Global Climate Change Impacts In The United States
... This technologically assisted increase in productivity, however, is not likely to last indefinitely. Groundwater levels in the High Plains aquifer have plummeted [26,27,[36][37][38][39]. Continued pumping at current rates is no longer sustainable both because of impacts on the resource itself, and because the deeper one pumps, the greater the cost both in dollars and in the resulting emissions of greenhouse gases necessary to generate electricity to power the pumps. ...
... Groundwater levels in the High Plains aquifer have plummeted [26,27,[36][37][38][39]. Continued pumping at current rates is no longer sustainable both because of impacts on the resource itself, and because the deeper one pumps, the greater the cost both in dollars and in the resulting emissions of greenhouse gases necessary to generate electricity to power the pumps. Likewise, scientists predict that increasing temperatures due to global warming will boost populations of insects, parasites, and other crop pests that plague Great Plains monocultures [36]. Increasing levels of agricultural chemicals will be needed to sustain current farming practices and crop choices, with accompanying increases in environmental, economic and energy costs. ...
Researchers and responsible officials have made considerable progress in recent years in efforts to anticipate, plan for, and respond to drought. Some of those efforts are beginning to shift from purely reactive, relief-oriented measures to programs designed to prevent or to mitigate drought impacts. Considerably less attention has been given to laws that may affect practices and policies that either increase or decrease drought vulnerability. Water law regimes, drought response and relief legislation, and laws governing broader but related issues of economic policy—especially agricultural policy—should be evaluated more comprehensively to enhance incentives for more “water sustainable” practices in agriculture and other sectors of the economy. Those changes will be increasingly important if current climate change models are correct in their prediction that many parts of the world can expect more frequent and more severe conditions of meteorological drought in the ensuing decades.
... In a broad sense, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] (2007), as cited in Junio, Gonzales, and Montaño (2015, p. 737) viewed this as "any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or because of human activity." The climatic alterations pose the proliferation probability in expected and unimagined impacts on natural resources and societal systems that might inundate, degrade and change the interaction and compositions of the Earth (Karl, Melillo, & Peterson, 2009). ...
... Nowadays, weather-related shifting will have a huge impact on human society by affecting basic needs (e.g., water, energy, housing, transportation, food, natural ecosystems, and health), and pollution, poverty, and an aging and increasing population that can exacerbate climate consequences (Karl et al., 2009). Climate change impacts are expected to bring added pressure on the urban and rural environment concerning sustainable land use, infrastructure, access to potable water, health services, and waste management, which eventually households and individual levels could be excessively affected (Mamonong & Flores, 2008). ...
Climate change does not only affect the global and national settings but also significantly disturbs households and individuals in the community, particularly the female-headed households. Consequently, this study aimed to analyse the adaptive capacity and adaptation practices to climate change impacts of female-headed households in the coastal communities of Lagonoy, Camarines Sur, Philippines. A quantitative method following causal-comparative and correlational research designs was employed in this study. Applying the multi-stage sampling technique, 162 out of 281female-headed households from the east and north coastal communities of Lagonoy comprised the study respondents. Results revealed that the female-headed households’ capacities are moderately to highly adaptive as far as their economic and social resources are concerned. However, they are less to moderately adaptive in terms of their institutional and human resources. Further, the respondents have well strategised local adaptation practices or knowledge before, during and after the onslaught of natural calamities. This study also revealed a significant relationship between the respondents' adaptive capacity and adaptation practices from the two remote coastal communities. The adaptation practices during and after the onslaught of the natural disaster, educational attainment, and number of working household members are some of the factors that affect their adaptive capacity to climate change impacts. It is highly recommended that the national government, through the directive of policy makers, establish specific social protection programs by integrating the ecological and gender-sensitive framework.
... The Sun heats the Earth's atmosphere and its surface, causing air and water to move around the planet [2]. Weather is thus the patterns in set of meteorological conditions such as wind, rain, snow, sunshine, temperature, etc., at a particular time and place [3,4]. By contrast, the term climate describes the overall long-term characteristics of the weather experienced at a place. ...
... The causes of past changes are not always clear but are generally known to be related to changes in ocean currents, solar activity, volcanic eruptions, and other natural factors. The difference now is that global temperatures have risen unusually rapidly over the last few decades [4]. There is strong evidence of an increase in average global air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising of average global sea levels. ...
Reconstruction following climate change induced disasters is often required after possible destruction of the built heritage. Achieving greater disaster resilience and reducing disaster risk due to climate change requires that such reconstruction must be balanced with financial and technical feasibility while conserving the historic character of the heritage building. The ‘Build-Back-Better’ mantra is mostly embraced during disaster induced reconstruction, and seeks to build safer and more resilient structures, to reduce pre-disaster vulnerabilities. The ‘Build-Back-Better’ approach assumes that there were vulnerabilities within the pre-disaster built environments that need to be rectified during reconstruction to enhance resilience. As such, achieving building conservation and climate adaptation during reconstruction might at first glance appear completely divergent. Conservation mostly focuses on maintaining the fabric of a place in its existing state, while adaptation may require updating/altering the components of an existing building. However, a more thorough understanding may lead to the conclusion that there is a convergence. This is because the conservation of the built heritage should contribute to resilience, in many ways similar to adaptation, especially in the context of post-disaster recovery. A divergence will result in a fairly unprecedented exposure to natural hazards triggered by climate change, and amplify the performance deficiencies, in terms of functional, technological and normative obsolescence. A convergence is needed due to the increasing requirements of safety, well-being and accessibility of the historic and architectural values, whose conservation is sought. Flooding is the most widely spread climate change induced disaster that affects the built environment globally. This study highlights how heritage conservation can techno-economically align with the resilience agenda, during reconstruction following flood disasters induced by climate change.
... Tang, 2013), lack of novelty as materials are derived from limited number of building blocks (Bozell and Petersen 2010) and irreversible climatic changes (Karl et al., 2009). In current era, this petrochemical based material's synthesis cannot be substituted completely with other production systems; however, advances in engineering biological systems offer access to wide range of building-blocks for manufacturing novel chemicals and value-added products (Karl et al., 2009). ...
... Tang, 2013), lack of novelty as materials are derived from limited number of building blocks (Bozell and Petersen 2010) and irreversible climatic changes (Karl et al., 2009). In current era, this petrochemical based material's synthesis cannot be substituted completely with other production systems; however, advances in engineering biological systems offer access to wide range of building-blocks for manufacturing novel chemicals and value-added products (Karl et al., 2009). ...
... Global variation of temperature and CO 2 (Solid black line) from 1880 to 2012. Blue and red bars show temperatures below and above long-term average (Source: Ref. Karl et al.[3]). ...
This study evaluated baseline groundwater quality near the proposed Direct Air Capture (DAC) facility in Kingsville, TX, USA. It hypothesized that groundwater quality in the region has remained relatively stable over time. Rainwater and groundwater data from NOAA, along with records from approximately 30 water wells, were analyzed. A detailed assessment was conducted on Well ID 8329702, which had the most extensive and continuous dataset for alkalinity, bicarbonate, pH, and hardness from 1973 to 2012. The analysis revealed a slight decline in alkalinity (−0.00006) and bicarbonate (−0.007) over time, while changes in pH and hardness were minimal. These findings provide a critical baseline for future groundwater monitoring, particularly in areas surrounding industrial facilities such as DAC plants.
... The potential threats of climate change cannot be over looked. The climate variability has enormously impacted on ecosystem, agriculture, commercial forests, water resources, coastal areas and human health (Karl, Melillo, & Peterson, 2009;IPCC, 2012). Apparently, developing countries are the most vulnerable to the climate change leading into dramatic challenge since these countries are heavily depending on agriculture. ...
This research aims to achieve two key objectives. First, the study attempts to conduct a climate change vulnerability assessment of the four communes as well as male and female-headed households in the Stueng Treng Ramsar Site. On another hand, the study aims to propose adaptation options to minimize sensitivities and increase adaptive capacities in order to respond to climate change.
IPCC livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) was employed for the study, consisting of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. 350 households were interviewed from four communes, namely Preah Rumkil, Koh Sneng, O’Svay and Samaki. Of which, 105 households were from female-headed households. Socio-demographic profile, livelihood strategy, social networks, health, food and water security, natural disasters and climate change data were gathered and aggregated into the indices.
The findings suggest that Preah Rumkil is the most vulnerable commune, and LVI of household headships shows the female-headed households are more vulnerable than their male counterparts. A number of climate change adaptation options and measures have been recommended to address common underlying causes of the vulnerability in the communes and household headships relating to natural disaster, health, food, water and social network. Among these, flood, water and social network are the most serious problems in the four communes.
... The number of species present between 1960 and 1970, 1960 and 1975 and 1960 and 1980 were compared for when they contained records in at least 300, 400 or 500 1 km 2 grid cells for those time periods (Supplemental S02). Given that the time at which the global temperature averages became always above the norm, despite interannual variability, was around 1976 (Karl et al., 2009), this fourth comparison was added. The decision was made to calibrate the data based on the number of presences for this time period (1960)(1961)(1962)(1963)(1964)(1965)(1966)(1967)(1968)(1969)(1970)(1971)(1972)(1973)(1974)(1975)(1976). ...
Many fungi have environmentally-based fruiting triggers, which requires their quantification within the context of climate change. Species' optima were modelled for 127 commonly recorded European taxa for climate and weather conditions that were associated with their fruiting occurrences. Trends were reported based on their land-use biome associations, and attributes of species' nutritional modes and the substrates they fruit from. The optimal fruiting conditions for over one third of the species demonstrated likely sensitivity to climate warming, whose optima predominantly clustered in the boreal forest and tundra, i.e., in regions most in peril for further warming. Niche breadths were narrower for terrestrially fruiting species, which suggested that daily weather perturbations will cause greater knock-on effects to terrestrial than wood-inhabiting taxa. All species were sensitive to extremes in daily recorded temperatures. These results add to the mounting evidence that biodiversity in high-latitude regions is increasingly threatened from warming temperatures.
... For instance, the [29] Synthesis Report mentioned that the global temperature has risen by about 1.1 • C from the year of 1950 [29]. With this increase, more frequent and intense weather conditions, including extreme heatwaves, wildfires, and floods, are expected to hit the earth [30]. This has an indirect effect on structures, as the elevated temperature and relative humidity rates are associated with time-dependent hazards such as corrosion. ...
In environments where bridges are subjected to multiple hazards over their lifetime, assessing the fragility of bridges solely under earthquake loading would not provide proper insights into the actual performance of bridges. Moreover, existing time-based fragility tools in the literature fail to accurately represent bridge behavior, as they depict corrosion as an ongoing process that continuously deteriorates the bridge until its end. This study addresses the necessity of employing realistic, time-dependent fragility tools that consider the impact of routine maintenance activities, such as concrete patching and grouting, in bolstering the future resilience of bridges. The performance-based assessment in this study is conducted on existing bridges that have already suffered from past corrosion. In this research, climate change scenarios are first investigated based on future forecast models to anticipate the temperature and relative humidity changes up to the year of 2100. Subsequently , corrosion is quantified in concrete and steel using the proposed climate change scenarios. Then, nonlinear static pushover analysis is conducted to assess the drift ratio at various limit states of the bridge. Based on the pushover curves, time-based fragility analysis is conducted to assess the performance of reinforced concrete bridge columns in various environments under different corrosion levels using multiple climate change scenarios. Accordingly, maintenance-adjusted fragility tools are developed using different maintenance strategies at various intervals. The proposed temporal fragility tools serve as a benchmark for bridge engineers to evaluate the seismic performance of existing bridges in multi-hazard environments.
... Όπως καταγράφεται σε πολλές χώρες από τα πιο συνήθη γεγονότα που εξετάζονται να έχουν επιρροή στις γέφυρες λόγω της αλλαγής του κλίματος είναι η αύξηση της έντασης των βροχοπτώσεων, οι ακραίες θερμοκρασίες, οι ισχυροί άνεμοι και η άνοδος της στάθμης της θάλασσας [13,14]. Οι σημαντικότερες επιπτώσεις στις γέφυρες μεταξύ άλλων είναι η διάβρωση και η υδραυλική υποσκαφή, η επιβολή ακραίων φορτίων, η αποσταθεροποίηση των πρανών, οι καθιζήσεις, η ανεπαρκής αποχέτευση -αποστράγγιση, η ξηρασία, οι πυρκαγιές, το μεγάλο ημερήσιο εύρος θερμοκρασίας, οι ριπές ανέμου, η επιταχυνόμενη φθορά των υλικών και των εξαρτημάτων. ...
Η τακτική επιθεώρηση και η σωστή συντήρηση των γεφυρών είναι κρίσιμες διαδικασίες για τη διασφάλιση της ασφάλειας και της λειτουργικότητας ενός οδικού δικτύου, για αυτό οι διαχειριστές σε όλο τον κόσμο αντιμετωπίζουν αυξανόμενες προκλήσεις στην εξεύρεση πόρων και μεθοδολογιών διαχείρισης, ενώ συγχρόνως καλούνται να αντιμετωπίσουν της εντεινόμενες επιπτώσεις της κλιματικής αλλαγής. Στην εργασία παρουσιάζονται οι διεθνείς τάσεις που αναπτύσσονται στη διαχείριση της επιθεώρησης και της συντήρησης των οδικών γεφυρών, καθώς και τα αποτελέσματα του οπτικού ελέγχου από 73 γέφυρες στην Μητροπολιτική Ενότητα Θεσσαλονίκης.
... Chronic asthma, pulmonary insufficiency, cardiovascular diseases, and cardiovascular mortality are the long-term effects of air pollution. Long-term exposure to air pollution appears to cause diabetes, according to a Swedish cohort study. 2 In addition, air pollution appears to cause respiratory, cardiovascular, mental, and perinatal disorders, 3 which can lead to infant mortality or chronic illness in adulthood. 1 The United Nations Climate Change Committee's 2016 Paris Agreement is a more recent international agreement that is crucial to the fight against climate change. ...
In the current scenario, numerous ecological and biological imbalances have arisen because of poor air quality. The primary driver of air contamination is supposed to be businesses and autos. The air quality is getting worse in the areas, which have a shorter life expectancy and a significant threat to the existing biodiversity. Air contamination is currently completely recognized to be a critical general medical condition, liable for a developing scope of well-being impacts that are proven and factual from the consequences of a broad examination exertion led in numerous locales of the world.
... These changes could "trigger abrupt, unpredictable and potentially irreversible changes that have massively disruptive and large-scale impacts" (Molina et al., 2014, p. 15-16), destabilizing the Holocene conditions that fostered the growth of modern societies (Rockstrom et al., 2009;Steffen et al.. 2015). Moreover, the changes will bring about negative effects on water resources, energy, transportation, agriculture, human health, and ecosystems (Karl, Melillo, and Peterson, 2009;Mitchell, 2011;Molina et al., 2014;Moore, 2015). In short, we have created a precarious present (Haraway, 2016, 55;Tsing, 2015), in which we have disrupted the "mosaic of relations" that have supported modern modes of social life for centuries (Mitchell, 2011;Moore, 2015). ...
... Extreme precipitation (EP) has increased across the Northeast (Groisman et al. 2005(Groisman et al. , 2004Karl et al. 2009;Douglas and Fairbank 2011;Matonse and Frei 2013;Kunkel et al. 2013;Walsh et al. 2014;Huang et al. 2017;Howarth et al. 2019), including changes in the extreme precipitation frequency (e.g., Griffiths and Bradley 2007;Kunkel et al. 2013;Thibeault and Seth 2014;Mallakpour and Villarini 2017;Easterling et al. 2017) and magnitude (e.g., Kunkel et al. 2013;Mallakpour and Villarini 2017;Huang et al. 2017;Easterling et al. 2017;Howarth et al. 2019). For example, Huang et al. (2017) found a 53% increase in extreme precipitation in 1996-2014 compared to 1901-95. ...
The northeastern United States has experienced an increase in extreme precipitation over the last three decades, which has substantial implications for flooding. However, the relationship between extreme precipitation and societally relevant flooding in the Northeast is not well understood. Here, we investigate the association between precipitation, antecedent wetness, and damage-producing warm-season (June–November) flood reports in the Northeast, 1996–2020. We employ 4-km gridded daily precipitation data aggregated to the county scale to calculate 1- and 3-day precipitation and a standardized precipitation index at multiple time scales. From these, we determine extreme precipitation and extreme antecedent wetness thresholds to identify hydroclimatic extreme events and relate them to damaging flood occurrences from the NOAA Storm Events Database. We find that damaging floods frequently occur with relatively high precipitation and antecedent wetness, although there are exceptions in several counties. However, the majority (54%) of damaging floods are not associated with extreme precipitation or extreme antecedent wetness, and more than 90% of hydroclimatic extreme events are not associated with floods. We explore limitations to the definitions of extreme precipitation and extreme antecedent wetness by varying the threshold. Lower hydroclimatic extreme event thresholds not only have a greater likelihood of being associated with damaging floods but also have a greater number of hydroclimatic extreme events not associated with a damaging flood; the opposite holds for higher thresholds. We address these challenges by combining precipitation and antecedent wetness to identify coordinated thresholds that best capture damaging flooding in each county.
... Dairy pastures are likewise being restored to wetlands on the Columbia River estuary for juvenile salmon habitat (Littles et al., 2022). Comparatively, there is less livestock grazing in coastal Northern Gulf of Mexico or the Mid-Atlantic regions (Karl et al., 2009), which could explain why livestock grazers did not show up as a top EEP for those two regions. ...
Classification systems can be an important tool for identifying and quantifying the importance of relationships, assessing spatial patterns in a standardized way, and forecasting alternative decision scenarios to characterize the potential benefits (e.g., ecosystem services) from ecosystem restoration that improve human health and well-being. We present a top-down approach that systematically leverages ecosystem services classification systems to identify potential services relevant for ecosystem restoration decisions. We demonstrate this approach using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s National Ecosystem Service Classification System Plus (NESCS Plus) to identify those ecosystem services that are relevant to restoration of tidal wetlands. We selected tidal wetland management documents from federal agencies, state agencies, wetland conservation organizations, and land stewards across three regions of the continental United States (northern Gulf of Mexico, Mid-Atlantic, and Pacific Northwest) to examine regional and organizational differences in identified potential benefits of tidal wetland restoration activities and the potential user groups who may benefit. We used an automated document analysis to quantify the frequencies at which different wetland types were mentioned in the management documents along with their associated beneficiary groups and the ecological end products (EEPs) those beneficiaries care about, as defined by NESCS Plus. Results showed that a top combination across all three regions, all four organizations, and all four tidal wetland types was the EEP naturalness paired with the beneficiary people who care (existence). Overall, the Mid-Atlantic region and the land steward organizations mentioned ecosystem services more than the others, and EEPs were mentioned in combination with tidal wetlands as a high-level, more general category than the other more specific tidal wetland types. Certain regional and organizations differences were statistically significant. Those results may be useful in identifying ecosystem services-related goals for tidal wetland restoration. This approach for identifying and comparing ecosystem service priorities is broadly transferrable to other ecosystems or decision-making contexts.
... These findings hold significant implications for managing cropping systems in the face of increasing weather variability coupled with extreme precipitation events under climate change (Karl et al., 2009;Ukkola et al., 2020). Combined NT and HV cover cropping improved soil aeration and reduced oxygen stress, which perhaps contributed to higher and more stable yields under these treatments as shown in previous analysis using the same long-term experiment (Nouri et al., 2020(Nouri et al., , 2021. ...
Healthy soil air–water balance is critical for crop growth. Conservation agricultural practices improve soil physical properties to influence soil oxygen availability. We evaluated the impact of 42 years of hairy vetch (HV) cover cropping (CC), and no‐tillage (NT) on soil oxygen dynamics during a cotton growing season experiencing multiple intensive rain events in silt loam soil. The HV and NT treatments exhibited higher growing season soil oxygen availability (p < 0.05) and experienced three to four times fewer hours of oxygen limitation (i.e., oxygen concentration <10%) as compared to no cover crop (NC) and conventional tillage (CT) treatments. After a heavy rainfall, NT–HV treatment exhibited the highest soil oxygen availability, followed by NT–NC, CT–HV, and CT–NC treatments (p < 0.05). While CC and/or NT treatments quickly regained soil oxygen status within 24 h after saturating rain events, CT–NC suffered from sub‐optimal soil aeration until the third day after rainfall cessation. The combination of CC with NT practices enhanced soil oxygen availability and resilience to extreme precipitation events.
Core Ideas
Long‐term cover cropping and no‐tillage practices enhanced soil oxygen availability following extreme precipitation events.
Cover cropping and no‐tillage practices reduced the duration of anoxia experienced by cotton crops during the growing season by three‐ to four‐fold.
Combined cover cropping and no‐tillage implementation exhibited the most significant impact in mitigating immediate soil oxygen stress after heavy rainfall events.
... UMass Extension recommends that cranberries receive 1,500 chill hours to avoid crop failure. Former UMass Extension Director Carolyn DeMoranville (2009) stated that there are no low chill varieties of cranberries (p.73) [12]. A warmer climate advances flowering times in the spring and delays (red) color formation in the fall. ...
Anthropogenic climate change is causing critical issues in agriculture, including cranberry production; however, in a previous study the majority of Massachusetts cranberry growers were less likely to see global warming as a threat than the general US population, and more still reported to be little worried about such warming. This research aims to determine the influence of weather and professional information disseminated to cranberry growers on their climate change adaptation. The authors used a mixed-methods, interdisciplinary approach, including content analysis of around 300 issues of UMass Extension’s Cranberry Station monthly newsletter—a widely trusted source of information in the cranberry grower “network of knowledge”—along with historical weather data from 1974 to 2020, and interview and survey data. Despite infrequent usage of direct communication on climate change and adaptation, UMass Extension’s communication on weather challenges in general showed a small but significant increase when monthly temperature anomalies increased. Meanwhile, anomalous monthly precipitation was negatively associated with total chemical mentions (linked to chemical use behavior). Climate impacts such as increased weeds, water issues (e.g., heavy rainfall, water scarcity), and heat waves ruining harvests were important to growers, leading to the adoption of both conventional (e.g., increased strategic flooding, barge sanding due to lack of ice) and emerging (e.g., smart irrigation, solar panel installations for added income) adaptive strategies. Growers demonstrate climate and technological optimism, believing that other growers are hit worse by climate change than themselves and that cranberry plant resilience, better weather forecasting, and improved irrigation technology will allow them to handle future weather challenges. The prioritization of immediate needs over the more abstract, long-term challenge of climate change by growers and the supporting system underscores the imperative to explore the socio-environmental dynamics that shape their climate responses in cranberry production.
... Future climate will impact the world in every aspect of life. Climate influences the world through changing temperature, precipitation, snowmelt, and a host of other natural phenomenon [2]. Globally, mean surface air temperature has risen by about 0.74˚C ± 0.18˚C during the twentieth century and is projected to rise by 1.8˚C -4.0˚C in the twenty-first century [3]. ...
... The term'Climate' refers to long-term weather conditions of any particular region such as wind flow, atmospheric pressure, humidity, rainfall behavior, temperature, and so on, and statistical change in these basic conditions for specific time period is termed as 'climate change' . Climate change is a global phenomenon associated with extreme weather events (IPCC, 2007;Karl et al., 2009). The term climate change is not new to the world because of its global, regional and local impacts that is the reason world is concerning more about climate change (Kayani et al., 2018;Liu et al., 2018). ...
South Asia, a most populated region has varied geography ranging from higher mountains to low lying coastal areas but economies are primarily dominated by agriculture. Chiefly dependent on agriculture for livelihood make the region highly vulnerable region to changing climate and cause threats to financial, ecological and social systems. Ever increasing population, put higher pressure to food security influenced by global climate change. The climate-induced variables disturb macroeconomic factors like food consumption and GDP as well as microeconomic factors like food prices and crop production. The impact of changing climate on crop production, yield and in climate variable, specifically temperature and rainfall, are addressed in this chapter. The positive and negative trends observed on crop yield are, 85% reduction for rice and maize yield in Afghanistan, up to 60% reduction in wheat yield in Bangladesh, 20–25% cotton yield loss in India, while 58% increase in sugarcane production in Pakistan. The economic losses face by South Asian countries are predicted to be 9.4% for Bangladesh, 6.6%for Bhutan, 8.7% for India, 12.6% for the Maldives, 9.9% for Nepal, and 6.5% for Sri Lanka. The implication of existing policies with research and development, market-based strategies and community-based options are necessary to enhance better results.
... In the coming 30-90 years, more wide-ranging and severe drought is predicted to occur across all the climate belts (Dai, 2013). Under the warming climate, it could lead to distress in the water supply, human healthiness, natural environment, and farming (Karl et al., 2009;Zhai et al., 2016). Eventually, emergent attention should be given to understanding the spatiotemporal variabilities in drought and the associated impact on global farming (Zipper et al., 2016). ...
Drought has a paramount impact on global agriculture and food security. However, the study on future cropland areas that can incur drought is inadequate. This paper uses input parameters from 7 CMIP6 models for 7 future scenarios (SSP1‐1.9, SSP1‐2.6, SSP4‐3.4, SSP2‐4.5, SSP4‐6.0, SSP3‐7.0, and SSP5‐8.5) to measure South Asian cropland exposure to drought and its underlying factors. Some defined epochs such as 2021–2040 (near‐term), 2041–2060 (mid‐term), 2081–2100 (long‐term), and 1995–2014 (reference period) are designed to explore diverse outlooks of the change. The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index and the Run theory methods are applied to detect drought. Results indicate an intensified cropland (under SSP4‐3.4, SSP3‐7.0, and SSP5‐8.5) in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain region of South Asia, where mostly the variation occurs among scenarios and periods. Notably, the future cropland exposed to drought will increase in the 2021–2040, and 2041–2060 periods, but it intends to decline during the 2081–2100. Relatively, the exposed cropland will upturn highest by 49.2% (SSP3‐7.0) in the mid‐term period and decrease by −8.2% (SSP5‐8.5) in the end future. Spatially, distributed cropland in the central, south‐west, and portion of the northeast of South Asia are subjective to be exposed largely, but it can drop greatly across the eastern part by the end future. Importantly, the climate change effect plays a grounding role in future exposure change over the region during the near to mid‐term periods, while the cropland change effect is predominant in the long‐term perspectives. However, these findings signify the urgency of policymaking focusing on drought mitigation to ensure food security.
... However, there are currently numerous differences between such changes in different global regions-with either positive, negative, or stationary trends in the moisture conditions [1,2]. Changes in moisture conditions widely affect the agricultural sector [3,4]. Simultaneously, increasing food supplies to meet the demands of the growing population has been of great concern, as climate change poses significant threats to sustainable food production [1, 2,5]. ...
Agricultural production across the African continent is subjected to various effects of climate variability. One of the main staple foods in Sub-Saharan Africa is maize. However, limited scientific research has recently focused on understanding the possible effects of hydro-climatic variability on maize production. The aim of the present work was to contribute to policy and climate adaptation, thus reducing the vulnerability of maize production to climate change over Equatorial Africa. This study firstly examined long-term trends of precipitation (PRE), soil moisture (SM), actual evapotranspiration (E), and potential evapotranspiration (Ep), as well as surface air temperatures, including the minimum (TMIN) and maximum (TMAX). Secondly, the relationship between maize production and these climate variables was quantified for 18 Equatorial African countries (EQCs) over 1980−2021. To assess the linear trends, Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope tests were used to quantify the magnitude of the hydro-climatic variable trends at the 5% significance level, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relation of these climate parameters with the maize production. The annual mean PRE declined at 0.03 mm day⁻¹10a⁻¹. Other climate variables increased at different rates: SM at 0.02 mmday⁻¹10a⁻¹, E at 0.03 mm day⁻¹10a⁻¹, Ep at 0.02 mm day⁻¹ 10a⁻¹, TMIN and TMAX at 0.01 °C day⁻¹10a⁻¹. A regional analysis revealed heterogeneous significant wet–dry and warm–cool trends over the EQCs. While, spatially, dry and warm climates were observed in the central to eastern areas, wet and warm conditions dominated the western regions. Generally, the correlations of maize production with the E, Ep, TMAX, and TMIN were strong (r > 0.7) and positive, while moderate (r > 0.45) correlations of maize production with PRE and SM were obvious. These country-wide analyses highlight the significance of climate change policies and offer a scientific basis for designing tailored adaptation strategies in rainfed agricultural regions.
... We take the concept of climate change as a tool by which students' epistemology of science can be investigated. Some researchers have suggested that controversial socio-scientific issues like climate change can provide a distinctive context for students to enhance their epistemic structures (Bell et al., 2011;Karl et al., 2009;Matkins & Bell, 2007). Therefore, the present study engaged students in scientific practices in the concept of climate change to improve their views of NOSI. ...
This study aimed to investigate how argument-driven inquiry (ADI) activities impact pre-service teachers’ views of the nature of scientific inquiry (NOSI), with a specific focus on climate change. To this end, an ADI approach was used to teach climate change, where the aspects of NOSI were explicitly taught. A sample of 24 pre-service teachers participated in a science project which included ADI sessions addressing climate change topics. The pre-service teachers participated in four ADI activities related to rising sea levels, clean water resources, extreme weather events, and zero energy building. The sessions involved explicit instruction on NOSI to enhance pre-service teachers’ understanding. A view of scientific inquiry (VOSI) questionnaire was used to investigate pre-service teachers’ views of scientific inquiry before and after the instruction. The results of the study showed that the pre-service teachers improved in all six aspects of NOSI, but higher improvements were observed in the aspects “multiple methods of scientific investigations” and “distinctions between data and evidence.”
... Climate change projections for the region predict an increase in short duration, high intensity precipitation events, potentially less overall annual precipitation (Karl et al. 2009;Marion et al. 2013;USGCRP 2018), and increased drought potential (Strzepek et al. 2010). These projections will likely result in more frequent no-flow periods, interspersed with large high-flow events. ...
Intermittent streams exhibit regular patterns of drying and are widespread, but the patterns of drying between geographically close streams are not fully understood. We compared annual patterns of flow and drying among ten intermittent streams within a single drainage basin and determined how traditional hydrologic metrics described variation between streams. We installed stream intermittency sensors and evaluated stage height using low-cost methods. We evaluated landscape factors as potential drivers of flow patterns. Intermittent streams varied based on both high and low flow metrics, driven by a variety of landscape level factors, especially watershed size. Additionally, we compared the observed flow regimes within our system with an established soil and water assessment tool, finding that modeled streamflow patterns generally underrepresented observed drying within the system.
... Ar hyn o bryd rydym yn byw yn oes yr Anthroposen, fel y'i gelwir oherwydd dyma'r foment hanesyddol pan fydd y bod dynol wedi dod yn rym daearegol sy'n gallu effeithio ar bob bywyd ar y blaned hon (Braidotti, 2013, t. 5). Os na roddir sylw sylweddol i'r argyfwng hinsawdd, yna bydd gan y methiant hwn oblygiadau iechyd trychinebus yn fyd-eang i genedlaethau o bobl (Harmer et al., 2020;Karl, 2009). Mae pob dangosydd yn dangos bod y broblem yn gwaethygu a bod angen newidiadau mawr er mwyn osgoi trychineb (Arneth et al., 2019;Watts et al., 2020). ...
Mae tystiolaeth lethol yn awgrymu ein bod yn wynebu argyfwng hinsawdd ar hyn o bryd oherwydd effeithiau dynol ar brosesau planedol hanfodol. Ar yr un pryd, mae Cymru wrthi’n gwneud diwygiadau arwyddocaol i’r cwricwlwm. Fel rhan o’r diwygiadau, mae’r gair cynefin yn ymddangos yng nghanllawiau Cwricwlwm i Gymru. Mae’r papur hwn yn dadansoddi sut mae gorbwyslais ar safbwyntiau epistemolegol ac ontolegol cyfyngedig ym maes addysg wedi helpu i greu darlun tlodaidd o’r hunan sydd wedi gwaethygu ein perthynas afiach â natur. Cynigir y gellid defnyddio’r gair cynefin yn gysyniadol i awgrymu cyflyrau amgen o fod a ffyrdd o wybod sy’n cynnwys gwell ymdeimlad o’r hunan. Awgrymir y gall plant ymgysylltu â’r byd naturiol drwy safbwyntiau ontolegol cryfach wrth archwilio ffyrdd o wybod sy’n cael eu gwthio i’r cyrion yn yr ystafell ddosbarth brif ffrwd fel arfer. Mae gwir angen am hyn gan y gallai creu cyfleoedd i blant ddod i gytgord â’u cyfranogiad cydgysylltiedig â’r byd mwy na dynol feithrin perthynas adnewyddol ac adferol â natur. At hynny, gallai alluogi’r profiad o ddealltwriaeth ddirfodol ehangach.
... Rising temperatures directly elevate morbidity and mortality risks, while indirect effects involve changes in microbial communities, vector-borne diseases, foodborne illnesses, host resistance, and challenges in feed and water availability (Nardone et al., 2010;Thornton et al., 2009;Tubiello et al., 2008). Rising temperatures could accelerate the growth of pathogens and parasites, negatively impacting livestock (Harvell et al., 2002, Karl et al., 2009, Patz et al., 2000. Climate change may lead to shifts in disease spread, severe outbreaks, or the introduction of new diseases to livestock not typically exposed (Thornton et al., 2009). ...
Climate change exerts significant direct and indirect impacts on dairy cattle production, posing multifaceted challenges for farmers worldwide. Direct effects include elevated temperatures influencing metabolic, endocrine, and oxidative processes, potentially disrupting glucose, protein, and lipid metabolism. Liver functionality may be compromised, affecting cholesterol and albumin levels, leading to adverse health outcomes. Indirectly, climate change contributes to alterations in microbial communities, the spread of vector-borne diseases, and compromised host resistance, creating an environment conducive to heat stress in dairy cattle. This, in turn, results in diminished reproductive capabilities, compromised health, and reduced overall productivity. To counter these challenges, various mitigation strategies are employed in dairy farming practices. Cooling systems such as fans, misters, sprinklers, and cooled waterbeds are implemented, and novel technologies like tunnel ventilation are explored. Management adjustments, including altered feeding times and the provision of shade, play a crucial role in minimizing heat stress and maintaining cattle well-being
... 212,213,221,223 Research indicates that adaptation efforts should be continual rather than one-off events. 293,294 ...
New York State Climate Impact Assessment chapter 4 on Buildings. This comprehensive report encompasses the entire state of New York and current, and projected impacts of climate on the building stock of the state including recommendations for future climate, projections, and adaptation.
Nature” is a broad term with neither a standard definition nor consistent use, even across federal reports like the National Climate Assessment (NCA). The process of defining complex topics like “nature” is difficult given the broad range in people’s understandings of and relationships with the natural world. To support the development of future nature assessments and NCAs, we analyzed use of nature-related words and themes over time in all five published NCAs and one preliminary draft of NCA5. Overall, despite the prevalence of nature-related topics, we found the term “nature” was not used as much as others like “ecosystems,” though “nature-based solutions” appeared more in the latest NCA (NCA5) compared to earlier NCAs. Additionally, the scope of nature-related chapters in NCAs has evolved from initially focusing on impacts of climate change on ecosystems and ecosystem services towards highlighting solutions that nature can provide and implications for human well-being and environmental justice. We suggest improving the consistency of nature-related terms and topics within future climate and nature assessments to help promote dialogues across disciplines, reports, and assessment chapters, allowing researchers to better tackle multifaceted issues of global change. However, broad standardization of nature-related language may unnecessarily constrict the diverse understandings of nature. Definitions of nature-related terms should be revisited and adapted based on changing views and realities as global changes evolve.
The agriculture sector has the unique distinction of being a contributor to climate change as well as a victim of this phenomenon suffering from its adverse impacts. The sector impacts climate change through the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs), including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). The impact of this has been evident from the various reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). One point emphasizes that human activities have driven all global warming over the past 200 years, causing a current temperature increase of 1.1 °C above pre-industrial levels. This increase in temperature has contributed to more frequent and severe weather events, causing growing harm to both people and the environment. Reports indicate that around 3.3–3.6 billion people are living in situations that are highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change. The increased temperatures have put our food and nutritional security under threat. Climate change is projected to lead to around 250,000 additional deaths annually between 2030 and 2050, primarily due to undernutrition, diarrhea, malaria, and heat stress. Fortunately, this sector also provides us with various adaptation as well as mitigation strategies. The adoption of various climate-resilient and resource-conserving technologies can help us to reduce the emission of GHGs and mitigate the adverse effects of rising temperatures. At the same time, a shift toward nonconventional practices such as a transition to renewable energy sources, increasing energy use efficiency, and protecting and restoring forests and other critical ecosystems have the potential to restore this planet to its original state.
Understanding trends in rainfall and temperature extremes is critical for evaluating their impacts on ecosystems, agriculture, water resources, human livelihoods, and health, especially in vulnerable regions like Fiji. This study analysed rainfall and temperature extremes in Fiji from 1970–2020 using the Mann-Kendall trend test, Innovative Trend Analysis, and Theil-Sen’s slope estimator. Results indicated a general decrease in annual, seasonal, and monthly rainfall, with notable declines in the months of November, March, July, and August, and an increase in December. Rainfall extremes showed decreasing trends across most stations, except Nadi, which exhibited an increase. Temperature trends show a consistent and significant increase in both maximum and minimum temperatures, with warming rates ranging from 0.01–0.05°C per year. Temperature extremes revealed a significant warming trend, with increases in extreme indices such as the hottest day (TXx), warmest night (TNx), and warm days (TX90p), alongside decreases in cool days (TX10p), cool nights (TN10p), and cold spell duration (CSDI). These findings underscore the growing challenges of climate extremes in Fiji and provide essential data for informing adaptation and mitigation strategies.
Global forest degradation is a major issue caused by climate change. It disrupts the delicate balance of forest life, the rate of tree growth, and even the structure and functions of forests. The growth and survival of forests can be severely affected by changes in the weather. Rising temperature shake up the forest world, making trees bud and bloom earlier and make them easier prey for pests. Additionally, it throws off the balance of forests by altering the ways in which disturbances like fires, invasions, and pest outbreaks occur. Forest fires caused by these changes harm habitats, and they hurt the plants and animals living in the forests. Plant ecosystems become more vulnerable to invasive species when the climate changes. These alien plants find their way in and multiply. By replacing native species and changing ecosystems, they damage natural habitats and have an adverse effect on the economy and environment. Higher temperatures also accelerate the decomposition of soil nutrients, reducing the amount of available nutrients for tree growth. To deal with issues like fire, insects, disease, and drought, there are three main approaches: prevention, manipulation of factors, and direct management. Preventive measures and adjusting influencing factors can reduce the intensity or frequency of disturbances.
Climate change is rapidly emerging as one of the biggest risks to sustainable livestock production in coastal locations and is recognised as a serious global development issue impacting many sectors of the economy. Growth, milk production, and reproduction of coastal livestock are directly impacted by climate change. The reduced availability of water and pasture, unpredictable disease outbreaks, and growing disease prevalent zones are some of the indirect effects of climate change on livestock animals in coastal areas. Besides heat stress, additional stressors associated with the current changing environment include nutrition and walking stress, which further limits livestock production. Hence, it’s vital to address stress related to diet and activity in addition to heat stress. Therefore, research efforts are crucial in evaluating the cumulative effects of these important environmental stressors. Management of animal nutrition, housing, and health are some of the multifaceted strategies implemented to mitigate the detrimental effects of environmental stress on livestock. To enhance current amelioration efforts, it is critical to comprehend livestock responses to environmental stressors. Significant advancements have been achieved in improving the current thermal indices, and heat load indices have been created especially to meet the requirements of the livestock sectors. The assessment of the thermotolerance of animals is gradually being modified by technologies related to surface temperature monitoring using infrared thermography and rumen temperature measurement utilising rumen boluses. In combination with real-time data interpretation using artificial intelligence tools, these technologies present a great deal of promise for precise animal management. In an effort to screen livestock breeds that can survive in a variety of agro-ecological zones, research activities concentrate widely on evaluating native livestock breeds. Advances in molecular biotechnology have opened up new avenues for identifying crucial cellular responses to heat stress and characterising gene expression improving the accuracy and efficiency of selection for heat tolerance in livestock. Therefore, evaluating genetic components, such as genomics and proteomics of heat stress in livestock, and creating alternative management strategies that minimise the effects of stressors and enhance animal performance will be considered crucial researchable priorities in the future in order to mitigate the effects of environmental stress and sustain optimal livestock production in coastal regions.
Historically, the U.S. Gulf Coast region carries more burdens than other communities, including generated air pollution, delays and crashes, and frequent floods. Thus, there is a strong need to improve the efficiency of freight transportation and reduce environmental impacts by using emerging technologies. This study aims to explore the perceived usefulness of using Autonomous Trucks in logistics in Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas in the U.S. Gulf Coast region. Data were collected using an online survey from 72 members of the Trucking Associations in the U.S. states of Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. The participants' perceptions were captured using 14 pre‐determined perceived usefulness on a five‐point level of agreement. A Likert scale was developed based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics Software—Version 29. The results showed mixed perceived usefulness. Items related to efficiency were mostly supported, and items related to effectiveness were mostly neutral. Items related to overall satisfaction were mostly not supported. In addition, some participant groups reported higher levels of agreement with the examined items than others. For example, those who worked in a business with 500 employees or more, had much knowledge of autonomous trucks, worked in sales, had two or fewer years of work experience, and worked in a business with international market coverage. In addition, participants who worked in businesses transporting agriculture, food, and livestock cargo reported higher levels of agreement with the examined perceived usefulness than those who worked in companies transporting construction, fuel, machinery, waste, and mixed freight. This study contributes to the academic literature by adding more insights about the perceived usefulness of autonomous trucks in logistics. The results would benefit academics, researchers, logisticians, supply chain managers, autonomous truck manufacturers, policymakers, and other interested stakeholders. They can also help develop future research projects in a similar domain.
The aim of the study is to give a summary of the research that is conducted on the thermodynamic modeling methods for Stirling heat pumps. The various modeling thermodynamic techniques used for this heat pump are adapted from the Stirling engine model. The present study provides an extensive analysis of the Stirling heat pump performance using thermodynamic techniques such as isothermal, ideal adiabatic, simple adiabatic, combined adiabatic finite speed (CAFS), simple II adiabatic, polytropic with various loss (PSVL), polytropic finite speed thermodynamics (PFST), compressive polytropic model (CPMS), and nonideal second-order thermal model with additional loss effect. This study compared previous thermodynamic models of GPU3 Stirling engine. The review findings demonstrated that the new nonideal second-order model was preferable to the other thermodynamic modeling techniques due to some parameters.
This study sets out to provide an insight into pollutants, solutions and the need to monitor our local industries with respect to environmental pollution control. An ITX Multi gas monitor (P/N 1810-4307) was used to monitor gases within the company. The parameters measured were suspended particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, ammonia, carbon monoxide, chlorine, temperature, wind speed and direction. Based on the Limits set out by FMENV, WHO and ANSEPA, this study showed that most waste gases were within permissible limit except Sulphur (IV) oxide and carbon monoxide which have mean values of 0.16ppm and 10.26ppm. The permissible values of both gases are 0.01ppm and 10.00ppm respectively and more concentrated at the main gate / security post areas. These levels of pollutants call for serious environmental concern. Sulphur (IV) oxide corrodes metals, causes building materials and textiles to deteriorate and weaken. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas and deadly hence, the quality of air within those areas is poor and need to be regularly monitored to avert adverse health and environmental implications.
Melting glaciers, increased temperatures, and more severe and frequent storms (including extreme droughts, floods, and frosts), some of the concerns associated with climate change include the destruction of mountain ecosystems, deteriorating soil, and increasing water scarcity. To date, there needs to be more information about the potential effects of regional climate change on human and natural systems, which makes it challenging to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to the changes that are about to occur. In this context, the Internet of Things (IoT) strategy can improve our comprehension of the local environment through the application of technological solutions, in addition to providing continuously shifting climate variables centered around established ecological detecting and interactions, which must be provided to facilitate evaluations of the consequences of worldwide warming in every one of the associated arenas (e.g., sustainability evaluation and oversight, energy from renewable sources, resilient farming practices, preservation of cultural heritage, and sustainable mining).
This study applies both stationary and nonstationary generalized extreme value (GEV) models to analyze annual extreme temperature patterns in four stations of Southern Highlands region of Tanzania: Iringa, Mbeya, Rukwa, and Ruvuma over a 30-year period. Parameter estimates reveal varied distribution characteristics, with the location parameter μ ranging from 28.98 to 33.44, and shape parameter ξ indicating both bounded and heavy-tailed distributions. These results highlight the potential for extreme temperature conditions, such as heatwaves and droughts, particularly in regions with heavy-tailed distributions. Return level estimates show increasing temperature extremes, with 100-year return levels reaching 33.95 °C in Ruvuma. Nonstationary models that incorporate time-varying location and scale parameters significantly improve model fit, particularly in Mbeya, where such a model outperforms the stationary model (p value = 0.0092). Trend analyses identify significant temperature trends in Mbeya (p value = 0.0123) and Ruvuma (p value = 0.0015), emphasizing the need for adaptive climate strategies. These findings underscore the importance of accounting for nonstationarity in climate models to better understand and predict temperature extremes.
The evolution of technology also leads to the development of manufacturing industry, and is being developed to produce products efficiently, highly sensitive, cost-effective and faster. The impact on the environment and human health has been at least considered in the development of manufacturing methods until recent years. The reduction of the impact of a product on the environment and human health in all stages from raw materials to final product supply has gained critical importance in today's world, where the concept of sustainability also stands out in the manufacturing industry. In this respect, the reduction of the cutting fluid consumption used during the machining of materials has made it necessary to develop strategies. The use of a minimum quantity of lubrication (MQL) systems within these strategies is both environmentally friendly and economically present, the use of some difficult-to-cut materials in the machining process remains limited. Nanotechnology has been used in lubrication systems in recent years, making nano particle added cutting fluids, eliminating this limited effect, further increasing the use of MQL systems. This results in the term environmentally benign manufacturing (EBM) and ensures that the parts to be machined are treated without damaging the environment and human health, using environmentally friendly and minimum quantity of lubrication systems. In this doctoral thesis, the machining of lightweight metal alloys (Al, Mg and Ti alloys) used in aviation and space industry will be investigated using different cutting parameters, different lubrication/cooling systems and are intended to determine the cutting force, surface roughness, tool wear/build-up-edge of lightweight metal alloys to be machined according to these parameters. In this thesis, 81 experiments have been performed for each material. In total, 486 experiments have been conducted.
When the force data is analyzed, it is observed that the cutting forces of the machined materials increase when the cutting depth and feed speed increase. The Ti Gr.5/Ti6Al4V titanium alloy is machined in the highest cutting force data, while the lowest cutting force data is machined at AZ31B magnesium alloy. The best surface roughness values were obtained mainly after experiments in a multi-layered carbon nano-tube reinforced MQL (NanoMQL) environment. In the analysis of tool wear, increased wear has been observed by increasing the cutting depth and feed speed parameters for all materials. When examining the chip morphology, the formation of short and broken chips appears to be at high feed speeds and in MQL/NanoMQL environments.
IRCEF выражает благодарность Министерству Иностранных Дел Германии, Союзу Охраны Природы Германии (NABU), без поддержки которых этот проект был бы невозможным А также коллегам из биологического факультета Ужгородского национального университета, священникам и активистам более 15 церк-вей и религиозных организаций, а также НПО из Украины, Беларуси, Грузии, Молдовы, Армении, благодаря усилиям которых это пособие было подготовлено Уважаемые друзья! В пособии, которое вы держите в руках, будут: • информационные главы, в которых вы получите основные све-дения о защите климата и общих проблемах этого направления экологической работы; • методические главы, из которых вы сможете понять, как устрое-на прикладная работа по защите климата, что вы сможете сде-лать для этого и повышения качества жизни на местном уровне; • богословские тексты, описывающие важность защиты Творения с позиции верующих, что, точно, составляет дополнительную мотивацию природоохранной работы; • гражданские рекомендации по практической организации взаимо-действия активистов и добровольцев на уровне местных и рели-гиозных общин; • справочный материал и конкретные примеры, иллюстрирующие всю эту работу. Без сомнения, мы просто не в состоянии охватить в маленьком из-дании все аспекты такой работы. Если у вас возникают более глубокие вопросы, замечания к этому изданию или предложения по его усовер-шенствованию-пожалуйста, напишите нам info@ircef.org или оставьте для нас сообщение на нашей странице в Фейсбуке: https://www.facebook.com/groups/366775880016215 или пройдите по QR-коду приведенному справа-Мы планируем развивать и углублять местные проекты по защите климата и дополнять эти методические рекомендации, делая их более информативными. Заранее благодарны за любой ваш отклик! ДАННОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПРЕДНАЗНАЧЕНО ТОЛЬКО ДЛЯ БЕСПЛАТНОГО РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ!
What role does climate change play in the recent increase in natural disasters in the United States? Are we prepared to assist vulnerable populations in addressing the behavioral health issues that may result from such disasters? Over the last decade, the number of natural disasters has increased substantially, to a level unprecedented in global history (Cianconi et al., Front Psychiatry, 11. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00074, 2020; Gousse-Lessard et al., Disaster Prev Manag, ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-09-2022-0190, 2022). From 2012 to 2022, there were 631 major disaster declarations (Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA], Declared disasters. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved from https://www.fema.gov/disaster/declarations, n.d.). More than 4 in 10 Americans live in a county that was struck by climate-related extreme weather in 2021 alone, with at least 656 people dying and the cost of the destruction topping $104 billion (Kaplan and Tran, The Washington Post, 2022, January 5). Such disasters impact the emotional and psychological well-being of those who are directly or indirectly exposed to them and will have a disproportionate effect on certain vulnerable populations (Chen et al., J Anxiety Disord 76. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102297, 2020). Given the unprecedented number of natural disasters, exploring the association between climate change and disaster behavior health has become a critical endeavor. This article provides an overview of the literature discussing climate change and its impact on the number and scale of disasters in the United States and the field of disaster behavioral health. It also explores the effects of climate-related disasters on vulnerable populations and considers ways in which disaster behavioral health programs and interventions can support individuals and communities in a hotter, more disaster-prone future.
Our world is vulnerable to climate change risks such as glacier retreat, rising temperatures, more variable and intense weather events (e.g., floods, droughts, and frosts), deteriorating mountain ecosystems, soil degradation, and increasing water scarcity. However, there are big gaps in our understanding of changes in regional climate and how these changes will impact human and natural systems, making it difficult to anticipate, plan, and adapt to the coming changes. The IoT paradigm in this area can enhance our understanding of regional climate by using technology solutions while providing the dynamic climate elements based on integrated environmental sensing and communications that are necessary to support climate change impact assessments in each of the related areas (e.g., environmental quality and monitoring, sustainable energy, agricultural systems, cultural preservation, and sustainable mining). In the IoT in Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change chapter, a framework for informed creation, interpretation, and use of climate change projections and for continued innovations in climate and environmental science driven by key societal and economic stakeholders is presented. In addition, the IoT cyberinfrastructure to support the development of continued innovations in climate and environmental science is discussed.
Climate Change is a reality, and we all experience flooding, heavy rains, drought, burning of forest and grassland, and desertification of agricultural land, not only in Africa but all around the World. It is a fact that climate change is rapidly changing our cities, agriculture, oceans, and nature. Most people accept that climate change is due to human activity causing increasing temperatures in the atmosphere, the oceans, the ice (cryosphere), and on land. Commitments to climate neutrality and the Paris Agreement on 1.5 - 2 oC have been made, but little action has been implemented. Climate change will cause the largest migration of refugees seen in centries. This chapter provides an scientific insight into what is causing climate change, where the emissions originate from and what consequenses they will have.
Playgrounds are important open spaces in cities that support children's physical and social development. In addition to exposure to ultraviolet and radiant heat in summer, they can turn into thermally unsafe spaces due to contact with hot surfaces depending on the properties of artificial materials. Although there are many studies on outdoor thermal comfort in many parts of the world, studies on the bioclimatic conditions of playgrounds are limited. In addition, outdoor thermal comfort studies have generally focused on adults. However, children are more vulnerable to hot environments and heat-related diseases than adults. Although there are many standard development studies on the safety, quality, usability, etc. of playgrounds, standards for the creation of thermally comfortable playgrounds in today's cities, where the effects of climate change are becoming increasingly evident, are not yet on the agenda of many cities. Therefore, planning and designing thermally comfortable playgrounds has become increasingly important. Considering the health and social benefits of longer and more active play, it is important to design playgrounds to be thermally safe throughout the year, especially during extremely hot periods in summer. Therefore, this study aims to raise awareness about hazardous thermal conditions in playgrounds and to provide a background for future studies in our country by examining the policies and designs developed to improve thermal comfort in playgrounds through examples from different parts of the world.
To study the ability of sheep to maintain their homeothermy in a North African natural heat stress condition, three Tunisian sheep breeds the Barbarin (BTR), Queue Fine de l'Ouest (QFO) and Noire de Thibar (NTB) were used. A total of twelve (4 per breed) rams were used in this study, for the period of 3 months from March to June. During this period, the ambient temperature varied from 12.5 °C to 32 °C, relative humidity from 49% to 94% and the temperature humidity index (THI) from 50 units to 85 units. The THI values exceeded the borderline of thermal stress, resulting a higher rectal and skin temperature, heart and respiratory rates (P<0.05). The rectal temperature (RT) varied from 39.41 °C to 39.38 °C for BTR, from 39.20 °C to 39.52 °C for QFO and from 39.51 °C to 39.72 °C for NTB. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in thyroxine (T4) from 16.58 pmol/l to 7.52 pmol/l for BTR rams, from 10.99 pmol/l to 6.34 pmol/l for QFO rams and from 12.43 pmol/l to 6.91 pmol/l for NTB rams. TSH hormone decrease significantly from a comfort situation to a stressful situation for BTR (0.124 mUI/l to 0.039 mUI/l), QFO (0.132 mUI/l to 0.065 mUI/l) and NTB (0.113 mUI/l to 0.057 mUI/l). No change in tri-iododthyronine (T 3) and a no significantly decrease for cortisol hormone, from 6.91 ng/l to 2.83 ng/l for BTR, from 9.69 ng/l to 4.20 ng/l for QFO and from 7.65 ng/l to 2.42 ng/l for NTB. These responses allowed animals to efficiently dissipate heat, maintain a physiological rectal temperature, and avoid thermal stress. Blood samples were taken and analyzed during two different periods: no stress and heat stress to study the relationship between homeothermy and hematological (RBC, WBC, Hb, Ht, Pl, PCV, MCH, and MCHC), biochemical (glucose, cholesterol, total protein) and hormonal (T 4 , T 3 , Cortisol and TSH) parameters responses.
Global climate change is likely to affect world’s food production and poses a serious threat to the agricultural production system. With the increasing pressure of the growing world population agricultural systems needs to take adaptive measures to cater the need of the increasing food demand. Crop models are major tools available to assess the impacts of climate change on the agricultural production system and formulate adaptation measures for the same. This chapter covers the recent trends in greenhouse gases, rainfall, temperature, sea level and extreme weather events. The associated impacts of these changes on food crops were also explained briefly. We also discussed the basics of crop models in brief followed by their applications in climate change study including adaptation strategies. At last, we discussed the key limitations, challenges and uncertainties in the use of crop models in the agricultural production system.
This chapter shares findings of a study which assessed knowledge, while ascertaining effects and describing responses to climate change of single female headed households. It used a descriptive research design with 150 participants. Cluster, simple rotary, and purposive sampling methods were used. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Findings revealed that the single female headed households rated their knowledge on climate change to be low (32%), very low (25%), good (19), very good (13%), and not sure (11). Knowledge on the causes of climate change where it is caused by God (28%), deforestation (23%), emission of gases (18%), while 26% and 5% were not sure and had no response respectively. Effects include loss of farming productivity (35%), loss of fishing productivity (27%), reduced availability of water and wood fuel (20%), rise in temperature (10%), and displacement of households (8%). Climate change is impacting livelihoods of single female headed households, but traces of mitigation abound.
Rainfall-induced slope failure is a major problem for highways made of highly plastic clay in the southern United States. Alternative wet-dry cycles and seasonal moisture variation lead to recurring shrink-swell of soil. In Mississippi, sustained perched water conditions within highway slopes due to increased rainfall have exacerbated this problem. Real-time monitoring of soil moisture content and matric suction can aid highway authorities in detecting overall structural health and early slope failure. This study aims to develop a protocol for an early warning system for highway slope failures made of highly plastic clay based on field instrumentation data. A slope in Jackson, Mississippi, was instrumented with moisture sensors, water potential probes, and rain gauges. The data obtained from field instrumentation, including moisture content, matric suction, and rainfall, were analyzed to develop an early detection protocol. The analysis conducted based on the field instrumentation data revealed the presence of a perched water zone, and a trend of slope movement associated with it was predicted. This finding was verified by the profiles through Electrical Resistivity Imaging, where the lower resistivity meaning the existence of water within the soil profile clearly indicated the presence of the perched water zone. A slope movement trend was observed from the inclinometer data. The comprehensive analysis of the instrumentation data led to the development of a protocol that can aid highway authorities in detecting slope failure at an early stage using field instrumentations.
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