Alterthümer des Frühen Mittelalters in Ungarn I-III
... Az egyik karika kissé ovális (3. kép 25), a másik szabályos kerek alakú (Pósta 1895, 67;Hampel 1905, I. Fig. 1284-1285Fehér et al. 1962, 8, 5. jegyzet;Szőke 1992, 848;Szentpéteri 2002, 361). Szob 100. ...
Az S-végű karika használata a közép avar korban (7. század utolsó negyede) indult. Legkorábbi formája a többszörös S-végű karika volt, és szerepe fülbevaló. A késői avar kort követően ez a divat megváltozott, és hajkarika lett belőle, a többszörös S-vég pedig egyszerű S-végre változott. A legkorábbi lelőhelyek a Balaton környékén találhatók (Keszthely, Kereki, Badacsonytomaj, stb.). Ez a fülbevaló divat jelent meg a morva szlávoknál a Morava és a Thaya folyó völgyeiben, később pedig majdnem mindenhol a nyugati szlávoknál.
... sír mellett ide soroljuk a mártélyi "B" sírt is. A leleteket közlő Hampel József a kerek aranylapról nem írt, csak a rajzát közölte: Hampel (1892) 415, B tábla 14, majd a következő alkalommal bronzlemezként említette: Hampel (1905) II. 108, de mindkét esetben a B sír leleteként. ...
... This would have 38 Zoltán (2013); Zoltán (2020). 39 Hampel (1894, 1897); an enlarged version was published later: Hampel (1905). 40 Jankovich ( Fehér et al.(1962). ...
Gyula László’s theory, published in 1970, was virtually ignored and received with tacit dismissal by the Hungarian archaeological scholarship and international archaeological community was largely unaware of it. This paper aims to provide clarity for the latter research. Not a single element of the theory was accepted or was acceptable even at the time of its birth: distribution of the late Avar and the Conquest-era sites do not complement each other; István Kniezsa's map is highly discussed and is not suitable for proving that the eighth century Avars were Hungarians; Byzantine sources record the immigration of a military group and not of a people, who later moved on; the “Ugri Bjelii” mentioned in the Russian Primary Chronicle cannot be applicable to this immigration; the so-called of “griffin-tendril” population is about 30 years later as the supposed immigration; there was not a migration from the Káma region in the seventh century) connecting the “Uuangariorum marcha” with the “Onogurs” is highly uncertain; there is no trace of any immigration in the anthropological material of the Avar period.
Errare humanum est .
... (hereafter called: buckle ZsD; Baranya county, Hungary; Figure 1A), the second one from Bácsordas (hereafter called: buckle B/K; present-day Karavukovo, West-Bačka District, Serbia; Figure 1B), and the third one from an unknown Hungarian site (hereafter called: buckle UP; Figure 1C). Two of the buckles were unearthed as grave goods (Dombay, 1956;Csallány, 1961;Kiss, 1983), while the third one (buckle UP) is a stray find brought to light in the late 19 th century (Hampel, 1905). These examples have around a dozen close analogies spread around by the Great Migrations (4 th -5 th centuries AD) from the Middle Danube Region to Northern Italy and even beyond this main distribution area (Bierbauer, 1975). ...
The use of non-destructive and non-invasive analytical methods is widespread in the archaeometric study of metal objects, particularly in the case of precious metal artefacts, from which sampling is not, or in a limited way, allowed due to their high value. In this study, we highlight the main advantages and limitations of non-destructive analytical methods used on three polychrome animal-style silver buckles from the mid-to-late-5th-century Carpathian Basin. Optical microscopic observations, handheld XRF, SEM-EDX and μ-XRD analyses were performed to determine the chemical composition of the metals and their decoration (gilding, garnet and niello inlays), as well as the microtexture and mineralogical composition of the niello, in order to gain a better understanding of the materials used and reconstruct the manufacturing techniques in detail. The buckles were manufactured from relatively high-quality silver derived from the re-use of gilded silver scrap metal and intentionally alloyed with brass or leaded brass. The presence of mercury indicated the use of fire gilding. The niello inlays are composed of mixed silver-copper sulphides, even reaching the composition of pure copper sulphide; this is for the first time, when copper sulphide niello is observed on a silver object. The almandine garnets most probably originate from Southern India and Sri Lanka.
... A nagyszentmiklósi kincs rovásfeliratai különböző számozásainak összevetése (Hampel 1884(Hampel , 1905göBl-róna-taS 1995) Vizsgálatainkat a Nagyszentmiklósi kincs 5. korsóján a 9. és 10., a 6. korsóján a 4., 5. és 6., valamint a 23. kelyhen a 2/5. ...
This paper presents the bilingual and multilingual Rovash inscriptions of the Golden Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós, including inscriptions No. 9 and 10 on the No. 5 Jug, the inscriptions No. 4, No. 5, and No. 6 on the bottom of the No. 6 Jug, and the inscriptions No. 2/5 and 3 on the bottom of the No. 23 Cup. This paper introduces the archaeological data of the Treasure and the most significant attempts at deciphering it. Based on palaeographical reasons, one of the transcriptions is selected for further analysis, the one best fitting the probable function of the cup and jugs. Then improvements to the transcriptions of the Hungarian-Ogur, Hungarian-Slavic bilingual, and the Ogur-Hungarian-Slavic-Alan quadrilingual inscriptions are detailed. The deciphered texts fully fit the results of historical linguistics, which largely improves the reliability of the transcriptions. Moreover, the glyphs of the Carpathian Basin Rovash alphabet used for transcribing the rovash inscriptions are analysed based on the topological relations among the graphemes. As a result of the calculations, descent lines of rovash graphemes originated from the Phoenician letters are also generated.
U radu se problematizira pitanje upotrebe termina bjelobrdska kultura u srednjovjekovnoj arheologiji srednjoistočne Europe. Pojam je nastao početkom 20. stoljeća kao krovna odrednica za predmete s nekropola10. – 11./12. stoljeća pripisane Slavenima u okviru srednjovjekovne mađarske države, a zadržao se unatoč napuštanju običaja sagledavanja arheoloških nalaza prema strogo etničkom principu. Danas se pojam bjelobrdska kultura koristi u zemljama slavenskog govornog područja, prije svega u Hrvatskoj, kao kronološko-tipološka ili tehnička odrednica za karakterističan arheološki materijal. U Mađarskoj se iste grupe nalaza imenuju u povijesnom kontekstu upotrebom termina nekropole/nalazi (rano)arpadovskog perioda, koji, prema mišljenju autorice, konkretnije opisuje epohu. Nakon osvrta na povijest istraživanja teme namjera je ispitati mjesto i ulogu južne Panonije (prostora bivših jugoslavenskih zemalja) u društveno-povijesnim procesima koji su povezani s formiranjem srednjovjekovne Mađarske. Bez obzira na izvjesne regionalne specifičnosti arheoloških podataka na ovim područjima, autorica smatra da bi istraživanja trebalo terminološki usuglasiti na svim suvremenim administrativnim područjima koje je obuhvaćala srednjovjekovna Mađarska, radi boljeg razumijevanja među znanstvenim zajednicama koje se bave proučavanjem istog perioda.
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This paper addresses the issue of using the term “Bijelo Brdo culture” in medieval archaeology of Central Eastern Europe. Initially coined in the early 20th century as a collective term for artefacts from necropolises dating from the 10th to 11th/12th centuries and attributed to the Slavs within the medieval Hungarian state, the term has remained in use despite the fact that the approach in the analysis of archaeological finds on the basis of strictly ethnic principles has largely been abandoned. The term “Bijelo Brdo culture” is used today in Slavic-speaking countries, particularly in Croatia, as a chronological-typological or technical term for distinct archaeological material. In Hungary, however, the same group of finds is referred to within a historical context, by using the phrase “necropolis/finds from the (early) Árpád period,” which is considered more historically accurate. After reviewing the history of research on this topic, this paper explores the role and position of the southern Carpathian Basin (the region encompassing the former Yugoslav countries) within socio-historical processes related to the formation of medieval Hungary. Despite some distinctive regional specificities in archaeological data from these areas, the author argues for harmonizing research terminology across all contemporary administrative regions that were part of medieval Hungary, to foster better understanding among scholarly communities studying the same period.
The article provides a detailed analysis of the finds from a destroyed Hungarian Conquest Period warrior grave at the site of Mašić Salaš (Stanišić), in the Municipality of Sombor: a gold finger-ring, four gilded belt mounts, and a gold hair ring. The finger-ring, with a massive bezel set with a carnelian gem bearing the simplified representation of a lion, most probably of Sasanian origin, ranks among the most luxurious objects of its kind in the Carpathian Basin and Eastern Europe. Closely related examples of the fragmented belt set have been identified in Russia and Kazakhstan. The grave is associated with a reputable member of the elite who belonged to the first generation of Hungarians conquering the area of today’s northern Bačka in the first decades of the 10th century.
The article presents materials from the glass-production workshop of the Hunnic times found near Komariv on the middle Dnister, which was the only such workshop on the territory of European Barbaricum. In 2021, we investigated a buried structure, where remains of mostly semi-finished glass products, production waste, and finished vessels were found. Fragments of Cherniakhiv culture wheel-made pottery and hand-made vessels; Roman amphorae; coins; fibulae; a mirror; an arrowhead, etc. also come from the building. The nature of the glass finds indicates that the structure, dated to the mid-5th century AD, was associated with glass production. The workshop, built in the same period as a building on a stone foundation, could have formed a single complex. The finds and the object’s dating are evidence that glass processing was practiced also in the Hunnic times in the Cherniakhiv culture.
A Tinder-lighter set from Kibyra Excavations.
A tatai Nagykert utcában 1979-ben útépítés miatt egy templom körüli temető részlete került elő. A leletanyag alapján feltételezhető, hogy a temetőt a 11. században kezdték használni. A feltárt temetkezések csaknem egyharmada épített sír, melyek nagyobb számban való előfordulása a bencés apátságok temetőiben jellemző. Bár a kutatás szerint elfogadott tény, hogy a tatai bencés apátság a mai Fürdő utca környékén állt, az emellett szóló érvek nem teljesen meggyőzőek. A temetőrészlet jellege alapján elképzelhetőnek tartjuk, hogy az apátság a Nagykert utca környékére lokalizálható.
Absztrakt
Bognár Katalin Boglárka dolgozta fel a Balatonőszöd-Temetői dűlőben előkerült, tíz darabból álló vaseszköz leletet. Szerintem azt nem a 13–14. században rejtették el, hanem a kora középkorban, feltehetően a 9. század folyamán. A középkori vaseszköz leletekről közölt térképét korrigálva bemutatom a Magyarország területén előkerült kora középkori, döntően 9. századi, az Árpád-kori – nagyrészt a tatárjáráshoz köthető – és a késő középkori, a török kor folyamán elásott vaseszköz leleteket.
Absztrakt
A dolgozat a Békésszentandrás-Benda-tanya és Szarvas-Kovács-halom lelőhelyről nyolc, a 7. század második és harmadik negyedéből származó temetkezés régészeti elemzését adja. A nyolc temetkezésből öt ún. lószerszámos temetkezés, vagyis a sírokba csak a lószerszám került elhelyezésre. Ezek nemcsak a Tiszántúlról eddig ismert lószerszámos temetkezések számát növelik, hanem új adatokat is szolgáltatnak e temetkezési szokás értékeléséhez.
The burial of the Merovingian King Childeric I († 481–482), father of Clovis I (481–482/511), was accidentally unearthed in 1653 in Tournai (Belgium), near the church of Saint-Brice. The present chapter gives the historical details of the discovery and subsequent vicissitudes, and presents the results of recent investigations on the garnets of the cloisonné jewellery discovered in the grave, that are today conserved in the Cabinet des Médailles et Antiques of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France in Paris, France. The presence of numerous pyrope garnets extracted from Bohemia could be evidenced on the basis of geochemical analysis using portable XRF.
This paper focuses on the graves belonging to the Magyar warriors that had been discovered within the Alba Iulia-Stația de Salvare necropolis in the period 1979-1981. The urbanistic activities carried out in the funerary area located on the northern part of the fortress consisted of digging the foundation of some apartment buildings. The team, composed of scholars from the National Museum of the Union (M. Blăjan, I. Șerban) and from the Institute of Archaeology and Art History, Cluj-Napoca (Ștefan Pascu), identified in the above mentioned area, alongside the numerous roman and medieval graves, a number of 13 Magyar warriors with their inventory (M. 36, M. 54, M. 298, M. 304, M. 322, M. 392, M. 417, M. 517, M. 537 b, M. 584, M. 630, M. 664 și M. 691). The graves' description was made in accordance with the digging journals kept in the personal archive of fellow colleague Mihai Blăjan. More than half of the graves (M. 36, M. 417, M. 304, M. 517, M. 537 b, M. 664 și M. 691) had the sepulchral pit covered and set up with lithic material, custom frequently observed in some cemeteries from Alba Iulia dated in the 10th-11th centuries (Izvorul Împăratului, Str. Brândușei). As regards the equine offering, composed of skull and partial limbs, it was identified in just one warrior grave (M. 630). The funeral inventory recovered was composed of everyday tools and objects (flint, lighter, fold used for sharpening, knives), jewelry (looped rings, rings, bracelets), weaponry (lyre-shaped buckle, quadrangle buckle, chain loops, quivers, arrows, battle axe) and ceramics. All the elements of rites and funeral ritual (the graves' orientation and the arms' position, the anatomic position of the ceramic pots laid as offering, the lack of bird/egg offering, the animal offering and its position) allow us to place these graves in the first half of the 10th century. These graves can be linked with the first Magyar warriors that infiltrated the Alba Iulia area during the first decades of the 10th century. It is almost certain that these warriors were part of the military escort of duke Gyla/Gyula (probably the one that held the position of gyula), an important character of the Magyar staff from Pannonia that established himself in Transylvania and that identified with the autochthonous environment. Gyla rapidly became a dissident that founded a "voivodeship" in the area and reactivated the Christianity via a Byzantine influence. The idea that Hierotheus would have exercised his authority over the Magyars from Pannonia too is out of question, all the more since, particularly, the religious motif meant the beginning of Gyla's dissidence (sic!). Thus, "Gyla's voivodeship" or "Terra Gyla" represents the fourth independent political entity from the Romanian area (alongside those of Menumorut, Glad and Gelu) in which Roman, Slavic, Magyar and Byzantine elements co-exist.
THIS PAPER PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW of the current state of research on the late Avar period in Croatia, together with a list of published sites. It offers suggestions concerning the direction of further research with particular attention to the issue of differentiation between Avar- and post-Avar-Age sites in Croatia. It does not seek to address all the open questions in the field, but hopes to bring to the fore some of the current issues in the archaeology of the late Avar Age in Croatia.
A tanulmány fókuszában Enea Lanfranconi (1850–1895) pozsonyi mérnök, műgyűjtő Magyar Nemzeti MúzeumRégészeti- és Éremtárába került anyagának feldolgozása áll. A hatalmas kollekció eredetileg a maga korábanhíres, ritka (részben hungarica) könyv-, festmény- és metszetanyaggal rendelkezett, ellenben jelentős részét tettékki különböző régiségek. A megvásárolt hagyatékrész a rézkortól kezdődően egészen a késő népvándorlás korigterjed, nagyobb részét római kori kisleletek képezik. Egyes tételek más közgyűjteményekbe kerültek, melyek közülkét márványplasztikát sikerült a Szépművészeti Múzeumban azonosítani. Indokolt esetben több fémtárgy természettudományosvizsgálatátára (kézi röntgenfluoreszcens spektrometria, hXRF) is sor került.
A bronze stamping mould for belt-ends was found in 2016 on the outskirts of Slobodzeya on the territory of a multi-layered settlement on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. The item has traces of long-term use; the front side is badly worn out. The stamping mould shows a full-face anthropomorphic male face with a long mustache and beard. An analysis of the finds of early medieval metal stamping moulds for a belt set showed that the overwhelming majority of them are connected with the territory of the Eastern Roman Empire (urban centers) and the Avar Khaganate (graves of "jewelers"). Matrices are dated back to the 7th and 8th centuries. However, the study of items from belt sets with male guises led to the conclusion that such images were quite widely represented in the 9th–10th centuries in different areas, for example, in Moravia, the Upper Dnieper region, the Middle Volga region, the North Caucasus, and the South Ural region. Similar images on objects of toreutics, which had Byzantine and / or Iranian roots, appeared, according to available sources, in the 7th century. Then, parts of a belt set with alike images marking the high social status of the wearer were used by various peoples for several more centuries. It is highly probable that the published stamping mould is related to the nomadic Early Hungarian cemetery (to the sites of Subbotsevo type) (9th century), which was sunk into the Bronze Age barrow at a distance of about 1 km from the place of its discovery. In this case, the finding of the stamping mould may indicate the wintering place of this nomadic group, where the parts of the belt sets were made.
This article focuses on the collection of Enea Lanfranconi (1850–1895) engineer and collector in Bratislava/Pozsony (SK) now partly kept in the Department of Archaeology and Coins Cabinet of the Hungarian National Museum. Originally, the famous and huge colletion of its age comprised rare (partly hungarica) books, paintings and engravings, but also a vast number of different antiquities. The purchased segment of the beqeust includes a material ranging from the Copper Age to the Late Migration Period, but mostly Roman small finds. Certain items had been moved to other public collections, among these two marble statues could be identified in the Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest. Natural scientific analysis (handheld X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, hXRF) of metal objects was also accomplished in certain cases.
In the late Avar period (eighth to ninth century ad ), vast quantities of utilitarian artefacts were produced in series in the Carpathian Basin, a phenomenon not seen since the end of the Roman period. The distribution of these articles reflects not only the region's settlement pattern, but also how these artefacts were disseminated. The communication network in the Carpathian Basin underwent a significant transformation between the early and late Avar period: its major nodes, equated with population centres but not necessarily with elite centres, contributed to moulding a social and cultural milieu that included specialized craftsmen. An early single hub in southern Transdanubia was replaced by multiple centres by the late Avar period. Around ad 700, a bipolar settlement pattern emerges in the southern part of the Carpathian Basin. It seems that the Great Hungarian Plain began to play an equal, if not dominant, role in the communication network of the Carpathian Basin at this time.
The central Bohemian hillfort-type site in Tismice is one of the largest (20–22 ha) in Bohemia from the Early to Middle Hillfort period (8th–9th century) and has been studied for years using non-destructive methods. The study, which presents the results of the complete geophysical survey of the site as well as the results of small-scale trenching from 2013, is focussed on an analysis of non-ferrous metal ornaments (c. 170 pcs., mostly belt and horse harness decorations) and analyses of evidence of craft production – jewellerymaking, metalsmithing and metal casting (ingots, blanks). It presents the earliest evidence of work with gold in early medieval Bohemia (2018 excavation) as well as natural science radiocarbon and magnetic absolute dates, which supplement dating on the basis of Carolingian coin and imports. The internally divided hillfort was an elite residence (gilded ornaments, spurs, coin) and for a short time served as a supra-regional centre that not only received and redistributed but also produced items of statutory importance (belt and horse harness ornaments, pendants, spurs). Radiocarbon dating places the multiphase early medieval settlement and fortifications in the period from the final third of the 8th century until the end of the 9th century. A detailed evaluation of the stratigraphy will be another step towards a comprehensive interpretation of this site.
The central Bohemian hillfort-type site in Tismice is one of the largest (20–22 ha) in Bohemia from the Early to Middle Hillfort period (8th–9th century) and has been studied for years using non-destructive methods. The study, which presents the results of the complete geophysical survey of the site as well as the results of small-scale trenching from 2013, is focussed on an analysis of non-ferrous metal ornaments (c. 170 pcs., mostly belt and horse harness decorations) and analyses of evidence of craft production – jewellerymaking, metalsmithing and metal casting (ingots, blanks). It presents the earliest evidence of work with gold in early medieval Bohemia (2018 excavation) as well as natural science radiocarbon and magnetic absolute dates, which supplement dating on the basis of Carolingian coin and imports. The internally divided hillfort was an elite residence (gilded ornaments, spurs, coin) and for a short time served as a supra-regional centre that not only received and redistributed but also produced items of statutory importance (belt and horse harness ornaments, pendants, spurs). Radiocarbon dating places the multiphase early medieval settlement and fortifications in the period from the final third of the 8th century until the end of the 9th century. A detailed evaluation of the stratigraphy will be another step towards a comprehensive interpretation of this site. Key Words: Early Middle Ages, hillfort, Avar period metal ornaments, spurs, long-distance contacts, goldsmithing, metalsmithing tools, Carolingian coin, central Bohemia
As this volume demonstrates, hilltop settlements with early medieval military finds are a phenomena detected over a large area. A majority of the known sites is located in the Eastern Alps and these are further analysed in this text.
At a first glance all of the sites exhibit not only very similar types of finds but are also set in a very similar hilltop environment. However, on a closer inspection significant variations are observed: some locations are more remote than others, some are more prominent in the landscape, some are better positioned for subsistence agriculture, and so on.
These differences are addressed in a systematic and quantifiable manner employing GIS toolset often termed predictive modelling kit. The aim of the article is to provide a landscape context to the interpretation of the hilltops with Early Medieval military finds in the eastern Alpine area.
The GIS analysis presented in this volume resulted in four groups of sites according to the natural affordance. However, it also cautioned that the interpretations suggested can only be used as a starting point for a discussion on the individual sites. What follows is such a discussion on three selected sites in Slovenia: Na Bleku, Mali grad, and Gradišče above Bašelj.
Gradišče above Bašelj is a site best know for numerous finds of military equipment and horse gear dated between late 8th and early 10th century. Altogether more than 1700 metal artifacts are known from this site. However, this is a three-phase site: Late Antique, Early Medieval and High Medieval. The distinction baffled early researchers but was cleared by modern excavation.
The Late Antique phase is characterised by a stone-built fortified settlement. The end of this phase is radiocarbon - dated between the end of 4th and mid-6th century AD. This date is corroborated by LRA 1B and LRA 2 amphorae found on the pavement dated in the second half of 5th and in 6th c. AD.
Here we are focusing on the Early Medieval phase. Early Medieval artefacts were found in the charred layer above the ruins of the Late Antique settlement.
The paper considers burial 40 of Dzhurga Oba necropolis in the Eastern Crimea. Two bracelets, elements of a prestigious female costume of the second half of the 5th century and weapons (sword elements) were found in the catacomb. It is possible that there were two inhumations – male and female ones. Two bronze gilded bracelets from this burial have gold zoomorphic endings in the form of heads, usually interpreted as dragons, and a hinged lock in the form of a disk. The origins of this type of bracelets should be sought in the traditions of Mediterranean jewelry art. Bracelets with a lock in the form of a plate on hinges appeared in the Mediterranean in the 2nd – 3rd centuries and existed until the 7th century (inclusive). It should be noted that there is a noticeable Byzantine / Mediterranean component in the female costume from Dzhurga Oba, which is represented primarily by the cloisonne inlay style jewelry – earrings, rings, bracelets. At the same time, the presence of a pair of brooches from the East German tradition indicates the mixed character of the female prestigious costume from Dzhurga-Oba, which is typical for the Cimmerian Bosporus of the Great Migration Period.
Jewellery, dress accessories and other personal ornaments made of precious metal and decorated with gemstones were representative elements (prestige objects) of Migration-period supra-regional fashion in Europe. Due to their valuable materials and impressive appearance, these polychrome artefacts are highlighted items in art albums and exhibition catalogues as the key objects of the period. Their vast majority represents high standard of workmanship even from a modern perspective. A small minority comprises, however, objects of lower or even poor quality, falling below the standard. This paper focuses on these exceptions. Dozen finds showing low-quality workmanship are collected, analysed and interpreted below, with special attention to their technical features, material compositions as well as their functions as status indicator. Our results indicated that the poorly-made objects were produced in workshops of local significance following and imitating high-standard models. The observed technological features pointed out that their makers were inexperienced in techniques requiring meticulous work and precision. The analytical data revealed, however, that they were dominantly made of high purity gold with a composition of partly or wholly identical to that of the technically outstanding items. Apparently, the high social status was not so demanding on the workmanship, rather the quality of the processed gold.
Na poli nedaleko Zdislavi (okr. Chrudim) byla nalezena úzká raně středověká sekera, kterou je možno zařadit do Poulíkova druhého typu. Těžiště výskytu tohoto typu seker leží v moravském prostoru, odkud se patrně šíří do okolních zemí. Sekery nejsou příliš chronologicky citlivé, vyskytují se v širokém období od 8. do počátku 10. století. Ojedinělý nález-raný středověk-středohradištní období-sekera-východní Čechy
In a field not far from Zdislav (Chrudim District), a narrow early medieval axe was found which could be classified as Poulík's second type. This axe type most frequently occurred in Moravian territory, from where it probably spread to other regions. These axes are chronologically not very sensitive, they occurred during a broad period from the 8th up to the early 10th centuries. Isolated find-Early Middle Ages-Middle Hillfort period-axe-Eastern Bohemia
In this article presented a unique Byzantine gold pectoral cross pendant from the Avar-Age archaeological site called Makó-Mikócsa halom, located in Maros Valley, Southeastern Hungary (Csongrád County).
The adult (23–35 aged) woman wearing the cross founded in Makó was buried according to pagan rites, with grave goods (earrings with large spherical pendant, tube-shape ended cast bronz bracelets, necklase assembled from three pressed silver disk-shaped pendant and thin bronze tubelets) and sacrificial animals. Based on our in situ observations the woman had worn the gold cross in her neck, among beads. The cross was not a symbol of her affiliation with the Christian community, but was probably worn as an amulet.
The pectoral cross belongs to the type of hollow sheet metal crosses with widening arms that were wide-spread primarily in the Eastern Mediterranean. Based on the hollow body of the cross this was originally probably reliquary cross. The representatives of the types are known mostly from the Balkan Peninsula. The few exemplars attested in the southwestern part of the Crimea.
To date the cross we used the known chronological position of the other finds from the grave. Based on these, the grave can be dated to the beginning or the first decades of the 7th century. The radiocarbon date measured from the human remains in the grave confirms this. At the same time, the use-wear traces and damages on the cross indicate that it had been in use for a long period before it was buried in the grave. Thus, it had most probably been manufactured in the 6th century. Based on the analogies it was probably manufactured in one of the workshops of the Byzantine Empire in the Balkans.
In his contribution, the author strives to evaluate in detail the significance of the archaeological heritage of the early mediaeval cemetery at the Bagruša site near the village of Petoševci near Banja Luka in the Bosnian part of Posavina. Our understanding of this site offers new chronological determinants for both the analysed clan cemetery in rows and also establishing the start of the formation and manifestation of the Bijelo Brdo culture on the southern margins of the central Danube region. In this paper, an interweaving of several cultural circles can be identified.
Mittelalterliche Schwerter und Sabel in Siebenburgen und im Banat
Data from De administrando imperio covers Hungarian conquest, right after
their arrival to the Carpathian plain and to the territories they settled. In
order to describe the area of their inhabitance, author used well known facts
and clear geographical marks. Territory defined in that manner encompassed
modern Vojvodina, so an opinion was brought out in scientific literature that
it was also included in the area of early Hungarian inhabitance. However, it
appeares that in those speculations the archaeological data were not
adequatelly used, so it is important to give more precise insight into the
available archaeological material that can be tied to the earliest presence
of Hungarian population in Vojvodina. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike
Srbije, br. 177012: Društvo, duhovno-materijalna kultura i komunikacije u
praistoriji i ranoj istoriji Balkana i br. 177021: Procesi urbanizacije i
razvoja srednjovekovnog društva]
Portable handheld X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (pXRF) is very effective and widely used technique for chemical analysis in field of archaeometry. The most advantageous feature of this technique is the possibility of analysing objects, artefacts on the spot without any sample-taking. In this study raw materials of 31 buckles from 7th century AD made of various kinds of bronze and silver alloys were analyzed to check similarities or differences between these objects via chemical analysis. Concentration ratios and distributions of alloying (Cu, Sn, Pb, Ag) and minor elements (Sb, Bi, Zn, Au) in material of bronze artifacts may have useful information suggesting important data about provenance and technology. Our recent study 27 bronze and 4 silver buckles were analyzed by pXRF and the results were used in statistical evaluation in order to get closer to provenance of raw materials and alloying technologies.
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