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A Genetic Study of Male Sexual Orientation
Abstract
Homosexual male probands with monozygotic cotwins, dizygotic cotwins, or adoptive brothers were recruited using homophile publications. Sexual orientation of relatives was assessed either by asking relatives directly, or when this was impossible, asking the probands. Of the relatives whose sexual orientation could be rated, 52% (29/56) of monozygotic cotwins, 22% (12/54) of dizygotic cotwins, and 11% (6/57) of adoptive brothers were homosexual. Heritabilities were substantial under a wide range of assumptions about the population base rate of homosexuality and ascertainment bias. However, the rate of homosexuality among nontwin biological siblings, as reported by probands, 9.2% (13/142), was significantly lower than would be predicted by a simple genetic hypothesis and other published reports. A proband's self-reported history of childhood gender non-conformity did not predict homosexuality in relatives in any of the three subsamples. Thus, childhood gender nonconformity does not appear to be an indicator of genetic loading for homosexuality. Cotwins from concordant monozygotic pairs were very similar for childhood gender nonconformity.
... Same-sex attraction and behavior is relatively stable across populations and has a genetic component. Evidence regarding the genetic effects comes from linkage studies (Hamer et al., 1993;Hu et al., 1995), twin studies (Bailey & Pillard, 1991;Langstrom et al., 2010), and genome-wide association studies (Ganna et al., 2019;Sanders et al., 2017), which propose varying heritability estimates (e.g., family-based heritability 32 % vs. SNP-based heritability 8-25 % estimated by Ganna et al., 2019). Importantly, homosexual individuals have on aver-age less offspring than straight individuals 1 do, which forms a seeming evolutionary paradox. ...
There is robust evidence to the effect that homosexual individuals have systematically less offspring. The sexually
antagonistic genes hypothesis claims that this fitness-related disadvantage of homosexual individuals is
compensated by their other-sex relatives exhibiting greater fertility than the relatives of straight individuals. It
would allow explain how genetic variants associated with homosexuality persist in the human population.
Nevertheless, previous studies yielded conflicting results and, moreover, they focused almost solely on the
fertility of gay men's relatives. We present the results of a large preregistered study based on data on fertility of
both gay men's and lesbian women's relatives. We have analyzed the fertility and biological kin fertility of 693
gay men, 843 straight men, 265 lesbian women, and 331 straight women from Czechia and Slovakia. As expected, gay men and lesbian women sired significantly less offspring than straight individuals. However, we also
found no evidence supporting the sexually antagonistic genes hypothesis, i.e., no difference between the fertility
of other-sex relatives of homosexual and heterosexual individuals. Interestingly, though, paternal grandparents
of gay men had more offspring than the paternal grandparents of straight men did. The mothers of lesbian
women had a higher fertility than the mothers of straight women, but that could be attributed to intervening
effects, such as the excess of older brothers in homosexual individuals. Our results suggest that mechanisms other
than those predicted by the sexually antagonistic genes hypothesis are involved in the evolution of human homosexual orientation.
... Σε μια προσπάθεια ελέγχου του παράγοντα του περιβάλλοντος της μήτρας και των ορμονών, οι (Bailey & Pillard, 1991) εξέτασαν έναν αριθμό διδύμων, με σκοπό να εξακριβώσουν αν οι ορμόνες παίζουν ρόλο στην ανάπτυξη του σεξουαλικού προσανατολισμού. Δεδομένου πως τα μονοζυγωτικά δίδυμα αναπτύσσονται στον ίδιο αμνιακό σάκο και εκτίθενται στο ίδιο ορμονικό περιβάλλον, ενώ τα διζυγωτικά βρίσκονται σε ξεχωριστούς αμνιακούς σάκους με διαφορετικό ορμονικό περιβάλλον (Robinson, Fernald, & Clayton, 2008), έκανε τους επιστήμονες να θεωρούν πως πιθανόν να υπάρχει κάποια ανάλογη σχέση. ...
Η παρούσα εργασία έχει ως σκοπό να ελέγξει τις στάσεις των ατόμων απέναντι σε
ομάδες μειονοτήτων όπως είναι τα άτομα με αναπηρία και τα ομοφυλόφιλα άτομα.
Επιμέρους στόχοι της έρευνας είναι να ελεγχθούν και να αναδειχθούν πιθανοί
παράγοντες επιρροής των στάσεων ενός ατόμου απέναντι σε άτομα μειονοτικών
ομάδων.Ουσιαστικά έγινε σύγκριση των στάσεων των ατόμων δύο μειονοτικών ομάδων
και της ομάδας ελέγχου, με σκοπό την εύρεση πιθανής διαφοροποίησης εξαιτίας της
ομάδας στην οποία ανήκει το κάθε άτομο. Για την αποτίμηση των στάσεων έγινε χρήση
ερωτηματολογίου αυτοαναφοράς. Ο πληθυσμός διαμορφώθηκε ως εξής: 153 Άνδρες και
153 Γυναίκες (Ν=306) ηλικίας άνω των 18 ετών (18-25 Ν=72, 26-35 Ν=114, 36-45
Ν=30, 46-55 Ν=54, 56+ Ν=36) ενώ κάθε ομάδα αποτελούταν από 102 άτομα. Από τα
αποτελέσματα της έρευνας βρέθηκε πωςη οικογενειακή κατάσταση, το εισόδημα, η
γονεϊκότητα, η ηλικία, η εκπαίδευση, το επάγγελμα, η γνωριμία με ομοφυλόφιλα άτομα,
η γνωριμία με άτομα με αναπηρία, η θρησκευτικότητα καθώς και η περιοχή διαμονής
των ατόμων μπορούν να επηρεάσουν τις στάσεις απέναντι στα άτομακαι των δύο
κοινωνικών μειονοτήτων. Ωστόσο, το φύλο βρέθηκε να μην επηρεάζει τις στάσεις των
ατόμων απέναντι στις δύο κοινωνικές μειονότητες, ενώ παράγοντες όπως η
θρησκευτικότητα και η γνωριμία με ομοφυλόφιλα άτομα δεν παρουσίασαν διαφορά στην
περίπτωση των στάσεων απέναντι στα ομοφυλόφιλα άτομα από τα ομοφυλόφιλα άτομα.
Λέξεις Κλειδιά: Αναπηρία, Ομοφυλοφιλία, LGBTQ+, Κοινωνική κατασκευή,
Κοινωνικές μειονότητες, Στάσεις, Εκπαίδευση.
The aim of this study is to examine individuals' attitudes towards minority groups such
as people with disabilities and homosexuals. Individual objectives of the research are to
examine and highlight possible factors influencing an individual's attitudes toward
members of minority groups. In essence, the attitudes of the individuals of the two
minority groups and the control group were compared, in order to find possible
differentiation due to the group to which each individual belongs. A self-report
questionnaire was used to assess attitudes. The population was as follows: 153 Men and
153 Women (N = 306) over 18 years of age (18-25 N = 72, 26-35 N = 114, 36-45 N = 30,
46-55 N = 54, 56+ N = 36) while each group consisted of 102 people. The study found
that marital status, income, parenthood, age, education, job status, knowing homosexual
people, knowing people with disability, religiosity and residence could influence attitudes
towards individuals in both social minorities. However, gender was not found to affect
individuals' attitudes toward the two social minorities, and factors such as religiosity and
knowing homosexual people did not differ in the case of attitudes toward homosexuals by
homosexual people.
Keywords: Disability, Homosexuality, LGBTQ +, Social construction, Social minorities,
Attitudes, Education.
... critiques of ML applications within these fields. Furthermore, Artificial Intelligence is not the only field that during a rapid expansion period has been plagued with a pseudoscience issue as well as confusion between correlations and causality: This was, for instance, also the case for genetics and genomics in the 90s a,d early 2000s [47,48]. ...
In today's world, AI programs powered by Machine Learning are ubiquitous, and have achieved seemingly exceptional performance across a broad range of tasks, from medical diagnosis and credit rating in banking, to theft detection via video analysis, and even predicting political or sexual orientation from facial images. These predominantly deep learning methods excel due to their extraordinary capacity to process vast amounts of complex data to extract complex correlations and relationship from different levels of features. In this paper, we contend that the designers and final users of these ML methods have forgotten a fundamental lesson from statistics: correlation does not imply causation. Not only do most state-of-the-art methods neglect this crucial principle, but by doing so they often produce nonsensical or flawed causal models, akin to social astrology or physiognomy. Consequently, we argue that current efforts to make AI models more ethical by merely reducing biases in the training data are insufficient. Through examples, we will demonstrate that the potential for harm posed by these methods can only be mitigated by a complete rethinking of their core models, improved quality assessment metrics and policies, and by maintaining humans oversight throughout the process.
... Pria yang homoseksual cenderung memiliki saudara yang homoseksual dari keturuanan ibunya. Pada penelitian tersebut ditemykan 33 orang dari 40 saudara laki-laki ibunya (Hammer dkk;1993, dalam Carrol, 2012. Menurut Budiarty (2011) seseorang yang sering bergaul dengan homoseksual ,maka lambat laun akan mengakibatkan dirinya ikut ke dalam putaran homoseksual, sehingga menjadikannya sebagai kelompok yang berisiko atau rentan. ...
Homosexuals or currently better known as LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) is a phenomenon that has graced the media lately. Starting from the prosecution for legalizing same-sex marriage, the pros and cons of its existence, prostitution of minors for gays to prosecution by certain groups to criminalize homosexuals. Although homosexuals have existed for a long time, it is not yet known for certain the cause of this same-sex liking. Including the debate whether homosexuality is classified as a nuisance, risk or grace (normal). Homosexuality is a feeling of being attracted to the same sex (Stuart, 2013). Homosexuality does not occur between men and men (gay) or women and women. Another understanding according to Behrman, et al (2012) states that homosexuality is a physical and romantic force of the same sex. Currently, the phenomenon of homosexuality is better known as the term LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender). This phenomenon has existed since ancient times, but nowadays homosexual behavior has begun to tend to be carried out openly. This is different from ancient times where homosexual behavior was carried out in secret (Budiarty, 2011).
... Traditionally, negative affect toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people was strongly associated with the belief that homosexuality could be controlled or personally selected (Haider-Markel & Joslyn, 2008;Weiner et al., 1988). As mentioned above, identifying genes as the source of sexual orientation instead of personal choice was utilized to improve affective reactions to sexual minorities (Bailey & Pillard, 1991). Initial findings testing this hypothesis were promising-providing a genetic basis for homosexuality resulted in decreases in prejudice (Jayaratne et al., 2006;Landén & Innala, 2002). ...
Scientific research suggests that sexual orientation is continuous in nature and can be fluid over time. Relatively little is known about how greater mainstream acceptance of such accounts of sexual orientation may influence lay people’s attitudes toward gay/lesbian and bisexual individuals. Two studies (N1 = 180; N2 = 460) examined whether attitudes toward sexual minority groups could be influenced by intentional exposure to these differing accounts of sexual orientation. Specifically, sexual orientation was presented as either existing in discrete categories versus along a continuum or as stable versus fluid over time. Sequential linear regression models were used to examine whether exposure to discrete, continuous, fluid, or stable accounts influenced heterosexual participants’ affective responses toward gay, lesbian, or bisexual men and women. Political orientation and gender were evaluated as potential moderators of possible exposure effects. Whereas significant effects were not observed in the pilot study (among university students), heterosexual individuals in Study 2 (based on a community sample) evaluate each of these sexual minority groups, except gay men, more positively after reading the continuous account, compared to the control group. Additional simple slopes analyses revealed men in the continuous condition were markedly warmer toward bisexual men relative to men in the control group. The findings suggest that presenting sexual orientation as continuous to heterosexual audiences is beneficial to improving perceptions of lesbian and bisexual people.
... O biologiji homoseksualnosti se ne ve veliko. Raziskave dednosti (Bailey in Pillard, 1991) so pokazale sledeče rezultate: ...
This text examines the global spread of homosexuality, including in Arab and Islamic societies, aiming to clarify its concept, causes, and history, while focusing on religious and social perspectives. The research warns against the dangers this phenomenon poses to religious and moral values and calls for deterrent actions. It follows a descriptive, analytical, historical, and critical approach to study and analyze the issue. The findings suggest that all divine religions condemn homosexuality, although some religious groups have deviated and accepted it. The research highlights organized efforts to undermine human values by promoting immoral behaviors and using euphemisms like "homosexuality" instead of "sodomy." It also warns of the pressure applied on nations to accept homosexuality under the guise of tolerance and the support given to homosexuals to encourage their behavior.
Thanks to twin studies, it has been known for decades that human same-sex sexual behavior (SSB) has a substantial heritable component. However, only recently have large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) begun to illuminate the complex genetics involved. These studies have established that SSB is influenced by many common genetic variants, each with tiny but cumulative effects. The evolutionary explanation for the persistence of genetic variants associated with SSB, despite their apparent fitness costs, remains uncertain. In this review, we synthesize advances in understanding the genetic and evolutionary bases of SSB, while identifying the many areas in which we still have much to learn.
This is an overview of nature and nurture arguments for male homosexuality based on the literature review. This article summarized and discussed both sides of nature and nurture perspectives and how they may contribute to the development of male homosexuality. From the nature perspective, the genetic, brain structure, and evolutionary arguments are included. From the nurture perspective, the birth order and family dynamics are mentioned. Both the nature and nurture aspects seem to play an important role in order to explain homosexuality. It is suggested that for future studies in this field, researchers may explore and compare the evolutionary connection of female and male homosexuality. In addition, the grey matter volume (GMV) in different brain regions seems to be a contributor to homosexuality; further examining the connection between the brain regions function and homosexuality may be necessary.
This is a 10-year further follow-up of 16 boys with early effeminate behavior, a group of cases first reported in 1966. The average age at this follow-up was 22 years, and the average number of years elapsed since first seen was 14 years. Twelve of the 16 cases developed some form of deviant behavior—homosexuality in 10, transvestism in 1, and transsexualism in 1. Two of the cases were heterosexually oriented, and in the remaining two, no decision could be reached as to their sexual orientation.
To the Editor.—
When a psychiatric disorder has been shown to aggregate (or "run") in families, the psychiatric geneticist usually wants to determine the degree to which that aggregation results from familial/environmental vs genetic factors. Twin studies may be used to address this question. The interpretation of such studies has usually focused on the comparison of concordance rates (probandwise concordance is defined as the risk of illness in the cotwin of a proband-twin) in monozygotic (MZ, or identical) and dizygotic (DZ, or fraternal) twins. While a significantly higher concordance rate in MZ vs DZ twins is strong evidence for the existence of some degree of genetic involvement in the disorder under consideration, without a model for genetic and nongenetic familial transmission, it is not possible to make any more quantitative statements about the magnitude of such involvement.However, to circumvent the complexity of genetic models, several "model-free" "rules of thumb"
This paper reviews the current status of the twin method as a research tool in psychiatry. It is shown that the common practice of reporting only probandwise concordance rates leaves much of the meaning unextracted from the data, and that by including appropriate estimates of the population risk, the concordance rates can be converted into liability correlation coefficients, which can be assessed within the theoretical framework of multifactorial-threshold-polygenic disorders.