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For citation: Pokharel, Samidha 2008. Gender discrimination: Women perspectives,
Nepalese Journal of Development and Rural Studies, 5 (2): 80-87.
Gender Discrimination: Women perspectives
Samidha Pokharel1
Abstract
The study documents the perception of women in discrimination in various aspects in a male
dominated society. The study was designed as a descriptive study based on sample survey. The total of 200
women was selected randomly for this study. The study findings show that there is a discrimination against
women in various aspects. Women are aware of discrimination in the societal and household levels. They
perceive more discrimination in the societal level comparing to household level. Married women perceive
more discrimination in mobility, property, occupation, and education. Similarly, unmarried women
perceive more discrimination in mobility and way of behaving. They consider gender and customary
practices as major factors responsible for discrimination.
Introduction
Literally, the meaning of discrimination is an unfavorable treatment to anyone
based on sex, race and so on. It is considered as an obstacle for the achievement of the
objectives of equality, development and peace. Discrimination is recognized as a form of
inequality and issue for women around the world. It affects the capacity of women to
participate freely and fully in society and in turn brings psychological harmful
consequences. Half of the population of the world consists of women, whose large
portion is still discriminated in different phase of life directly or indirectly, though there
are some differences in each country, religion, society or ethnicity.
Gender discrimination in the world can be seen in different religions, countries
and communities. As indicated by Waltke, ancient Jewish prayed every morning saying
“Thank you lord that I was not born a woman; Christian boys are taken to the special
room of the church but the girls are not during the name giving ceremony; women are not
supposed to be priest or father in temples and church. The situation of the gender
discrimination has been worsened with the development of science and technology as it
1 Lecturer in Home Science, Padma Kanya Campus, Bagbazar, Kathmandu (samidhap40@yahoo.com)
Gender Discrimination: Women perspective Pokharel
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predicts the sex of a fetus before it turns to a baby. In 1978 and 1983, seventy eight
thousand of fetuses were aborted in Mumbai, as they were known as female fetus
(Bastola, 2007).
As a male dominated society, Nepal is not an exceptional in discriminating
women. Discrimination against women in Nepal is related to the traditional culture and
deeply rooted in the society; that establishes the hierarchical relationship between male
and female. Discrimination has been a cultural tradition that is accepted by women and
applied by men as social value. Nepal is a religious and male dominated society where
women are considered as secondary to men. Preference of son birth is more common
almost in every community. Gender based discrimination in different forms starts right
after the birth and it continues through out the life cycle. There is popular saying in
Nepali “Chhora pae khasi, chhori pae farsi” which literally meaning a delivered women
will get goat and pumpkin to eat if she give birth of boy and daughter, respectively. There
are different sets of behaviors for boys and girls to perform. Such discrimination has
helped to establish the hierarchical relationship between men and women in the society
and also helped to create many rigid gender norms that restrict women’s opportunities
and stifle their development in the private and public sphere.
Scholars have reported different types of discrimination against women and it is
different according to ethnicity. Brahmin and Chhetri are considered most vulnerable
group as they often practice early age marriage. The girls from Brahmin and chhetri
families are forced to get marry at early age without their consent (Luitel, 1992).
Similarly, women are not allowed to move and talk freely which sometime turns into
violent. It was reported that woman was beaten and also put a paste of chilly powder and
garlic inside her vagina for speaking with two boys (The Kathmandu Post, 2007).
Adhikari (2007) also reported that newly married brides do not eat meal as they want
since they are not supposed to move in a day time if they eat as they want they might
have to go outside for defecate and men will see their face.
Educational discrimination between men and women is also seen in Nepal.
Adult literacy and average schooling years of women in Nepal is very low comparing
to men (HMG/N, 2002). People often think that there is no need of education for girls.
Pandey (2006) reported that more women's (40%) against men's (30%) attitude
Gender Discrimination: Women perspective Pokharel
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toward the need of education for girls is negative that resulted higher percentage of
boys (50%) got the opportunity to study in boarding school against the girls (10%).
Women in some communities, especially madheshi still think that girls need to spend
time for household chores after marriage and do not prefer to send girl child for
higher education. Some women in madheshi community got the opportunity for
higher education and job as well but they could not continue it after marriage since
there was pressure from the husband and mother-in-law to quit the job as they need to
move and interact with different people (Mandal, 2007).
Discrimination in decision making for family, property right in the form of
less expense in education, food and health care for girl child than boys is old practice
in rural areas of Nepal (Bhadra 2002). Women in rural area are considered as
relatively uneducated and rarely involved in formal meetings and planning phase.
Women are discriminated to make decisions in formal meetings and also to involve in
political participation due to illiteracy (Pandey, 2006). Women are excluded in
planning and decision making process of the community forestry due to lack of
education and awareness (Shrestha 2004). Besides education, workloads also make
women less available in attending meetings. Household responsibilities make women
less available for the extra meeting or social events where information is exchanged
(Bhattarai, 2006).
The main purpose of the paper is to document the perceived discrimination
practices in Nepali male dominated society. Moreover, the study attempts to see the
differences in the perception of married and unmarried women in the discrimination
and also explain the factors responsible for it in various aspects.
Study Sites, Survey and Data Collection Methods
The study was undertaken in Ichangu Narayan VDC of Kathamndu district. The
VDC is located between Shyombhu Nath temple and Nagarjun forest. The total area of
the VDC is 4,469 ropanies2. The total population of the VDC is 7,516 with diverse ethnic
group such as Brahmin, Chhetri, Tamang, Newar, Putuwar, and Nagarkoti. Over three-
fourths of the total population is literate in the VDC.
2 Ropani is local unit for measuring land in the mid-hills of Nepal (one ropani = 0.052 ha)
Gender Discrimination: Women perspective Pokharel
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The study is designed as descriptive study based on sample survey. The main
purpose of the study is to document the existing discrimination practices in Nepali male
dominated society as perceived by women and also identify the factors responsible for
discrimination. Women were categorized into two categories: married and unmarried.
An interview schedule was conducted with the total of 200 women who were selected
randomly (100 from each category). The women with the age of 17 years or older were
considered as respondent for this study.
A set of close-ended questionnaire was developed as an instrument for this study.
The questionnaire consists of two parts. First part consists of general information such as
age, caste, and education and the second part contains about practice of discrimination.
The questionnaire was administrated by visiting house to house. In some cases, more than
one interview was also conducted separately at the same household where the criteria for
the respondents were met.
Findings and Discussions
Demographic characteristics of the respondents
The breakdown of the survey population was 50 per cent married and 50 per cent
unmarried since women's status in terms of marriage changes their role to perform also
changes. Ethnically, one-half of the survey population was Brahmin and the remaining
(50%) was Tamang. The age of the respondents ranged from 17 to 73 years with an
average age of 28.46 (± 11.98). Over one-fifths (23.5%) of the survey population were
illiterate, 4.5 per cent literate, and 72 per cent received formal education. Among the
respondents who received formal education, over one-half (53%) attended high school
and higher secondary level, followed by bachelor level and above (27%) and up to class
eight (20%). Regarding occupation, about one-half (45.5%) of the respondents were
housewife, followed by students (39.5%), job holders (6.5%), wage labors and maid
(3.5%), and the remaining (5%) was engaged in other occupation.
Perception of discrimination
Gender Discrimination: Women perspective Pokharel
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In order to make the respondents to understand the meaning of discrimination, it
was explained as "any type of restriction that might be in the name of teaching, love or
protection". Such explanation helped the respondents to understand the meaning of
discrimination and responded the questionnaire accordingly. Respondents were simply
asked if they have felt or heard the discrimination practices in the society.
Overwhelmingly (90%), the respondents were aware of the prevalent societal
discrimination and responded it as yes. When the perception of discrimination assessed
based on the marital status, both categories of the respondent perceived equally the
societal discrimination whereas their perception of discrimination at the household level
varies (Figure 1). Over one-third (36%) of married and over one-fifth (21%) of unmarried
respondents felt the discrimination at the household level, respectively. It shows that the
married women perceived the discrimination relatively more at the household level
comparing to unmarried women. It is logical in a Nepali culture that married women feel
more discrimination at home comparing to unmarried women since woman requires
performing more gender based works once she gets married. Similarly, as daughter in-
law she gets different treatments such as she cannot take meal until she serves meal to all
family members.
Figure 1 Awareness of the respondents towards discrimination
When asked for what they feel discrimination at household level, about one-half
(47.5%) of the respondent expressed that they feel discrimination in mobility. They also
expressed that they feel discrimination in education (29%), marriage time (29%), choice
of partner (28%), and way of behavior (21%). When compare between married and
0
20
40
60
80
100
Married Unmarried
Societal
House hold level
Gender Discrimination: Women perspective Pokharel
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unmarried, it appears that married women feel more discrimination in education,
property, occupation, food, marriage time and choice of partner (Figure 2). Married
women generally are busy with household chores and do not get time to study. Similarly,
only son inherits the parental properties in a Nepali culture as a result, men are found to
be owner of the property rather than women. There is a practice in Nepali society that
daughter-in-law should take meal after serving meal to all family members which means
she should eat the left over food. In a Nepali society, there is practices of arrange
marriage; girl rarely gets opportunity to chose life partner and marriage time. Such
possible reason made married women to feel more discrimination in education, property,
food, marriage time and choice of partner.
Similarly, unmarried women feel more discrimination in the way of behaving
comparing to married women. One possible reason could be that elder married women
fully accept the gender role defined by the society due to lack of opportunity available for
them in education and communication as well. There is an increasing trend sending girl
to school that facilitates in getting delay marriage allowing them to stay longer time at
parental home. Once the girls are exposed to education they compare the treatment or
behavior offered by the parents to them and their brothers. There is a tradition to behave
the girls differently than the boys. Generally, boys get favor from the parents than the
girls. Such practice may have made unmarried women to feel more discrimination in the
way of behaving.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Married Unmarried
Property Occupation Mobility Food Allowances
Education Marriage time Choice of partner Way of behaving Other
Figure 2 Discrimination felt at home in various aspects
Gender Discrimination: Women perspective Pokharel
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The figure 2 shows that the majority of married and unmarried women feel
discrimination at home in mobility. It was interesting to note that one of the unmarried
women mentioned during the interview that discrimination in mobility has affected her
education as she is not allowed to go neither far nor in evening time although the parents
are positive in her education. She further mentioned that such restriction is not applicable
to her brothers. The respondents indicated that they feel discrimination in quality
education as well since the parents send girls to school or college similar to boys but pay
the additional expenses only for the brothers if it is required for extra educational
activities. Similarly, it was also mentioned that the girls are not allowed to choose the
subjects that are costly and also required to go far from home. It was remarkable to note
that a couple of respondents felt discrimination in interaction with boys. They said that
they are not allowed to interact with boys alone. The married women felt discrimination
more in marriage time and choice of partner comparing to unmarried women.
Responsible factors for discrimination
The study analyzes the perceived factors responsible for discrimination. The study
considers gender and customary practices as main factors responsible for discrimination.
The discrimination in various aspects was analyzed along with the perceived responsible
factors (Figure 3). Over one-half (53%) of the respondent indicated that mobility is one
of the aspects they feel discrimination and considers male as responsible for it. As a male
dominated society, males often considered themselves as superior than women and put
restriction to women. Generally, women are not allowed to move freely in the name of
protection. There is also a tendency of males as husband they want women as wife to stay
at home and offer their services for them. During the interview, one of the respondents
indicated that her husband does not allowed her to move freely since he is older than her
and thinks she may leave him if he allows her to move freely. Two-thirds of the
respondents consider male as responsible for discrimination in education. They also
consider male as responsible for discrimination in property, occupation, and allowances.
Gender Discrimination: Women perspective Pokharel
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0
20
40
60
80
100
Male Female Male &
female Customary
practices other
Property Occupation Mobility Food A llow ances
Education Marriage time Choice of Partner Way of behaving Other
Figure 3 Responsible factors for discrimination as perceived by married women
Married women consider male as responsible for discrimination in allowances,
occupation, mobility and property (Figure 3). They further consider male, particularly
father-in-law and husband responsible for discrimination when they were asked about the
marital home. The figure 3 also shows that over two-third of the married women
considers women, particularly mother-in-law responsible for discrimination in food
(89%), way of behaving (73%) and others such as interaction with boys (67%). Similarly,
married women consider both male and female responsible for discrimination in choice
of partner, marriage time, and education. A few of married women also consider
customary practice as responsible for discrimination in occupation, education, and
property (Figure 3).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Male Female Male & female customary practices
property Occupation Mobility Allowances Education Marriage time Choice of partner Way of behaving Other
Figure 4 Responsible factors for discrimination as perceived by unmarried women
Gender Discrimination: Women perspective Pokharel
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The figure 4 shows that the factors responsible for discrimination as perceived by
unmarried women. The unmarried women consider male and female are main responsible
for discrimination. A very few unmarried women consider customary practices as
responsible factor for discrimination. One-half of the survey population of unmarried
women feels male as responsible for discrimination in property, occupation and
allowances. Similarly, they feel women as responsible for discrimination in way of
behavior (73%), marriage time (61%), and mobility (59%). Over one-half (54.5%) of the
unmarried women think both male and female is equally responsible for discrimination in
choice of partner.
Conclusions
The study findings show that societal discrimination exists in male dominated
society. Women are aware of discrimination practices at home and society as well. They
perceive more discrimination practices at the societal level comparing to household level.
Societal discriminations are often highlighted by media and it becomes an issue for
debate at the national level. The debates are often discussed even in an informal chat
when they meet each other. Such informal chat facilitates to disseminate the issues
widely in rural areas making women relatively more aware of societal discrimination.
Similarly, there is a tendency of women to perceive the things culturally at the household
level and do not consider the restriction as discrimination.
The study revealed different types of discrimination practices at the household
level. Women perceive discrimination in various aspects such as property, education, and
mobility. The study findings suggest that the perception of discrimination varies between
married and unmarried women. The married women feel more discrimination in property,
occupation and education comparing to unmarried women. It is believed that property,
occupation, and education help an individual to become an independent in a society.
Women feel more discrimination in property, occupation and education since lacking of
such things makes them dependent in the society. Most of both married and unmarried
women feel the discrimination in mobility, as there is a culture of not allowing women to
move freely in the name of protection.
Gender Discrimination: Women perspective Pokharel
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Women consider gender and customary practices are main factors responsible for
discrimination. They perceive different members of the family such as father, husband,
and mother in-law are responsible for discrimination. To some extent women themselves
were found to be responsible for discrimination as they perceive the things culturally and
perform it accordingly accepting the gender based responsibilities without considering it
as discrimination.
References
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eat full stomach), Kantipur: Nepali national daily newspaper, Year 15 (68) (April
27): 1.
Bastola, Garima (2007). Gender inequality starts before birth, The Kathmandu Post:
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Bhadra, Chandra (2002). Poverty, gender and intra-household resource distribution:
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