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Reduction of Emissions and
Reduction of Emissions and
Unregulated Components with
Unregulated Components with
DPF+SCR
DPF+SCR
Jan Czerwinski, /AFHB
Andreas Mayer/TTM,
Zbigniew Stepien/INIG
Stanislaw Oleksiak/INIG
Otto Andersen/WNRI
DEXFIL 2009 International Conference, Krakow, Poland, Nov. 18 – 19. 2009
University of Applied Sciences
Biel-Bienne, Switzerland
IC-Engines and Exhaust Gas Control
VPNT 1
engine test bed
4 pts tests
load transitions
dynamic tests (ETC)
VPNT 2
field durability
2000h, or
100'000 km
periodic controls
VPNT 3
extended check
on vehicle
chassis dyno
after field test
VPNSET
engine test bed
ISO 8178 8 pts. tests
incl. load transitions
VERTdePN test procedures for product standards of
combined systems (DPF + SCR)
Measuring
Set-up
Manufacturer: Iveco, Torino Italy
Type: F1C Euro3
Cylinder volume: 3.00 Liters
Rated RPM: 3500 min
-1
Rated power: 100 kW
Model: 4 cylinder in-line
Combustion
process: direct injection
Injection system: Bosch Common Rail
Supercharging: Turbocharger with intercooling
TEST ENGINE
DPNSET-Sampling
Exhaust line prepared for adaptation of dePN-systems
and special exhaust gas analysis
LDS
Measuring set-up (1)
Measuring set-up
(2)
Investigated
(DPF+SCR)
system
Test
Procedures
engine map : IVECO F1C CR, DI, TCI, 3 dm3
8 - idle
7 - 50%
6 - 75%
5 - 100%
4 - 10%
3 - 50%
2 - 75%
1 - 100%
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Speed [rpm]
Torque [Nm]
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
Power [kW]
Torque
Power
?p > 250
mbar
A
B
C
D
8pts. test (ISO 8178) and the VPNT1 4pts. test
ETC for the limited version of engine map, IVECO F1C
Driving Speed and Engine Parameter in the NYCC
Stationary
engine operation
8-points test
Comparison of
results with
different α
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
OP 7 OP 4 OP 1 OP 3 OP 7rep
K
NOx
[%]
SP3 to SP0
SP3 to SP1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
OP 7 OP 4 OP 1 OP 3 OP 7rep
NH
3 LDS
[ppm]
no urea injection
SP3
NO
x
conversion at different SP’s & NH3 tail pipe
1.0E+00
1.0E+03
1.0E+06
1.0E+09
OP 7 OP 4 OP 1 OP 3 OP 7rep
CPC [1/cm
3
]
Iveco F1C / ULSD / Adblue 32.5 % / a=0.9
SP0
SP2
SP3
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
OP 7 OP 4 OP 1 OP 3 OP 7rep
PAS [µ
gEC
/m
3
]
SP0
SP2
SP3
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
OP 7 OP 4 OP 1 OP 3 OP 7rep
DC [µ
m
2
/m
3
]
SP0
SP2
SP3
Secondary
nanoparticles at 4pts.
test (w/o slip cat.)
Quasi dynamic
engine operation
Laod transitions
Load transition: 2200 rpm
10%L to 100%L
0.0E+00
1.0E+06
2.0E+06
3.0E+06
4.0E+06
5.0E+06
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
time [s]
CPC [1/cm3]
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
DC [
ξ
m2/cm3]
CPC
after / SP3
DC
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
NH3, NOx [ppm]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
N2O, NO2 [ppm]
1CLD NOx [ppm]
LDS NH3 [ppm]
Siem N2O
[ppm]
1CLD NO2 [ppm]
after / SP3
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
NH3, NOx [ppm]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
N2O, NO2 [ppm]
1CLD NOx [ppm]
before / SP1
Siem N2O [ppm]
1CLD NO2 [ppm]
Load transition B:
from 2200 rpm / 10%L
to 2200 rpm / 100%L
with measurements
before and after
DPF + SCR
Adblue injection switch on
Dynamic
engine operation
ETC
ETC 1 with slip
with cat
ETC 3
w/o slip cat
ETC 4
Ref.
w/o DPF + SCR
ETC’s with limited engine map
Conditioning before ETC
5 min → pt. 1 2200 rpm / 100 % Load
0.5 min → idle
Comparison of 2 ETC’s (ETC1-ETC3),
with & w/o slip catalyst , α = 0.9
-100
0
100
200
300
400
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
Iveco F1C - limited engine map - Diesel ULSD
engine torque [Nm]
engine speed [rpm]
time [s]
n
M
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0
50
100
150
200
250
backpressure
Temperature [°C]
backpressure [mbar]
time [s]
tailpipe temperature t 9
ETC1 with slip cat
ETC3 w/o slip cat
Comparison of 2 ETC’s (ETC1-ETC3),
with & w/o slip catalyst , α = 0.9
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
time [s]
NOx
1CLD NOx [ppm]
Iveco F1C - limited engine map - Diesel ULSD
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
time [s]
NH
3
NH3 [ppm]
w/o slip cat.
with slip cat.
Comparison of 2 ETC’s (ETC3-ETC4),
reference & w/o slip catalyst , α = 0.9
-100
0
100
200
300
400
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
engine torque [Nm]
engine speed [rpm]
time [s]
Iveco F1C - limited engine map - Diesel ULSD
n
M
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
time [s]
NO
x
conversion
NO
x
conversion [%]
Filtration efficiencies of
the combisystem after
SCR – catalyst in
stationary and dynamic
engine operation
0
20
40
60
80
100
OP 7 OP 4 OP 1 OP 3 0-400 s 1400-
1800 s
0-1800 s
DCFE [%]
4 pts. test
ETC
SCR secondary NP effects
0
20
40
60
80
100
OP 7 OP 4 OP 1 OP 3 0-400 s 1400-
1800 s
0-1800 s
PASFE [%]
4 pts. test
ETC
0
20
40
60
80
100
OP 7 OP 4 OP 1 OP 3 0-400 s 1400-
1800 s
0-1800 s
PCFE [%]
4 pts. test
ETC
SCR secondary NP effects
Limited and Nonlimited Engine Map (LEM, NEM)
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Engine Speed [rpm]
Engine Torque [Nm]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Engine Power [kW]
LEM
LEM2
NEM
Power
Torque
NOx conversion rate in ETC with full operating
range of the engine, α = 0.9, (NEM)
Other dynamic
cycles
Exhaust temperature in other dynamic cycles
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Time [s]
Tailpipe Temp. [°C]
NYCC
BRAUNSCHWEIG
WHTC
ETC
NRTC
w/o DPF, w/o SCR
ETC
WHTC NYCC BRAUN
NO
x
2CLD
[ppm]
91 65 42 16
NO
x
FTIR
[ppm]
90 64 40 14
NO
2
2CLD
[ppm]
93 33 87 76
NO
2
FTIR
[ppm]
91 35 98 92
RE [%]
100
X
XX
RE
w/o
ww/o
X
⋅
−
=
Emissions and conversion rates in other dynamic cycles
Integral Conversion Rates in ETC
with different charge collective
LEM
LEM2
NEM
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0-400 1400-1800 0-1800
time [s]
KNOx FTIR [%]
LEM
LEM2
NEM
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0-400 1400-1800 0-1800
time [s]
KNO2 FTIR [%]
Conclusion (1)
•
α ↑ → NOx ↓ → NH3 ↑ (w/o slip cat)
•
urea switch on/off at lower t
Exh
•
NO
x
conversion rate in ETC dependent
strongly on urea dosing = f(t
Exh
)
further research and evaluations in course
•
in ETC with α = 0.9
- average NH3 ≤ 7 ppm
- average N2O ≤ 3 ppm
•
secondary NP
•
DPF filtration efficiency up to100%
stationary = dynamic
further research and evaluations in course
Conclusion (2)
normal
rapid
slow
HNCO isocyanic acid
Thermolysis
T
h
a
n
k
y
o
u
f
o
r
y
o
u
r
a
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
!