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Curcuma longa, Linn – A Review
Abstract
Turmeric (Haldi) is the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn. The primary and secondary rhizomes are dug up, steamed or boiled and dried. Turmeric has an aromatic odour and a warm somewhat bitter taste. Large quantities of turmeric are used in the preparation of curries and sauces. It is commonly used as a preservative, food additive and food colouring agent. It forms an integral component of diet. It has shown diverse biological and pharmacological activities. It has been used in Unani Medicine (Tibb-e-Unani) and other Traditional System of Medicine from time immemorial. Both East and West have held its medicinal properties in high regard. The present review highlights the traditional uses and pharmacological properties of the plant.
... It is native to tropical Southern Asia and found in tropical and subtropical areas of the Asia, South America and Australia. It is commonly known with different names in the literature like turmeric, turmeric long, Indian saffron in English, halada/holodi in Bangali, haldi/halad in Punjabi, manjal in Siddha, Tamil and haldi in Urdu (Ahmad et al., 2010). It is also known as "spice of life" as well as "golden spice" (Babu et al., 2015). ...
Turmeric (Curcuma longa), a member of the Zingiberaceae family, is a spice plant that has long been recognized for its medicinal properties. There is high genetic variation exists within the species of Curcuma longa, even though it is clonally propagated. The overall genetic diversity in Curcuma longa may be due to its population distribution in areas of diverse ecological conditions in Pakistan. Present study was performed to evaluate different turmeric selections, which were collected from five different locations viz., S1 from Institute of Horticultural Sciences (IHS), University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, S2 and S3 from Faisalabad (Jaranwala and Kanjwani, respectively) and S4 and S5 from Kasur (Tirath and Hussain Khan Wala, respectively), Punjab, Pakistan. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design and each treatment was replicated thrice. Among the selections, selection S5 (Hussain Khan Wala) performed best for growth and yield traits, i.e. plant height (79.6 cm), number of tillers per plant (3.4), number of leaves per plant (17.7), leaf length (37.7 cm), leaf width (12.3 cm), stem diameter (16.1 mm), number of primary rhizomes per plant (6.3), number of secondary rhizomes per plant (11.1), total number of rhizomes per plant (18.4), weight of primary rhizomes (95.3 g per plant), weight of secondary rhizomes (94.3 g per plant), yield (213.1 g per plant), rhizome length (52.7 mm) and rhizome diameter (22.8 mm). However, curcumin content (0.79%), total dry matter (45.8%), moisture content (58.1%) and total soluble solids (12.0 o Brix) were highest in selections S2 (Jaranwala), S4 (Tirath), S1 (IHS, UAF) and S2 (Jaranwala), respectively. Therefore, it is recommended that turmeric selection S5 (Hussain Khan Wala) may be cultivated for higher yield, while S2 selection (Jaranwala) is for highest curcumin production.
... It is native to tropical Southern Asia and found in tropical and subtropical areas of the Asia, South America and Australia. It is commonly known with different names in the literature like turmeric, turmeric long, Indian saffron in English, halada/holodi in Bangali, haldi/halad in Punjabi, manjal in Siddha, Tamil and haldi in Urdu (Ahmad et al., 2010). It is also known as "spice of life" as well as "golden spice" (Babu et al., 2015). ...
EVALUATING GENETIC DIVERSITY IN PAKISTANI TURMERIC SELECTIONS THROUGH ANALYSIS OF CURCUMIN CONTENT, VEGETATIVE CHARACTERISTICS, AND RHIZOME YIELD TRAITS IN FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN Turmeric (Curcuma longa), a member of the Zingiberaceae family, is a spice plant that has long been recognized for its medicinal properties. There is high genetic variation exists within the species of Curcuma longa, even though it is clonally propagated. The overall genetic diversity in Curcuma longa may be due to its population distribution in areas of diverse ecological conditions in Pakistan. Present study was performed to evaluate different turmeric selections, which were collected from five different locations viz., S1 from Institute of Horticultural Sciences (IHS), University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, S2 and S3 from Faisalabad (Jaranwala and Kanjwani, respectively) and S4 and S5 from Kasur (Tirath and Hussain Khan Wala, respectively), Punjab, Pakistan. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design and each treatment was replicated thrice. Among the selections, selection S5 (Hussain Khan Wala) performed best for growth and yield traits, i.e. plant height (79.6 cm), number of tillers per plant (3.4), number of leaves per plant (17.7), leaf length (37.7 cm), leaf width (12.3 cm), stem diameter (16.1 mm), number of primary rhizomes per plant (6.3), number of secondary rhizomes per plant (11.1), total number of rhizomes per plant (18.4), weight of primary rhizomes (95.3 g per plant), weight of secondary rhizomes (94.3 g per plant), yield (213.1 g per plant), rhizome length (52.7 mm) and rhizome diameter (22.8 mm). However, curcumin content (0.79%), total dry matter (45.8%), moisture content (58.1%) and total soluble solids (12.0 oBrix) were highest in selections S2 (Jaranwala), S4 (Tirath), S1 (IHS, UAF) and S2 (Jaranwala), respectively. Therefore, it is recommended that turmeric selection S5 (Hussain Khan Wala) may be cultivated for higher yield, while S2 selection (Jaranwala) is for highest curcumin production.
... The rhizome is also used as an antiinflammatory therapy for wounds, digestive disorders, jaundice for babies born with jaundice, dysentery/diarrhoea and for food as spice. Ahmad et al. [5] reports that turmeric rhizome has antimicrobial, anti-helmintic, anticancer, anti-parasitic, antiseptic, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, antitumor and antiviral properties and that it is widely used as a stimulant and sedative in food industries. ...
... Turmeric belongs to Zingiberaceae family and distributed throughout the tropics (Labban, 2014). Turmeric are widely cultivated in South Asia, especially in southern China, India, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Indonesia (Ahmad et al., 2010). Turmeric is one of the biopharmaceutical plants that have health benefits. ...
Local commodity-based farming needs to be developed by improving activities upstream to downstream of agricultural industries. Turmeric is one of the local commodities in Ngepung Village, Kedamean District, Gresik Regency. This commodity, which is widely used in food and beverage, and has health benefits, has not been cultivated intensively by some farmers in the area, mainly as a secondary commodity. The lack of access to information received caused the low willingness of the farmers to develop a turmeric business. However, some farmers have worked in small to medium-scale businesses because they can produce high production. This study analyzes the factors influencing farmers' decisions to sell turmeric. The analytical method used is binary logistic regression analysis. The results indicate that the price and production have a significant effect on farmers' decisions in selling turmeric. In contrast, the variables of distance to the market, age, education, and experience in turmeric farming have no significant effect.
... Therefore, in order to conserve and safeguard the wild populations, commercial cultivation is required to meet up the market demand. discharge, urinary infection, uterine pain, vaginal discharge, weakness of eye sight, wound and wound maggots, clears dark patches and clear skin colour [20]. Mostly it is used as a spice, food preservative, colouring material and in pharmaceutical industries [21,22]. ...
This paper deals with the documentation of the plants of Sikkim Himalayas that are having traded values. Our study reveals that these species are grown at various altitudes and are used for a variety of purposes. Species like Swertia chirayita, meant for its anti-diabetic, hepato-protective, antimalarial and anti-inflammatory properties is traded in large quantities at both national and international markets. Similarly, Sikkim is the largest producer of Amomum subulatum contributing up to 88% of India's total cardamom production, where India is considered as the largest producer. Likewise, the leaves of Rhododendron campanulatum are exported from Sikkim as it is mixed with tobacco, used as snuff and cures cold and hemicrania. As a result of this, there is a high demand of these plants in the market and hence they are in danger of economic exploitation from wild Habitats. Therefore, in order to conserve and safeguard the wild populations, commercial cultivation is required to meet up the market demand.
... Cineole act as antiseptic. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitors, effective at blocking inflammation [15] Phyto-constitutes of Kutkin, a bitter glycosidal principle, two C-9 iridoid glycosides-Picroside I and Kutakoside promotes Anti-inflammatory, wormicidal activity [16], Phyto-constituents of Ephedrine has anti-inflammatory property [17] ...
Management of is a most challenging problem,
Wound healing is a conserved evolutionary process among species and
encompasses spatially and temporally overlapping processes including
inflammation, blood clotting, and cellular proliferation and extracellular
matrix (ECM) remodeling lot of factors are responsible for non-healing like
diabetes, hypo-proteinaemia, deficiency of vitamins, minerals and other
immune compromising conditions. The skin is a complex organ consisting
of the epidermis, dermis, and skin appendages, including the hair follicle
and sebaceous gland. In Ayurveda, diabetes, skin diseases, low immunity,
poisoning and repeated trauma are commonest factors which retard the
healing of wound. Sushruta also mentioned these non-healing ulcers with
the name of “ ”. Acharya elaborates a wound having
black/red/yellow/white colour, full of slough of necrosed muscles, vessels,
tendons etc. having multiple tracts or pockets, unpleasant look and odor
with severe pain, burning, suppuration, redness, itching, and oedema,
complicated with resides all around discharge of vitiated blood in it and the
s of very chronic nature. External application and for
local application with provide significant results in the
management of Non healing wound due to its wide range of wound healing
properties.Wound healing results in scar formation, Studies have reported
remarkable examples of scar less healing in adult skinwounds following the
infliction of large wounds, Wound size is one inch in length, Two Inch in
Breadth, 0.5 inDeep afterApplication of it decreases to half
inch in length, one Inch in Breadth, Zero in Deep. In this article, we will
focus on the contribution of non healingwound towound healing.
Herbal plants have been valued for their medicinal, flavoring, and aromatic
properties for centuries. The global market for medicinal and aromatic plants is
estimated to be 5 trillion by 2050.
Aromatic plants and herbs have been widely cultivated and used for medical
purposes not only for humans but for animals as well. According to the World
Health Organization, herbal medicines are characterized as substances or products
derived from plants that possess therapeutic or other beneficial effects for
human health. These herbal remedies can be sourced from one or more plants and
may include both raw and processed ingredients (WHO, 2001). This chapter
describes the curative values, botanical characteristics, and climatic and cultural
requirements of medicinal plants. These include psyllium husk, black cumin or
black seed, stevia, fennel, bishop’s weed/carom seeds, sweet basil, holy basil,
linseed, and turmeric, all medical plants that are grown worldwide. Despite
having a higher market value than major field crops, medicinal plants are not
cultivated on the same scale as significant as other crops. One of the major
reasons for the globally low production of medicinal plants is the lack of
information regarding their suitable cultivable climate and their poor adaptability
to growing environments. It is imperative to give careful consideration to the
selection of soil and cropping strategies to achieve satisfactory yields of highquality
products while ensuring the preservation of their safety and nutritional
value. Physiological ecology is also discussed in this chapter in relation to
medicinal plant therapeutic potential and medicinal qualities. It is still necessary
to explore and understand the cultural practices necessary to cultivate medicinal plants successfully. This chapter aims to address these gaps by discussing the
input requirements, therapeutic value, and suitable cultivation areas for medicinal
plants. This chapter aims to fill these knowledge gaps by disseminating insights
into cultivation practices and addressing these knowledge gaps. By addressing
these gaps and disseminating insights into cultivation techniques, it hopes to
develop sustainable and optimized cultivation techniques for medicinal plants. As
a result of such advancements, medicinal plants will be available for future
generations and will meet the growing demand for them.
The application of Spirulina platensis aqueous extract (SAE) in foliar spraying has been shown to promote plant growth and yield, as well as to modify the compositions of bioactive chemicals in various plant species. Curcuma longa is an antioxidant-rich medicinal herb that is used as a spice and culinary additive. The application of a natural plant growth enhancer, SAE, to C. longa plants was used in this study to test the effect of SAE for increasing active chemical production. The effects of SAE on the growth, yield and chemical composition of C. longa were investigated. SAE boosted the C. longa growth, yield and curcuminoid content, with SAE at 2 g/L having the most impact. The CURS-1, -2, -3 and DCS genes were found to be differentially elevated by SAE treatments in this investigation. When the plant was sprayed with SAE at 2 g/L, the curcuminoid content (bisdemethoxycurcumin, dimethoxycurcumin and curcumin) increased, which corresponded with the curcuminoid gene’s expression level.
Curcumin and its analogue (bis.demethoxy curcumin analogue [BDMC-A]) were studied for their possible lipid-lowering properties in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Carbon tetrachloride (3 ml kg−1 wk−1) administration to albino Wistar rats increased the levels of hepatic marker enzymes such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ.-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the plasma. The levels of lipids cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids were also increased in plasma and tissues (liver, kidney, heart, and brain). Phospholipid levels increased in plasma, heart, and brain but decreased in liver and kidney. Curcumin (80 mg/kg) and BDMC-A (80 mg/kg) administration to CCl4-treated rats for a period of 3 months significantly decreased the lipid levels. The effect exerted by BDMC-A was more prominent than that of curcumin. Studies on the histopathology of the liver are also in line with the biochemical parameters studied. These observations show the lipid-lowering efficacy of curcumin and its analogue in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity.
Selenium administration resulted in a marked decrease in the activity levels of the liver succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase while pyruvate dehydrogenase increased significantly (P<0.001) in the wistar rat. The degree of decrease of these enzymes was significantly less (P<0.001) when rats were treated with curcumin, a natural constituent Curcuma longa. Curcumin seems to prevent oxidative damage mediated through selenium and protect the dehydrogenases possibly through its anti-oxidative property.
The ethanol turmeric extract has been found to be stimulatory for murine lymphocytes and inhibitory for ascitic fibrosarcoma cells which have been investigated on the basis of in vitro viability assay, cell cycle study by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS), and DNA synthesis by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Viability of lymphocytes is better with turmeric; DNA synthesis increases and the majority of the lymphocytes are driven toward mitotic stage as observed by FACS. Whereas turmeric causes a significant level of death in ascitic fibrosarcoma cells in vitro and possibly causes arrest of the cell cycle at S-phase, it induces programmed cell death.
Wistar rat pups treated with curcumin, a natural constituent of Curcuma longa before being administered with selenium showed no opacities in the lens. The lipid peroxidation, xanthine oxidase enzyme levels in the lenses of curcumin and selenium co-treated animals were significantly less when compared to selenium treated animals. The superoxidase dismutase and catalase enzyme activities of curcumin and selenium co-treated animal lenses showed an enhancement. Curcumin co-treatment seems to prevent oxidative damage and found to delay the development of cataract.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has been used in Indian cooking, and in herbal remedies. Its possible mechanism of action was examined in terms of antioxidant availability during actual cooking conditions and in therapeutic applications using standardized extracts. The assays involve different levels of antioxidant action such as oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), radical scavenging abilities using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and protection of membranes examined by inhibition of lipid peroxidation besides the content of phenols and total flavonoids. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of two major preparations of turmeric, corresponding to its use in cooking and medicine, showed significant antioxidant abilities. In conclusion, the studies reveal that the ability of turmeric to scavenge radicals, reduce iron complex and inhibit peroxidation may explain the possible mechanisms by which turmeric exhibits its beneficial effects in relation to its use in cooking and medicine.
The effects of embelin (50 mg/kg/day), a benzoquinone derivative of Embelia ribes, and the effects of curcumin (100 mg/kg/day), the active principle of Curcuma longa, against N-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA)-initiated and phenobarbital (PB)-promoted hepatocarcinogenesis were studied in Wistar rats. They were able to prevent the induction of hepatic hyper plastic nodules, body weight loss, increase in the levels of hepatic diagnostic markers, and hypoproteinemia induced by DENA/PB treatment. Hence, results of our study suggest the possible chemopreventive effects of embelin (EMB) and curcumin (CUR) against DENA/PB-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats.
The anti-allergic and anti-oxidative activities of curcumin-related compounds (glycosides, reductants and bis-demethoxy analogs) were investigated to elucidate the underlying active mechanisms and structural features of curcumin in exerting these activities. The anti-allergic activities were assessed by measurement of histamine release from rat basophilic leukemia cells, RBL-2H3. Curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) caused a marked decrease in histamine release. Glycosides of curcumin, bis-demethoxycurcumin and THC also inhibited the release of histamine, though less potently than curcumin did. The anti-oxidative activities were assessed by measurement of cell-free or cellular radical scavenging. All compounds but diglycosides or bis-demethoxycurcumin analogs distinctly exerted anti-oxidative effects. The relationship between both of these activities revealed that all compounds with potent radical scavenging activities caused a definite decrease in histamine release, but some compounds with non-potent radical scavenging activities also inhibited the histamine release. These results suggest that the hydroxy groups of curcumin play a significant role in exerting both the anti-oxidative and anti-allergic activities, and that most of the compounds develop the anti-allergic activities through mechanisms related to anti-oxidative activities, but some through mechanisms unrelated to anti-oxidation activity.