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Changes in selected cardiorespiratory responses to exercise and in body composition following a 12‐week aerobic dance programme
Journal of Sports Sciences
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory and body composition changes were evaluated in 25 sedentary females, aged 18 to 30 years, following 12 weeks of aerobic dance training (3 days a week, 45 min a session). Fifteen subjects, from the same population, comprised a control group: they maintained their normal activity and dietary habits over the course of the study. Analysis of variance of the values for selected cardiorespiratory responses revealed that the aerobic dance programme produced training effects in the experimental group. These training effects were indicated by significant improvements in O2 pulse, VE, heart rate and perceived exertion during submaximal exercise. Significant improvements were also noted in VO2 max, maximal O2 pulse, VE max, maximal heart rate and maximal running time on the treadmill. Additionally, increases in lean body mass and body density, together with decreases in percentage body fat and the sum of four skinfold thicknesses were found to be significant for the experimental group. No significant improvements in any of these variables were found for the control group. It was concluded that this 12-week aerobic dance programme was successful in promoting beneficial changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition.
... Pol. J. Sport Tourism 2022, 29(2), [18][19][20][21][22][23] to patients than other types of exercise. The fight against NCDs, especially T2DM, has been developed in Indonesia through the Chronic Diseases Management Program. ...
... ± 24.1 mg/dL, p = 0.02), and no significant difference Pol. J. Sport Tourism 2022, 29(2), [18][19][20][21][22][23] was observed between the AD group and control (171.3 ± 19.7 vs. 183.0 ± 24.1 mg/dL, p = 0.38). ...
... The beneficial effects of aerobic dance exercise have been reported. William & Morton reported that aerobic dance could reduce resting heart rate (HR) and body fat as well as increase maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), endurance capacity, and lean body mass [22]. Aerobic dance was also found to improve cardiovascular function and capacity [23]. ...
Introduction. Aerobic dance (AD) has grown as a popular aerobic exercise treating metabolic diseases. However, its beneficial effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared with other types of aerobic exercise have not been known. This study aimed to compare the influence of AD and static cycling (SC) on anthropometric measures, systolic blood pressure (SBP), blood glucose, and total cholesterol.
Material and Methods. The design of this study was a randomized controlled study (RCT). Thirty T2DM subjects were assigned to three groups, i.e. control (C), aerobic dance exercise (AD), and static cycling exercise (SC), ten subjects in each group. AD and SC were performed three times a week for eight weeks. On the follow-up, four subjects were withdrawn. Waist and hip circumference (WC and HC), BMI, and blood pressure (BP) were measured. Blood glucose (fasting (FBG) and 2 hours postprandial (2-h PPBG)) and total cholesterol were checked using a simple, instant blood examination device. A paired t-test, Anova and Tamhane’s T2 post hoc test were applied. Significance was set at p < 0.05.
Results. Student’s t-test showed that post-exercise waist circumference was significantly increased in the control group (92.7 ± 13.5 cm, p = 0.04), while post-exercise FBG and 2-h PPBG were significantly reduced in the SC group (112.5 ± 12.0 mg/dL, p = 0.04 and 155.0 ± 45.3 mg/dL, p = 0.02, respectively). Tamhane’s T2 post hoc indicates that 2-h PPBG in SC was lower than in the case of AD (155.0 ± 45.3 vs 171.3 ± 19.7 mg/dL, p = 0.04) and SC vs control (155.0 ± 45.3 vs 183.0 ± 24.1 mg/dL, p = 0.02). Systolic was significantly reduced in SC compared to the control group (126.9 ± 7.5 vs. 143.3 ± 17.5 mmHg, p = 0.04). The magnitude of reduced (Δ) in 2-h PPBG in SC was significantly different from control (Δ-18.75 ± 10.9 vs. Δ2.75 ± 12.4, p = 0.04) and AD (Δ-18.75 ± 10.9 vs. Δ6.37 ± 11.8, p = 0.02).
Conclusions. Static cycling exercise improved 2-hour postprandial blood glucose and systolic blood pressure significantly more than aerobic dance in T2DM.
... Kearney et al. (1976) studied the O2pulse responses to 9-wk aerobic training period in sedentary college women and reported an increase in O2pulse max following training period. Williams & Morton (1986) also obtained same results in 25 sedentary females (18-30 yr) following 12 weeks of aerobic dance training (Williams and Morton, 1986). Macek et al. (1979), examining O2pulse max in normal females and males, demonstrated that O2pulse reach to the maximum at the age of 18 in both genders. ...
... Kearney et al. (1976) studied the O2pulse responses to 9-wk aerobic training period in sedentary college women and reported an increase in O2pulse max following training period. Williams & Morton (1986) also obtained same results in 25 sedentary females (18-30 yr) following 12 weeks of aerobic dance training (Williams and Morton, 1986). Macek et al. (1979), examining O2pulse max in normal females and males, demonstrated that O2pulse reach to the maximum at the age of 18 in both genders. ...
The purpose of this study has been the prediction a nd comparison of maximum O2pulse in athletic girls. For this purpose, 28 athletic girls with a mean (S. D) age, weight and height of 22 ± 1 year, 57.3 ± 6. 63 Kg and 162.52 ± 3.85 cm, respectively, who were sampled randomly, participated in this research. To predi ct the maximum O2pulse, the subjects performed 3 exercise tests: 1 mile track walk test, peak power outpu t cycle ergometry test, and the Siconolfi step test. Then the values obtained from 3 exercise tests, wer e compared with Jones predictive criterion protocol. The 1 mile track walk test and peak power output cycle ergometry test revealed objective prediction of maximum O2pulse (14.58±1.37 ml/beat, P= 0.345, 14.55±1.39 ml/beat, P=0.572) and showed no significant difference with the Jones pro tocol. However the Siconolfi step test (13.06±2.47 ml/beat, P=0.001) significantly differed (with rega rd to overestimate, under estimate) from Jones's protocol. These results suggest that the maximum O2pulse, as an indicator variable of cardiopulmonary efficiency, is predicted more objectively by 1 mile track walk test and peak power output ergometry te st than the Siconolfi step test, therefore, these two exercise tests can be used considerably for the pre diction of maximum O2pulse in athletic girls.
... S ince the 1980s, aerobic dance has grown to become one of the most preferred fitness activities among women, in whom the main goal is to improve aerobic endurance. Most of the studies investigating such effects of aerobic dance have shown that regular aerobic dance normally is an adequate exercise form for improving maximal oxygen uptake ( _ VO 2 max) (3)(4)(5)(7)(8)(9)28,31,32). Although the types of aerobic dance (low or high-impact, with or without heavy hands) and the training programs used have differed considerably, the results from several of these studies have shown a significant increase in _ VO 2 max, of approximately 15% or more (9,28,31). ...
... Most of the studies investigating such effects of aerobic dance have shown that regular aerobic dance normally is an adequate exercise form for improving maximal oxygen uptake ( _ VO 2 max) (3)(4)(5)(7)(8)(9)28,31,32). Although the types of aerobic dance (low or high-impact, with or without heavy hands) and the training programs used have differed considerably, the results from several of these studies have shown a significant increase in _ VO 2 max, of approximately 15% or more (9,28,31). The subjects in the training studies have, however, mainly been sedentary women with low aerobic capacity (,30 mlÁkg 21 Ámin 21 ) (7-9) compared with European standards (1). ...
Edvardsen, E, Ingjer, F, and Bø, K. Fit women are not able to use the whole aerobic capacity during aerobic dance. J Strength Cond Res 25(12): 3479-3485, 2011-This study compared the aerobic capacity during maximal aerobic dance and treadmill running in fit women. Thirteen well-trained female aerobic dance instructors aged 30 ± 8.17 years (mean ± SD) exercised to exhaustion by running on a treadmill for measurement of maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2)max) and peak heart rate (HRpeak). Additionally, all subjects performed aerobic dancing until exhaustion after a choreographed videotaped routine trying to reach the same HRpeak as during maximal running. The p value for statistical significance between running and aerobic dance was set to ≤0.05. The results (mean ± SD) showed a lower VO(2)max in aerobic dance (52.2 ± 4.02 ml·kg·min) compared with treadmill running (55.9 ± 5.03 ml·kg·min) (p = 0.0003). Further, the mean ± SD HRpeak was 182 ± 9.15 b·min in aerobic dance and 192 ± 9.62 b·min in treadmill running, giving no difference in oxygen pulse between the 2 exercise forms (p = 0.32). There was no difference in peak ventilation (aerobic dance: 108 ± 10.81 L·min vs. running: 113 ± 11.49 L·min). In conclusion, aerobic dance does not seem to be able to use the whole aerobic capacity as in running. For well endurance-trained women, this may result in a lower total workload at maximal intensities. Aerobic dance may therefore not be as suitable as running during maximal intensities in well-trained females.
... Previous studies have indicated a positive relationship between high levels of physical activity and improved academic performance among students, particularly through participation in sports teams and regular physical activities [6,7]. Furthermore, research has demonstrated that engaging in at least three hours of physical activity per week or participating in a six-week aerobic dance program can significantly enhance oxygen consumption, muscle strength, anaerobic power, speed, and simultaneously reduce body fat and improve body shape [8,9,10]. ...
Introduction. The traditional physical education (PE) model faces challenges in engaging students actively. This study investigates the effectiveness of a sports club-based PE model in improving the physical fitness of female students at Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCMC). The primary objective is to assess the effect of this model on overall fitness development, compared to the conventional PE program.
Material and methods. The study involved 128 healthy female students divided into an experimental group (EG, n = 68) and a control group (CG, n = 60). The EG participated in a sports club-based model, with activities ranging from Jianzi to volleyball, while the CG followed the standard PE curriculum. The study was conducted over a semester with both pre- and post-intervention fitness assessments. Fitness metrics, such as grip strength, sit-ups, standing long jump, and 30 m sprint, were evaluated using standardized testing methods.
Results. After the intervention, the EG demonstrated significant improvements across all fitness tests compared to the CG. Notable gains were observed in sit-up performance (EG: 39.08%, CG: 23.71%) and grip strength (EG: 24.27%, CG: 15.23%). Reductions in sprint times and agility enhancements were also more pronounced in the EG, indicating the greater overall effect of the sports club model on physical fitness development.
Conclusions. The sports club-based PE model offers a more engaging and effective approach to improving physical fitness in female university students. Its integration into the university curriculum could lead to broader health benefits and enhance students’ motivation towards regular physical activity.
... On the contrary, the difference in the Harvard step test average before exercise (104.13±11.45) and after exercise (103.67±12.41) in the control group was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).In lie with this, Williams and Morton (1986)also conducted a 12-week aerobic dance exercise protocol. Accordingly, significant improvements were observed in VO 2 max, increased lean body mass and decreased body fat percentage following the 12 weeks exercise intervention. ...
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of twelve-week aerobic exercise on health-related physical fitness components of grade eleven Gonjy preparatory school male students. The study employed an experimental research design. A simple random sampling method was used to select 30 sample students from the 242 total populations and classify them randomly into two equal experimental and control groups (n = 15). The Control group had participated in regular physical education one class of 40-minute per week in the school, but the experimental group participated additional three sessions per week for 60 minutes aerobic exercise training program, which comprised walking, jogging, running, rope skipping, and aerobic dance. Experimental and control groups had taken pre and post-test cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, muscular endurance, muscular strength, and flexibility measured using cooper test, three-minute step test, using body mass index formula, siting tuck, chin up and sit & reach test respectively. The data collected from the study groups were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science version 23 software and computed independent t-test and paired t-test and the level of significance was set at 0.05 levels. The results revealed in independent and paired t-test analysis of 12-week aerobic exercise training has significantly changed on cardiorespiratory fitness (p=0.001), muscular endurance (p=0.001) flexibility (independent p=0.04 paired p=0.02), and body mass index (p=0.001). But no significant change was observed on muscular strength in experimental and control groups of independent t-test (p=0.534 and p=0.41) and paired t-test (p=0.43 and p=0.33). Based on the finding, it was concluded that the 12 weeks aerobic exercise training program for three days per week schedule has been advantageous for the improvement of students’ health-related physical fitness variables.
... ml/kg/min (Daglioglu, Sirmen, & Bostancı, 2013). Williams & Morton (1986) reported a significant increase in VO2max values after a 12-week aerobic training program. Szmedra et al., (1998) 50 minutes of three-week exercises stated that the increase in VO2max values. ...
Aim: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of an 8-week aerobic exercise program on the respiratory function and aerobic capacity of sedentary men.
Methods: A total of 24 male sedentary individuals between 18-23 years who were living in the Gaziantep, participated in the present study voluntarily. Participants were randomly divided into two groups as experimental group (n=12, age: 21.86±2.78 years) and control group (n=12, age: 22.51±2.32 years). The experimental group participated in the aerobic exercise program for three days per week for eight weeks. No exercise program was administered to the control group. Before and after the exercise program, body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), resting heart rate (RHR), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced expiratory rate (FEV1/FVC %) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) measurements were performed. Respiratory parameters were measured with the M.E.C. The Pocket Spiro USB-100 device. The VO2max was measured with the MEC PFT ergo-spirometer system. Body weight and height were measured using the N.A.N. device. Paired Sample t test was used for intra-group comparison and Independent Sample t test was used for inter-group comparison for statistical analysis of the data. The level of significance was determined as p<0.05.
Results: There were statistically significant improvements (p<0.05) in the BW, BMI, BFP, RHR, VO2max, VC, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC % and MVV values of the experimental group. The weight and BMI values of the control group were found significant (p<0.05). There was no significance in the other data. There were statistically significant differences between the groups in favor of the experimental group, in the assessments of BMI, BFP, RHR, VO2max, VC, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC % and MVV values (p<0.05).
Conclusion: As a result, it is considered that the aerobic exercise program which was applied to the sedentary individuals has a positive effect on the respiratory functions and aerobic capacity values. It can be said that regular and planned aerobic exercises will affect respiratory functions and aerobic capacity positively.
... A regular aerobics dance activity might improve cardio respiration fitness [11] helps an individual to control weight, and to prevent cardiovascular illness [12]. A lot of researchers have observed aerobics dance to improve VO2Max; including topics about the effects of aerobics dance towards the ability of physical activity capacity, the function of cardiovascular, and women's body composition by Dowdy [13], impacts of aerobics dance for improving women's cardiovascular and weight by Ahmad et al. [9], also the change of cardiorespiratory response and body composition by doing aerobics dance program done by Williams and Morton [14]. ...
... Participation in regular exercises was found to cause significant changes in the waist circumference of obese people and female university students (Stensvold, et al., 2010). As a result of regular participation in an aerobic dance exercise program for 12 weeks, there are positive improvements in body composition and cardiorespiratory system in sedentary adults (Williams & Morton, 1986). ...
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Pilates, Step and Zumba exercises on muscle and fat weight in arms, legs, core abdominal area, and total body.A total of 60 women aged 19 to 62 participated in the study. The mean age was 45±10 years, height was 160±5 cm and weight was 72.31±11.12 kg. Pilates, Step and Zumba exercise program was applied three days a week for a total of 12 weeks. Regional and total muscle and fat weights in the body were analyzed by TANITA MC780. Statistical significance level was determined as p<0.05. In the Pilates exercises group, there was a statistically significant difference between the pre-posttest muscle weights of the arms, core abdominal area and total body (p<0.05) except legs (p>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between pre-posttest muscle weights in arms, legs, core abdominal area and total body in Step and Zumba exercises group (p>0.05). In Pilates and Step exercise groups, there is a statistically significant difference between pre-posttest fat weights in arms, legs, core abdominal area and total body (p<0.05) except Zumba groups (p>0.05). Pilates, Step and Zumba exercises groups were evaluated among themselves, there was no difference in terms of the arm, leg, core abdominal area, and total body muscle weights both in the pre-post tests (p>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between all groups in terms of the arm, leg, core abdominal area and total body fat weights in both pre-posttests (p<0.05).Pilates and Step exercises can be recommended to women who want to reduce their weight on arms, legs, core abdominal area and total body fat lose weight.
... Teme obuhvataju različite aspekte istraživanja i to, od vaspitno-obrazovnog, do mernih instrumenata za različita merenja, muzikalnosti, biomehaničke analize pokreta, medicine, načina učenja, trening i uvežbavanja plesne tehnike itd. Ocenjivano je na uzorku od 25 devojaka, između 18 i 30 godina, nakon dvanaestonedeljnog programa plesnog aerobika (tri dana nedeljno, po 45 minuta) Viliams i Morton (Williams & Morton, 1986) Na uzorku od 45 devojčica prosečnog uzrasta 7,4 godine iz plesnog kluba "M plus" iz Kanjiže podeljenih u tri grupe i to: E1-eksperimentalnu grupu (N=15), E2-eksperimentalnu grupu (N=15), i kontrolnu grupu (N=15), Mandarić (2005) Značaj ovog istraživanja je bio da se definišu testovi za koordinaciju koji imaju realni doprinos postizanju uspeha na časovima tokom studija i koji se mogu lako koriste za izbor studenata na prijemnom ispitu. Uzorak ispitanika činili su 80 studenata (muške populacije) treća akademska godina na Fakultetu sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja u Sarajevu. ...
A vast number of different artistic sports such as dance, rhythmic gymnastics, synchronised swimming and figure skating are kinesiologically speaking the most creative sports disciplines but on the other hand, they pose a great problem when standardizing the criteria for competition rulebooks. The subject matter of this research comprising: dancesport female dancers (20), folk dance female dancers (20), balerinas (20) and rhythmic female gymnasts (20), 80 female respondents in total, arose from the dilemma regarding the extent to which different dances, as primarily artistic activities, have sporting and kinesiological features such as some fitness abilities in the area of fitness status as well as regarding the level and nature of relations between these abilities with musicality and tempo and between musicality and mental and motor potential. It is equally important to find out whether different types of dance and rhythmic gymnastics have common regulatory mechanisms which govern the control of motor response and whether different movement structures to different music form specific patterns of mental and motor behaviours such as rhythm and coordination. The subject matter also included the genetic potential of some mental abilities, rhythm, coordination and musicality and how prominent and significant it was for different types of dance and rhythmic gymnastics. Some morphological characteristics such as body weight and subcutaneous adipose tissue and body composition in general most certainly have influence on the performance of movement structures in different types of dance and rhythmic gymnastics as well as on the functional ability and the overall fitness status. The key question here is whether those influences are equally significant for different dances and rhythmic gymnastics. Finally, a significant topic of this research is also the assumption of the extent to which some components of musicality and fitness status depend on specific exercise of different movements to the music.
The research subject matter is the functional analysis of different types of dance (dancesport, folk dance and ballet) and their relation to rhythmic gymnastics. The aim of this research was to determine the relation between the fitness status, musicality, rhythm and mental and motor potential of different types of dance and rhythmic gymnastics. In this research, a special focus was put on the functional analysis of different dance types: dancesport, folk dance, ballet and rhythmic gymnastics. This primarily refers to the assumption that efficiency in these activities by hierarchy chiefly depends on the quality of muscle activity, contractile properties, their biochemical and electrochemical processes, mental, motor and intellectual abilities and the state of mechanisms regulating these processes. Efficiency is achieved only when other components of the complex motor functioning system (nervous system, osteoarticular system, anthropometric characteristics, cardiovascular system, respiratory, digestive and endocrine systems etc.) are in optimal condition. Therefore, the functional analysis in this research refers to the integral inter-dependent regulatory functions which underlie specific movement structures (coordination) in different types of dance and rhythmic gymnastics and which refer to the fitness status, musicality, rhythm and mental and motor functions. Functioning of the central nervous system while conducting motor tasks is at the core of phenomenological and structural models and it is explained by functional hierarchical mechanisms of different levels. The highest level in this functional hierarchy has got a hypothetical central regulatory device controlling and coordinating functions of regulatory mechanisms of not only motor but also cognitive and conative spaces. This was confirmed in this research too. The mechanism for regulating the movement is responsible for manifestation of coordination, mobility and rhythm so this is how their mutual relation was obtained in this paper in the first place. The results speak in favour of this theory since female rhythmic gymnasts proved to be more dominant compared to dancesport female dancers, folk female dancers and balerinas due to their specifically athletic kinesiological features. The largest values are detected in mobility tests, tests for evaluating the strength, muscular endurance, and musicality and in tests for coordination evaluation. Such results can most certainly be
attributed to the selection which, due to its early specialisation, is extremely important for specific sports such as rhythmic gymnastics. As a segment of movement regulator`s function, timing is responsible for manifestation of rhythmic structures and since it is connected to motor memory and intelligence, it results in the connection between motor skills and rhythmic memory and mental capacity. In addition to the repetitive, isometric and explosive strength (evaluated in this research within the fitness status), the mechanism for energy regulation is responsible for functional cardiorespiratory and metabolic response of organism to any motor requirement primarily by controlling the vegetative functions. Vegetative functions are also responsible for maintaining the well-balanced inner equilibrium of the body and thus maintaining the concentration and attention focus. In this research, a positive correlation between parameters for evaluating the functional status, rhythmic memory, mental errors and coordination in rhythm was obtained with the regulator of organic functions being the actual correlation generator. This means that without the functional analysis of interactive and integral effects of motor regulators and cognitive processes in a specific dance type, a vast amount of relevant information would be lost in trying to understand the cause and nature of the correlation between the fitness status, musicality and mental capacity. When attempting to test, identify and analyse integral anthropological functioning of the human body, it is almost impossible to analyse separately any anthropological characteristic since they all have a complex pervading relation with one another. This research confirmed this and also proved that manifestation variables for evaluation of several different spaces in different types of dance behaved differently and that at the first glance, they seemed illogically related to each other since they belonged to different spaces. This phenomenon is impossible to explain from the aspect of structural analysis since it solely requires deeper functional analysis of latent regulatory mechanisms in the central nervous system. Based on various studies of factorial approach, it is only possible to define so-called structural models but any proper interpretation of results is impossible without functional hypotheses, or in-depth analyses of relation causes of manifestations and without attempts to unify obtained results in which basic generators are actually functional regulatory processes of different level
and view. In this research, it was confirmed that specific motor functioning (which seemed as such in all four relatively different analysed areas: dancesport, folk dance, ballet and rhythmic gymnastics) and adaptation which it inevitably results in, depend on functions of regulatory mechanisms belonging to different anthropological spaces. This definitely means that motor space cannot be analysed without simultaneous analysis of cognitive and conative functions. Complex mutual interactions are particularly noticeable in the relations between motor skills, morphology, musicality and mental capacity. This is actually a common “cluster” with motor functioning in the centre of it and with a tone, colour and character provided by the functions of mental and conative regulators. The obtained results indicate the phenomenon which deserves attention and deeper analysis just as those apparently illogical relations of variables different in nature. Most certainly, it is possible to get to the very “epicentre” of this relation by means of functional analysis.
... Teme obuhvataju različite aspekte istraživanja i to, od vaspitno-obrazovnog, do mernih instrumenata za različita merenja, muzikalnosti, biomehaničke analize pokreta, medicine, načina učenja, trening i uvežbavanja plesne tehnike itd. Ocenjivano je na uzorku od 25 devojaka, između 18 i 30 godina, nakon dvanaestonedeljnog programa plesnog aerobika (tri dana nedeljno, po 45 minuta) Viliams i Morton (Williams & Morton, 1986) Značaj ovog istraživanja je bio da se definišu testovi za koordinaciju koji imaju realni doprinos postizanju uspeha na časovima tokom studija i koji se mogu lako koriste za izbor studenata na prijemnom ispitu. Uzorak ispitanika činili su 80 studenata (muške populacije) treća akademska godina na Fakultetu sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja u Sarajevu. ...
... Çalışma sonunda deneklerin maksVO 2 'sinde, maksimal kalp atımında ve maksimal koşu zamanında anlamlı gelişmeler kaydedilmiştir. Buna ilave olarak deney grubunun skinfold ölçümlerinde ve vücut yağ yüzdesindeki azalma ile birlikte yağsız vücut kütlesi ve kemik yoğunluğunda anlamlı bir artış olduğu görülmüştür (24). Shimamoto ve arkadaşlarının (1998) orta yaş obez bayanlarda düşük şiddetli aerobik dansın etkilerini tespit etmek amacıyla yaptıkları çalışmada; yaş ortalamaları 50.9±6.7 olan 60 Japon bayan üç ay boyunca diyet ve egzersiz içeren kilo verme programına alınmışlardır. ...
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic dance exercises on cardiovascular productivity, recovery heart rate, blood pressure, flexibility and body weight. 9 healthy adult females (aged from 29 to 47 years ) who were sedanter, were volunteered to participate in the study. The experimental group participated in a program of aerobic dance exercise (3 days a week, 45 min a session) for 8 weeks. Pretest-posttest single group design was applied.
In the study, measurements were performed in prior to the onset of working, and at the completion of 8 weeks and the data were analyzed by using Wilcoxon statistical tecnique. The results showed that there was statisticall significant a difference among each variables except diastolic blood pressure- differences among cardiovascular productivity, recovery heart rate, sistolic blood pressure, flexibility and body mass (z=-2.310, p<0.05), (z=-2.255, p<0.05), (z=-2.448, p<0.01), (z= -2.521, p<0.01), (z=-2.201, p<0.05) respectively.
The results were further discussed and elaborated.
... An a priori sample size computation was performed using the primary outcome measure of VO 2max . Based on our previous work (Domene et al., 2015), VO 2max mean ± standard deviation was input as 30.5 ± 4.7 mL · kg −1 · min −1 with an expected post-intervention improvement of 15.6% (Williams & Morton, 1986). It was shown that a between-group comparison with 70% power would require 10 participants per group. ...
... An a priori sample size computation was performed using the primary outcome measure of VO 2max . Based on our previous work (Domene et al., 2015), VO 2max mean ± standard deviation was input as 30.5 ± 4.7 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 with an expected post-intervention improvement of 15.6% (WIlliams & Morton, 1986). It was shown that a between-group comparison with 70% power would require 10 participants per group. ...
The purpose of this study was to gain a holistic understanding of the efficacy of Zumba® fitness in a community-recruited cohort of overweight and physically inactive women by evaluating (i) its physiological effects on cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory biomarkers and (ii) its mental health-enhancing effects on factors of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Participants were randomly assigned to either engagement in one to two 1 h classes of Zumba® fitness weekly (intervention group; n = 10) or maintenance of habitual activity (control group; n = 10). Laboratory assessments were conducted pre- (week 0) and post-intervention (week 8) with anthropometric, physiological, inflammatory and HRQoL data collected. In the intervention group, maximal oxygen uptake significantly increased (P < 0.05; partial η(2) = 0.56) by 3.1 mL · kg(-1) · min(-1), per cent body fat significantly decreased (P < 0.05; partial η(2) = 0.42) by -1.2%, and interleukin-6 and white blood cell (WBC) count both significantly decreased (P < 0.01) by -0.4 pg · mL(-1) (partial η(2) = 0.96) and -2.1 × 10(9) cells · L(-1) (partial η(2) = 0.87), respectively. Large magnitude enhancements were observed in the HRQoL factors of physical functioning, general health, energy/fatigue and emotional well-being. When interpreted in a community-based physical activity and psychosocial health promotion context, our data suggest that Zumba® fitness is indeed an efficacious health-enhancing activity for adults.
... When structured to comply with the recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) for the quantity and quality of training, aerobic dance training provides significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness results in maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) gains [1,[4][5][6]. ...
... When structured to comply with the recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) for the quantity and quality of training, aerobic dance training provides significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness results in maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) gains [1,[4][5][6]. ...
The GSTP1 c.313A>G polymorphism is a candidate to explain some of the individual differences in cardiorespiratory fitness phenotypes' responses to aerobic exercise training. We aim to explore the association between the GSTP1 c.313A>G polymorphism and the response to low-high impact aerobic exercise training. Sixty-six Polish Caucasian women were genotyped for the GSTP1 c.313A>G polymorphism; 62 of them completed 12-week aerobic (50-75% HRmax) exercise training and were measured for selected somatic features (body mass and BMI) and cardiorespiratory fitness indices - maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max, maximum heart rate (HRmax), maximum ventilation (VEmax) and anaerobic threshold (AT) - before and after the training period. Two-factor analysis of variance revealed a main training effect for body mass reduction (p=0.007) and BMI reduction (p=0.013), improvements of absolute and relative VO2max (both p<0.001), and increased VEmax (p=0.005), but not for changes in fat-free mass (FFM) (p=0.162). However, a significant training x GSTP1 c.313A>G interaction was found only for FFM (p=0.042), absolute and relative VO2max (p=0.029 and p=0.026), and VEmax (p=0.005). As the result of training, significantly greater improvements in VO2max, VEmax and FFM were gained by the GG+GA group compared to the AA genotype group. The results support the hypothesis that heterogeneity in individual response to training stimuli is at least in part determined by genetics, and GSTP1 c.313A>G may be considered as one (of what appear to be many) target polymorphisms to influence these changes.
Kebugaran kardiorespiratori merupakan bagian dari kebugaran jasmani secara menyeluruh yang memiliki peranan penting dalam keberlangsungan kinerja tubuh dalam melaksanakan tugas sehari-hari. Water fitness sebagai salah satu aktivitas fisik yang memiliki beberapa keunggulan dibandingkan dengan bentuk aktivitas fisik lainnya dianggap mampu meningkatkan kebugaran kardiorespiratori. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah water fitness mampu meningkatkan kebugaran kardiorespiratori. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen dengan desain penelitian the randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Sampel berjumlah 20 orang berusia sekitar 20 tahunan. Sampel diberikan perlakuan sebanyak 3x dalam seminggu selama 6 minggu berdasarkan pedoman ACSM. Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang siginifikan dari hasil water aerobic dan aerobic dance dan tidak ada perbedaan efek yang signifikan antara water aerobic dan aerobic dance pada daya tahan otot.
The training effects of contemporary aerobics programmes (hi lo, dance aerobics, step aerobics, aqua aerobics etc.) have been frequently investigated. However, we found no recent paper which reviewed aerobic programmes with regard to their training effectiveness, characteristics of the subjects involved, variables of interest and experimental design. In this paper we summarise the findings of more than 40 studies published in the 2000-2011 period that investigated the training effects of different forms of contemporary aerobics. In this review, the studies are grouped according to their characteristics (sample of subjects, variables of interest, study design, effects, etc.). Around 80% of the investigations dealt with females, with adults being most commonly observed. In the majority of investigations, the authors studied different variables at the same time (morphological anthropometric, motor, cardiovascular, biochemical indices, etc.). In recent studies a trend toward a psychological status examination is evident. In most instances positive training effects on motor-endurance and varsity of physiological variables are declared throughout a training period of 8 to 12 weeks. However, the positive changes in anaerobic endurance are not evidenced. Knowing the tendency of the overall increase of certain psychological disorders in population (including depression) there are indications that future, potentially highly interesting studies will deal with the psychological status of adults and older subjects.
The field of perceived exertion has largely concerned itself with the problem of identifying the primary antecedents to this psychophysiological phenomenon. A vast literature has evolved addressing this problem, but it is fraught with contradictions. At this stage a comprehensive theory of perceived exertion does not exist. It is generally accepted that perception of exertion is dominated by physiological determinants. Physiological sensory cues have been separated into 2 categories: local factors (sensations from the working muscles and joints), and central factors (sensations from the cardiopulmonary system). Major reviews in this area generally agree that local factors dominate perception of exertion. Recent work in perceived exertion has placed an emphasis on examining the contributing psychological factors. Research into the psychological factors affecting perceived exertion has been highly fragmented with no apparent theoretical framework as a base. At the same time it is clear that an integration of psychological and physiological variables is required to obtain theoretically meaningful knowledge of this multidimensional construct. The assumed dominance of physiological factors has been challenged by the contention that in field situations, in which a variety of social psychological influences operate, psychological determinants of perceived exertion may be vastly more influential than previously estimated. Identification of the primary determinants of perceived exertion and knowledge of how these factors are integrated is vital for a concrete theory of perceived exertion to evolve.
Sportska rekreacija je u savremenom radnom i životnom okruženju postala
oblast ka kojoj se sve više usmeravaju mnogi „potrošači“ sa željom da na pravi način
iskoriste svoje slobodno vreme. Ona, stoga, nudi različite „proizvode“ koji su usmereni
na zadovoljenje čovekovih potreba za kretanjem i fizičkom aktivnošću. U odnosu na svoje
specifičnosti, kao i svaka javna delatnost, nastoji da pruži čoveku određenu uslugu. Stoga
sportsko-rekreativne usluge treba da budu dostupne najširim slojevima društva, jer zadovoljavaju različite potrebe i imaju različito dejstvo na potencijalne korisnike. Novija istra-živanja su pokazala da konzumenti sportsko-rekreativnih usluga, kao svojevrsna kategorija potrošača, koriste vrlo slične kriterijume prilikom ocenjivanja kvaliteta bilo koje vrste
javnih usluga. To se svakako može odnositi i na evaluaciju sportsko-rekreativnih usluga,
gde se procenjuje njihova: pouzdanost,osetljivost, kompetentnost, pristupačnost, komunikativnost, sigurnost, razumevanje i upućenost na krajnjeg korisinika-potrošača.
Rezultati empirijskog istraživanja koje je sprovedeno na uzorku od 644 ispitanika, korisnika sportsko-rekreativnih usluga u Bačkoj Palanci, omogućilo je izradu hipotetskog
modela eksterne evaluacije sportsko-rekreativnih usluga koje je moguće realizovati na
području lokalne samouprave.
Ključne reči:sportska rekreacija, sportsko-rekreativne usluge, evaluacija.
The effect of adding external weights to the body of participants in a 10‐week low‐impact aerobic dance program (3 days/week, 50 minutes/session, 60 to 90% of maximum heart rate [HRmax]) on aerobic power and body composition was studied in 20 college women. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a regular low‐impact aerobic dance group (NWT) or to a low‐impact aerobic dance group (WT) whose participants also carried added weights (1.5 lb/ankle; 3.0 lb/hand) during training. Pre‐ and post‐training aerobic power and body composition measurements were made on 17 subjects who completed the program. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant overall reduction in body fat percentage (‐2.9%) and fat weight, and an increase in maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max; 3.2 mLkg min; 0.2 L‐min), maximum minute ventilation VEmax; 10.1 L‐min) and fat‐free weight following training (p ≤ 0.05). However, there was no group mean difference between any of the same variables in the WT and NWT groups. In addition, no change before to after training was observed for body weight (‐0.3 kg), HRmax (‐2.2 beats/min), maximum respiratory exchange ratio, and maximum rating of perceived exertion (p >0.05). The present findings indicate that low‐impact aerobic dance is an effective modality for increasing aerobic power and changing body composition in college women; however, routine use of external weights carried by a subject during aerobic dance training fails to impart any additional training benefit in addition to that already derived from the activity.
Exercise testing and prescription appear to play an important role in promoting health maintenance strategies for women. Multistage exercise tolerance testing provides invaluable information in assessing the patient’s functional capacity. The diagnostic significance of exercise-induced ST-segment depression is tenuous, however, in women with a low likelihood of heart disease.
Research suggests that numerous physiologic mechanisms act to increase fetal tolerance to the circulatory and respiratory challenges of moderate maternal exercise. Moreover, appropriately prescribed endurance exercise programs for women are associated with the same salutary effects as men. Even more encouraging is the fact that these benefits can be attained at moderate levels of exercise—if long-term compliance is maintained.
Aerobic dance exercise is currently one of the most commonly practised adult fitness activities. The majority of the research pertaining to this form of exercise supports its application as a valid cardiovascular training alternative, especially for adult females if performed according to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines. If, however, the participant is interested in modifying body composition, training frequency, duration, or efforts toward caloric restriction may need to be increased or altered beyond those employed in the aerobic dance training investigations. The amount of energy expended during a bout of aerobic dance can vary dramatically according to the intensity of the exercise. 'Low intensity' dance exercise is usually characterised by less large muscle activity and/or less lower extremity impact, and music of slower tempo. Dance exercise representative of this variety requires a cost of approximately 4 to 5 kcal/minute. Several trials, however, have shown that vigorous 'high intensity' aerobic dance which entails using the large muscle groups can require 10 to 11 kcal/minute. The associated training outcomes could be affected by such differences in dance exercise intensity and style.
The field of perceived exertion has largely concerned itself with the problem of identifying the primary antecedents to this psychophysiological phenomenon. A vast literature has evolved addressing this problem, but it is fraught with contradictions. At this stage a comprehensive theory of perceived exertion does not exist. It is generally accepted that perception of exertion is dominated by physiological determinants. Physiological sensory cues have been separated into 2 categories: local factors (sensations from the working muscles and joints), and central factors (sensations from the cardiopulmonary system). Major reviews in this area generally agree that local factors dominate perception of exertion. Recent work in perceived exertion has placed an emphasis on examining the contributing psychological factors. Research into the psychological factors affecting perceived exertion has been highly fragmented with no apparent theoretical framework as a base. At the same time it is clear that an integration of psychological and physiological variables is required to obtain theoretically meaningful knowledge of this multidimensional construct. The assumed dominance of physiological factors has been challenged by the contention that in field situations, in which a variety of social psychological influences operate, psychological determinants of perceived exertion may be vastly more influential than previously estimated. Identification of the primary determinants of perceived exertion and knowledge of how these factors are integrated is vital for a concrete theory of perceived exertion to evolve.
To establish the accuracy of the traditional method of measuring the intensity of exercise in aerobic dance classes, that is, intermittent pulse palpation performed during a brief cessation of activity.
A short wave telemetry system was used to record heart rates during a class in a group of 12 healthy women aged 26 (SD 6) years. Subjects palpated their pulses for 10 s following high and low intensity exercise [78(8)% and 69(9)% of mean predicted maximum heart rate respectively]. Recorded exercising heart rates, averaged over 60 s preceding pulse palpation [ExHR(rec)], were compared with the recorded postexercise heart rates averaged over the 10 s palpation period [PostExHR(rec)] and with the palpated counts (PalpHR). Differences were assessed using Student's t test and Wilcoxon signed rank test.
Differences between ExHR(rec) and PostExHR(rec) following high and low intensity exercise [3(6) beats.min-1 and 5(7) beats.min-1 respectively] were not significant. However, the wide variation between subjects means that a postexercise heart rate is unreliable as a measure of individual exercise intensity. PalpHR was significantly lower than ExHR(rec) (P < 0.01). Every individually palpated count underestimated the exercising heart rate (range 9 to 95 beats.min-1).
While postexercise heart rate adequately represents the exercise heart rate for a group, the individual variation is too wide for this to be a useful measurement.
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a low impact aerobic dance is a useful exercise mode for weight loss in obese middle-aged women. Sixty Japanese women, aged 50.9 +/- 6.7 years (initial %fat = 35.2 +/- 5.3%), participated in our 3-month weight-loss program consisting of diet and exercise prescription. To compare the effectiveness of exercise modes, the subjects were divided into the following two groups: aerobic dance group and jogging and/or cycling group. As a result, body mass (-3.1 and -3.3 kg respectively) and %fat (-6.1 and -5.3% respectively) significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in both groups, while fat-free mass remained essentially unchanged. Aerobic power such as maximal oxygen uptake and oxygen uptake corresponding to lactate threshold significantly increased (P < 0.05) in both groups. Significant difference in the alterations in these variables between groups could not be seen. The data of this study indicates that our weight-loss program with a low impact aerobic dance is as useful as jogging or cycling in improving body composition and aerobic power for mildly obese middle-aged women.
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate injury rates and changes in VO2peak in women associated with aerobic exercise (bench stepping and running).
A pretest post-test repeated measures design was used to evaluate changes in VO2peak after training for 10 weeks, 3 days per week, for 1 hour per session. Injury incidence was monitored by questionnaires throughout the training program.
All testing and training took place at Auburn University Montgomery, Montgomery, AL, USA.
The subjects were women enrolled in university physical activity courses. The exercise groups consisted of 23 women who performed bench exercise and 15 who performed running-jogging. Eleven subjects served as non-exercising controls.
The 10-week exercise training program served as the intervention.
Subjects were both pre- and post-tested for VO2peak by open circuit calorimetry. Body composition was estimated from a 7-site skinfold equation. A daily injury log was maintained to evaluate injury status.
A repeated measures ANOVA found similar significant improvements in VO2peak for both the bench and running groups with no change for the control group. An evaluation of the injuries graded II or higher found 0.29 injuries per 100 hrs for the bench group and 0.66 injuries per 100 hrs for the running group. When all complaints were considered (grade I to grade IV) the rates increased to 2.44 per 100 hrs for the running group and 6.09 per 100 hrs for the bench group.
Aerobic bench exercise produced similar changes in VO2peak compared to running. The results indicated that the primary injury complaints were grade I and related to delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). The bench group experienced an greater incidence of grade I complaints while the running group experienced a slightly greater incidence of more serious grade II or higher injuries.
Exercise has well-recognized health benefits, including reduction in risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. However, the extent to which exercise influences energy regulation and facilitates a reduction in body fat is less clear. This review summarizes published studies on the effects of different amounts of exercise on body fatness, energy intake, and food preferences in humans. The results show consistent effects of exercise on body fatness in the absence of prescribed dietary change, with a progressive loss of body fat associated with higher exercise energy expenditures in both men and women. In part, these effects appear to be mediated by a spontaneous reduction in hunger associated with participation in exercise. Insufficient data are available on whether there are changes in food preferences and taste perception that influence energy balance through macronutrient selection, so further studies in this area are needed.
The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) the energy cost and (2) the psycho-physiological effects of an aerobic dance programme in young women. Twenty-one college-age women participated 40 minutes a day, three days a week, for a 10-week training period. Each work session included a five-minute warm-up period, a 30-minute stimulus period (including walk-runs) and a five-minute cool-down period. During the last four weeks of the training period, the following parameters were monitored in six of the subjects during two consecutive sessions: perceived exertion (RPE) utilising the Borg 6-20 scale, Mean = 13.19; heart rate (HR) monitored at regular intervals during the training session, Mean = 166.37; and estimated caloric expenditure based on measured oxygen consumption (V̇O2) utilising a Kofranyi-Michaelis respirometer, Mean = 289.32. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) computed between pre and post tests for the six dependent variables revealed a significant approximate F-ratio of 5.72 (p
Eleven overweight college women agreed to participate in n physical activity program requiring expenditures of approximately 500 kcal per woman per clay, six clays per week for eight weeks. No attempt was made to control diet (diet was ad lib), each subject agreed not to deliberately limit her diet during the study. The exercise program used a walk-jog format. Energy expenditure data obtained on the treadmill were used to plan each woman's exercise program. Treadmill walking was done at 3 mph and running at 5 mph. Daily weight records were maintained and an exercise log was kept. Weekly measurements of 12 skinfolds were made. The overweight women were able to adhere, on a group basis, to the extent of 70% participation in the individually planned programs. During the course of the study body weight and skinfolds decreased significantly. According to calculations based on the loss in body weight and skinfold thickness, total body fat decreased and fat-free weight increased. An apparent discrepancy in caloric balance is discussed.
(C)1969The American College of Sports Medicine
Thesis (M.S.)--North Texas State University, 1975. Bibliography: leaves 55-57. Microfiche. s "UO-77 171."
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Vanderbilt University, 1981. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-91).
Typescript. Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1981. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-50).
Twenty-three men and eleven women, age 20 to 55, participated in a 20-week, 3x1-hour sessions per week aerobic training program. Pre and post-training cardiorespiratory, muscular and blood tests revealed significant and simialr increases of the maximal V̇O2, oxygenated pulse, physical performance, muscular strength and resistance in both sexes; significant decreases of oxygen uptake, heart rate, ventilation, respiratory quotient, respiratory equivalent and systolic pressure at given submaximal work levels. No significant difference between the men and the women was observed in the amplitude of physiologic effects of training, except for significant reductions in weight (P<0.01) and resting cholesterol level (P<0.05) in women only. these results seem to confirm the fact that theoretically, no sex-related difference should exist in the physiologic adapatations during training.
The effects of a seven week swimming conditioning program on hematological cardiorespiratory and body composition changes were investigated in 16 female subjects (mean age 15.8 years). 14 females (mean age 15.9 years) served as control subjects. The training regimen averaged 12,806 ± 1480 yards per week with the number of training sessions averaging four per week. All subjects were tested before and after the training program. For the experimental group, statistically significant changes were observed for LBW, MBC, MCV, MCH, max V̇O2, max V̇(E) and max O2 pulse. All differences obtained for the control group were found to be non-significant. Max V̇O2 increased 12% when expressed in 1/min and 14% when corrected for body size. This increase in max V̇O2 accounted primarily for the significant increase (14%) in max O2 pulse since max HR was relatively unchanged. This study provided evidence for the first time that a swimming program designed for women can produce physical and physiological alterations which distinguish them from non-swimmers.
The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of training intensity and frequency in endurance training on the development of maximal aerobic power in young females. 40 females aged 18 to 20 yr were divided into 4 groups as follows: Group I trained at 80% vO2max, 4 days per week; Group II at 80% vO2max, 2 days per week; Group III at 60% vO2max, 4 days per week; Group IV at 60% vO2max 2 days per week. Following 8 weeks of training for 10 minutes per day on a cycle ergometer, significant increases were found in vO2max for all groups. Significant differences among groups in the change of vO2max were found for the factor of intensity. Significant decreases in heart rates at 2 submaximal work loads (300 and 450 kpm/min) were found in all groups, whereby the 2 groups with the higher training frequencies showed a significantly greater decrease in exercise heart rate than the other groups.
Twenty-seven sedentary college women trained on a treadmill 3 times weekly over a 9-wk experimental period. Subjects exercised at a heart rate (HR) of either 50 or 65% of the HR reserve added to the resting HR with the duration of each session limited to the time required to elicit 1,000 beats above the resting value. Treadmill speed was adjusted automatically to maintain the prescribed exercise heart rate (EHR) within +/- 5 beats-min(-1). A comparison of the pretraining and posttraining results revealed that both training intensities caused significant increases in VO2max (1-min(-1) and ml-kg(-1)-min(-1)), V at VO2max, and O2 pulse at VO2max, and a significant decrease in VEO2 at VO2max. There was no alteration in EHR at VO2max for either intensity. For every dependent variable in which training effects were noted, the absolute gain made by the subjects training at the 65% intensity was greater than for those exercising at 50%. In no instance, however, was the difference between groups statistically significant. It was concluded that training at an EHR of either 50 or 65% of the HR reserve plus resting HR is sufficient to elicit a training response.
College female swimmers (N=15), mean age 18.6 yr, were assessed for body composition and skinfolds at the beginning and end of 9 wk of competitive training. A significant increase, 1.052 to 1.054 g.cm-3, in body density resulted in significant decreases in absolute body fat, 12.7 to 12.1 kg, and relative fat, 20.4 to 19.6%. Skinfolds of the triceps, suprailiac, and subscapula also decreased significantly, suggesting the fat loss was mainly subcutaneous. The relation of these body composition changes to body insulation and sinking force while swimming are discussed.
To appraise the role of physical activity in reducing coronary mortality among longshoremen, 6351 men, 35 to 74 years old upon entry, were followed for 22 years or to death or to the age of 75. Their longshoring experience was computed in terms of work-years according to categories of high, medium and low caloric output. Individual work assignments were reclassified annually to allow for effect of job transfers. The age-adjusted coronary death rate for the high-activity category was 26.9 per 10,000 work-years, and the medium and low catgories had rates of 46.3 and 49.0 which were little different from each other. This protective "threshold" effect was seen especially for the sudden-death syndrome, in which the death rate for heavy workers was 5.6, as contrasted with 19.9 for moderate and 15.7 for light workers. We conclude that repeated bursts of high energy output established a plateau of protection against coronary mortality, and that several different mechanisms may explain this finding.
The body composition and heart rate response to submaximal exercise were evaluated in twenty one women ages 18-26 following a 3 day/week, 9 week jogging program. During this training period 12 women exercised at approximately 80-85% of maximum heart rate and 9 girls, at 70-75% of max. HR. A small but significant decrease in percent body fat (increase in body density) was found, although total body weight and lean body mass remained essentially unchanged. Both groups demonstrated significant decreases in steady state heart rate at 450 and 600 kpm. Analysis of covariance revealed that the change in heart rate in the 80-85% group was significantly greater than it was in the 70-75% group after 9 weeks. The results suggest that the trainability of adult men and women may be somewhat different.
Seventeen women (mean age 31 yr) participated in a training program divided into an initial 9-wk period and a subsequent 52-wk period, during which time 6 continued to exercise and the remainder detrained. Improvements in VO2max were significant (+34%) during the initial 9 wk and small (+5%) for the final 52 wk. Four women who stopped training showed a decrease in VO2max (-10%) during the last phase. During the initial 9 wk, central adaptation was important, with SV showing an increase of 28% at 80% VO2max. Peripheral adaptation (a-v O2 difference) was unchanged. Subjects who trained an additional 52 wk showed a slight drop in SV at submaximal work loads from the initial increase following the first 9 wk. When compared with the initial test the change at 9 wk in peripheral adaptation was a small and nonsignificant rise, followed by a significant increase at 61 wk. Women who are very unfit initially (predicted VO2max of 28 ml/kg-min), apparently adapt to the initial training with a central change followed by a much stronger peripheral adaptation during a longer training program.
Twenty college-age women participated in a ten-week physical training program involving two intensities of exercise. Eleven women trained at a relatively high exercise intensity (HI) of 840 kgm/min while nine women trained at a low exercise intensity (LI) of 420 kgm/min. Body composition and residual lung volume changes were analyzed before and after the training program for both groups. There were no significant changes in body weight, body density, percent body fat, lean body weight and residual lung volume for the HI group. The LI group exhibited a significant increase in body density (0.0026 density units) and significant decreases in percent fat (1.1%) and residual lung volume (67 ml). Closed circuit metabolic measures indicated that the HI group was working anaerobically for at least a portion of each minute. Results of the study support the contention that to reduce body fat stores an exercise program of low intensity and long duration is required.
Body composition changes were assessed in forty normal and obese high school girls following participation in a 15 or 29 week physical activity program of walking, jogging and running. The obese group demonstrated significant reductions in body weight and relative fat, and increases in body density and lean body weight. Subcutaneous fat, as assessed by skinfold thickness, decreased markedly. The normal group showed no change in any of the body composition parameters other than skinfold thickness. The significance of these findings is discussed. (C)1972The American College of Sports Medicine
Forty-four college women trained on a bicycle ergometer 2 times weekly for 10 weeks. Each session consisted of one continual “all-out” ride at a cadence of 60 rpm, beginning at a work load of 360 kgm/min. The load was increased by 180 kgm/min every 2 min until the subject could not continue. Changes which occurred after training included higher maximal values for pulmonary ventilation, oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse, heart rate, and total work output, and a lower maximal ventilation equivalent. Immediately after the termination of training the subjects were assigned at random to 2 experimental groups which were then randomly assigned to 5- or 10-week detraining periods. The detraining periods produced increases in resting heart rate and maximal ventilation equivalent and decreases in total work and maximal values for pulmonary ventilation, oxygen uptake, and oxygen pulse. Losses in maximal values for oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse, and ventilation equivalent were greater for 10 than for 5 weeks of detraining. Improvements which occurred in maximal values for heart rate, pulmonary ventilation, and total work following training were retained to some degree after 10 weeks of detraining.
The study measured the effectiveness of a predetermined training intensity to induce cardiovascular improvements in sedentary college women. It was an attempt to clarify the question, “When does an exercise become training?” or “What work intensity is necessary for cardiovascular changes?”quantitatively, an unresolved issue pertaining to the dosage of exercise. Twelve subjects, aged 17 to 21 years, participated in a treadmill training program fifteen minutes daily for four weeks. Six subjects (Group 1), trained at a heart rate of 125 beats per min and six subjects (Group 2), trained at a heart rate of 145 beats per min. Treadmill speeds were regulated during each training session so that the work intensity remained at the predetermined heart rate level. The test battery included basal HR and “all out” treadmill test variables (time at HR 180, max oxygen intake, max HR, and test run time) at pre- and post-training; mid- and post-training re-runs at the second training day treadmill speeds; and treadmill speeds throughout die training. The t test in various forms was used to treat the pre-, pre-to post, and post-training data. Group 1 showed significant increases in the time required to elicit a heart rate of 180 beats per min and maximal oxygen intake, while Group 2 significantly increased total run time and maximal oxygen intake. It was concluded diat a work intensity eliciting a heart rate of 125 beats per min provided sufficient but not minimal stimulus for training effects in sedentary young females.
A study was conducted to determine the effects of two different physical training programs on the body composition and dietary patterns of college females. Ten members of the women's tennis team and five members of the women's swimming team at the University of California, Santa Barbara, were subjects. Measurements were made of body density by underwater weighing, subcutaneous skinfold fat, estimated percent of body fat, and calorie intake by seven-day dietary histories. Both groups were measured three times during 16 weeks of sports training. No significant F ratios (.05 level) were found within or between the two groups for any of the experimental variables measured. Apparently, physical activity without strict dietary control has little effect in modifying the body composition or dietary patterns.
Body composition changes were evaluated in 55 men between the ages of 17 to 59 years following a 3-day/week, 10-week program of jogging. During this training period the subjects jogged a mean total of 51.75 miles in 413 minutes, at an average rate of 200 m/min. Small but significant reductions were found in body weight and percentage body fat (increased body density), although the total lean body mass remained essentially unchanged. Four of seven skinfold measurements of subcutaneous fat and one of two abdominal circumferences were significantly reduced. These changes in skinfold and circumference measurements were not highly correlated to the changes in body fat (kg) and body density, thus questioning the validity of using individual skinfolds solely to estimate alterations in body composition. Lastly, as expected, the relative amount of body fat was found to have a substantial negative influence on the performance of speed or endurance-related activities requiring the movement of the body mass. (C)1970The American College of Sports Medicine
1138 first clinical episodes of coronary heart disease (CHD) in 17 944 middle-aged male office workers in the Civil Service are reported. Men who engaged in vigorous sports, keep-fit, and the like during an initial survey in 1968-70 had an incidence of CHD in the next 8 1/2 years somewhat less than half that of their colleagues who recorded no vigorous exercise. The CHD rates of men who took such vigorous exercise were lower in both fatal and non-fatal clinical manifestations, though more so in fatal; throughout the age-range studied, though more striking in later middle age and early old age; and in all other sub-groups examined, including men with a family history of CHD, the obese, the short of stature, cigarette smokers, and men with severe hypertension and subclinical angina, as well as in those in favourable situations for CHD or neutral. The generality of the advantage suggests that vigorous exercise is a natural defence of the body, with a protective effect on the ageing heart against ischaemia and its consequences.
The purpose of this study was to determine and follow the effect of an acute bout of exercise on residual volume (RV) and other pulmonary function measurements over a 24-h post-exercise period, and to evaluate the effect on subsequent body composition calculations. Selected pulmonary function measurements of 12 male college students were collected prior to exercise at 5, 15, and 30 min, and at 1, 2, and 24 h post-exercise. RV was significantly (P less than 0.01) increased 20.8% (260 ml), 16.8% (210 ml) and 12.0% (150 ml) at 5, 15, and 30 min post-exercise, respectively. Total lung capacity (TLC) was significantly (P less than 0.01) increased 2.7% (190 ml) and 2.3% (160 ml) at 5 and 15 min post-exercise, respectively. Subsequent body composition calculations, using the post-exercise RV data, resulted in significantly (P less than 0.01) lower relative body fat measures, as compared to the pre-exercise value, through 30 min of recovery. In conclusion, our data demonstrate apparent increases in RV and TLC immediately following maximal treadmill exercise; these measurements remained significantly increased over pre-exercise values, through 30 and 15 min of recovery, respectively. It is recommended that the RV measurement and the actual hydrostatic weighing procedure not be separated by an acute bout of exercise, and that protocols for long-term studies be standardized.
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of ten weeks of aerobic dance conditioning on the body composition and V̇O2 max of college women ranging in age from 19 to 27 yr. Prior to the ten week training period, the subjects were assessed for body composition using the hydrostatic weighing technique and V̇O2 max, V̇e max and maximum heart rate using a progressive treadmill test. These same measures were then repeated following the aerobic dance conditioning program. Results of the analyses indicated that the aerobic dance training period was of sufficient intensity, frequency and duration to elicit favorable changes in V̇O2 max (P < .05). However, this training regimen did not favorably alter the percent fat of the subjects (P > .05).
Aerobic dancing -What's it all about? Fitness for Living
- J Sorensen
Sorensen, J. (1974) Aerobic dancing -What's it all about? Fitness for Living 8, 18-25.
Health and Fitness Through Physical Activity
- M L Pollock
- J H Wilmore
- S M Fox
Pollock, M.L., Wilmore, J.H. and Fox, S.M. (1978) Health and Fitness Through Physical Activity. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
The effects of a three-month cardiorespiratory fitness program on selected physiological and psychological parameters
- J A Palmer
Palmer, J.A. (1981) The effects of a three-month cardiorespiratory fitness program on selected physiological and psychological parameters. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Springfield College.
Hypokinetic Diseases -Diseases Produced by Lack of Exercise
- H Kraus
- N And Raab
Kraus, H. and Raab, N. (1961) Hypokinetic Diseases -Diseases Produced by Lack of Exercise. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.
Training for Sport and Activity: The Physiological Basis of the Conditioning Process
- J H Wilmore
Wilmore, J.H. (1982) Training for Sport and Activity: The Physiological Basis of the Conditioning Process, 2nd edn. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
Aerobics for Women Effect of training on cardiovascular response to exercise in women
- M Cooper
- K H Cooper
Cooper, M. and Cooper, K.H. (1972) Aerobics for Women, New York: M. Evans and Company Inc. Cunningham, D.A. and Hill, J.S. (1975) Effect of training on cardiovascular response to exercise in women. Journal of Applied Physiology 39, 891-5.
An administrative study of the effects of aerobic dancing on selected physical fitness and personality variables. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation Cardiorespiratory changes in college women due to a season of competitive basketball
- V A W E Sevier
- M J Adrian
Sevier, V.A. (1979) An administrative study of the effects of aerobic dancing on selected physical fitness and personality variables. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland. Sinning, W.E. and Adrian, M.J. (1968) Cardiorespiratory changes in college women due to a season of competitive basketball. Journal of Applied Physiology 25, 720-4.
The effects of a six-week aerobic dance and folk dance program vs the effects of a six-week aerobic jogging program on the cardiovascular efficiency and percent body fat in post-pubescent girls
- M S Burris
Burris, M.S. (1979) The effects of a six-week aerobic dance and folk dance program vs the effects of a six-week aerobic jogging program on the cardiovascular efficiency and percent body fat in post-pubescent girls. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern Mississippi.
The effects of jogging, rope jumping and aerobic dance on body composition and maximum oxygen uptake of college females
- E Durrant
Durrant, E. (1975) The effects of jogging, rope jumping and aerobic dance on body composition and maximum oxygen uptake of college females. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation. Brigham Young University.
- Borg G.