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Trust in Signs
... Another hypothesis we put forward is that the perception of agency in an interaction partner predicts trust towards them. This idea is rooted in the fact that trust hinges on evaluating an individual's capacity to reciprocate, which, in turn, relies on assessing their ability to plan and take action 34,35 . These two hypotheses make sense, bearing in mind that people are most concerned with the experience of those who are recipients of kindness or harm (referred to as moral "patients"), but most concerned with the agency of those who perform acts of kindness or harm (referred to as moral "agents"). ...
As robots become increasingly integrated into social economic interactions, it becomes crucial to understand how people perceive a robot’s mind. It has been argued that minds are perceived along two dimensions: experience, i.e., the ability to feel, and agency, i.e., the ability to act and take responsibility for one’s actions. However, the influence of these perceived dimensions on human–machine interactions, particularly those involving altruism and trust, remains unknown. We hypothesize that the perception of experience influences altruism, while the perception of agency influences trust. To test these hypotheses, we pair participants with bot partners in a dictator game (to measure altruism) and a trust game (to measure trust) while varying the bots’ perceived experience and agency, either by manipulating the degree to which the bot resembles humans, or by manipulating the description of the bots’ ability to feel and exercise self-control. The results demonstrate that the money transferred in the dictator game is influenced by the perceived experience, while the money transferred in the trust game is influenced by the perceived agency, thereby confirming our hypotheses. More broadly, our findings support the specificity of the mind hypothesis: Perceptions of different dimensions of the mind lead to different kinds of social behavior.
... Neuroeconomics uses mainly brain-imaging techniques, in particular functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to bypass the weakness of self-reporting and observe the brain activity that underlies particular consumer behavior. The fMRI scanner generates a strong static magnetic field and can reveal changes in blood flow when a participant is lying inside a large chamber, allowing researchers to study neural activity in the human brain almost in real time (Ashby, 2011;Suomala, 2018b). Therefore, it is no wonder that fMRI has grown to become the dominant measurement technique in cognitive neuroscience and neuroeconomics (Ruff and Huettel, 2014). ...
Experimental setups that probe consumers’ underlying feelings, purchase intentions, and choices. The Topic Editors are honoured to present 14 multidisciplinary contributions that focus on successful implementations of physiological and neuroscientific measures in the field of cognitive psychology, marketing, design, and psychiatry.
Keywords: preference formation, neuroscience, physiology, evaluative processing, consumer behavior
An emerging issue in AI alignment is the use of artificial intelligence (AI) by public authorities, and specifically the integration of algorithmic decision-making (ADM) into core state functions. In this context, the alignment of AI with the values related to the notions of trust and trustworthiness constitutes a particularly sensitive problem from a theoretical, empirical, and normative perspective. In this paper, we offer an interdisciplinary overview of the scholarship on trust in sociology, political science, and computer science anchored in artificial intelligence. On this basis, we argue that only a coherent and comprehensive interdisciplinary approach making sense of the different properties attributed to trust and trustworthiness can convey a proper understanding of complex watchful trust dynamics in a socio-technical context. Ensuring the trustworthiness of AI-Governance ultimately requires an understanding of how to combine trust-related values while addressing machines, humans and institutions at the same time. We offer a road-map of the steps that could be taken to address the challenges identified.
Forensic science deals with material traces of criminal activities and the attempts made to evade or delay detection. Detection avoidance behaviours require regular reappraisal in light of technological innovations, novel criminal cases, and theoretical and legal advancements. Apparent detection avoidant and concealment behaviours are contextualised within their established theoretical frameworks, particularly in the study of decision-making. It does so through the examination of the assassination of Khashoggi in 2018. Discussions go beyond the established explanations of detection avoidance by revealing attitudes towards material evidence, which cannot be explained adequately through RCT and 'forensic awareness' alone. Recognising detection avoidance strategies have obvious implications for forensic intelligence and as new perspectives emerge, it offers potentially valuable insights for those investigating human rights violations.
Why does interpersonal violence erupt? A key source is conflict over resources and a little-studied mechanism for solving such cases concerns the availability of credible information about individuals’ abilities and willingness to use force. Its core prediction is that when such credible information abounds, the outcome of a potential struggle can be anticipated and thus there is no need to fight. I test this prediction using a nationally representative survey of male prisoners (Ninmates = 10,768, Nfacilities = 207) incarcerated in US state correctional facilities. I also make two methodologically orientated contributions. First, recent research highlights the important consequences that data analysis choices can have in determining quantitative findings. To overcome this, I draw on multiverse analysis and specification curve analysis to map out the key analytical decisions I make and run 262,144 plausible regression models. By doing so, I classify associations that are robust, mixed, or entirely frail according to analytic decisions and find partial support for the informational mechanism of interpersonal violence. Second, in contrast to much quantitative prison research, which uses only official or institutionally punished assaults data, I compare self-recognized fights to self-reported institutionally punished fights and highlight key differences.
Migration and ethnic diversity are said to hamper the cultivation of social trust, as native citizens may hesitate to trust ethnic out-groups and racial minorities. This article examines trust discrimination against ethno-racial minorities in everyday interactions. In a field intervention, cyclists were approached with a request for help that required them to leave their bicycles alone for a short time. I experimentally manipulated the presence and the ethnic background of a bystander positioned close to the spot where the cyclists left their bikes behind and operationalized trust as the decision to leave the bike unlocked and unattended. I found that cyclists showed significantly less trust in the presence of ethno-racial minorities compared to natives. Furthermore, trust in the wild depends on the stakes involved, as measured by the value of the bike, and one’s vulnerability to trust betrayal, as indicated by the physical stature of the cyclists. By examining a real-life indicator of trust in inter-ethnic encounters, this study advances our knowledge of the ethnic boundaries of social trust and forms of covert discrimination in anonymous and multi-ethnic societies.
This introduction chapter provides context and background to the concept of trace in social sciences, also presenting an overview of key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this volume. Information that was not meant to be informative and evidence that did not expect to possess evidential character, traces are construed as evidence only from the vantage point of the observer, inadvertently left behind by those who produced the trace in the first place (indeed, awareness might change footprints and make them fade out). Conceived as clues rather than statements, traces prove to be useful for studying current social facts and individuals who have not yet vanished. This holds to be true especially in our contemporary platform society, due to its datafication processes and the ensuing quantification of features never quantified before; digital footprints determine the selection of the most relevant content or services to offer, creating accordingly personalized feedback. Thus, individual and collective online behavior leading to traces production is shaped by digital environments’ affordances and constraints; at the same time, such socio-technically situated traces retroact over digital systems (by fueling algorithms and predictive models), thus reinforcing, or questioning, the power relations at stake. Conclusively, a brief remark is made on future research possibilities associated with the sociology of traces.
Objectives
Despite renewed research interest in prison social organization, little is known about how relationships that constitute the prison social system develop and change. The current study aims to understand the processes that link friendship and power within a prison unit over time.Method
We examine longitudinal data on friendship and attributions of power collected from 274 residents in a Pennsylvania medium-security prison unit. We use a stochastic actor-oriented model to evaluate selection mechanisms that influence these relations and ascertain their temporal association.ResultsWe find different mechanisms responsible for friendship selections and power attributions. Friendships are primarily driven by attribute-based mechanisms, while power attributions are driven by network-based properties. Nevertheless, these two facets of social structure are interdependent, with friendships operating as building blocks for the development of power hierarchy in prison.Conclusion
By conceptualizing social structure as a multidimensional, fluid entity, we identify the unique roles that power and friendship relations play in recreating the prison social system. We maintain that understanding social structure in prison settings can provide insight into institutional adjustments and post-release expectations.
This paper presents a theory of change that articulates (a) proposed strategies for building trust among implementation stakeholders and (b) the theoretical linkages between trusting relationships and implementation outcomes. The theory of change describes how trusting relationships cultivate increases in motivation, capability, and opportunity for supporting implementation among implementation stakeholders, with implications for commitment and resilience for sustained implementation, and ultimately, positive implementation outcomes. Recommendations related to the measurement of key constructs in the theory of change are provided. The paper highlights how the development of a testable causal model on trusting relationships and implementation outcomes can provide a bridge between implementation research and implementation practice.
whether we necessarily need more cooperation, keeping, for the moment, the distinction between cooperation and trust blurred and their relationship implicit. According to the trite observation - Adam Smith wrote - if there is any society among robbers and murderers, they must at least abstain from robbing and murdering one another (Smith [1759] 1976: 86; see also Saint Augustine in Dunn, this volume). This trite observation serves a double purpose: it reminds us that basic forms of cooperation...
this article, when I will conclude that trust is based on reputation and that reputation has ultimately to be acquired through behaviour over time in well-understood circumstances, it will be seen that none of these distinctions, between actions and message transmission, between legal contracts and implicit understandings, is of any analytical moment for the problem at hand. It is important to realize that when Sam Goldwyn remarked that a verbal contract is not worth the paper it is written on, he was only half right, and that all that is interesting in the concept of trust lies precisely in that half which was wrong