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The child-rearing values of Asian and British parents and young people: An inter-ethnic and inter-generational comparison in the evaluation of Kohn's 13 qualities
British Journal of Social Psychology
Abstract
As part of a larger survey concerned with attitudes and experiences of two generations of Asian-British and of native white British, respondents were asked to rate the three most desirable of Kohn's (1969) 13 values in child rearing. Sampling in urban areas with large Asian populations provided a total sample of relatively homogeneous socio-economic status; thus, the class comparisons which informed Kohn's original thesis were less relevant. Comparisons were made on the basis of generation and of ethnicity. It was found that Asians value conformity more and self-direction less than the British, and that this difference is considerably more pronounced in the older than in the younger generation. Extent of traditionalism in family processes was related to evaluations. For Asian young people only, extent of assimilation with British life was related to evaluation made.
... In a continuation of this study at a later date Stopes-Roe and Cochrane (1990) asked the two generations of Asians and IWB to rate the three most desirable of Kohn's (1969) 13 values in child-rearing. These values are categorised into two groups, conformity and self direction. ...
... Decisions are made jointly, with older members having the greater influence over the extended family. Stopes-Roe and Cochrane (1990) Some do this from their social security payments and live very frugally themselves. ...
... As a member of the family group the child is expected to share everything with others, the emphasis being on 'We' rather than on T or 'Mine'. This was evident in the Stopes-Roe and Cochrane (1990) Other problems faced by members of the family according to Henley are the loneliness and separation from close community support. One health visitor described such a family in this study who happened to be housed apart from the main Bangladeshi community. ...
The study focused on the child-rearing practices of mothers from three different cultural groups in one urban community and on the role of health visitors as perceived by these mothers and the area health visitors. Universal factors affecting child-rearing practices were identified in the cross cultural literature on child-rearing. Three major determinants of practice emerged; economic survival, family cohesion and cultural transmission. These variables were confirmed in this study. Child rearing in the UK this century is revealed in the literature as the province of appointed 'experts'. These have emerged from such disciplines as religion, medicine, psychology and education. The current model for professional practice in child health care is empowerment of parents. The concepts of 'expert' and empowerment are both examined. Questionnaires established the professional and personal background of the area health visitors, their perceptions of how different client groups prioritised their child-rearing problems and sources of information seen as pertinent to their practice. In-depth interviews were carried out with ten of these health visitors. They focused on the role of health visitors and attitudes and beliefs in relation to client groups and their child-rearing problems. Focused interviews were also carried out in the same city with thirty five mothers with young children who were from Italian, Bangladeshi or indigenous white families. The topics of the interview were taken from the current popular child-rearing literature as being the child-rearing subjects of most interest to mothers. There were differences across the groups of mothers on preparedness for motherhood. Some mothers were seen as having unrealistic expectations of themselves and of their children, regarding some behaviour of their babies as problems. Others were more accepting of changes in their life brought by motherhood and saw their child's behaviour as being consistent with babyhood. Confidence and consistency in child-rearing practices appeared to be strongly related to family cohesion and the support given by the family. Child rearing practices were also seen to be influenced by the socio-economic status of the family, and in some instances, enduring cultural values. The health visitors perceived their roles as therapeutic, educational, empowering and as themselves as experts in child-health. These perceptions differed from those of the mothers. The concept of empowerment appeared not fully understood by the health visitors nor was it exercised equally for all mothers.
... Additional key components that underlie the formation and representation of ethnic or national identity are values (Liebkind 1992;Phinney 1996;Weinreich 1988). Significant differences in value orientations across a diversity of cultures have been found (Fink et al. 2004;Homer 1993;Schwartz and Bilsky 1990;Smith et al. 2002;Stopes-Roe and Cochrane 1990;Triandis et al. 1990). For example, Smith and colleagues (2002) examined the relation between different cultural values (using Hofstede and Schwartz's value measures and also the Trompenaars databank of values 2 ) and sources of guidance (e.g. ...
... In another line of cross-cultural research on values, Stopes-Roe and Cochrane (1990) found that Asian participants rated conformity values higher and selfdirection values lower than did British participants. Triandis and his colleagues (1990) found significant differences in values between participants with individualist orientation as compared to participants with collectivist orientation. ...
... As outlined earlier, the findings of cross-cultural research yield systematic differences in value priorities according to cultural orientation (e.g. Gardner et al. 1999;Stopes-Roe and Cochrane 1990). Combining these findings with the perspective of multiple value systems, we predicted that in a sample of first and second generation Asian-Canadians, participants would rank-order their values according to whichever national or ethnic identity was salient to them. ...
When we ask ourselves the question 'Who am I?', we usually utilize various self-descriptions through which we defined ourselves in the past. Those self-definitions may depend on group memberships, roles and social categories such as culture or religion. We were interested in the question of whether people with dual national identities associate distinct national value systems with each of those identities. In particular, we had focused on first and second generation Asian-Canadians and tested the hypothesis that distinct value systems are linked to each of one's two national identities. Participants of South-East and East Asian origin or descent completed Schwartz's (1992) value survey, once as Asians and once as Canadians. The participants revealed discrepancies in how they ranked the value types when instructed to do so as Canadians and as Asians. Specifically, the value types of universalism, self-direction, hedonism and stimulation were rated as significantly more important when participants were responding as Canadians, and the value types of conformity and tradition were rated significantly higher when the same participants were responding as Asians. These results are consistent with the results of other research that compares separate samples in Asia and in the West. But, the present research is fairly unusual in its examination and demonstration of separate value systems within individuals who have two national identities. The implications of having separate value systems associated with each of one's national identities for the interplay between self-identification and culture and for value theory are discussed.
... The immediate family is a dominant concern for most Asian Indians (Sinha, 1969;Mandelbaum, 1970), that is perpetuated by collectivist values of duty and obedience. This suggests that the cultural values displayed by Asian Indians may also be evident in Indians living in Britain (Stopes-Roe and Cochrane, 1990;Lindridge, 2005;Lindridge and Dhillon, 2005;Lindridge and Hogg, 2006). For example, in their study of UK automobile brands, Pankhania et al (2007) found that differences in cultural values of British Indians and British Whites translated into different levels of importance being placed on the attributes of brands, and different overall brand perceptions being formed. ...
... The findings suggest strong similarities in how the immediate family influences the consumer behaviour of the Indians studied. The MLM scores for 'Immediate family values' of Indians living in Britain were significantly similar to Asian Indians, conforming to expectations about the impact of collectivist cultural values and supporting previous research findings concerning the importance of family for Asian Indians (Sinha, 1969;Mandelbaum, 1970) and for Indians living in Britain (Brah, 1978;Ballard, 1979;Wakil et al, 1981;Stopes-Roe and Cochrane, 1990). The importance of the family was also evident within the consumer decision-making process itself, although varying degrees of family involvement were found. ...
... Other findings relate to expectations of conformity for family members, especially children, (Segal, 1991) and less emphasis on self-direction (Stopes-Roe & Cochrane, 1990). ...
... A number of studies that looked at pattems in families of Indian origin emphasized differences in values around childrearing. Segal (1991) found expectations of conformity placed on children and Stopes-Roe and Cochrane (1990) found less emphasis on self-direction. ...
This study compares the perception of adult daughters' relationship with their mothers across the European American, Asian Indian American, and Mexican American cultures, using intergenerational, feminist object relations and attachment theories. Three dimensions were used to measure the relationships: closeness, reliability, and collectivism. Each dimension was measured using two instruments: the AAS and the MAD. The latter was developed to be sensitive to cultural differences and includes a new variable called trust in hierarchy. This variable represents positive beliefs about, and an acceptance of hierarchy in intergenerational relationships. The participants were 91 women from the three ethnic groups. Cross-cultural differences in the adult daughter-mother relationship were found, with the Asian Indian American group scoring higher than the European American group on many variables. Scores for the Mexican American group tended to fall between those of the other two groups.
... Singh (1987), for example, found that mothers valued obedient, socially well-adjusted, and conforming characteristics, while they least valued characteristics such as a willingness to take risks, asking questions, and independence of judgement. Similarly, findings by Kohn (1977) and Stopes-Roe and Cochrane (1990) indicated that, regardless of culture of socioeconomic status, parents valued more highly those qualities in children which reflected conformity more than self-directed behaviour in children. ...
... In other words, they were more predisposed towards creative than conforming personality characteristics. This represents a departure from previous research findings (Raina, 1975;Raina et al., 1980;Singh, 1987;Stopes-Roe & Cochrane, 1990;Torrance, 1965). This may be accounted for by changing values and the cultural context. ...
This two-part study examined aspects of family environments that are considered to be influential in the development of young children's creativity. Mothers of children ages 4 to 6 years were surveyed on their valuing of particular personality characteristics (The Ideal Child Checklist) and specific features of the home environment (The Creative Environment Scale). The majority of mothers were found to be providing environments that are considered nurturing of creativity, and valued personality characteristics important to creativity. A subsample of mothers who participated in the first phase of the study responded to a second questionnaire to identify their parenting style. Parenting style was categorized from the responses to two scales measuring maturity demands and parental control strategies. Authoritarian mothers were less likely to provide a home environment that nurtured creativity. (Contains 29 references.) (Author/EV)
... Jain (1997) reported that the more westernised an Indian father became, the more likely he was to be involved with childcare. The division of labour in the domestic setting appears to be a prevailing feature of Indian and Asian households (Stopes- Roe and Cochrane, 1990). In another British study, Shah (1997) writes of 'parenting' as being the domain of Asian mothers. ...
While there is an enormous range of psychological and social research into fathering, and some considerable attention paid to the possible influences upon child development of father absence, there is a paucity of research on many aspects of black fathering. Chapter 1 reviews this literature before specifying the particular aims of this dissertation which is devoted to addressing this imbalance, by collecting fathering and child development information from a number of multi-racial British samples. Chapter 2 presents an overview of the epistemological considerations. The core chapters of the thesis report on four empirical studies involving distinct samples. Chapter 3 reports on the first pilot study that aimed to ratify the procedure and materials for obtaining information from teachers and children on family functioning in father-resident and father-non-resident families. This first study revealed that participants who reported a closer relationship with their fathers (whether resident or not) achieved higher scores on the measure for intellectual skills. At the same time, there was some evidence according to child reports that non-resident fathers were less involved in their children's lives. This first Pilot Study suggested possible moderating influences upon the potentially harmful effect on children of having a non-resident father. Namely, the role of the extended family is explored. Subsequent Studies reported in this thesis further explore these same issues in relation to children's self-esteem, intellectual, emotional and social development (Chapter 4) and, in a second Pilot Study (Pilot Study Two), fathers' reports of the activities that (mainly black) resident and non-resident fathers engage in support of their children (Chapter 5). Finally, Chapter 6 returns to children's reports of parenting activities that their fathers engage in, their reported relationships with their parents, and the influence of this on their psychological development and academic achievement. The concluding chapters summarise the findings, drawing special attention to the need for further research on fathering, race and ethnicity from the child's perspective. The current series of Studies suggest that children's own experiences of parenting in conjunction with careful attention to race and ethnicity and the incidence and meaning of non-resident fathering, are likely and important influences upon diverse aspects of child development.
... Η μεγαλύτερη ανεξαρτησία των παιδιών που προωθείται σε πιο ατομικιστικές κουλτούρες (Stopes-Roe and Cochrane, 1990Tamis-LeMonda et al., 2002 εκφράζεται, μεταξύ άλλων, στις πρακτικές οικογενειακής διαχείρισης με μειωμένη γονική επιτήρηση. Τα χαμηλότερα ποσοστά αυστηρής γονικής επιτήρησης στη Μεγάλη Βρετανία και Σουηδία συμφωνούν με αποτελέσματα συγκριτικών μελετών. ...
The article examines the family modelsand parental supervision in three Europeancountries; Great Britain, Sweden and Greece.The results show (secondary data from the 1999ESPAD study) that in Greece traditional familymodels and high levels of parental supervisionof adolescents are signifi cantly more prevalentthan in Great Britain and Sweden. It is suggestedthat cultural (individualism, collectivism) andsocio-political (Welfare State) differences,between these three European countries, mayhave an impact on the formation of the familymodels and teenagers’ parental supervision.
... 5 Culture also plays important role -Asians value conformity more and self-direction less than the British, and that this difference was considerably more pronounced in the older than in the younger generation as per study by Stopes-Roe et al. (1990). 6 Brown and Iyenga(2008) in a study of student achievement and parental style found behavioral control and psychological control to be two inherent features of parental style that have a direct affect on student achievement. Adolescents' perceived level of independence when interacting with their parents also seemed to have a direct relationship on their academic achievement. ...
Background: Child rearing practices influence child adolescent behavior. Aims and objectives: To test if parental views about child rearing over 10 years change Material and Method: Parents of children studying in grade 1 to 4 in a primary school were surveyed with a 25 item child rearing questionnaire anonymously in 2001 and 2011. Analysis: Responses of the parents at the two points were compared with x2 test using Epi info online. Results: On most of the items the parental view about child rearing did not change much. Fewer parents said that we should not give respect to child as he is younger in age. While significantly more parents favored that as children grow up, we should give them more independence. Implication: Views on child rearing do not change spontaneously; interventions for more adaptive parenting are needed.
... Although both samples value child self-independence, Japanese parents worry about risks of leaving home for children (Itoh and Taylor, 1981) Cultural tradition is proposed to account for sample differences. Another study using Kohn's measures shows that Asian parents value conformity over self-direction much more than British parents and the cultural gap is more pronounced among older cohorts (Stopes Roe and Cochrane, 1990). It was again contended that cultural tradition from the original family, instead of class or socio-economic status, plays a more significant role in forming the conformist attitudes. ...
This paper examines intergenerational value transmission between Taiwanese parents and their teenage children. Childrearing values, revised from the Kohn's scale with cultural concerns considered, are used to test the expected relationship. An attempt is also made to test the Western work socialization hypothesis in shaping parental childrearing values in Taiwan. The assumption of the dynamic process of parental values-parental behavior-children value is further delineated by comparing the relative importance between structural (i.e. parent's occupation, education) as well as contextual effects (e.g. family relation, family structure). Data are taken from a survey study conducted in 2000. 2750 9th graders and one of their parents in northern Taiwan were interviewed. Results indicate that there is an intergenerational transmission regarding childrearing values between parents and their teenagers in Taiwan. Not only identical four factors are found (conformity, curiosity, interpersonal harmony and self-constraint) for both parent's and children's samples, parent's specific value is shown to be the most significant factor accounting for children's corresponding childrearing value. Regarding the structural versus contextual effects, family relation is more important in explaining teenager's value orientation. Parent's work experience does not achieve the expected strong effect as reported in the West. But for mothers and teenagers alike, mothers engaged in blue-collar work or as housewives tend to result in a devalue of curiosity, a direct contrast with the highly educated parents. In general, the proposed model explains better for parent's own childrearing values and is more evident for mother's sample.
... Regarding family life, there are cultural differences in child-rearing practices that might bring conflict between mixed nationality couples. 8 Moreover, lack of support from relatives and friends who live outside of Japan or the community is a serious problem, and non-Japanese people tend to feel isolated. If couples maintain a good relationship, this factor has limited influence. ...
The psychological problems of non-Japanese people are becoming more outstanding, in accordance with the increase of foreign nationals in Japan. Five illustrative cases of English-speaking patients were analyzed, from the viewpoint of psychosomatic medicine. The most common psychiatric disorders were adjustment disorders, because of the cultural differences and language barriers.
In recent years the topic of acculturation has evolved from a relatively minor research area to one of the most researched subjects in the field of cross-cultural psychology. This edited handbook compiles and systemizes the current state of the art by exploring the broad international scope of acculturation. A collection of the world's leading experts in the field review the various contexts for acculturation, the central theories, the groups and individuals undergoing acculturation (immigrants, refugees, indigenous people, expatriates, students and tourists) and discuss how current knowledge can be applied to make both the process and its outcome more manageable and profitable. Building on the theoretical and methodological framework of cross-cultural psychology, the authors focus specifically on the issues that arise when people from one culture move to another culture and the reciprocal adjustments, tensions and benefits involved.
In recent years the topic of acculturation has evolved from a relatively minor research area to one of the most researched subjects in the field of cross-cultural psychology. This edited handbook compiles and systemizes the current state of the art by exploring the broad international scope of acculturation. A collection of the world's leading experts in the field review the various contexts for acculturation, the central theories, the groups and individuals undergoing acculturation (immigrants, refugees, indigenous people, expatriates, students and tourists) and discuss how current knowledge can be applied to make both the process and its outcome more manageable and profitable. Building on the theoretical and methodological framework of cross-cultural psychology, the authors focus specifically on the issues that arise when people from one culture move to another culture and the reciprocal adjustments, tensions and benefits involved.
This title was first published in 2000: The first book to examine stress in doctors' families in the United Kingdom, this book outlines the results of both qualitative and quantitative research data and a thorough literature review of stress in the medical profession. It has been organised in five chapters beginning with medical students, junior doctors and consultants' stress. Chapter two focuses on specific problems experienced by general practitioners. The content of the third chapter outlines the experiences of women doctors and their family lives. In chapter four overseas doctors, their spouses and their children talk about their experiences which are characterised by cultural diversities. Chapter five focuses on the experiences of non-doctor spouses and children's point of view. The final chapter reviews issues raised by the doctors, their spouses and their children. Approaches to the problems of different groups are suggested and some individual and organisational stress management strategies are outlined. This book is aimed at medical students, hospital doctors and their spouses, general practitioners and their spouses, other health care professionals and students in medicine, social sciences and allied health professions. It will also be of value to counsellors helping doctors and their families suffering from emotional problems.
The only text of its kind, this Fourth Edition continues to provide a practical how-to guide to normal childhood development and behavior. In addition to exploring the normal stages of development, this informative text discusses the many familial and societal issues that can influence a child's behavior, such as terrorism and disasters, preschool choices, bullying, and divorce. Organized according to the child's age, it takes readers from the neonatal visit and newborn exam all the way through the late adolescent years. Additional topics include ADHD and learning disabilities, autism and other disorders of communication, and reactions to stress. Clinical examples illustrate development and behavior. Presents a user-friendly, comprehensive course in normal development. Provides Observational, Interview, and Examination points for each age. Arranges developmental concept chapters according to the child's age, with more attention given to younger children when much of their development occurs. Offers many resources available to parents, including many found on the Internet. Addresses the mandated training requirements and fulfills Residency Requirements on normal childhood development. . Incorporates children's art throughout, for use in clinical practice. Discusses the hottest topics, including gender differences throughout development * childhood depression * childrens responses to terrorism and disasters * preschool choices * divorce * and the effects of violence in a context of care and anticipatory guidance. Presents a "Heads Up" section in each chapter, alerting clinicians to certain behaviors that may be present. Offers case vignettes throughout each chapter to allow readers to better recognize and manage similar cases encountered in practice. Includes data gathering sections at the end of each chapter that demonstrate how to apply information in clinical settings by using age-appropriate interview techniques and activities. Addresses a wide range of cultural issues in practice in a cross-cultural chapter.
In this paper I reflect on a recent phenomenon in contemporary Portugal inside the recent migration flows: the "marriage as immigration gate", here called "marrying the passport". This is a migratory form whose actors recognize as an informal economical activity. At the same time this migratory practice is considered illegal and treated like a criminal matter in police procedure. I propose here a different perception of this practice that will allow us to argument on how the migratory context is a visible place for the complexity of the concept of "informality" and how the crystallized cultural "forms" may produce the marginalization of the actors that present "different" practices.
Does our cultural background influence the way we think and feel about ourselves and others? Does our culture affect how we choose our partners, how we define intelligence and abnormality and how we bring up our children? Psychologists have long pondered the relationship between culture and a range of psychological attributes. Cultural Issues In Psychology is an all round student guide to the key studies, theories and controversies which seek to explore human behaviour in a global context. The book explores key controversies in global psychology, such as: Culture: what does it mean and how has it been researched? Relativism and universalism: are they compatible approaches in global research? Ethnocentrism: is psychological research dominated by a few regions of the world? Indigenous psychologies: what are the diverse research traditions from around the world? Research methods and perspectives: how can we compare and contrast cross-cultural psychology and cultural psychology? The book also includes detailed examinations of global research into mainstream areas of psychology, such as social, cognitive and developmental psychology, as well as abnormal psychology. With insightful classroom activities and helpful pedagogical features, this detailed, yet accessibly written book gives introductory-level psychology students access to a concise review of key research, issues, controversies and diverse approaches in the area of culture and psychology.
Twenty-four British Sikh wives of men with identified alcohol problems, plus ten of their husbands and seven of their daughters, were interviewed using a semistructured procedure that focused upon the ways in which wives and daughters had attempted to cope with their husbands'/fathers’ excessive drinking. In addition each completed the Coping Questionnaire (CQ) which has the same focus (husbands were instructed to indicate ways in which their wives had coped). Interview data were analyzed according to the grounded theory approach, and a model was constructed depicting the ways in which wives and daughters accommodated over time to the drinking problem. The general pattern was for inactive resignation (approved of by husbands/fathers), replaced by a phase during which wives and daughters stood up to their husbands/fathers in various ways (disapproved of), followed by active resignation and partial independence (also disapproved of). Despite the success that the women had achieved in being active in the face of men's excessive drinking, there remained a commitment on the part of wives to continue to care domestically for their husbands (and a similar commitment on the part of daughters to support their mothers); and CQ scores showed wives to have higher engaged and tolerant coping scores than a comparison sample of white British wives. The results have implications for service providers—for example, in recognizing the oversimplicity of some stereotypes about how Sikh women cope with their menfolk's drinking.
How is culture manifested in the consumer behaviour of ethnic minorities? This article addresses this question using three ethnic groups: Indians living in Britain (people who are descended from or are migrants from India), British Whites and Asian Indians. The cross-cultural study assesses the extent to which Indians living in Britain draw upon Asian Indian and British White cultural values in the purchase of a brown good (any non-kitchen-based electrical product, such as a television). The sample used in the quantitative study includes respondents from each of these three groups. Adopting this design enables a clear view of how British White and Asian Indian culture values influence the consumer behaviour of Indians living in Britain. The article finds the consumer decision-making process of Indians living in Britain to have similarities with, and be influenced by, the cultural values of both Asian Indians and British Whites. The results suggest that cultural adaptation has occurred, the implications of which are explored.
Historically, women in India have been experiencing domestic violence in various forms throughout their lives, irrespective of caste, class, religion, and region. The objective of this study is to gain a deep and thorough understanding of the causes and concerns relating to domestic violence in rural Indian sociocultural context. It also tries to understand the type of support the female partners get while coping with intimate partner violence through phenomenological principles. The purposive sample consisted of 15 rural Indian women. The results showed four main themes: (1) causes of domestic violence, (2) impact on health, (3) support received, and (4) dilemma of abused women. During the study the women came up with various causes leading to domestic violence that affected their physical and mental health. They also narrated the limited support they received in terms of protection from their family and/or neighbors, highlighting their dilemma and helplessness in the rural Indian cultural context. This study also attempts to show some insights on what Hindu religion says about women.
This study sought to create an in-depth understanding of the experiences of being an involuntary childless couple from the social and personal points of view through qualitative research. The study used an essentially phenomenological methodology. Fifteen participants were recruited through purposive and snowball method. Data were collected via an open-ended narrative inviting the informants to focus on the experiences of being childless and were analyzed thematically. The issue of personal context emerged as a key theme in understanding perceptions of the respondents. Another important theme was that from the social context. This study has tried to explore the emotional sufferings faced by childless couples in the Indian context. Findings of this study suggest that prevalence of the social culture largely influences the psychosocial state of childless couples and hence coping strategies adopted by them are largely influenced by the prevailing culture.
La migration des Asiatiques du Sud d’un pays à un autre devient de plus en plus commune. Ce mouvement soulève les enjeux post migratoires qui affectent la seconde génération des Asiatiques du Sud, qui doivent négocier une socialisation assez conflictuelle entre les deux générations, en s’adaptant aux valeurs, aux croyances, aux attitudes et pratiques : ceci avec tous ceux qui sont à l’extérieur du pays. Un autre défi qui s’impose à cette seconde génération d’Asiatiques du Sud est la négociation et la formation de relations hétérosexuelles de genres croisés. Se basant sur l’analyse qualitative, spécifiquement pour des entrevues approfondies avec les Asiatiques du Sud de la seconde génération—chrétiens, musulmans et hindous dans la grande région du centre Toronto, le présent travail examine comment les chevauchements entre sexes, ethnies et religions influencent les perceptions et les expériences des participants dans leurs relations intimes croisées avec d’autres genres. Les résultats montrent qu’il existe des variations au sein de chaque source d’identité et d’acceptation ainsi que les expériences des relations intimes croisées avec d’autres genres qui dépendent de la façon dont les identités se chevauchent et interagissent.
Caregiving to elderly parents, in India, is primarily provided by adult children. This study aims at understanding the issues and
concerns relating to elderly parental caregiving in the contemporary Indian sociocultural context. Qualitative methods have
been used in this study to collect the data based on phenomenological principles. Data for this study was collected through
in-depth interviews with 15 couples who were recruited through purposive and snowball method. Finding of the study
highlighted five main themes: (a) The emotional bonding; (b) Implications on caregiver; (c) Impact on finance; (d) Who takes
the responsibility and (e) Being a daughter. This study has tried to highlight that in India, being a collectivist nation, there are various aspects relating to elderly parental caregiving which affect the caregiver in different ways in the sociocultural context.
This article is an account of the development of the Mother-Adult Daughter Questionnaire (MAD) to measure adult daughters' per- ceptions of their relationship with their mothers in a culturally sensi- tive manner. The MAD was administered to 91 women from three ethnic groups (Asian Indian American, Mexican American, and Eu- ropean American) to establish validity. The instrument contains 18 items and three subscales: Connectedness, Interdependence, and Trust in Hierarchy. Trust in Hierarchy is a newly developed cultur- ally sensitive construct. Items for subscales were constructed using cross-cultural and mother-daughter literature and were refined after an initial pilot study. Subscale reliability (alpha) ranged from .86 to .92. Findings indicate that the MAD has promise as a reliable and valid measure of the mother-daughter relationship across cultures.
Different forms of social support as affecting psychological health were studied on a sample of 71 unemployed British Asian men in the north of England. Social support was measured in respect of five different forms of help from others. Measures were also obtained of psychological distress, financial strain, employment commitment and unemployment stigma. Family support and specifically support immediately after loss of job were found to have positive effects on unemployed men's psychological health. The findings are discussed along the lines of existing empirical evidence and the need to examine longitudinally the impact of social support on the psychological well-being of other ethnic minority groups is emphasized.
This paper presents an up-to-date review of the field. One of the main findings to emerge from a literature survey on the identity of Asian young people concerns the saliency of ethnicity. Ethnicity seems to be rooted in religion and language, which in many instances is only symbolic in nature, ie the young people are not always practising their religion, nor are they learning to read and write their ancestral language (see Modood et al., 1994). The emergence of ethnicity is instead largely attributed to two factors: in-group belongingness on the one hand, and the experience of racism on the other. Furthermore, it emerges that ethnic identity develops as does the ego-identity, and that Marcia's model, as adapted by Phinney (1996a, b), is conceptually sound and a pragmatic procedure to understand ethnicity and its associations with the family of other concepts. Thirdly, it appears that a majority of the young people are learning to be bicultural and bilingual (at a spoken level) and are developing ‘hyphenated’ identities. At the one end of the assimilation- separation continuum, are a very few Hindu young people, who are likely to seek assimilation to the British way of life, while at the other end are the Pakistanis and Bangladeshis who are prone to emphasise their distinctive Muslim identity and to seek merely a form of accommodation with their host culture. The majority of young people of Indian background (including those who migrated from East Africa) are pursuing a ‘middle way’ of integration between the two cultures.
Examines how the unique aspects of Asian Indian culture may differentially impinge on mental health issues such as acculturation, rates of psychopathology, and manifestation of psychiatric symptoms. The ramifications of these factors for the construction of community mental health models for these groups are also addressed. Therapy with Asian Indians should be geared toward achieving a balance between the individualistic demands of Western culture and the interdependence of the Asian Indian family. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Uniqueness has positive connotations of freedom and independence in American culture, whereas conformity has positive connotations of connectedness and harmony in East Asian culture. The present research examined how these cultural values and individual preferences for uniqueness and conformity influence each other. In Studies 1 and 2, East Asian and European American preferences for uniqueness were measured using abstract figures. In Study 3, the choice of pens by East Asians and European Americans was examined as a function of whether the pen appeared unique. In Study 4, Korean and American magazine ads were analyzed with a focus on themes of conformity and uniqueness. In all studies, East Asians preferred targets that represented conformity, whereas European Americans preferred targets that represented uniqueness. The results highlight the relationship between individual preference and the adoption and perpetuation of cultural values. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
There is increasing emphasis internationally on the use of parenting programmes to support the development of appropriate social behaviour in children. However, in such programmes diversity is often ignored. Research into the parenting styles and practices (dimensions) of different ethnic groups is needed in order to investigate the applicability of universal programmes, to guide their design and implementation in the future. Thirty-four British Pakistani and 34 British White mothers of primary aged children, comprising equal numbers of males and females, completed English or Urdu versions of the Parental Dimensions Inventory—Short Version (PDI-S), (Power, Int. J. Behav. Dev. 67: 302–313) and a child behavioural screening instrument, the SDQ (Goodman, J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry38: 581–586).
More similarities than differences between the parenting dimensions of Pakistani and White mothers were found overall. However, compared with White mothers, Pakistani mothers reported more ‘following through on discipline’ as well as ‘reminding’ as a disciplinary action. Further, Pakistani mothers reported following through on discipline more with boys than White mothers did and the more they reported inconsistent parenting, the more their children reportedly had behaviour problems. It is concluded that while these findings provide some support for the cross-cultural applicability of generic parenting programmes, programme efficacy studies are also needed. Copyright
Previous research has established that individuals from collectivistic cultures tend to conform more than their counterparts from individualistic cultures do [Bond, R., & Smith, P.B. (1996). Culture and conformity: A meta-analysis of studies using Asch’s (1952b, 1956) line judgment task. Psychological Bulletin 119(1) 111–137]. However, there is presently a dearth of research exploring the degree to which this kind of cross-cultural difference is also present in computer-mediated communication (CMC) contexts where group members are never met face-to-face (f-t-f). A normative social influence paradigm of line-length judgment (based on Asch [Asch, S.E., (1955). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American 193(5) 31–35]) was employed to investigate the effects of communication medium (f-t-f against CMC) and culture (participants from individualistic cultures against those from collectivist cultures). A communication type × culture interaction was found, in which the expected cultural differences were demonstrated only in the face-to-face conditions, being absent in computer-mediated conditions.
This study investigates the relationship between social class, child-rearing practices (CRPs) and futuristic aspirations of middle class families in India. Life goals provide an understanding, both of an individual and of a particular section of society. The changing socio-economic and political structure of a society results in changes in the life goals of its members. Futuristic orientations of each family member were assessed using a Hindi adaptation of the California Life Goal Evaluation Schedule, and child-rearing practices using a child-rearing practices schedule. There were no significant differences in the mean scores on life goals between fathers, mothers, sons and daughters. The factor structure revealed no differences in emphasis placed by each family member. However, the resultant futuristic orientations of children are significantly influenced by the differential handling of parents and the socio-economic status of the family. The results are discussed in light of the recent socio-economic changes taking place in India.
This paper addresses previous calls for research to investigate the relationship between acculturation, consumption, and religion. Specifically, this paper argues that previous research investigating these relationships amongst ethnic minorities may have deliberately ignored religious differences for convenience. This paper investigates Indians living in Britain, drawn from India’s three main religions: Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism. Using an ethno-consumerist framework, we interviewed sixteen, second-generation Indian women living in Britain, who were matched in terms of their acculturation, socio-economic backgrounds, and level of religiosity. The data analysis showed subtle but important divergences between the religions, with Hindu participants’ religion having little influence on their consumption, whilst Sikh participants consumed products that affirmed an ethnic rather than religious identity. In contrast, Muslim participants consumed products that they felt rejected their Indian cultural identity and affirmed their British and Muslim identities. A number of marketing findings and limitations are presented.
Our primary goal is to capture glimpses of “the imagined … multiple worlds” of young adult women in post-modern ethnic families, households and society. Drawing on a dialogical model of acculturation and diasporic identity, we show how young South Asian women in Britain use multiple identities across a variety of cultural settings to negotiate and navigate cultural and consumer behavioural borders. Using an ethno-consumerist framework for our research design, we provide a more nuanced understanding of the intersections between ethnicity, identity, self and consumption in families and peer friendship groups. These interactions reflect the individual’s co-existence and identity maintenance in two cultures.
Purpose
– Religion's influence in consumer research remains under‐researched. This paper aims to explore religiosity's effect on culture and consumption by comparing Indians living in Britain, with Asian Indians and British Whites. The paper is relevant to both academics and practitioners who wish to understand the role of religion's influence regarding culturally determined consumer behaviours.
Design/methodology/approach
– A questionnaire measuring family, self‐identity, materialism, possessions as status symbols and reference groups was administrated in London and Mumbai. Religiosity was measured by religious institution attendance and the importance of religion in daily life. A total of 415 questionnaires were submitted to factor analysis, identifying six factors. These factors were then submitted to Multinomial Logistical Regression (MLR), with the two religiosity themes used as influencing variables on the factors.
Findings
– The analysis indicated that Indians living in Britain and British Whites sample groups were culturally less group‐ and consumption‐oriented than Asian Indians. Declining levels of religiosity produced mixed results for Indians living in Britain, when compared to Asian Indians, indicating that: attendance at a religious institution is not akin to viewing religion as an important aspect of daily life, a diversity of religiosity determined consumer behaviours across the Indian sample groups, and religion is an acculturation agent. The research, however, is limited owing to the small sample group and the need to maintain cross‐cultural methodologies.
Originality/value
– Marketing practitioners should recognise the importance of religion in culture in Eastern cultures, while in Western cultures they should focus on the centrality and the need to use consumption to maintain the individual's sense of individuality.
It has been suggested that Hindu tradition is relatively tolerant of suicide, while Islamic tradition has consistently regarded suicide as a very grave sin. This study sought to examine the possible impact of religious-cultural tradition by examining suicide-related beliefs and reported behaviour in non-clinical samples of young Hindus (n=40) and Muslims (n=60) living in the UK. Participants completed a short demographic questionnaire, the Reasons for Living Inventory, and the measures of suicide thoughts, plans and behaviour. The Hindus endorsed moral, total and (marginally) survival-and-coping reasons for living less strongly than did the Muslims. Women endorsed family-related, fear of suicide and (marginally) total reasons for living less strongly than did men. There were no noteworthy between-group differences with respect to suicide thoughts, plans or behaviour. Causal inferences are not possible, but the results are consistent with the suggestions that scriptural differences between Hinduism and Islam in attitudes to suicide may be responsible for some of the differences detected in this study.
Summary The issues arising from implementing an early intervention service, developed in the rural United States in the late 1960s in a range of different cultural contexts over a period of a quarter of a century, are explained. Services from India, Bangladesh, Jamaica and the United Kingdom are compared.
As well as considering cross-cultural aspects of Portage, variability within one country, the United Kingdom, is considered by comparing one service in an inner-city area and one in a rural area.
The study assessed the impact of intergenerational differences of opinion over child rearing on the mental health of Muslim mothers living in extended families.
The study adopted a correlational design in an attempt to identify factors that accounted for mental health problems.
The child-rearing attitudes of mothers and grandmothers, mothers' mental health, levels of family acculturation and a range of other background and demographic information was collected from 54 extended families living in two Muslim communities in London using Urdu versions of standard questionnaires.
Rates of depression and anxiety among the mothers in the study were high. Grandmothers had more traditional attitudes to child rearing than did mothers. Intergenerational discrepancy over child rearing was more marked in more acculturated families. Discrepancy was associated with higher levels of mothers' anxiety and depression.
The unusually high levels of depression and anxiety displayed by Muslim mothers living in extended families can in part be accounted for by patterns of intergenerational discrepancy. These possibly reflect discordant world views within those families that have been assimilated into the dominant British culture.
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