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Epidemiological study of Bovine Trypanosmosis in Mao-komo Special District, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia
Abstract
The cross sectional study was conducted in Mao-Komo special district of Benishagul Gumuz regional state from November 2010 to March 2011 to determine the current prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the area. Parasitological and hematological examinations were undertaken on randomly selected cattle. Up on the parasitological survey, blood samples of 385 cattle were examined using a buffy coat technique and the packed cell volume of each animal was also measured. The overall prevalence of trypanosmosis in the study area during the study period was 95(24.7%). The species involved in the infection were Trypanosoma congolense 60(63.2%), Trypanosoma vivax 13(13.6%), Trypanosoma brucie 11(11.6%) and mixed infection was 11(11.6%). The packed cell volume of parasitaemic and aparasitaemic animals during the study period were 18.12 and 25.79 with a significant difference (P<0.05). The study also indicated variations in prevalence among different age groups and between both sexes which were statistically insignificant (P>0.05). Infection in poor body condition animals were significantly higher than good body condition animals (P<0.05). It is recommended to alleviate the existing conditions of Trypanosomosis in the study area.
... Age was assumed to be one of the determinant factors in the current study; accordingly, a higher rate of infection was recorded in old cattle (6.19%), followed by younger cattle (5.73%) and adult cattle (3.08%). This was comparable with the previous report of Begna et al. [40] in selected villages of Humbo District, southern Ethiopia; Dawud and Molalegne [59] in Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, western Ethiopia; and Molalegne et al. [60] in Jabi Tehenan district, northwestern Ethiopia, where higher prevalence was reported in adult and old animals. This may be associated with aged animals being used for farming, irrigation, and harvesting crops. ...
... The present study showed that the mean PCV value for parasitemic cattle was 21.47% (PCV ≤ 24%), which was lower than the mean PCV value for aparasitemic cattle at 24.2% (PCV > 24). The present result was comparable to the findings of Begna et al. [40] in Humbo District, southern Ethiopia; Molalegne et al. [60] in Jabi Tehenan district, northwestern Ethiopia; Dawud and Molalegne [59] in 6 Journal of Parasitology Research ...
Background. Trypanosomosis is a significant impediment to Ethiopia’s livestock and farm production, adding adversely to the overall growth of agriculture in general and the nation’s food self-reliance efforts in particular. Methods. Cross-sectional research was performed on the prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle and the distinction of Trypanosoma species and potential factors in six selected provinces of the Sodo zuriya district in southern Ethiopia. Blood samples from the ear vein of 400 local and exotic cattle species were taken randomly. A hematocrit reader was used after centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for a five-minute assessment of anemic conditions of animals, and the anemia of the thin blood spraying and buffy coat procedure was tested to assess the incidence, detection, and packaging of Trypanosoma and the cell volume of each sampled animal. Results. Accordingly, twenty cattle were positive for trypanosomosis, with an overall proportion of 5.0%. From this overall prevalence, Trypanosoma congolense (3.3%) and Trypanosoma vivax (1.8%) were the two common Trypanosoma species in this study. The highest and the lowest prevalence of trypanosomes occurred in Guttuto Larena (35%) and Dalbo Wogane (0.00%), respectively. Age-wise prevalence revealed that young adults (45%) were the most affected, followed by old adults (35%) and adults (20%). Cattle with poor body condition scores (65%) were the most affected, followed by cattle with medium (30%) and good (5%) body condition scores, and this was found to be statistically significant (). In addition, the variation in packed cell volume (PCV) between infected and noninfected cattle was significantly different (). Conclusion. Thus, the present study revealed the predominance of bovine trypanosomosis in the region and had a significant effect on body condition and anemia growth. The government and public should then collaborate in parasite-observed areas on the disease’s management and prevention efforts in an environmentally sustainable way.
1. Introduction
Trypanosomosis is the primary hemoparasitic condition caused by unicellular protozoan parasites and reproduces in the bloodstream, lymphatic vessels, and tissue, together with cardiac muscles and the central nervous system [1]. It is one of the greatest barriers to animal production in Africa that is likely to increase the productivity of domestic livestock [2, 3].
Trypanosomosis in cattle and its vectors in vast areas in sub-Saharan Africa have devastating effects on livestock development and pose substantial threats to the survival of communities [1, 4]. Tsetse flies exist over ten million square kilometers in Africa, representing 38 countries in total [5, 6]. Recently, out of the total 147 million species of animals, approximately three hundred seventy-seven thousand species have been susceptible to tsetses in different countries. The European region produces 70 times more animal protein than the African region as a result of this disease [7, 8]. The gross losses in Africa are estimated at $500 billion annually [1, 9].
The main vector of trypanosomosis is tsetse flies, which are categorized under the genus Glossina species. In addition, G. morsitans is frequently identified in the savanna area, whereas G. palpalis favors rivers and lake areas and G. fusca is found in dense forest zones. These three species of Glossina convey trypanosomosis in various mammals [10, 11]. Moreover, biting flies can serve as mechanical vectors that involve the transfer of blood from one animal to another harboring infectious trypanosomes. Although biting flies are of huge importance in Africa, their role has not yet been established. The main mechanical vectors of T. vivax are Tabanus and other biting flies [10, 12].
More than one Glossina species (tsetse flies) is found in five regions of Ethiopia, namely, the Amhara area, Benishangul Gumuz, Gambella, Oromia, and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Regional State [13]. Accordingly, approximately 220,000 km² of these regions are infested with tsetse fly species, namely, Glossina pallidipes, G. morsitans, G. fuscipes, G. tachinoides, and G. longipennis [14, 15].
Trypanosomosis in Ethiopia is one of the key concerns for animal growth and farming that lead to inclusive agricultural production in general and especially efforts on the nation’s food self-sufficiency. Trypanosomosis due to tsetse flies commonly occurs in the west and southwest of the country and is more than 200,000 km² favorable for farming activity. These areas have a huge potential for livestock, including cattle (14 million), shoat (nearly 14 million), equine (approximately 7 million), and camels (1.8 million). All these animal species can be infected by trypanosomosis at any moment [5, 11].
In Ethiopia, Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax, and T. brucei are the most common trypanosomes in cattle, sheep, and goats, whereas T. evansi is the most common trypanosome in camels and T. equiperdium is the most common trypanosome in horses [5]. There are three essential elements for the increased risk of trypanosomosis: vector distribution, trypanosome virulence, and host response [3, 11, 16]. Ethiopia has the largest prevalence in western, southern, southwest, and northern regions following the broader Abbay, Omo, Ghibe, and Baro River Basins as a result of trypanosomosis and among the most significant diseases limiting animal production and agricultural growth [17, 18]. Trypanosome distribution is complex because of climate change, environmental disturbances, and human interference [19].
The spatial distribution of bovine trypanosomosis found in various parts of Ethiopia is different. Most of the previous surveys were carried out in the western and southwestern parts of Ethiopia. Many published studies related to trypanosomosis have been found in various regional states, with a mean apparent prevalence of 8.17% in Amhara, 13.86% in Benishangul Gumuz, 6.34% in Oromia, and 7.91% in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Regional State, whereas only a few published studies have been found in the Afar and Tigray regions [3] (Figure 1).
... Higher infection rate 48 (8.72%) was observed in animals with >3 years of age and lower infection rate was observed in animals with <2 years of age. Similar result were reported [26,27]. This could be associated to the fact that older animals travel long distance for grazing and draught as well as harvesting crops in tsetse challenge areas [28], in Ghibe valley indicated that suckling calves don't go out with their dams but stay at home until they are weaned off. ...
Across-sectional study was conducted from Nov, 2013 to May, 2014 to assess the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and apparent density of tsetse flies in seven peasant associations of Lalo-Kile district of Kellem wollega zone, Western Ethiopia. The overall 7.78% prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was recorded from 836 blood sample collected from selected animals using Buffy coat method. Trypanosoma congolense was the dominant species 36 (55.38%), while the low infection was mixed infection of Trypanosoma Congolense and trypanosome vivax 2 (3.07%). The highest prevalence 36(17.64%) of the disease was recorded in Merfo peasant association while the lowset 1(0.7%) was recorded in Kutala-Lube association. The mean packed cell volume (PCV) was 21.95% and 24.47% in parasitamic and aparasitemic animals, respectively. There were statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in prevalence of the disease between sexes and higher prevalence rate 26(9.42%) and 48(8.75%) in poor body condition scores and with > 3 years ages, respectively. Overall an apparent density of the flies was 4.3 f/t/d by using Monopyramidal, Biconical and Ngu traps. It indicated that, G. fuscipes fuscipes, G. pallidipes and G. morsitance submorsitance were tsetse flies species caught. Generally, this survey shows that frequent despite control strategy is implemented; trypanosomosis is still a core problem for livestock production in the study area, therefore, integrated and sustainable vector control approaches should be practiced.
... [18] [24] [25]. This might be linked to the reality that older animals move long distance for foraging, watering and plough as well as gathering crops in tsetse challenge areas [26]. ...
Trypanosomiases play a great role in reduction of animal’s production and affect animal and human settlement worldwide. A cross-sectional study design was conducted in Dembecha district, Ethiopia from 2019 to 2020 to study bovine trypanosomiasis prevalence, the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, farmer’s perception, and fly vector density and associated risk factors. Blood samples were taken from 528 bovine randomly and evaluated. In addition, questionnaire surveillance was conducted to determine the farmer perception on the disease through 100 interviewed farmers. The overall disease prevalence was 5.49% (n = 29/528). The infection was mainly caused by Trypanosome congolense , 69% (n = 20) and Trypanosome vivax 31% (n = 9), which was significant difference (P = 0.00). When compared to different categories, greater results were registered in poor body condition and black and related color with significant difference. In kebeles (p = 0.78), sex (p = 0.43) and age groups (p = 0.16), there was no significance difference identified. The infected cattle mean packed cell volume (19.20 ± 2.91) was lowered than negative animals (25.88 ± 3.82) with significant difference (P = 0.00). The overall apparent density of flies was 1233 (2.34 f/t/d), Out of these 59.4% belong to the genus Glossina and the remaining is shared by two genera namely Stomoxy and Tabanus. The apparent density of Glossina, Stomoxy and Tabanus were 1.43f/t/d, 0.5f/t/d and 0.46 f/t/d respectively were caught, identified and estimated. Higher proportion of fly vectors were identified in lowland areas, riverine vegetation type and wet/rainy season as compared to other areas, vegetation type and season factors. Prevalence of the disease in age and sex categories were had no statistical difference.
... AAT risk factors in different regionsWeldegebrial et al. 2015, Kebede 2016, Kitila et al. 2017, (Ali and Bitew 2011, Bekele and Nasir 2011, Mulaw et al. 2011 been focused on cattle and hence their high prevalence rate. In addition, most AAT transmitting vectors prefer having a blood meal from cattle(Sinshaw et al. 2006, Mulaw et al. 2011, Abebe et al. 2017. ...
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) a parasitic disease of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa causing tremendous loses. Sub-Saharan continental estimation of mean prevalence in both large and small domestic animals, risk factors, tsetse and non-tsetse prevalence and drug resistance is lacking. A review and meta-analysis was done to better comprehend changes in AAT prevalence and drug resistance. Publish/Perish software was used to search and extract peer-reviewed articles in Google scholar, PubMed and CrossRef. In addition, ResearchGate and African Journals Online (AJOL) were used. Screening and selection of articles from 2000–2021 was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Articles 304 were retrieved; on domestic animals 192, tsetse and non-tsetse vectors 44, risk factors 49 and trypanocidal drug resistance 30. Prevalence varied by, host animals in different countries, diagnostic methods and species of Trypanosoma. Cattle had the highest prevalence with Ethiopia and Nigeria leading, T. congolense (11.80–13.40%) and T. vivax (10.50–18.80%) being detected most. This was followed by camels and pigs. Common diagnostic method used was buffy coat microscopy. However; polymerase chain reaction (PCR), CATT and ELISA had higher detection rates. G. pallidipes caused most infections in Eastern regions while G. palpalis followed by G. mortisans in Western Africa. Eastern Africa reported more non-tsetse biting flies with Stomoxys leading. Common risk factors were, body conditions, breed type, age, sex and seasons. Ethiopia and Nigeria had the highest trypanocidal resistance 30.00–35.00% and highest AAT prevalence. Isometamidium and diminazene showed more resistance with T. congolense being most resistant species 11.00–83.00%.
... Tafese et al. [24] who reported the prevalence of 8.55% in East Wollega and Mulatu et al. [25] who reported 8.50% in Dangur district, Northwestern Ethiopia, reported similar value. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomes in the studied area was lower than the previous reports from different districts of Northwestern Ethiopia: 28.1% in Asosa [26] and 24.7% in Mao-Komo special district [27] . ...
African animal trypanosomosis is among the most serious livestock diseases alleviating food sufficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa. Accurate information related to the prevalence, vectors distributions and densities have of great importance in designing the appropriate control and interventions strategies to combat trypanosomosis and its vectors. This study aimed to generate a base line data to implement the trypanosomosis and tsetse control operations.
A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2017 to April 2018 in Diguna Fango district in Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia, with the objectives to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and to assess the distribution and apparent densities of vectors of the trypanosomosis. A parasitological study using buffy coat technique was employed for the determination of prevalence of trypanosomosis while monoconical traps were used for the vector studies. A total of 192 cattle randomly selected from the study population were examined for the parasitological study. The result of parasitological study revealed that the overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was found to be 7.3% in Duguna Fango district. The prevalence showed no significant difference in susceptibility between sex categories and in age groups (P>0.05). From the infected animals the prevalence for trypanosome species was 14.3% and 85.7% for T. vivax and T. congolense, respectively. The mean PCV values of parasitaemic and aparasitaemic animals were 19.7% and 25.7, respectively. About 20 monoconical traps in two kebele (Bilate and Anka) of Duguna Fango districts were deployed for 72 hours with odour attractants for the vector studies. There were 22 G. pallidipes and 43 tabanus had been collected from the study site with the respective density of 1.1 and 2.15 fly/trap/day. Therefore, implementing control of trypanosomosis with an integrated approach was paramount importance in areas of the study site.
In tsetse-infested areas of Ethiopia, African Animal Trypanosomiasis is the most serious threat to livestock productivity. A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2021 to September 2021 in the Zaba Gazo district to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine trypanosomiasis through parasitological and hematological techniques. In the current study, the overall prevalence of trypanosomiasis was found to be 21%. Among anticipated risk factors, the origin of animals has shown a statistically significant association (p < 0.05) with the occurrence of bovine trypanosomiasis. Other potential risk factors, such as sex, age, BCS, coat color, and agroecology, were not shown to have a statistically significant relationship (p > 0.05) with trypanosomiasis. The overall mean PCV values for parasitaemic and aparasitaemic cattle were 23.24 + 3.04SD and 27.37 + 4.18SD, respectively, thus it was lower in parasitaemic animals than the aparasitaemic animals. A high prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in the study area necessitates an integrated parasite and vector control approach to curve the prevalence and effect of the disease.
Trypanosomosis is an infectious disease with great economic impact on livestock production. In this study, the effects of probiotic on serum biochemical changes of Nigerian indigenous dogs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei were investigated. Twenty (20) healthy dogs of both sexes (6–10 kg body weight) following screening, were randomly divided into 5 groups of 4 dogs each. Dogs in group I (uninfected and untreated); group II (uninfected + multi species (Pet dophillus®) probiotic); group III (infected + multi species probiotic); group IV (infected + diaminazene aceturate); and group V (infected + probiotic + diminazene aceturate). Dogs were fed probiotic for 21 days before infection, and up to the last day post-infection (PI). Dogs in infected groups were inoculated intraperitonially with 2.5 × 106 trypanosomes on day 21 and diminazene aceturate was administered on day 5 post-infection (PI). Prepatent period and parasitaemia were determined. Blood was collected in plain sample bottles and serum harvested for serum biochemical analyses. Prepatent periods of T. brucei brucei were 4.75 ± 0.25 days (group III), 4.00 ± 0.41 days (group IV) and 4.25 ± 0.49 days (groups V); and parasitaemia was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in groups IV and V compared to group III post-treatment. Mean serum total protein was significantly increased in group III from day 28 up to the end of the study. No significant (P > 0.05) differences existed in the mean serum albumin and creatinine levels in all groups of dogs. The mean serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were increased significantly (P < 0.05) in group III post infection up to the end of the study. In conclusion, the multispecies probiotic enhanced the efficacy of diaminazene aceturate in mitigating the serum biochemical changes due to experimental T. brucei brucei infection in dogs.
Background
Trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma vivax is one of the diseases threatening the health and productivity of livestock in Africa and Latin America. Trypanosoma vivax is mainly transmitted by tsetse flies; however, the parasite has also acquired the ability to be transmitted mechanically by hematophagous dipterans. Understanding its distribution, host range and prevalence is a key step in local and global efforts to control the disease.
Methods
The study was conducted according to the methodological recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. A systematic literature search was conducted on three search engines, namely PubMed, Scopus and CAB Direct, to identify all publications reporting natural infection of T. vivax across the world. All the three search engines were screened using the search term Trypanosoma vivax without time and language restrictions. Publications on T. vivax that met our inclusion criteria were considered for systematic review and meta-analysis.
Result
The study provides a global database of T. vivax, consisting of 899 records from 245 peer-reviewed articles in 41 countries. A total of 232, 6277 tests were performed on 97 different mammalian hosts, including a wide range of wild animals. Natural infections of T. vivax were recorded in 39 different African and Latin American countries and 47 mammalian host species. All the 245 articles were included into the qualitative analysis, while information from 186 cross-sectional studies was used in the quantitative analysis mainly to estimate the pooled prevalence. Pooled prevalence estimates of T. vivax in domestic buffalo, cattle, dog, dromedary camel, equine, pig, small ruminant and wild animals were 30.6%, 6.4%, 2.6%, 8.4%, 3.7%, 5.5%, 3.8% and 12.9%, respectively. Stratified according to the diagnostic method, the highest pooled prevalences were found with serological techniques in domesticated buffalo (57.6%) followed by equine (50.0%) and wild animals (49.3%).
Conclusion
The study provides a comprehensive dataset on the geographical distribution and host range of T. vivax and demonstrates the potential of this parasite to invade other countries out of Africa and Latin America.
Blood samples from a total of 14193 cattle of various age and sex groups originating from nine tsetse infested and tsetse free areas in Ethiopia were examined for the presence trypanosomes by dark ground buffy coat technique. Anaemia was estimated by Packed Cell Volume (PCV) assessment. The overall prevalence of trypanosomiasis was 13.19 %, the rates in tsetse infested and free areas being 17.67 % and 8.71 % respectively. In the former study site. T. congolense (58.5 %), T. vivax (31.28 %) and T. brucei (3.53 %) were detected. More than 99 % on cattle infections in tsetse free areas, were due to T. vivax. Generally, PCV values ranging between 16 and 25 % were obtained in infected subjects, Results were discussed in comparison with previous works of other scholars. The authors emphasized the need to control trypanosomiasis in tsetse free zones as this being a potential threat to the huge highland livestock population of Ethiopia.
The parasitological techniques currently in use for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis were compared in a series of experiments for their capacity to detect Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei in the blood of cattle. The darkground/phase contrast buffy coat method proved to be more sensitive than the haematocrit centrifugation technique, thick, thin and wet blood films in detecting T. congolense and T. vivax. On the other hand with T. brucei, mouse inoculation was the most sensitive method, followed by the haematocrit centrifugation technique. In a further series of experiments involving cattle infected with either T. congolense or T. vivax, the darkground/phase contrast buffy coat method was consistently more sensitive in detecting parasites than haematocrit centrifugation, capillary concentration using glycerol and miniature anion-exchange/centrifugation techniques. As well as showing superior sensitivity, the darkground/phase contrast buffy coat method allowed species identification, estimation of parasitaemia and simultaneous assessment of anaemia (packed red cell volume).
During a period of four consecutive years, trypanosomosis surveys were conducted in a tsetse-infested and tsetse-free area of the Amhara Region of north-west Ethiopia. In each study area randomly selected communal cattle were sampled and their blood was investigated using parasitological diagnostic methods. At the same time the population of biting flies was sampled. The monthly average prevalence of trypanosome infections in cattle did not differ significantly between study areas. In both study areas, the prevalence of trypanosome infections was highest during the long rainy season. Trypanosome infections were mainly due to Trypanosoma vivax and they significantly reduced the average packed cell volume and the body condition of the animals. The monthly prevalence of infection was correlated with the density of biting flies, such as Tabanidae and Stomoxys spp., in the preceding month suggesting an important role of mechanical transmission in the epidemiology of trypanosomosis in both areas.