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The Mathematical Theory of Communication
... H′=−∑(pi⋅ln(pi)) (Shannon, 1949) [10] where: ▪ pi is the proportion of each species relative to the total number of species (assuming each species is equally represented). ...
... H′=−∑(pi⋅ln(pi)) (Shannon, 1949) [10] where: ▪ pi is the proportion of each species relative to the total number of species (assuming each species is equally represented). ...
A comprehensive field appraisal on plant diversity within the N.C. Autonomous College campus, Jajpur, was conducted from 2022 to October 2024. This study aimed to capture the full scope of phytodiversity across the campus, documenting the various plant species and assessing their diversity and distribution. The study identified a total of 83 plant species, belonging to 79 genera and 43 families, representing the richness of flora across different life forms, including herbs, shrubs, trees and climbers. The diversity analyses revealed a Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H') of 4.418, indicating high species diversity within the study area. The Simpson's Diversity Index (D) was calculated as 0.988, suggesting low dominance by any single species, which aligns with a highly diverse ecosystem. Furthermore, Pielou's Evenness Index (J') was 1.0, demonstrating an even distribution of species across the campus. Life form analysis showed that herbs comprised the largest portion of the flora at 54%, followed by trees at 24%, shrubs at 19% and climbers at 3%. These findings highlight the ecological value of the campus's plant life, supporting conservation and serving as a valuable educational resource. This high diversity, even distribution, and presence of varied plant forms underscore the importance of preserving such phytodiversity for ecological balance, aesthetic value and future research opportunities.
... The phenotype frequency distribution of the characters was measured for all samples. The phenotype diversity index for each qualitative character was determined using the Shannon-Weaver diversity index with the formula described by Shannon and Weaver (1949) as follows: H' = [-∑ pi*LnPi]/Ln(n), where H' = Shannon-Weaver diversity index, Pi = Frequency of each phenotypic class i th of a given character, n = Number of phenotypic classes of each character. The value of H' was ranged from 0 to 1. ...
... It reaches a maximum value of 1 when all the phenotypic classes present in equal frequencies. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index was classified as low (0.00-0.33), intermediate (0.34-0.66), and high (0.67-1.00) (Shannon and Weaver 1949). ...
... While good syntax can assist the reading of a text by being rule-consistent, it tells us nothing about what the text tells us. Likewise, Information Theory was never about meaning but rather the probability that a message would be sent (Shannon and Weaver, 1949) [8]. ...
... While good syntax can assist the reading of a text by being rule-consistent, it tells us nothing about what the text tells us. Likewise, Information Theory was never about meaning but rather the probability that a message would be sent (Shannon and Weaver, 1949) [8]. ...
This paper examines the use of algorithms and non-algorithmic models in mathematics and science, especially in biology, during the past century by summarizing the gradual development of a conceptual rationale for non-algorithmic models in biology. First, beginning a century ago, mathematicians found it impossible to constrain mathematics in an algorithmic straitjacket via öö’s Incompleteness Theorems, so how would it be possible in biology? By the 1930s, biology was resolutely imitating classical physics, with biologists enforcing a reductionist agenda to expunge function, purpose, teleology, and vitalism from biology. Interestingly, physicists and mathematicians often understood better than biologists that mathematical representations of living systems required different approaches than those of dead matter. Nicolas Rashevsky, the Father of Mathematical Biology, and Robert Rosen, his student, pointed out that the complex systems of life cannot be reduced to machines or mechanisms as per the Newtonian paradigm. Robert Rosen concluded that living systems are not amenable to algorithmic models that are primarily syntactical. Life requires semantics for its description. Rashevsky and Rosen pioneered Relational Biology, initially using Graph Theory to model living systems. Later, Rosen created a metabolic–repair model (M, R)-system using Category Theory to encode the basic entailments of life itself. Although reductionism still dominates in current biology, several subsequent authors have built upon the Rashevsky–Rosen intellectual foundation and have explained, extended, and explored its ramifications. Algorithmic formulations have become increasingly inadequate for investigating and modeling living systems. Biology is shifting from a science of simple systems to complex ones. This transition will only be successful once mathematics fully depicts what it means to be alive. This paper is a call to mathematicians from biologists asking for help in doing this.
... associated with the state |ψ⟩. Following Shannon [48] we also define the reduced probability in the subsystem A by summing over B: ...
... It was already found by Shannon [48] that this quantity is always positive or zero. Upper bounds can also be found by reducing ρ A to the diagonal part ρ X A [49,50]. ...
The von Neumann entanglement entropy provides important information regarding critical points and continuum limits for analog simulators such as arrays of Rydberg atoms. The easily accessible mutual information associated with the bitstring probabilities of complementary subsets A and B of one-dimensional quantum chains, provide reasonably sharp lower bounds on the corresponding bipartite von Neumann quantum entanglement entropy . Here, we show that these bounds can in most cases be improved by removing the bitstrings with a probability lower than some value and renormalizing the remaining probabilities (filtering). Surprisingly, in some cases, as we increase the filtered mutual information tends to plateaus at values very close to over some range of . We discuss the dependence on the size of the system, the lattice spacing, and the bipartition of the system. These observations were found for ladders of Rydberg atoms using numerical methods. We also compare with analog simulations involving Rubidium atoms performed remotely with the Aquila device.
... This remains unknown, as here, we did not approach any cognitive tests and could only show that the signals themselves can be reliably classified to a sender independently of high frequency filtering, and way over the likely effective distance. This should be considered in the frame of information content and transfer, and not meaning (Weaver's Levels A and B of communication problems [54]). That is, we cannot and do not intend to suggest to what level do little auks actually decode those transmitted signals and attribute them to individuals they know and recognise. ...
How well does the information contained in vocal signals travel through the environment? To assess the efficiency of information transfer in little auk ( Alle alle , an Arctic seabird) calls over distance, we selected two of the social call types with the highest potential for individuality coding. Using available recordings of known individuals, we calculated the apparent source levels, with apparent maximum peak sound pressure level (ASPL) of 63 dB re 20 μPa at 1 m for both call types. Further, we created a sound attenuation model using meteorological data collected in the vicinity of the little auk colony in Hornsund, Spitsbergen. Using this model, we modelled the calls to reflect higher frequency filtering and sound level loss occurring during spherical spreading in perfect local conditions, down to the putative hearing threshold of the species, calculated to equal ASPL of signals “propagated” to roughly one kilometre. Those modelled calls were then used in a permuted discriminant function analysis, support vector machine models, and linear models of Beecher’s information statistic, to investigate whether transmission loss will affect the retention of individual information of the signal. Calls could be correctly classified to individuals above chance level independently of the distance, down to and over the putative physiological hearing threshold. Interestingly, the information capacity of the signal did not decrease with its filtering and attenuation. While this study touches on signal properties purely and cannot provide evidence of the actual use by the animals, it shows that little auk signals can theoretically travel long distances with negligible information loss, and supports the hypothesis that vocalisations could facilitate long-distance communication in the species.
... This step is important to calculate alpha diversity index "faith_pd" (Faith, 1992) with "qiime diversity alpha-phylogenetic" plotted as rarefaction curves. Additionally, we calculated observed features as well as the Shannon index (Shannon & Weaver, 1949). Statistical analyses for alpha diversity were done using "qiime diversity alpha-group-significance" script in QIIME2, which uses a non-parametric t-test with Monte Carlo permutations (Bolyen et al., 2019). ...
Background
Understanding the dynamics of the gut microbiota in sea urchins is crucial for comprehending the ecological balance in marine ecosystems. The gut microbiota plays a vital role in nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and pathogen protection. The microbial composition and dynamics of naturally occurring sea urchin Tripneustes ventricosus have yet to be thoroughly investigated. We hypothesized the gut microbiota of T. ventricosus in the Caribbean, varies across life stages and seasons.
Methods
Thirty-six naturally occurring large individuals and six small individuals (42 animals) were collected from shallow waters on the northeastern coast of Puerto Rico in February and August of 2019. The fecal pellet’s microbiota was characterized by sequencing V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene.
Results
We found significant differences in the composition of fecal pellet microbiota between seasons and life stages. Phylum Bacteroidota had greater relative abundance in August, while Firmicutes was more dominant in February. Propionigenium and Roseimarinus had greater relative abundance in August, while Candidatus Hepatoplasma, and Kistimonas had greater relative abundance in February. Differences in the gut digest microbiota were not found between small and large urchins, but small urchins displayed a slightly higher diversity and dominance of Bacteroidota and Proteobacteria, while large urchins exhibited a greater relative abundance of Fusobacteria and Desulfobacterota. However, the genera Ferrominas and Propionigenium counts were significantly lower in small individuals.
Discussion
This is the first report for this species in the Caribbean region and adds to our comprehension of the microbiota of the white sea urchin across collection periods and size classes, highlighting the dynamic nature of the gut microbiota.
... The idea of information entropy originates from the concept of entropy in physics, which aims to describe the disorder of physical systems. It was introduced by Shannon [37] (see also [38]), where the first measure of uncertainty of the random variable-commonly known as the Shannon entropy-was proposed. Before we define the Shannon entropy, we will introduce some additional notations. ...
The primary objective of our study is to analyze how the nature of explanatory variables influences the values and behavior of impurity measures, including the Shannon, Rényi, Tsallis, Sharma–Mittal, Sharma–Taneja, and Kapur entropies. Our analysis aims to use these measures in the interactive learning of decision trees, particularly in the tie-breaking situations where an expert needs to make a decision. We simulate the values of explanatory variables from various probability distributions in order to consider a wide range of variability and properties. These probability distributions include the normal, Cauchy, uniform, exponential, and two beta distributions. This research assumes that the values of the binary responses are generated from the logistic regression model. All of the six mentioned probability distributions of the explanatory variables are presented in the same graphical format. The first two graphs depict histograms of the explanatory variables values and their corresponding probabilities generated by a particular model. The remaining graphs present distinct impurity measures with different parameters. In order to examine and discuss the behavior of the obtained results, we conduct a sensitivity analysis of the algorithms with regard to the entropy parameter values. We also demonstrate how certain explanatory variables affect the process of interactive tree learning.
... The statistical level was set to P < 0.05. The evenness Index, Shannon's diversity index, and species richness were determined by the number of individuals per mL of the examined and counted samples (Shannon and Weaver 1949;Sihombing et al. 2017). Table 2 shows the water quality parameters at sampling points A, B, and C differed, indicating that the three sampling points had varying environmental conditions. ...
Othman F, Yuslan A, Suhaimi H, Azani N, Kamal AHM, Sah ASRMD, Rasdi NW. 2024. Plankton distribution, abundance, diversity, and its potential in the tropical man-made lakes of Kenyir and Temenggor in Peninsular Malaysia. Biodiversitas 25: 3342-3358. Kenyir and Temenggor Lakes, the largest artificial lakes in Malaysia, are the focus of this study due to their unique ecological characteristics and the limited information available. The study aimed to determine the diversity and abundance of plankton in various habitat ecosystems along Kenyir Lake and Temenggor Lake. The selection of three distinct sampling points, namely sampling point A (coastal zone), sampling point B (lotic zone), and sampling point C (lentic zone), was a strategic decision to ensure a comprehensive representation of the diverse habitat conditions. Samples were collected horizontally using a 30-micrometer-sized plankton net. At Kenyir Lake, thirty-two phytoplankton species were recorded, the major division of phytoplankton, with two hundred twenty-eight individuals belonging to Charophyta (43.75%). For zooplankton, Arthropoda (83.3%) was the highest recorded. At Temenggor Lake, thirty-one species of phytoplankton were recorded. The major division with one hundred sixty-five individuals belonging to Charophyta (32.3%). For zooplankton, the major division with two hundred forty-two individuals belonging to Arthropoda (82.4%). The Shannon diversity index, evenness, and species richness measurements revealed a range of index values due to variation in plankton species due to interaction and habitat conditions. The variation in planktonic abundance in Kenyir Lake and Temenggor Lake was attributed to their habitat preferences due to the freshwater lake's ecosystem's different zones and conditions.
... In a secondary succession we observe a similar trend toward a syntropy state. After a natural or anthropogenic disturbance, f.i., the community is subjected to species disassembly: new species move from the surrounding areas to colonize the soil provoking an entropy increase well described by Shannon diversity index (Shannon & Weaver, 1949), as measurement of the entropy (Fig. 5: De Lillis and Testi, 1992). ...
The authors present a thermodynamic outlook of some significant processes and phenomena in plant evolution and ecology. The same approach is attempted to exhibit the main steps starting from the vegetation science to the ecosystem studies.
Aim is not to write a usual article, but to propose a re-reading of methods and results in the vegetation research field offering a new point of discussion, in which changes in the entropy of systems are displayed in plants such as in human world.
According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, inanimate matter tends toward a continuous increasing of randomness and the accompanying spreading out of energy. The Living State appears to move in the opposite direction, generating ordered structures with low entropy and high negentropy/ syntropy. At morpho-physiologic level the leaf represents the most specialized organ to capture sun energetic clean source making the photosynthesis the process through which the negentropy trend is recognizable. Syntropic structures and functions are also generated at the community and ecosystem level. Interestingly in studying ecosystem complexity, the ecoindicators application is comparable to a mind process which reduces “entropy” of the traditional vegetation analysis integrating it in a more suitable and efficient-syntropic- way.
... A quantificação da heterogeneidade florística e a avaliação comparativa das áreas estudadas foi calculada pelo Índice de Diversidade de Shannon-Wiener (H') (1964) [44], Índice de Equabilidade de Pielou (J') (1966) [45], e pelo Coeficiente de Similaridade de Jaccard (1996) [46]. As análises dos parâmetros fitossociológicos e índices ecológicos foram tabulados e calculados no programa Microsoft Excel 2019. ...
Este trabalho descreve a composição florística-fitossociológica do componente lenhoso em um fragmento urbano de Caatinga com áreas em diferentes níveis de intervenção antrópica. Foram amostrados indivíduos com Circunferência a Altura da Base ≥ 9 cm e altura total ≥ 100 cm, presentes em 10 parcelas de 100 m². Avaliaram-se os parâmetros fitossociológicos e os índices de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener, equabilidade de Pielou e similaridade de Jaccard. Os resultados evidenciaram as famílias Fabaceae e Euphorbiaceae como as mais representativas em números de espécies e indivíduos. As espécies Mimosa tenuiflora e Croton blanchetianus mostraram-se mais importantes para a área I. A área II apresentou a espécie Cenostigma nordestinum como de maior valor de importância. Os índices de diversidade registrados foram de 2,34 nats.ind-1 para a primeira área e 2,30 nats.ind-1 para a segunda. Observou-se um estágio inicial de sucessão ecológica para a área I e mais avançado para a área II.
... Keanekaragaman jenis gastropoda menggunakan perhitungan statistik berdasarkan indeks Diversitas (keanekaragaman) Shannon-Weaver dengan rumus (Shannon & Weaver, 1949 ...
This research was conducted to determine the condition of the river ecosystem based on the Gastropod diversity index value. The research was conducted at two stations. The data collection method is simple random sampling. Data analysis used the Shannon – Weaver diversity index (H'). The research results obtained five Gastropod species, namely Pila ampulacea., Pomacea canaliculata, Sulcospira testudinaria, Lymnaea rubiginosa, and Indoplanornis exustus. The highest number of gastropods was found at Station A, consisting of four species and four families. The species most commonly found at station A is Pila ampulacea. and the least numerous species is Lymnaea rubiginosa. Station B consists of five species and five families. There are two species most commonly found, namely Filopaludina sp. and Indoplanorbis exustus while the least frequently found species was Sulcospira testudinaria. The diversity index is at station A and B is classified as medium. The index value shows that river conditions can be said to be quite stable. Indoplanorbis exustus was found at station B, so further research is needed regarding this snail as a vector of parasites and what impact it will have. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kondisi ekosistem Sungai berdasarkan nilai indeks keanekaragaman Gastropoda. Penelitian dilakukan pada dua stasiun. Metode pengumpulan data yaitu random sampling sederhana. Analisis data menggunakan indeks keanekaragaman Shannon – Weaver (H’). Hasil penelitian diperoleh lima spesies Gastropoda yaitu Pila ampulacea., Pomacea canaliculata, Sulcospira testudinaria, Lymnaea rubiginosa, dan Indoplanornis exustus. Jumlah gastropoda paling banyak ditemukan di Stasiun A yang terdiri dari empat spesies dan empat famili. Spesies yang paling banyak ditemukan di stasiun A adalah Pila ampulacea. dan spesies yang paling sedikit adalah Lymnaea rubiginosa. Stasiun B terdiri dari lima spesies dan lima famili. Spesies yang paling banyak ditemukan ada dua jenis yaitu Pila ampulacea dan Indoplanorbis exustus sedangkan spesies yang paling sedikit ditemukan adalah Sulcospira testudinaria. Indeks keanekaragaman pada stasiun A dan B tergolong sedang. Nilai indeks menunjukkan kondisi sungai dapat dikatakan cukup stabil. Indoplanorbis exustus ditemukan di stasiun B, sehingga perlu penelitian lanjutan mengenai siput ini sebagai vektor parasite jenis apa dan dampak yang akan ditimbulkan.
... Community parameters, i.e., frequency, density, TBA, and the Importance Value Index (IVI), were determined using the methodology described by Cottam & Curtis (1956). The Shannon-Wiener diversity Index (H ̅ ) was computed following Shannon and Weaver (1963) and the Simpson Dominance Index (Cd), as per Simpson (1949). Species evenness, as per Pielou (1966), was calculated for each forest type to know the complete structure of the forest. ...
This study investigates the intricate dynamics of vegetation composition and ecosystem services in temperate forests, focusing on the influence of elevation, forest types, and anthropogenic pressures on vegetation composition across different strata in moist temperate forests of Chamoli District, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. Spanning an altitudinal range of 1500-3000 m asl. Species richness varied from 5 to 33 across forest types, with Shannon and Simpson diversity indices ranging from 1.38-2.81 and 0.69-0.93 for trees, 1.54-3.98 and 0.71-0.90 for shrubs, and 2.23-3.43 and 0.88-0.96 for herbs, respectively. Mixed broad-leaved forest (FT5) had the highest tree density (1450 ind ha⁻¹), while mainly Quercus semecarpifolia forest (FT10) recorded the largest basal area (116.36 m² ha⁻¹). Local communities depend on these forests for fuelwood, fodder, non-timber forest products (NTFPs), and medicinal plants. However, widespread anthropogenic disturbances, including lopping and stump extraction, were observed, with an average disturbance index of 10.60%. Mixed broad-leaved forest (FT4) experienced the highest disturbance (18.18%), while Quercus floribunda forest (FT9) had the lowest (6.45%). Lopping intensity was highest (29.73%) in Mixed Quercus leucotrichophora forest (FT1) and lowest (7.28%) in Mainly Abies pindrow forest (FT7). The findings highlight significant biodiversity in the region, but also substantial anthropogenic pressure, especially near settlements. The study emphasizes the urgent need for targeted conservation measures and sustainable management strategies to balance community reliance on forest resources with the preservation of forest health and ecosystem services.
... According to Taheri, samples exposed to TCFs receive information and consequently exhibit behavior that differs from that of the control (Taheri et al., 2022b). One of the first models of information theory is the communication model introduced by Shannon and Weaver (1949). The communication theory assumes that before receiving some information the system is in a physical state characterized by maximum uncertainty and maximum entropy. ...
T-Consciousness Fields (TCFs) with non-material and non-energetic entities have been introduced by Taheri. The influence of TCFs can be investigated through laboratory experiments. In this study, two separate works were conducted to evaluate the effects of TCFs on the in vitro maturation of mouse oocytes (IVM), mitochondrial membrane potential and embryo development through in vitro fertilization (IVF). In the first experiment, after 24 hours, the maturation of oocytes either in the presence or absence of TCFs was observed using an inverted microscope and the mitochondrial membrane potential of MII oocytes was estimated through JC-1-aggregate fluorescence intensity. In the second experiment, the effects of TCFs on the rate of fertilization and 2PN zygotes and the grades of embryos were evaluated. The results showed that the maturation of oocytes under TCFs treatment increased by an average of 33% compared to the control (p-value<0.05), and the MII oocytes had a higher mitochondrial membrane potential under the influence of TCF1 (p-value<0.05) and TCF3 (p-value<0.01), suggesting their better efficiency. Moreover, TCFs increased the probability of 2PN zygotes by about 12% compared to the control (p-value=0.0090). Furthermore, TCFs-treated samples exhibited a notable 45% reduction in grade BC (p-value<0.05). Additionally, the percentage of grades A and B of oocytes was more than two times (p-value <0.05) higher than the control. In conclusion, these results provide preliminary evidence of the positive effects of TCFs treatment on fertilization and pave the way for further research in this area.
... The diversity indices of various community types were determined using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′), which takes into consideration both species richness and evenness and is unaffected by sample size.The formula below was utilized to calculate the evenness and Shannon-Wiener diversity index [21]. ...
Background
Ethiopia's varied geography, from the Simien Mountains to the Great Rift Valley, creates unique microclimates that support an incredible range of plant species. However, forests are declining due to the expansion of farmlands, settlements and overgrazing. Therefore, there is a need for extensive assessments to inventory woody species composition, structure and regeneration status of the Alka forest.
Methods
A reconnaissance survey was carried out in February 2021 to obtain a general understanding of the research area and vegetation. The vegetation sampling was carried out via a systematic sampling technique. A total of 40 main plots, each measuring 20 m × 20 m and spaced 100 m apart, were placed along the marked transects at 50 m intervals to collect vegetation data. Five 2 m × 2 m subplots were laid out to collect vegetation data on the seedlings and saplings. Trees and shrubs with a DBH greater than 2.5 cm at breast height or 1.3 m above ground were measured via diameter tape in each plot, and their heights were recorded. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed by using R statistical software version 3.4.0 to sort vegetation into vegetation community types.
Results
A total of 48 woody species within 37 families were identified. Among the total number of species, four were found to be endemic to Ethiopia. Fabaceae was the dominant family, followed by Asteraceae. Four types of plant communities were investigated in the Alka forest. Moreover, the densities of woody plant species for mature individuals, saplings and seedlings were 2556.875, 1633.125 and 1641.25 stem/ ha-1 respectively.This implies that the forest is categorized under fair regeneration status. Juniperus procera had the highest IVI value (24.24), followed by Hagenia abyssinica (12.073).
Conclusion
The findings showed that the forest contain considerable numbers of woody plant composition in addition to endemic plant life. Families represented by only one species will be extinct from this forest if thorough conservation measures are not implemented. Through the government's "green legacy initiative," people will be encouraged to plant native tree species to lessen the number of natural forests in in situ conservation methods, and further investigations are needed to evaluate the soil seed bank in the Alka forest.
... Ecological measures of diversity used to describe structure of AMF community in selected sites include spore density (SD), species richness (SR), isolation frequency (IF) and relative abundance (RA) (Beena et al., 2000), Shannon diversity index, evenness (Shannon and Weaver, 1949) and Simpson's diversity index (Simpson, 1951) and Sorenson's coefficient ( Table 2). Spore density reflected the biomass of AMF species (genus) to some extent. ...
... First, vegetal community structure was characterized by calculating species abundance and species richness. The Shannon-Wiener index [27] of species diversity (H'), dominance (D), Pielou equitability (J), evenness (e H /S), and Margalef index (M) were also calculated at each site according to formulas in Table 1 using PAST 3.24 [28]. A distinction was made between native and exotic species, and an anthropic indicator (Ia) was generated (adapted from Nápoles) [29] to indicate the ratio of native-to-exotic species, where 1 indicates completely native vegetation and 0 indicates completely exotic vegetation. ...
The loss of native forests in Argentina has been a concern, driven by factors such as agriculture expansion and urbanization. Therefore, understanding the conservation status of sampled populations and their adaptation to different plant communities is essential. This research focused on the heterogeneity analysis of the associated woody and semi-woody vegetation to Hexachlamys edulis (O. Berg) Kausel and D. Legrand, a species commonly known as “ubajay” in Entre Ríos, Argentina. The study aimed to record the species present in the populations, explore plant communities associated with H. edulis, identify other potentially useful agroforestry species, compare locations based on the similarity of accompanying species, and explain the conservation status of each population. Results revealed a total of 71 species belonging to 39 families. The Myrtaceae family was the most relevant, particularly in terms of native species representation. The analysis of biodiversity indicators, including richness, the Shannon index, and dominance revealed variations among the studied sites. The anthropic indicator highlighted the impact of human activity, with Concordia showing a higher ratio of native-to-exotic species. Cluster analysis and ordination techniques revealed groupings of censuses from the same localities, indicating differences in vegetation composition between sites. Significant differences in species composition were found among the sampled populations. Overall, the study can serve as baseline information for future research on the dynamics of vegetation in these areas and on the studied H. edulis species. Finally, these findings contribute to understanding how wild species like H. edulis adapt to different plant communities, which might be valuable for developing new agroecological approaches or identifying potential companion planting species in future agricultural systems.
... To understand the structural characteristics of forest communities based on altitude and disturbance types, species richness (S) and species diversity (H ) [39] were calculated. Subsequently, maximum species diversity (Hmax ), species evenness (J ), and species domi- nance (1 − J ) [40] were determined, and the results were averaged based on altitudes and disturbance types. ...
This study assessed vegetation recovery at Jeongseon Alpine Stadium, Mt. Gariwang, 5 years after the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics to aid in restoration planning. A total of 50 quadrats were surveyed across undisturbed areas, forest edges, and damaged areas at different altitudes. Species occurrences were recorded using a tabulation method to identify characteristic and differential species based on disturbance type. Importance value analysis showed that tree layers were present only in undisturbed areas at all altitudes, while shade-intolerant species, such as Amur choke cherry (P. glandulifolia), had high importance in the subtree layer in low-altitude damaged areas and mid-altitude forest edges. Species diversity was higher in forest edges at medium and high altitudes, whereas control areas exhibited higher diversity at low altitudes. DCA ordination revealed distinct community groupings based on altitude and disturbance type, indicating community heterogeneity. The study found rapid vegetation recovery in damaged areas and forest edges, driven by shade-intolerant species. Restoration efforts should prioritize these species to support successful recovery.
... The typical analysis of case studies based on the REF methodology has been to identify pathways, beneficiaries, and effects of research in the reported cases, with a clear stance on excellence, not only in science but also in societal impact. This model for collecting and evaluating reported cases of societal impact is implicitly based on an understanding of societal impact that reminds of the so-called linear model of innovation (Godin 2006) or communication (Shannon and Weaver 1949). It thereby has a basic problem with being at odds with most empirical studies of the science-society interactions in our time and what more theoretically has been called Mode 2 in the interactive dynamics between science and contemporary societies (Gibbons et al. 1994). ...
Open access publishing has been the most prolific aspect of the transition towards open science. In this transition, increasingly national governments, national and international funding agencies, and institutional leadership have initiated policies to promote and stimulate the development to open access as the norm in scholarly publishing. However, this has not always led to the best outcomes.
... H=-∑ Pi ln Pi (Shannon and Weaver, 1949) where, H -diversity index, Pi is the relative abundance (s/N), s is the number of individuals of one species, N is the total number of individuals in the sample. ...
A thorough examination of fish diversity indices, gear efficiency, catch composition, and decline causes of fish diversity was carried out in the Feni River (Bangladesh). Monthly data collection took place from July to December 2023 at three stations of the river. A total of 8 fish species under 7 orders and 8 families were recorded. The order Perciformes was the most prevalent, representing 30% of the total. Approximately half of the identified species are classified as least concern, while the remaining 4 species are classified as Not Threatened (12.5%), Vulnerable (12.5%), Endangered (12.5%), and Critically Endangered (12.5%). The mean values of the Margalef’s richness (d), Pielou’s evenness (J), Simpson’s index (1-D), Shannon-Weaver diversity (H), and 0.973±0.002 were calculated as follows: 1.720±0.139, 0.699±0.112, and 0.248±0.034, respectively. Based on the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix, two groups were observed at a similarity of 58% within six months across the three sites. The chandi net and ghera net recorded the highest CPUE (kg gear-1day-1) at 5.93±0.966 and 0.53±0.041, respectively. The highest fish catch was recorded in July (2249 ± 668.71 kg), while the lowest was in October (1564 ± 465.05 kg). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the monthly fish catch. Fish biodiversity in the Feni River is declining day by day as a result of pollution, overfishing, the use of harmful gear, and a lack of optimal water and pollution. To improve and conserve fish species in the Feni River, it is strongly advised that appropriate fishery management techniques should be applied, that overfishing be closely monitored, and that fishermen be made more aware of their rights.
... UHF technique is widely used for localizing PD in systems due to its anti-interference capabilities. However, sampling UHF signals, which range from 300 MHz to 3 GHz, is challenging due to the Nyquist principle [3,4]. To overcome this, compression sensing techniques can detect and analyse UHF signals using lower sampling rates. ...
... R-Studio version 4.2.3 (R Core Team, 2020), the phyloseq 1.28.0 package (McMurdie & Holmes, 2014) and the qiime2r 0.99.6 package (Bisanz, 2018). Alpha-diversity (R-Studio version 4.2.3) was determined by the mean value from the ASV table with observed richness, Shannon diversity index (Shannon and Weaver, 1964) and Fisher diversity index (Fisher et al., 1943) after rarefaction. The significant differences were determined with the Wilcox test (Wilcoxon, 1945) and the Holm correction method (Holm, 1979) through 999 permutations. ...
Protists are an important part of the plant holobiome and influence plant growth and pathogenic pressure as consumers. Hordeum vulgare is one of the most economically important crops worldwide, and its yield depends on optimal environmental plant-growth conditions and pathogen defense. This study aimed to analyse the natural compositions of the cercozoan diversity, one of the most important and dominant protist phyla, of spring barley at different developmental stages, from different plant compartments over two years. Hordeum vulgare bulk soil samples were taken before seeding and after harvest on an organic farming field. Bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, roots and leaves were sampled at the flowering and ripening stages, and analysed with cercozoan-specific primers. Results showed a clear dominance of the families Sandonidae, Allapsidae, Cercomonadidae, Rhogostomidae and the order Glissomonadida in all sample types. Separated analyses of root, leaf and soil samples showed that members of the family Sandonidae were strongly enriched in leaf samples, while members of the Allapsidae family were enriched in the roots. No compositional differences were detected between the different plant developmental stages, except for the beta diversity of the leaf samples at the flowering and ripening stages. It can be concluded that the cercozoan diversity of spring barley is primarily affected by the plant compartment and not by the plant developmental stage. Further studies are needed to analyze the cercozoan community in greater taxonomic depth and to target their ecological function.
... It contains the number of zoos per country which are keeping mammals documented in Vietnam and the number of individuals per zoo. The mammal species diversity of each institution was illus-trated using the Shannon-Weaver Index (H = -Ʃp i log(b)p i ) (Shannon and Weaver 1994) computed with the R package vegan v2.6-4 (Oksanen et al. 2022), where p i is the proportion of species i, and the sum is over the total number of species. ...
Vietnam belongs to one of the most well-known global biodiversity hotspots. However, its biodiversity is being threatened by multiple factors such as rapid growth of the human population, habitat destruction, overexploitation, and climate change. To better prioritize conservation measures for Vietnam’s mammal fauna, this study attempts to identify the threat status, level of endemism, and protected area coverage for approximately 329 recognized taxa. In addition, ex situ conservation measures are investigated by analyzing zoo databases. Our results show that as many as 112 mammal species (~34%) in Vietnam are officially listed as threatened, 36 (~11%) are country endemics, and nine (~3%) are micro-endemic. Nearly all threatened species are currently covered by protected areas, except for two species of high conservation importance, i.e., the micro-endemic Murina harpioloides (Chiroptera) and the threatened Lepus sinensis (Lagomorpha). Our results also suggest that such areas as Hoang Lien Range, northeastern Vietnam, and the central and southern Annamite Mountains require more conservation attention, as they harbor a high number of endemic species. Analyses of the Zoological Information Management System reveal that roughly 60% (67 species) of threatened species are currently kept in zoos (ex situ) across the world, while none of the species listed as “Data Deficient” are currently represented in any ex situ program. Up to 66% of 89 species kept in zoos show a good number of breeding successes in the past 12 months. It is recommended that future conservation efforts focus on unprotected threatened mammals and on evaluating the threat status for “Data Deficient” species. Additionally, the existing protected area system's effectiveness should be improved by creating corridors to provide connectivity for highly mobile and widely distributed mammal species.
... It is made available under a preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in The copyright holder for this this version posted November 3, 2024. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.31.621254 doi: bioRxiv preprint (Pielou 1966), Faith's phylogenetic diversity (Faith 1992), and Shannon's diversity index (Shannon and Weaver 1949). As we were interested in examining difference in community composition on spatial and temporal levels, we also conducted beta diversity analyses using Bray-Curtis (Bray and Curtis ...
Context
Throughout semi-arid and arid Australia surface freshwater is rare, and where it does occur, it is often ephemeral. This is the case for freshwater granite rock-holes that occur throughout much of southern Australia. Rock-holes support freshwater invertebrate communities, however, the ongoing threat of climate change means that this ecosystem is likely to experience hydrological disruptions. Rock-holes are also likely to be heavily impacted by invasive vertebrates. However, the ecology of this ecosystem is poorly understood despite its relative ecological significance and the extent of its associated threats.
Aims and methods
To provide a baseline ecological understanding of this ecosystem we documented species richness and variability at a series of rock-holes in the Gawler bioregion in South Australia using an environmental DNA approach.
Key results
Metabarcoding recorded invertebrates from 22 orders and 45 families. Community composition varied among rock-holes and throughout the year, with a peak in species richness in winter.
Conclusions and implications
These findings demonstrate the importance of these ecosystems to a range of endemic taxa. We propose establishment of monitoring programs, development of custom barcode reference libraries for the rock-hole ecosystem and future research into the likely impacts of climate change on the communities associated with them.
... All the statistical analyses were performed using PAST version 4.03 software (Hammer et al. 2001). Based on the obtained data of the available species, Simpson's dominance index (Simpson 1949); Simpson's diversity index (Simpson 1949); Shannon and Weaver index (Shannon and Weaver 1949) and Evenness Index (Pielou 1966) were computed. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by least significant difference (LSD) tests was carried out to test spatial variations in species abundance and also in available substrata of the Chandipur coast, Odisha. ...
An attempt has been made from March 2023 to February 2024 to study the community composition and diversity of invertebrate macrofauna in the wide intertidal region of the Chandipur coast, Odisha, one of the less documented parts of the east coast of India. A total of 46 invertebrate species belonging to 5 phyla were observed. The most species-rich phylum was Mollusca (23), followed by Arthropoda (13), Cnidaria (5), Annelida (3), and Echinodermata (2). Relative abundance showed that 22 species (47.83%) were recedent, 12 species (26.09%) were subrecedent, and 6 species (13.04%) each were of subdominant and sporadic categories. Four functional feeding groups were identified, with carnivorous ranking first (34.78%), followed by filter feeders (32.61%), omnivorous (28.26%), and remainder as suspension feeders (4.35%). Further studies to explore whether there are any differences in community assemblages in the three designated zones of intertidal areas of the study area found that the mid intertidal zone sustains higher species diversity (() = 3.54), followed by the lower intertidal zone (() = 3.48) and the upper intertidal zone (() = 3.39). The highest evenness index (J/) was recorded in the upper intertidal zone (0.81), followed by the mid intertidal zone (0.76) and the lower intertidal zone (0.74). The findings can help to better understand the composition of intertidal invertebrate macrofauna on the east coast of India.
... Ci si vuole addentrare, in altri termini, in una riflessione che, da educatori, insegnanti e docenti, dovremmo sempre o periodicamente fare nel tentativo di rendere più duttili, flessibili e autenticamente relazionali gli strumenti tecnici e tecnologici che stanno sorreggendo, coadiuvando e alimentando, in maniera sempre più capillare, ogni nostro atto educativo da diversi mesi e che, in ultima analisi, stanno anche forgiando e costruendo la nostra azione comunicativa ed educativa, laddove l'ambiente di apprendimento ha vissuto una rivisitazione concettuale epocale. Quest'ultima infatti ha coinvolto i modi e i linguaggi di trasmissione delle nozioni attraverso l'espansione oltremodo ampia e smisurata nonché incontrollabile della cosiddetta "metafora trasmissiva" già nota in letteratura scientifica (Shannon & Weaver, 1949), e che Per una pedagogia della persona -Vol. 25, n. 51, dicembre 2021 (pp. ...
... Dretske presents a causal approach that explains semantic content in terms of information, a natural occurrence in the world which can be understood in nonsemantic terms. Dretske bases this conception on the mathematical theory of information developed by Claude Shannon (1948;Shannon and Weaver 1949). This theory defines information quantitatively as the reduction of uncertainty, equivalent to the elimination of possibilities, that can be associated with an event or state of affairs (Dretske 1981: 4 a signal carries a great variety of different informational contents, a great variety of different pieces of information … The acoustic signal that tells us someone is at our door carries not only the information that someone is at the door but also the information that the button is depressed, that electricity is flowing through the doorbell circuit, that the clapper on the doorbell is vibrating, and much else besides. ...
‘Representation’ (Vorstellung) is a key term of art in Kant’s theoretical philosophy. Although recent scholarship has produced valuable accounts of Kant’s taxonomies of representations, much of the secondary literature assumes the term means something close to the contemporary notion of a mental item with intentional content. My dissertation explores whether this assumption finds support in the historical philosophical lexicon which informed Kant terminologically, on the one hand, and the way Kant employs this terminology in formulating his account of the mind, on the other.
In the negative part of this study I examine textual, lexical and systematic evidence for aligning Kant’s term Vorstellung with the contemporary term ‘representation’ which implicates correctness conditions and content determinacy. I find this evidence insufficient for attributing semantic representational properties both to Vorstellungen generally, and to two controversial species of Vorstellung, sensations and intuitions.
In the positive portion I propose a univocal reading of Vorstellung as connoting a broad notion of structural correspondence, derived from Leibniz’s influential account of representational ‘expression’. I argue that Kant’s own species of Vorstellung, enumerated in the famous ‘Stufenleiter’ passage, specify this general notion of correspondence in terms of mental forms of unity.
Having established more robust criteria for attributing a semantic notion of representation to Kant, I claim that we can nonetheless read Kant’s notion of cognition representationally. I interpret the relationships between theoretical cognition and other types of Vorstellungen (sensations, intuitions, and the categorial schemata) with reference to contemporary notions of information, content-determination, and representational formats. I draw on the well-studied (in the 20th-21st century literature on representation) gap between mere information and representational content to elucidate Kant’s views about the non-objective nature of sensations and the indeterminacy of intuitions. I interpret Kant’s doctrine of the schematism as bearing on the representational format of cognition, to the effect that the categories must have an iconic format in order to conform to the information presented in intuition.
... The indicators were Shannon-Wiener index, dominance index, species evenness of the identified plankton species. Shannon-Wiener index (H′) was calculated with the following formula (Shannon and Weaver 1949): ...
Plankton is essential to estuarine food webs, providing key food for species like fish larvae, and understanding their dynamics helps us comprehend ecological interactions and energy transfer in aquatic ecosystems. This study examined the plankton community structure, diversity, variability and the environmental variables of water that influenced these communities in a freshwater-dominated estuary along the Northern Bay of Bengal during the dry season. A variety of tools were employed, including a dissecting microscope, a Sedgwick-Rafter cell, and a Hanna multi-parameter meter, to obtain detailed and comprehensive data. From the analyses, in total 37 genera of phytoplankton belonging to 11 classes such as Bacillariophyceae (66%), Coscinodiscophyceae (28%), Fragilariophyceae (1%), Euglenophyceae (1%), Cyanophyceae (1%), others (3%) were recorded. Zooplankton, consisting of multicellular organisms, was represented by 11 genera across five classes, with Monogononta (53%) and Insecta (29%) being the most prevalent. Phytoplankton exhibited a mean abundance of 180,000 ± 20,200 cells l⁻¹ whereas zooplankton showed a mean abundance of 3,000 ± 200 cells l⁻¹. The diversity indices (H′), evenness (J′) and dominance (D) ranged from 1.188 ± 0.015 to 0.19 ± 0.006, 0.9377 ± 0.002 to 0.5118 ± 0.006, 0.365 ± 0.001 to 0.143 ± 0.002 respectively, suggested low to moderate plankton diversity with a suppressed community and moderate to high dominance in the river water. Based on the similarity percentage (SIMPER) and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM), Phytoplankton and zooplankton varied significantly between stations while non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (nMDS) indicated greater consistency in phytoplankton communities across stations compared to zooplankton. Furthermore, Pearson’s correlation coefficient (rs) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) identified transparency, sulfates, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, TDS, pH, and salinity as major influencers of plankton abundance; nitrate had a moderate effect. Spearman’s rank correlations showed significant positive (p < 0.05) correlations between diversity indices and environmental variables. Future research should focus on long-term monitoring and the potential impacts of environmental changes on plankton communities.
Setting reserves or implementing fishing bans in certain areas has become a popular approach to enhance the recovery of disturbed populations and communities due to overfishing. Evaluating the effectiveness of such management measures primarily relies on taxonomic diversity, yet changes in taxonomy-based metrics may not be easily visible even in decadal periods. It has been suggested that functional diversity could outperform taxonomic diversity in capturing early signs of community changes following fishing bans. Here, using a before-and-after comparison methodology, we assessed the recovery of fish communities in the Chishui River basin, an important tributary of the Yangtze River, after seven years of implementation of the “10-year fishing ban” policy. Following the ban, fish community composition and abundance showed no significant changes, but biomass increased significantly. Taxonomic α-diversity (species richness, Simpson, and Margalef indices) and functional α-diversity (functional richness, imbalance, and dispersion indices), as well as taxonomic and functional β-diversity (including turnover and nestedness components), did not change significantly after the ban. Moreover, results from single-trait-based community-weighted mean (CWM) implied an initial recovery of fish communities after the ban, with a significant increase in CWM of maximum body length, age and length at first maturation, and lifespan, while CWM of growth rate showing a declining trend. This study provides a necessary empirical assessment of the efficiency of a fishing ban in restoring fisheries resources in freshwater ecosystems. Furthermore, single-trait-based functional diversity is a useful tool to detect early fish community changes, enabling a robust evaluation of conservation outcomes.
In the present study, benthic macrofaunal diversity and distribution in Ambuliyar River and Sethubavachatram coastal waters were studied and a total of 59 species of macrofauna consisting of three groups namely Polychaetes, Bivalve, and Gastropods were recorded with a maximum density of macrofauna (1650 Nos./m-2) in St-3. Among the four macrofaunal taxa, polychaetes topped the list with 49 species followed by Bivalves (6 species) and gastropods (4 species). Seasonally, the maximum number of macrofaunal species (36 species) was recorded at St-3 during post-monsoon, and the minimum (23 species) was recorded at St-5 during monsoon seasons. CCA and BIO-ENV (Biota-Environmental matching) analysis showed that the environmental parameters such as dissolved oxygen, salinity, w. pH, silt, sand, TOC, and Clay manifested as the best match (ρω = 0.942) in determining macrofaunal distribution in the surveyed stations. The maximum macrofauna diversity (3.467) and evenness (0.743) were recorded at St-3 and the maximum species richness was recorded (6.539) at St-5. The results of the present study would help to develop an understanding of the macrofaunal distribution based on physico-chemical parameters, which will form a reliable tool in bio-monitoring studies..
The primary purpose of this paper is to explore the role and impact of interactivity in visual communication design. This study aims to understand how interactive elements enhance the effectiveness of visual communication, improve user engagement, and contribute to the evolution of design practices. The paper seeks to analyze the advantages and challenges associated with interactive design and propose future directions for integrating interactivity into visual communication. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining a literature review, qualitative interviews with design professionals, and quantitative surveys to analyze the impact and effectiveness of interactivity in visual communication design. The study found that interactive design elements significantly enhance user engagement by providing a more immersive and participatory experience. Users exhibited better retention and comprehension of information presented through interactive visuals compared to static designs, and survey results indicated a strong preference for interactive elements, with higher satisfaction and enjoyment reported. However, the research also identified challenges such as technical difficulties, increased development costs, and the need for specialized skills in implementing interactive designs.
There is a need for comprehensive research on the species structure and the population dynamics of the most common aphidophagous species. A critical factor of the effectiveness of aphid biocontrol is the ratio of beneficial polyphagous (generalist) to oligo- or monophagous (specialist) species within the various trophic groups. Aphids' population density and environmental conditions influence the development and potential feeding of useful insects. The present study aimed to determine the community structure, relationships and diversity between aphids and their aphidophagous species in alfalfa fields using the following methods: sweeping with an entomological net, the quadratic method, coloured sticky board method, route survey method and visual observations. Research on the structure of the aphid–aphidophagous community revealed that aphidophagous species belong to three groups: (1) polyphagous predatory bugs from the families Anthocoridae and Nabidae, (2) oligophagous and polyphagous predators from the families Coccinellidae, Syrphidae and Chrysopidae; and (3) monophagous and oligophagous parasitoids, primarily from the families Aphidiidae and Ichneumonidae. From mid-May to June, there was a sufficiently large potential for aphidophagous species (Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae, Anthocoridae and Nabidae) to control aphids, while in September, predatory ladybirds from the Coccinellidae family were the main biological control agents. Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) exhibited the highest values of diversity, dominance and richness indices among insect groups in the aphid–aphidophagous community. The existence of diverse aphidophagous species in alfalfa fields suggests that these predators can complement each other, leading to effective biological control of aphids. The synergy among different predator species holds promise for enhancing the overall efficacy of integrated pest management strategies.
El alcance de la influencia transversal de la creatividad en todos los ámbitos de actividad de individuos y colectivos como una forma de comportamiento adaptativo complejo es imprescindible en estos tiempos VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity). En los Encuentros de Diseño y Cultura Digital (EDCD) siempre estuvo muy presente una corriente de creatividad transversal a todas las acciones emprendidas. Este modo de interacción estigmérgica, de cognición distribuida, modela una dinámica que desde el pensamiento individual deriva en una acción colectiva que produce un comportamiento global, una cierta ´lógica del enjambre´, en que las interacciones locales entre los agentes conducen a la emergencia de un comportamiento global complejo. Este texto explora la creatividad como fenómeno sistémico en las interacciones que propician la generación de affordances facilitadoras del trabajo co-creativo, y aglutinadoras de heurísticas transformadoras. El texto también explora prospectivamente estos aspectos en las interacciones entre la creatividad y la inteligencia artificial.
This article presents a critical study of the discursive positioning of social robots as intermediaries in remedial practices of care in autism therapy. It begins by examining the promotion of social robots to augment autistic children’s social skills as a form of remediation in which they take on a mediator role between therapist and patient. Drawing from McGuire’s genealogy of autism advocacy, I argue that the therapy robots operate as part of a network of coordinating and normalizing strategies that emerges in response to the evident “crisis” of autism. Hayle’s concept of material metaphor is then applied to highlight the potential discursive-material relations of the interposing role played by the robot. Finally, I argue that though designed as an enabling device, in actuality, metaphoric transferences make the robots mimetically disabling.
Communication failures in health care are brought about by multiple challenges of communicating in this complex high stakes domain. These failures are far too common and create safety risks and contribute to sub-optimal patient outcomes. Although communication research in health care environments is not always informed by theory, existing theoretical foundations used in communication research can be fruitfully applied to address these key challenges in health care. Communication theories are essential to understanding how: (1) cognitive and communication complexity reduce work efficiency and safety, (2) information is grounded to be mutually understood and accepted by clinicians doing collaborative work, and (3) different communication media impact mutual understanding. All of these factors provide a foundation for improving communication and collaboration in health care. We highlight the information processing and interactive approaches to communication, and describe how these approaches can help improve communication, work efficiency, and safety in several areas related to health information technology and communication.
Societal impact of research does not occur primarily as unexpected, extraordinary incidents of particularly useful breakthroughs in science. Is it more often a result of normal everyday interactions between organisations that need to create, exchange, and make use of new knowledge to further their goals. This chapter discusses how to assess and improve the cocreation and use of research in normal research–society relations.
Many injuries and deaths occur yearly in the United States due to preventable errors; however, documented harm is lower in hospitals with Magnet ® designation from the American Nurses Credentialing Center (Silver Spring, MD, USA). This manuscript illustrates insights from Magnet ® and non-Magnet ® nurses and nursing leaders regarding what impacts hospital system health, how those factors are communicated, and how hospital system health impacts patient safety. A qualitative descriptive approach was used with semi-structured interview questions. Within-methods data triangulation was applied to transcribed interviews using thematic analysis, application of the Goodwin statistic, and natural language processing (NLP). Thematic analysis revealed the four main themes of Healthy Systems, Unhealthy Systems, Patient Safety, and Nurse Well-Being. NLP revealed non-Magnet ® leaders and nurses scored highest for anxiety, anger, and sadness, in contrast to Magnet ® participants who had the highest levels of positive emotion. Key findings from the Magnet ® participants revealed that poaching employees and placing people in the wrong positions harm hospital system health and patient safety. The use of within-methods data triangulation illuminated the contextual depth of the participants' speech, revealing the alarming emotional state that non-Magnet ® nurses and leaders are facing. Healthcare staff's wellness must be prioritized to cultivate environments that provide safe care.
A significant issue facing communicators in the current multicommunicative environment is securing the attention of potential audience members who are likely to be engrossed in their digital devices. The theory of attentional social presence suggests that communicators secure their attention using one of four types of social presence—budgeted, competitive, entitled, and invitational. In this essay, the theory of attentional social presence is extended by identifying strategies interactants use to resolve misalignments in expected or preferred types of social presence. The research design involved interviews with 32 individuals about their experiences with misalignment in attentional social presence. Transcripts of the interviews were coded following the qualitative approach of grounded theory. Three primary strategies emerged from the analysis—prescribing to eliminate misalignment, rationalizing to overlook misalignment, and co-creating to resolve misalignment. Understanding various methods for negotiating mismatches among chosen types of social presence will allow communicators to create more satisfying and productive interactions.
It remains uncertain whether diatom and nematode assemblages can reflect the same ecological status in eutrophic reservoirs. To address this uncertainty, we collected diatom and nematode assemblages and measured environmental variables in the tropical eutrophic Tri An Reservoir (TAR) in Vietnam. We assessed the ecological status of each community using various biological metrics, including the Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H′), the Trophic Diatom Index (TDI), and the index of trophic diversity (ITD) of nematodes. Multivariate direct gradient analysis was conducted to determine the environmental variables influencing the dominant diatom and nematode species. We then conducted a nonparametric permutational analysis of variance with two fixed factors to assess differences in all biological variables across communities. The analysis had a cross-sectional design that incorporated “station” and “season” as factors. Our findings indicated that the surface water in the TAR ranges from eutrophic to hypertrophic. Based on these TDI values, we classified the ecological and trophic status of the TAR into two groups: meso-eutrophic and eutrophic. However, the ITD of the nematodes suggested that the ecological status varied from poor to moderate or high. Our findings suggest inconsistency between two bioindicator groups in their ability to reflect surface water quality in the TAR. This study highlights the potential of using the TDI of diatoms and emphasizes the need to revise the H′ and ITD indices of nematodes if they are to be incorporated into lake monitoring programs for assessing ecological status.
This paper focuses on the analysis of sustainable tourism indicators for the 27 European Union (EU) countries to address the challenges faced by the tourism sector. The impact of sustainable tourism indicators on destination competitiveness was evaluated using the EU Tourism Dashboard, a scheme funded by the European Commission. The Mazziotta-Pareto Index was used to construct the indicator of sustainability by incorporating the three pillars of indicators: Environmental impact, Digitalisation, and Socio-economic vulnerability. The proposed approach provides greater tractability and flexibility for decision-makers to adjust the number of indicators to meet specific case conditions. The sustainable tourism indicators aim to provide critical information for resource allocation and policymaking in the conservation of tourism sites, as well as improving the welfare and inclusiveness of local communities. The findings of the analysis highlight significant disparities among destinations in terms of the examined indicators, emphasizing variations in sustainability profiles and performance within the tourism sector. These disparities underscore the need for personalized and targeted approaches to address the specific challenges and opportunities faced by each destination in achieving sustainable tourism development. Furthermore, the proposed ranking system, updated at regular intervals, can enhance the image and reputation of European areas as high-quality and sustainable destinations, attracting increased tourism demand. Additionally, the ranking system can foster knowledge sharing and the adoption of benchmarking practices, incentivizing countries to maintain and improve their position in the ranking. This work contributes to addressing the evidence gap in tourism sustainability policymaking and provides a comprehensive framework for the development of sustainable tourism analysis in the EU context.
Seen both as a resource and an obstacle to clarity, uncertainty is a concept that permeates many areas of design. As the concept gains prominence in HCI, this special issue specifically explores the interplay between uncertainty and prototyping in Research through Design (RTD). We first outline three histories of uncertainty in design, in relation to its philosophical significance, its role in statistical and algorithmic processes, and its importance in prototyping. The convergence of these aspects is crucial as design evolves towards more agentive and entangled systems, introducing challenges such as Design As A Probabilistic Outcome. We then investigate the design spaces for engaging with ‘being uncertain’ that emerge from the papers: from nuancing the relationship between designers and quantitative data to blurring the line between humans, fungi, and algorithms. Finally, we illuminate some preliminary threads for how RtD can navigate and engage with these shifting technological and design landscapes thoughtfully.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor internal yang mempengaruhi motivasi kerja karyawan pada Hotel "XY" di Kota Mataram. Hotel "XY" merupakan hotel bintang empat dengan fasilitas lengkap dan lokasi strategis. Namun, masih terdapat masalah kurangnya motivasi kerja yang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas pelayanan kepada tamu. Penelitian ini akan fokus pada lima faktor internal utama yang meliputi kepemimpinan, budaya organisasi, struktur organisasi, komunikasi internal, dan lingkungan fisik tempat kerja. Melalui analisis mendalam terhadap faktor-faktor tersebut, diharapkan manajemen Hotel "XY" dapat mengambil langkah-langkah strategis dalam menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang kondusif bagi peningkatan motivasi dan performa karyawan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan Asosiatif (kausal) yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan serta pengaruh suatu variabel terhadap variabel yang lain. Metode penelitian ini akan digunakan untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor-faktor internal Motivasi Kerja. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi linear berganda. Hasil peelitian faktor internal yang meliputi kepemimpinan, budaya organisasi, struktur organisasi, komunikasi internal, dan lingkungan fisik tempat kerja berpengaruh signifikan terhadap motivasi kerja karyawan.
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