creatinine and total cholesterol compared to the control ( p < 0.05). Liver functions significantly enhanced in aforementioned two treated groups, the liver ultrastructure represented normal cytoplasmic organelles, and nucleus and mitochondria in MT10 group, while the MT15 group showed hepatocytes with dilated nucleus with most cytoplasmic organelles appeared well organised and normal except few small cytoplasms vacuolated. The levels glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and total antioxidant capacity as well as immunoglobulin M, and immunoglobulin G significant improved in the MT‐Treated groups compared to the control ( p < 0.05). Economically, MT supplemented diets improved the net revenue of fattened rabbits during the summer season. In conclusion, the supplementation of MT extract at levels of 10 or 15 g/kg diet enhanced growth performance, feed utilisation, dressing percentage, hemato‐biochemical attributes, immunity and redox balance of heat stressed growing rabbits during the hot season.
Objective
To map topical interventions used to prevent hand-foot syndrome in cancer patients undergoing antineoplastic therapy.
Method
This is a scoping review reported in accordance with the recommendations of PRISMA-ScR (extension for scoping review) and the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual. The searches were carried out in the electronic databases CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, LILACS, LIVIVO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science; and gray literature (Google Scholar, Pro-Quest).
Results
The searches resulted in 12,016 references and the final sample consisted of 45 studies. A total of 42 topical interventions were identified, including: moisturizing creams, corticosteroids, acids, mapisal, silymarin, and henna. However, urea was the most cited intervention (62%). As for the presentations of the interventions, they varied among creams, ointments, gels, hydrocolloids, decoctions, patches, powders, oils, and soaps.
Conclusion
The results allowed reviewing topical interventions, with emphasis on the use of urea and moisturizing creams. However, most of the interventions identified in this review require evaluation in future studies for better understanding of their benefits.
DESCRIPTORS
Hand-Foot Syndrome; Oncology Nursing; Nursing Care; Skin Care; Review
DESCRIPTORS
Síndrome Mano-Pie; Enfermería Oncológica; Atención de Enfermería; Cuidados de la Piel; Revisión
Instead of providing medication, plants have always provided humans with food, clothing, shelter and other basic requirements. Complex traditional medical systems, such as Ayurvedic, Unani, Chinese and others, have their roots in plants. Some of the most significant medications that are still used today were developed by these medical systems. African, Australian, Central and South American medical systems are among the lesser-known medical systems. Today, the search for novel molecules has gone a somewhat different route, with chemists employing the study of ethnography and ethnopharmacology as a guide to find new sources and classes of chemicals. Due to its richness, the flora of the tropics plays a significant role in offering fresh hints in this context. However, the Convention on Biological Diversity must also address the issues of sovereignty and property rights. This page emphasises this, offers an overview of plant molecule types and gives examples of molecules and secondary metabolites that have contributed to the creation of these pharmacologically potent extracts. The publication also discusses the necessity for plant extract validation and some information on the use of herbal products in the creation of functional foods, while consistently emphasizing the safety, effectiveness and quality of phytopharmaceutical products.
The medicinal plant Silybum marianum has long been utilised as a hepatoprotective treatment. It has been used to treat a variety of liver conditions marked by functional impairment or progressive necrosis. Silymarin compound mostly found in seeds of this plant that is helpful in curing of different diseases. Holy thistle is pharmacologically important and mostly use in treating the liver cancer in humans as well as in animals. Seeds of this plant improve antioxindant system in animals which increase resistance against the liver disease. Dihydro flavanol and flavonolignan, two derivatives of flavonoids, are mostly used in medical and therapeutic procedures. Some other components of this plant are silydianin, silibinin, and silybin. This plant is most effective in protection of the renal, hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerosis activities cardiovascular protection, prevention of the insulin, cancer and Alzheimer prevention.
Health complications associated with obesity include diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and associated co-morbidities including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Additionally, NASH has been associated with several drugs. Though steatohepatitis is a rare form of drug induced liver disease, it has generated great interest in the recent past. Oral hypoglycemic agents, lipid lowering agents, antihypertensives, and antiobesity medication underlie a significant proportion of well-recognized hepatotoxicity. While some medications have predictable toxicity, many more are associated with idiosyncratic reactions. The toxic mechanism appears to involve mitochondrial injury, impaired β-oxidation, generation of reactive oxygen species and ATP depletion. If a drug is suspected, it is probably prudent to stop this medication.
Andrographolide, the main active constituent of A. paniculata, given by oral route, possessed dose-dependent (3-12 mg/kg) activity in rats against galactosamine-induced hepatic damage. Hepatoprotective activity in isolated rat hepatocytes (ex-vivo) was assessed by observing an increase in the viability and rate of oxygen consumption. Anticholestatic effect was indicated by an increase in bile flow and by the normalization of its contents (bile salts and bile acids). Andrographolide was found to be slightly more active than silymarin, a known hepatoprotective drug.
Picroliv and silymarin are known to provide significant protection against liver damage in rats by hepatotoxic chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride, paracetamol, galactosamine and thioacetamide. Present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect of picroliv and silymarin on partially hepatectomized liver of rats utilising macromolecular levels, DNA, RNA synthesis and mitotic figure as indices of regeneration. The levels of DNA, RNA, protein and cholesterol increased in the regenerating liver of rats being maximum at 48 and 120 hours post partial hepatectomy (PPH). DNA and RNA synthesis increased being maximum at 24 hour PPH as indicated by the tritiated thymidine and uridine incorporation studies. Later on mitotic figure also showed an increasing trend in the residual liver. They were further enhanced when the animals were pretreated with picroliv or silymarin. These results suggest that these agents stimulate liver regeneration in the early stages.
In phenobarbital (phenemalum NFN)-pretreated male rats exposed to 1% halothane for 2 hrs under hypoxic conditions (10% 02), significant increases in serum enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase were observed 24 and 48 hrs later indicating liver damage. In this known model of halothane hepatotoxicity, pretreatment with (+)-catechin (200 mg/kg orally) or silybine (150 mg/kg orally) protected against halothane-induced liver injury, whereas diethyldithiocarbamate (200 mg/kg orally) failed to be effective. Halothane decreased the concentration of reduced glutathione in liver only under hypoxic conditions indicating that glutathione might be involved in the non-oxidative metabolic pathways of halothane. Free fluoride in plasma was used as a measure of non-oxidative defluorination of halothane. Higher plasma fluoride levels were observed under conditions which led to hepatotoxicity but did not correlate with the protective effects of the antidotes. This further supports the assumption that 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane might be the radical intermediate responsible for halothane hepatotoxicity.
We recently showed the inhibitory effect of a flavonoid antioxidant, silymarin, on erbB1-Shc activation in prostate cancer (PCA) DU145 cells. In the present study, we performed more detailed mechanistic and molecular modeling studies with pure silibinin to assess and define its effect on membrane signaling related to erbB1 activation in human PCA LNCaP and DU145 cells. Studies also were performed to establish the biologic responses toward extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation, cell growth, and DNA synthesis. Treatment of serum-starved cells with various doses of silibinin for 2 h followed by 125I-epidermal growth factor (EGF) showed 30–75% inhibition in ligand binding and 55–95% inhibition in its internalization in LNCaP cells and 20–64% and 12–27% inhibition in these two events in DU145 cells. Time-response studies showed similar effects. In further studies, treatment of serum-starved cultures with silibinin followed by EGF showed strong inhibitory effects on membrane and cytoplasmic signaling molecules. In the case of erbB1 activation, silibinin showed a 58–75% decrease in LNCaP and a 40–100% decrease in DU145 cells at 50, 75, and 100-μg/mL doses. Inhibitory effects of silibinin also were evident on ERK1/2 activation (20–80% inhibition) in both cell lines. Treatment of serum-starved cultures with silibinin resulted in 20–40% and 30–55% inhibition of LNCaP and DU145 cell growth, respectively, at similar doses after 1–3 d of treatment, and 10–50% cell death in both cell lines. Under 10% serum conditions, identical silibinin treatments resulted in 20–65% inhibition of cell growth in LNCaP and DU145 cells but did not cause any cell death. Similar doses of silibinin treatments for 24 h also resulted in 25–60%, 35–40%, and 36–50% inhibition of DNA synthesis when cells were cultured in 10% serum, totally serum starved, and serum starved plus stimulated with EGF, respectively. Molecular modeling of silibinin showed that it is a highly lipophilic compound, suggesting that it interacts with lipid-rich plasma membrane, including binding with erbB1, thereby competing with the EGF-erbB1 interaction. Because the ligand-erbB1 autocrine-loop is causally involved in advanced and androgen-independent PCA, the observed effects of silibinin and its strong lipophilic nature could be useful in developing this agent for the prevention and therapy of PCA. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and smooth muscle cell growth represent key events in atherogenesis. Any mean to reduce these two phenomena may decrease the risk of coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis in general. The effects of silibinin (CAS 22888-70-6) on LDL oxidation and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells were evaluated in vitro. Silibinin (50-200 mumol/l) prolonged the lag times of both LDL autooxidation and oxidation by copper by > 50%, as assessed by recordings of diene formation. However, silibinin (up to 500 mumol/l) did not interfere with LDL-stimulated radiolabeled thymidine incorporation. These findings indicate that silibinin, apart from its hepatoprotective effects, has inhibitory properties on LDL oxidation in vitro. Therefore silibinin might represent a novel tool in the prevention and therapy of atherosclerosis.
Silybin (I), silydianin (II) and silychristin (III), the constituents of silymarin, non-competitively inhibit the lipoxygenase from soybeans (EC 1.13.11.12) in vitro.
Histochemical and histoenzymological studies carried out on liver slices of the mouse show that silybin both as prophylactic and curative treatment, inhibits the disorders of metabolic activity brought about by phallodine and maintains enzymatic activities at levels comparable with those of the control animals. Silybin, when administered alone, produces only minor changes in activities. As with silymarin, the only notable effect is an increased activity of alkaline phosphatase. The mode of action of these two substances appears to be the same.
A controlled trial on the use of Silymarin in patients with alcoholic liver disease was performed. Seventy two patients were admitted to the trial and randomly assigned to an experimental or controls group. Experimentals received 280 mg/day of Silymarin and controls an equal number of placebo tablets. Three patients on placebo and nine on Silymarin were lost from control (p = 0.035), remaining in control 34 patients receiving placebo and 25 patients receiving the drug. Both groups did not differ in their initial laboratory assessment and were followed up for an average of 15 months. Ten patients died during the follow up (5 in placebo and 5 in Silymarin); life table analysis did not show significant differences in mortality. Patients who died had lower serum albumin and prothrombin time and higher total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatases and CCLI on the initial clinical and laboratory assessment. Final laboratory values and their changes in those who survived did not differ between Silymarin and placebo. Twenty two patients on placebo (65%) and 14 on Silymarin (58%) recognized alcohol ingestion or had a positive urine sample analysis for alcohol during follow up. Those who abstained from alcohol had a significant fall in gamma glutamyl transferase during follow up. No other significant differences were observed between these two groups. It is concluded that in this trial, Silymarin did not change the evolution or mortality of alcoholic liver disease.