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Impact resistance of drinking glasses

Authors:
Jonathan Shepherd at Cardiff University
Jonathan Shepherd
G Kidner
G Kidner
G Kidner
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R Huggett
R Huggett
R Huggett
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fragments
on
breaking
in
the
manner
described,
glasses
annually
attests
to
the
limited
life
of
most
covered
that
the
manufacturers
had
made
a
Certainly
the
base,
the
thickest
part,
does
fragment
pub
glasses.
commercial
decision
to
stop
marketing
diazoxide
when
a
glass
breaks,
but
this
is
not
so
with
the
thin
Tempering
will
never
completely
eliminate
tablets.
When
we
asked
how
such
a
decision
could
si'de
wall,
which
either
remains
intact
or
breaks
inj'uries
due
to
glass,
but
it
substantially
reduces
be
made
without
consultation
we
were
informed
into
pieces
with
"razor
blade"
edges.
the
risk
of
breakage.
As
De
Grave
states
in
the
that
consultation,
with
endocrinologists
had
taken
Interestingly,
the
French
claim
only
that
their
conclusion
of
a
paper
cited
by
Grimes,
"In
fact,
place.
We
have
not
yet
been
able
to
locate
those
glass
is
three
times
stronger
than
a
normal,
stress
toughening
has
provided
an
opportunity
for
the
consulted.
free
glass;
we
dispute
this
figure,
let
alone
Shepherd
production
of
high
resistance
tumblers,
dishes,
We
invite
other
would
be
users
of
the
drug
and
colleagues'
claim
that
it
is
six
times
stronger.
plates,
bowls,
casseroles,
etc,
of
great
variety
of
to
write
to
the
suppliers,
Allen
and
Hanburys
Breaking
a
used
tempered
glass
does
not
present
a
shapes,
and
colours
which
are
now
normally
used
Limited,
Stockley
Park
West,
Uxbridge,
Middle-
problem
to
an
assailant,
and
the
same
jagged
by
everyone.
"'
sex
UB
11
IBT,
requesting
that
the
drug
once
more
shards
characteristic
of
normal
glassware
on
J
P
SHEPHERD
be
supplied
as
tablets.
breakage
are
produced.
G
KIDNER
PETER
SONKSEN
The
authors
do
not
mention
the
instability
of
R
HUGGETT
C
LOWY
tempered
glass,
presumably
because
they
are
Department
of
Oral
Surgery,
Medicine,
and
Pathology,
St
Thomas's
Hospital,
ignorant
of
the
process
entailed.'
The
technique
of
University
of
Wales
College
of
Medicine,
London
SEI
7LH
tempering
glassware
with
a
thick
cross
section
-
Cardiff
CF4
4XY
UnivesityofMSrrey
for
example,
a car
windscreen
-is
well
known,
but
ISehrJPPicM,hnfeP.Gasbuendran
Guildford,
the,
tempering
of
thin
walled
drinking
ware
is
1lShepherd
JPrePies
M,R
Shc
enfn
P.9Gass8buseand
rba
Surrey
fraught
with
dangers,
which
the
authors
overlook.
2
Evans
DM.
Hand
injuries
due
to
glass.
J
Hand
Surg
[Br]
PemburyHospital
'No
manufacturer
produces
tempered
tankards,
for
1987;123:284.
Pembur
optl
a
good
reason:
safe
tempering
calls
for
uniformity
3
Nakamura
H.
Life
of
tumblers.
In:
Kunugi
M,
Tashiro
M,
Saga
Kentbury,
N,
eds.
Tenth
iniernational
congress
on
glass.
Tokyo:
Ceramic
KetTN2
4QJ
of
wall
thickness
throughout
the
body
of
the
Society
of
Japan,
1974:10.42-9.ROETUNR
product.'
4
De
Grave
R.
Thermal
toughening
of
glass
by
air
quenching.
Glass
Radcliffe
Infirmary,
Finally,
from
their
experiments
we
fail
to
see
1985
Nov:423-4.
Oxford
how
the
authors
conclude
that
tempered
glassware
Hsia,STEPHANIE
AMIEL
is
indistinguishable
from
annealed
glassware
to
Guy'sHoptl
London
SElI
9RT
the
;drinking
public.
This
statement
is
based
on
RCADBIE
opno;all
the
evidence
suggests
that
the
French
Act
nl
lsr
luo
Horsham
Hospital,
product
tends
to
discolour
with
use.
Hrhm
D
GRIMES
ascae
wihnb
iedWest
Sussex
RHl12
2DR
Rasenhead,
br
md
PO
Bsx
48,
ipratropium
bo
ieand
St
Helens,
Mersevside
WAlIO
3LP
salbutamol
We
sent
this
letter
to
the
manufacturers
of
diaz-
oxide,
who
replied
as
follows:
1
Shepherd
JP,
Kidner
G,
Huggett
R.
Impact
resistance
of
SIR,-Peter
Shah
and
colleagues
report
that
SIR,-The
production
of
medicines
is
subject
to
drinking
glasses.
BMJ
1991;303:
1330.
(23
November.)
nebulised
ipratropium
bromide
and
salbutamol
increasingly
stringent
specifications
on
safety
and
2
Porfido
N.
Is
your
tempered
ware
really
shock
resistant?
Glass
may,
if
allowed
into
the
eyes,
rarely
lead
to
acute
quality.
This
is
entirely
appropriate
but
can
also
Indussry
1991
June:
18.
angle
closure
glaucoma
in
susceptible
patients.'
cause
difficulties
for
manufacturers,
particularly
3
De
Grave
R.
Thermal
toughening
of
glass
by
air
quenching.
Glass
Suhrprsaentuepcd,gvnheoe-
wenargissdby
nlafwptet,
1985
Novs:423-4.Suhrprsaentuepce,gvnteptn
whnadu
isuebyolafwptet,
tially
additive
effects
of
each
drug
on
the
eye.
requiring
infrequent,
low
volume
production.
What
is
important,
however,
is
that
the
eyes
are
It
was
for
these
reasons
that
we
decided
to
stop
AUTHOS'
RELY,-W
are
urpried
tht
thee
is
protected
by
a
well
fitting
face
mask
or
the addition
marketing
diazoxide
(Eudemine)
tablets
on
nUTORbeciv
REvidencWe
ine
DurGrimes'
lthtero
therei
of
a
T
piece
extension
to
the
nebuliser
mouthpiece
9
August
last
year.
artices
hecite
for
he
asertins
h
make.
He
and,
in
susceptible
patients,
goggles.
We
were
aware
that
there
would
be
a
few
people
artileshe
ite
fo
th
assrtins
e
mkes
He
In
view
of
the
documented
benefits
of
the
who
had
taken
diazoxide
for
some
years
and
would
does
not
report
any
steps
that
his
company
has
combination
of
ipratropium
and
a
fP2
agonist
given
require
continued
supply.
We
therefore
guaran-
taken
to
make
bar
glasses
less
likely
to
break
or
less
by
nebulisation
in
patients
with
moderate
to
severe
teed
to
make
diazoxide
powder
available
on
a
ikel
to
injurean
people
whaten
the
dot
brak.a
Safety
acute
and
-chronic
airways
obstruction,2
ocular
named
patient
basis
within
24
hours
of
request,
or
is
a
imprtan
isse:
4
patentswithfacil
inury
protection
is
to
be
preferred
to
advice
not
to
use
even
sooner
in
emergencies.
The
decision
to
supply
due
to
glass
were
recently
identified
over
two
thsvaubemdcnsicobnto,hepw
rfeeelcsorcnenfrte
weekends
in
five
acc'ident
and
emergency
depart-
thsvaubemdcnsicobnto.hepw
rfeeelcsorcnenfrte
ments'
and
208
hand
injuries
due
to
glass
were
D
M
HUMPHREYS
patients
and
certainly
does
not
suipport
Sonksen
idenifid
drin
thee
onts
b
meber
ofthe
Boehringer
Ingelheim,
and
colleagues'
view
that
this
was
a
commercial
for
Surgery
of
the
Hand.2
Bracknell,deion
British
Society
frSreyothHad'Berkshire
RGl12
4Y5S
We
continu'e
to
seek
an
alternative
supplier
and
Although
the
term
"glassing"
implies
deliberate
aei
icsinwt
eea
te
auatrr
breaking
of
a
glass
before
its
use
as
a
weapon,
most
1
Shah
P,
Dhurjon
L,
Metcalfe
T,
Gibson
JM.
Acute
angle
closure
who
may
be
able
to
meet
demand.
In
the
mean
time
of
th
patentsin
ou
surey
rporte
tha
unboken
glaucoma
associated
with
nebulised
ipratropium
bromide
and
we
will
continue
to
supply
diazoxide
powder
on
glasses
had
simply
been
thrown
or
had
been
picked
salbutamol.
BMJ
1992;304:40-1.
(4
January.)reus.wehvrepndto13eqssfr
up
and
thrust
whole
at
them.
On
impact
the
glasses
2
Rebuck
AS,
Chapman
KR,
Abboud
R,
Pare
PD,
Kreisman
H,
rqet
ehv
epne
o13rqet
o
It
is
o
the
bsis
of
Wolkove
N,
et
al.
Nebulised
anticholingeric
and
sympatho-
named
patient
supply
since
9
August
last
year.
had
fractured,
causing
injury,
~~~mimetic
treatment
of
asthma
and
chronic
obstructive
airways
this
finding
that
we
believe
that
making
glasses
disease
in
the
emergency
room.
AmJ
Med
1987;82:59-64.
.J
R
HALL
more
resistant
to
impact
is
likely
to
prevent
injury.
3
Brown
IG,
Chan
CS,
Kelly
CA,
Dent
AG,
Zimmerman
PV.
AleanHnbrs
Temperin
also
icreases
he
tendncy
for
lass
to
Assessment
of
the
clinical
usefulness
of
nebulised
ipratropium
Uxbridge,
Temperng
alo
incrases
he
tedency
or
glss
to
bromide
in
patients
with
chronic
airflow
limitation.
Thorax
Middlesex
UBl
IBT
break
at
right
angles
to
its
surface,
giving
rise
to
1984;39:272-6.
relatively
blunt
edged
frag'ments.
4
O'Driscoll
BR,
Taylor.
RJ,
Horsley
MG,
Chambers
DK,
In
relation
to
durability
and
weakening
"within
Bernstein
A.
Nebulised
salbutamol
with
and
without
ipra-
hours,"
research
showed
that
two
designs
of
tropium
bromide
in
acute
airflow
obstruction.
Lancet
1989;i:
Bureaucratic
record?,
1418-20.
tumblers,
when
tempered,
survived
up
to
25
times
longer
in
a
busy
office
than
non-tempered
tumblers
SIR,-Only
17
copies
of
a
curriculum
vitae
of
identical
design
that
were
exposed
to
the
same
requested
by
St
George's
Hospital?'
Chickenfeed.
number
of
cycles
of
use.3
Glass
manufacturers
The
Lancet
of
6
October
1923
carried
an
advertise-
such
as
Ravenhead
who
have
'not
developed
the
Diazoxide
no
longer
marketed
ment
for
an
honorary
assistant
surgeon
at
Cardiff
... This is an area where the risk of occupational injury might be reduced. Tempered glassware is much more impact resistant than ordinary, annealed glass (Shepherd et al., 1991) and bar workers familiar with toughened glassware clearly feel that its use would reduce injury risk. There is, theoretically, a risk of cross-infection for this group of workers. ...
Risk of occupational glass injury in bar staff
Article
  • Jun 1994
  • INJURY
One hundred and twenty-six bar staff (median length of service 2.7 years) working in 42 randomly selected public houses in South Glamorgan were interviewed and examined in the workplace to investigate the incidence, characteristics and treatment of lacerations from bar glassware. 41 per cent reported previous injury, 13 per cent on five or more separate occasions. All injuries but one were of the hand. After 13 per cent of incidents, treatment had been sought in an A & E department, but 58 per cent of incidents causing hand lacerations were not treated. Straight-sided (nonik) one pint (0.6 l) capacity glasses were responsible for two-thirds of injuries, usually during stacking and washing of used glasses. Of bar-workers familiar with toughened glassware, 86 per cent favoured its use on safety grounds. It was concluded that the incidence of sharps (glass) injury was unacceptably high and that this was also a potential cause of cross-infection in this group of workers.
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Harm minimization
Chapter
  • Jan 2001
The control of alcohol-related problems is an intensely political and contentious subject, involving a host of interests that often promote entirely different agendas. Some of the most hotly debated issues include such topics as the use of taxation and restrictions on the availability of alcoholic beverages [l]. In general terms, any policy intended to reduce the level of alcohol-related problems, such as public disorder, accidents, injuries, illness and premature death, could loosely be termed ‘harm minimization’. Indeed, as recently noted by Single [2], one individual has claimed that the ‘harm minimization’ of illicit drug problems included the incarceration of drug users. Many would view this as a drastic and unacceptable step. In fact, there has for some time been a clear division between what is currently termed ‘harm minimization’ or ‘harm reduction’ and a rather different, but equally legitimate, approach, which has been called the ‘public health perspective’ in relation to alcohol and its associated problems. It is a contention of this chapter that these two approaches are not in essence so very different, even though they have sometimes been presented as being ‘rival’ perspectives. Moreover, it is stressed that harm minimization and the public health perspective are neither mutually exclusive nor incompatible. Throughout the past two centuries, national and regional approaches to curbing alcohol-related problems have ranged from attempts to stamp out drinking completely (NB Prohibition) to measures designed to deal with specific manifestations of the harmful consumption of alcohol [3]. During the past 25 years there have been several publications that have attempted to set out a general theoretical and practical perspective on the vexed issue of ‘what to do about alcohol’. This topic continues to have considerable importance and is inevitably complex because alcohol, a hugely popular psychoactive substance, may be used harmfully or, in moderation, in a beneficial manner [4]. Bruun et al. [5] produced an important and influential report, Alcohol Control Policies in Public Health Perspective. This gave great emphasis to the assertion that, as noted by Ledermann [6], rates of alcohol-related problems, such as liver cirrhosis mortality, are associated with per capita alcohol consumption. Accordingly, the key to curbing rates of alcohol-related problems is to control alcohol consumption in general. This view was reaffirmed by Kreitman [7], who stressed a ‘preventive paradox’, namely the fact that there are far more light and intermediate drinkers than heavy drinkers. Accordingly, it is important to reduce the alcohol consumption of the majority who do not drink heavily to achieve any major impact on the general population level of alcohol consumption and in so doing to reduce problems. A broadly similar view has since been expounded by several other authors, such as Edwards et al. [8] and by the World Health Organization [9]. This approach has been light-heartedly called ‘draining the ocean to prevent shark attacks’ [10]. It may be useful at this stage to draw attention to a parallel debate in connection with policies to deal with illicit drugs, especially since the advent of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C amongst injecting drug users. The illogic, racism. homophobia and other injustices of past drug and HIV/AIDS policies have been brilliantly reviewed by Schilts and Gray [11, 12]. Broadly, approaches to illicit drug use have polarized into a ‘zero tolerance’ or drug-use eradication approach and an alternative perspective, namely harm minimization or harm reduction. It is clear that attempts to eradicate drug use have not been successful; even ‘primary prevention’/health promotion, designed to discourage young people from trying drugs, has a very poor record of achievement [13].
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Bureaucratic record?
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 1992
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Diazoxide no longer marketed
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 1992
Full textFull text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. Get a printable copy (PDF file) of the complete article (280K), or click on a page image below to browse page by page. 320
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Analysis of 100 Upper Limb Injuries Using the Merseyside Accident Information Model
Article
  • May 1994
  • J Hand Surg
More than 2 million upper limb injuries occur each year in Britain. Information about the precise sequence of events leading up to an accident may help prevention of similar injuries by alteration of the work environment or through safety education. The first impression of the cause of an accident may not identify the key event triggering it. The Merseyside Accident Information Model (MAIM; Manning, 1987) provides a structured questionnaire, based on a menu-led computer programme. This not only allows the first unforeseen event to be identified from the history, but is also the basis of a database. Pooled data can then be analyzed. We present an analysis of 100 consecutive cases presenting to one Plastic Surgery Unit.
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Recording by the Police of Violent Offences; An Accident and Emergency Department Perspective
Article
  • Aug 1989
The British Crime Surveys have demonstrated that police-derived crime statistics are an unreliable indicator of the true number of violent offences in society. We therefore investigated police recording of consecutive victims of violence who sought treatment in a large Accident and Emergency (A & E) Department. Of victims assaulted within the boundaries of the inner-city Police Division, only one quarter were recorded by the police, though half claimed police awareness of the incident. Proportionately fewer assaults which occurred in the street, in discoteques or on Saturdays were recorded, in comparison to assaults which occurred in other locations and on other days. Proportionately more female victims were recorded, compared to males. A & E data provide a useful insight into the efficiency and effectiveness of inner-city policing. Victims Support Schemes should liaise with A & E Departments as well as with the police.
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