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A study was carried out in Coastal Kenya to evaluate the effect of supplementing Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) based diet with increasing level of Madras thorn (Pithecellobium dulce) on feed intake, digestibility and live weight changes of growing goats. Fifteen small East African goats 6 months old on average were randomly allocated to five treatments. Napier grass was either offered alone (control) or supplemented with 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30gDM/kg W0.75 of Madras thorn. Supplementing with Madras thorn up to 22.5gDM/kg W0.75 had no (P>0.05) significant effect on the intake of the basal diet, however there was a 29% depression in the intake of the basal diet at 30gDM/kg W0.75 level of supplementation. A (P
Participatory rural appraisal (PRA), supported by checklists and intensive case studies on individual households, was carried out in three villages at three different altitudes in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The chicken production system in each village is described and the problems are discussed. More than 60% of the families kept chickens, and in most cases the women owned and managed the birds and controlled the cash from the sales. The production systems followed were mainly low-input and small-scale, with 7-10 mature birds per household, reared in the back yards with inadequate housing, feeding and health care. The average egg production per clutch was 15-20, with 3-4 clutches per year. The mean number of eggs set per bird was 12.9 +/- 2.2 (n = 160), depending on the size of the bird and season, and the hatching rate was 80.9% +/- 11.1%, range 44%-100% (n = 160). Poultry meat and eggs were generally accepted and appreciated in all three villages. In addition to the small amount of cash income they provide, scavenging chickens have nutritional, cultural and social functions. The flock composition, price of poultry and poultry products, disease outbreaks and hatching of chicks were strongly affected by season. Disease was cited as the most important problem by most of the members of the community, followed by predation, lack of feed, poor housing, insufficient water and parasites. Disease periodically decimated the flocks, and consequently, about 50% of the eggs produced were incubated in order to replace the birds that had died. The major source of loss in the system was the high mortality of chicks (61%) that occurred between hatching and the end of brooding at 8 weeks of age. The system was characterized by no or few inputs and a low output level. The major input was the cost of foundation stock, but after that virtually no cost was involved. The major source of feed for the birds was from the scavenging feed resource base, which comprised table leftovers, small grain supplements and anything edible from the immediate environment.
Herbage quality of meadow bromegrass [Bromus biebersteinii Roem and Schult.], smooth bromegrass [Bromus inermis Leyss.], intermediate wheatgrass [Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv.], Russian wildrye [Elymus junceus Fisch.], crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.]in mixtures with alfalfa [Medi-cugo s&w L.] or cicer milkvetch [Astragduscicer L.] and with the 2 legumes in pure stands at 2 dates of harvest (June 5, June 26)and with 4 rates of fertilizer (0 kg N/ha-O kg P/ha, 0 kg N/ha-22 kg PI ha, 45 kg N/ha-O kg P/ha, 45 kg N/ha-22 kg P/ha) was studied in western Nebraska in 1977 and 1978. Soil at the study site was a loam (Typic Argiustoll) and average annual precipitation is 386 mm. Alfalfa-grass mixtures maintained a higher percentage crude protein than the respective cicer milkvetch-grass mixtures, with the alfalfa-Russian wlldrye mixture producing the highest percentage crude protein. Percentage in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the cicer milkvetch-Russian wildrye &xture was the highest of all mixtures, and the percentage IVDMD of the cicer milkvetch-crested wheatgrass mixture the lowest. Herbage quality was higher for the June 5 harvest than the June 26 harvest. Percen-tage IVDMD of regrowth, which developed after the June har-vests, was higher for plots harvested on June 26 than on June 5. Fertilizer rates had a variable effect on herbage quality. Russian wildrye-legume mixtures generally maIntained the highest level of herbage quality. Herbage quality of cool-season perennial grasses grown under various fertilization and harvest schemes in Canada and western United States is well documented (Mason and Miltmore 1959, Smika et al. 1960, Lawrence et al. 1971, Sneva 1973, Hanson et al. 1976). Under semiarid conditions in western Nebraska, however, no herbage quality data are presently available for introduced cool-season grasses or cool-season grass-legume mixtures.
Forage grass cultivars are often grown in binary mixtures with forage legumes. Because performance of grass-legume mixtures cannot be reliably predicted from pure stand information of the components, testing of grass-legume mixtures is necessary to develop reliable mixture recommendations. The objectives of this study were to evaluate a large number of cultivars of several temperate forage grasses in binary mixtures with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) for ground cover potential in a range of Wisconsin environments, and to develop an efficient cultivar screening program (...)