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The Relationship of Task and Ego Orientation to Sportsmanship Attitudes and the Perceived Legitimacy of Injurious Acts
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
Abstract
Nicholls's theory of achievement motivation (1989) assumes one's goal orientation in an achievement activity is consistent with one's views concerning what is acceptable behavior in that setting. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of a task and ego goal orientation (i.e., the tendency to focus on personal mastery or beating others, respectively) to sportsmanship attitudes and perceptions of the legitimacy of aggressive acts by testing this assumption in the context of interscholastic sport. Fifty-six male and 67 female high school basketball players completed a three-part questionnaire assessing (a) individual differences in goal orientation, (b) approval of "unsportsmanlike play/cheating," "strategic play," and "sportsmanship behaviors," and (c) subjective ratings of the legitimacy of intentionally injurious behaviors. All measures were basketball-specific. Results indicated a low task orientation and high ego orientation corresponded to an endorsement of unsportsmanlike play/cheating. Ego orientation positively related to the rating of aggressive acts as more legitimate. Gender differences in goal orientation, sportsmanship attitudes, and legitimacy ratings were observed.
... The Horn's Coaching Effectiveness model posits that the behavior of coaches depends on their beliefs about their impact on athletes' final performance [8]. According to athlete-centered coaching, Foucauldian-based 2 of 9 research suggests that power dynamics are essential in sport governance, namely disempowerment, discipline and docility [9]. ...
Abstract
(1) Background:. Adolescent health and well-being is associated with sports and physical education activities. Novel therapies pertaining to athletics training, formation sporting and physical culture is important. In areas where sports facilities are scarce and not cost-effective, they can lead to poorer physical and mental well-being in adolescents. Emotions related to sports, somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption aligned with task and ego orientation have been under-researched in Pakistan. (2) Methods: A sample of 830 adolescents between the ages of 14-19 years were recruited from Pakistan’s sports training center through purposive sampling. Sport-specific emotions, anxiety, task and ego orientation and coach athlete purpose (CAP) were measured. 3) Results: Regression analysis showed that different dimensions of sports anxiety (somatic trait anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption) have a significant effect on the task and ego orientation of sports education students. The Hayes process macro analysis shows that CAP significantly mediates between sports emotions and orientation. The independent sample t-test showed significant mean differences between gender. (4) Conclusions: Females experienced higher levels of somatic and cognitive anxiety and lower ego orientation compared to males. It is important to introduce Rational Emotive Behavior Coaching and integrate ontological health and well-being coaching in sports field.
Keywords: sports emotions; adolescents; coaching; sports psychology
Subject:
Social Sciences
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Psychology
Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.
... The Horn's Coaching Effectiveness model posits that the behavior of coaches depends on their beliefs about their impact on athletes' final performance [8]. According to athlete-centered coaching, Foucauldian-based 2 of 9 research suggests that power dynamics are essential in sport governance, namely disempowerment, discipline and docility [9]. ...
(1) Background:. Adolescent health and well-being is associated with sports and physical education activities. Novel therapies pertaining to athletics training, formation sporting and physical culture is important. In areas where sports facilities are scarce and not cost-effective, they can lead to poorer physical and mental well-being in adolescents. Emotions related to sports, somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption aligned with task and ego orientation have been under-researched in Pakistan. (2) Methods: A sample of 830 adolescents between the ages of 14-19 years were recruited from Pakistan’s sports training center through purposive sampling. Sport-specific emotions, anxiety, task and ego orientation and coach athlete purpose (CAP) were measured. 3) Results: Regression analysis showed that different dimensions of sports anxiety (somatic trait anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption) have a significant effect on the task and ego orientation of sports education students. The Hayes process macro analysis shows that CAP significantly mediates between sports emotions and orientation. The independent sample t-test showed significant mean differences between gender. (4) Conclusions: Females experienced higher levels of somatic and cognitive anxiety and lower ego orientation compared to males. It is important to introduce Rational Emotive Behavior Coaching and integrate ontological health and well-being coaching in sports field.
... As suggested by several other studies, boys, adolescents and adults show a greater ego orientation than their female counterparts, as well as less solidarity and moral reasoning, which would translate into a greater number of fouls (e.g. Bredemeier & Shields, 1998;Coulomb-Cabagno et al., 2005;Coulomb-Cabagno & Rascle, 2006;Duda et al., 1991;Latorre-Román et al., 2020;Lemyre et al., 2002;Miller et al., 2005;Pelegrín et al., 2013). Although U18 female categories have not been included in the report of the results, our findings suggest that the unsporting behaviour sanctioned in grassroots soccer is mostly committed by boys. ...
Purpose: Identifying antisocial behaviour among child and youth players is crucial for managing and fostering a safe, supportive, and enjoyable sport. This study aimed to describe and analyse the disciplinary sanctions received by players in Spanish grassroots soccer competitions (6-18 years old). Methodology: Referee records from 275,844 games across 1,401 league competitions during five subsequent seasons were examined using ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post hoc test. Findings: A total of 53,031 sanctions were documented, primarily mild (93.33%). The most common mild sanctions resulted from card accumulation (41.8%), double warning (24.5%), violent or dangerous play (6.5%), and contemptuous and inconsiderate attitudes towards referees (5.5%). Assaults (3.3%) and insults and serious offences (2.7%) received serious sanctions from referees. Severe sanctions (0.004%) were anecdotal. Furthermore, we found significantly (p < .05) more sanctions in 11-aside soccer than in 8-aside , in boys versus girls' categories, and U18 and U15 boys' groups compared to younger age categories. Practical implications: The strategies adopted for improving sportsmanship should especially target players in the U18 and U15 male categories and those who are repeat offenders. Our findings can be used to guide the prevention and intervention efforts of all institutions and agents with responsibilities in children's sports education.
The current pilot study examined the relationship between feelings of belonging and perceptions of motivational climate in physical education classes among 87 African-American, inner-city high school students (41 boys, 46 girls). Motivational climate was assessed by the Perceived Motivational Climate Questionnaire and feelings of belonging were assessed by the Belonging Scale. Contrary to the hypothesis, scores for both the task- and ego-involved subscales of the Perceived Motivational Climate Questionnaire had moderate positive correlations with scores on the Belonging Scale, indicating the relationship between these specific motivational climates and social-emotional outcomes in physical education is not clear and direct. Further research is warranted to assess these findings and to identify what experiences and instructional strategies are most effective in promoting social-emotional outcomes in physical education in urban schools.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of experiences of active membership and participation in decision-making processes and age on moral reasoning and goal orientations of referees in sport. The sample consisted of 148 referees of whom 56 judged soccer, 55 basketball, and 37 handball. Their ages ranged from 17 to 50 years (M = 36.6, SD = 7.4). Of the total number of referees, 8.3% have no experiences from active membership and participation in decision-making processes in organizations (social, athletic, political), 53.1% were simply active members, and 38.6% were involved in decision-making in their respective organizations. A two-way multivariate analysis of variance showed an interaction between experiences and age on moral reasoning and goal orientation of referees.
The goal was to test the psychometric properties of the Moral Functioning Scale in a Greek athletic context, and to investigate any possible relation between moral functioning and planned behaviour. The sample comprised 384 athletes, 103 from the sport of football (soccer), 97 from basketball, and 184 from water polo. To measure moral functioning the researchers used a scale developed by Gibbons, Ebbeck, and Weiss. Planned Behaviour was assessed with a questionnaire based on Planned Behaviour Theory. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated strong association for Attitudes, Intention, Role Identity, and Perceived Behavioural Control with the four dilemmas of the moral functioning scale. The moral reasoning measure is a promising tool for measuring athletes' moral dilemmas in Greece.
This study analyzes how dispositional goal orientations and perception of different motivational climates are related to the students' perception of sex-related egalitarian treatment and the appearance of disciplined or undisciplined behaviors in physical education classes. Analyses showed that ego orientation is a predictor of undisciplined behavior. Task orientation was positively associated to discipline. The perception of task-involving motivational climate is related to the students' perception of equal treatment. On the contrary, the perception of ego-involving climate has been linked positively to the prediction of the perception of sex discrimination in physical education classes and negatively to the perception of equality and the appearance of disciplined behavior. This study discusses the implications of these results related to teaching instructional actions in physical education classes.
Professional basketball players (n = 76 men and n = 41 women) completed the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire, an early version of the Multidimensional Sportsmanship Orientations Scale, and a measure of beliefs about the bases for success. The perception of mastery-oriented climate scales were positively associated with the belief that success is due to hard work and to reports of sportsmanship behaviors. The perception of performance-oriented climate scales were positively linked with the beliefs that success is caused by deception and high ability. Most relationships reflected individual differences in perceived motivational climate of athletes within each team.
This study employed Nicholls' social-cognitive approach to achievement motivation along with beliefs about the causes of success. The aims of the study were (a) to test the factor structure of the Greek adaptation of the Perception of Success Questionnaire and the Beliefs about the Causes of Sport Success Questionnaire in a sample of Greek track and field athletes, (b) to explore goal orientation and beliefs about the causes of success in the same sample of track and field athletes, and (c) to interpret both factor structures together, according to the respective theoretical frameworks of achievement motivation. The results verified the task and ego goal orientation dimensions for the Perception of Success Questionnaire. The proposed dimensions for the Beliefs about the Causes of Sport Success Questionnaire were also supported. Two dimensions were found when the two sets of factors were conjointly described, named “winning by all means” and “working hard,” which might act as an alternative framework when dealing with achievement issues in sports.
Bu araştırma, üniversite öğrencisi takım sporu sporcularının (N = 1082, Ortyaş = 20.62±2.05) beş faktör kişilik özelliklerinin ve görev-ego yönelimlerinin prososyal ve antisosyal davranışlarını doğrudan ve ahlaktan uzaklaşma aracılığıyla dolaylı olarak etkileyip etkilemediğini incelemiştir. Katılımcılar, beş-faktör kişilik özellikleri, görev-ego yönelimleri, ahlaktan uzaklaşma ve prososyal-antisosyal davranış değişkenleriyle ilgili ölçekleri doldurmuşlardır. Veriler, R (4.3.1) programında yapısal eşitlik modeli kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bu model ile doğrudan, dolaylı ve aracılık etkileri tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, kişiliğin dışadönüklük, uyumluluk ve özdenetimlilik boyutlarının ve sporda görev-ego yönelimlerinin davranış türlerine etkileri anlamlı bulunmuştur. Ahlaktan uzaklaşma, bu değişkenlerin etkilerine aracılık etmekle birlikte, bunlardan bağımsız olarak prososyal ve antisosyal davranışları etkilemiştir. Ahlaktan uzaklaşmanın %29'u, takım arkadaşına yönelik prososyal davranışın %30'u, rakibe yönelik prososyal davranışın %6'sı, Takım arkadaşına yönelik antisosyal davranışın %24'ü ve rakibe yönelik antisosyal davranışın %66'sı etkisi ele alınan değişkenlerle açıklanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, kişilik özelliklerinin sporda ahlaki davranışlara dolaylı etkileri söz konusu olsa da bu etkilere ilişkin kanıt eksikliği bulunmaktadır. Spora içsel değerlerle motive olmak ahlaktan uzaklaşmayı azaltmakta ve sporcular daha fazla olumlu davranış sergilerken daha az olumsuz davranış sergilemektedir. Spora dışsal standartlara dayalı motive olmak ahlaktan uzaklaşmayı artırmakta ve sporcular daha fazla olumsuz davranış sergilerken daha az olumlu davranış sergilemektedir. Sporcuların ahlaktan uzaklaşmaları onların daha sık olumsuz davranış sergilemesine neden olmakta, fakat olumlu davranışlarını azaltsa da bu etkisi zayıf kalmaktadır. Sporcuların ahlaktan uzaklaşmalarını azaltacak stratejilerin geliştirilmesi ve antrenörlerin veya öğretmenlerin bu stratejilerle sporcularına yaklaşmalarının teşvik edilmesi tavsiye edilmektedir.
This study tested a framework in which goals are proposed to be central determinants of achievement patterns. Learning goals, in which individuals seek to increase their competence, were predicted to promote challenge-seeking and a mastery-oriented response to failure regardless of perceived ability. Performance goals, in which individuals seek to gain favorable judgments of their competence or avoid negative judgments, were predicted to produce challenge-avoidance and learned helplessness when perceived ability was low and to promote certain forms of risk-avoidance even when perceived ability was high. Manipulations of relative goal value (learning vs. performance) and perceived ability (high vs. low) resulted in the predicted differences on measures of task choice, performance during difficulty, and spontaneous verbalizations during difficulty. Particularly striking was the way in which the performance goal-low perceived ability condition produced the same pattern of strategy deterioration, failure attribution, and negative affect found in naturally occurring learned helplessness. Implications for theories of motivation and achievement are discussed.
The relationships between sport involvement variables (participation and interest) and facets of children's morality (reasoning maturity and aggression tendencies) were investigated for 106 girls and boys in grades 4 through 7. Children responded to a sport involvement questionnaire, participated in a moral interview, and completed two self-report instruments designed to assess aggression tendencies in sport-specific and daily life contexts. Analyses revealed that boys' participation and interest in high contact sports and girls' participation in medium contact sports (the highest level of contact sport experience they reported) were positively correlated with less mature moral reasoning and greater tendencies to aggress. Regression analyses demonstrated that sport interest predicted reasoning maturity and aggression tendencies better than sport participation. Results and implications are discussed from a structural developmental perspective.
The observation that sport represents a unique context has been widely discussed, but social scientists have done little to empirically examine the moral adaptations of sport participants. In the present study, the divergence between levels of moral reasoning used to discuss hypothetical dilemmas set in sport and in everyday life contexts was investigated among 120 high school and collegiate basketball players, swimmers, and nonathletes. Protocols were scored according to Haan’s interactional model of moral development. It was found that levels of moral reasoning used to discuss sport dilemmas were lower than levels characterizing reasoning about issues within an everyday life context. Findings were discussed in terms of the specific social and moral context of sport experience.
The designation of an act as aggressive involves an implicit or explicit moral judgment. Consequently, research on aggression must address the value issues involved. The present article suggests that Haan’s theory of interactional morality can be used to provide a framework for social scientific research into moral issues. Haan’s model, however, must be adapted to the unique context of sport. This study applies the concept of frame analysis as a procedure for clarifying the moral reasoning associated with athletic aggression. In contrast to similar acts in everyday life, moral ambiguity characterizes some sport acts intended to deliver minor noxious stimuli. The label of aggression must be used with caution when designating such acts.
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between identification with mastery versus social comparison‐based goals and select motivated behaviors (i.e., persistence and behavioral intensity) in a recreational sport setting. A secondary focus was to examine whether variation in goal perspectives was significantly related to gender and previous competitive sport involvement. A total of 67 male and 67 female undergraduates who participated on a team sport in an intramural league responded to a questionnaire that examined their preference for mastery and competitive sport goals. The questionnaire also tapped the student's present participation in intramural sport (i.e., type of sport, years of involvement in the sport and hours/week spent practicing the sport in one's free time during the intramural season) and previous competitive sport history. In general, students who placed a high emphasis on mastery in sport were more likely to have participated in their sport longer and practiced their sport more in their free time. Goal perspectives significantly varied as a function of sex of participant and previous competitive sport involvement. Results indicated that females were less oriented to social comparison‐based sport goals than males. This was especially true among males and females who had previously engaged in competitive sports.
Examined stability of athletes' legitimacy judgments and behavioral intentions over the course of a basketball season and the relationship between these factors to actual behavior. 49 female 10th–12th grade basketball players responded to a questionnaire that was derived from B. J. Bredemeier's (see record
1986-13022-001) Continuum of Injurious Acts. The preseason legitimacy ratings of aggressive actions made by 10 1st-yr Ss were significantly higher than those made by more experienced Ss, but by the end of the season the 1st-yr Ss' ratings had dropped to a level comparable to that of the more experienced Ss. Preseason legitimacy judgments predicted Ss' aggression during the season. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Evaluated whether a goal setting training (GST) program could teach athletes to set appropriate performance goals (PGs) and assessed the impact of the GST program on the perceived ability, competitive cognitions, and performance of 30 collegiate swimmers. Ss participated in a season-long GST program, and program effects were systematically evaluated with a multimethod approach using interteam, intrateam, and case study data. Comparison between Ss and 35 non-GST controls revealed that (1) GST swimmers set more accurate PGs than non-GST swimmers, (2) female GST swimmers set more accurate goals late in the season after extensive GST training than at midseason, and (3) GST swimmers placed a higher priority on performance-related achievement orientations than on outcome-related ones. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Investigated athletes' moral cognitions about intentionally injurious sport acts using a structural-developmental approach. Analyses were based on interviews with 20 female and 20 male high school and college basketball players. Ss reasoned about general life and sport-specific moral dilemmas and made judgments in hypothetical and engaged contexts about the legitimacy of sport behaviors presented on cards depicting a continuum of injurious acts (CIA). Results show that Ss' moral reasoning levels were inversely related to the number of CIA acts they perceived as legitimate; this reasoning–judgment relationship was particularly strong for sport reasoning and judgments made in the hypothetical context. Also, differences in the perceived legitimacy of CIA acts occurred in hypothetical and engaged contexts and as a function of sex (with males endorsing more acts as legitimate) and, in the engaged condition, school level (with college students endorsing more acts). Results are discussed in light of athletes' coordination of moral reasoning and decision making about intentionally injurious sport acts. (49 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)