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Estimation of VO2max from a one-mile track walk, gender, age, and body weight
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to explore an alternative field test to estimate maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) using a one-mile walk test. VO2max was determined in 343 healthy adult (males = 165, females = 178) subjects 30 to 69 yr using a treadmill protocol (mean +/- SD: VO2max = 37.0 +/- 10.7 ml X kg-1 X min-1). Each subject performed a minimum of two, one-mile track walks as fast as possible. The two fastest walks (T1, T2) with elapsed times within 30 s were used for subsequent analyses. Heart rates were monitored continuously and recorded every one-quarter mile. Multiple regression analysis (best sub-sets) to estimate VO2max (l X min-1) yielded the following predictor variables: track walk-1 time (T1); fourth quarter heart rate for track walk-1 (HR 1-4); age (yr); weight (lb); and sex (1 = male, 0 = female). The best equation (N = 174) was: VO2max = 6.9652 + (0.0091*WT) - (0.0257*AGE) + (0.5955*SEX) - (0.2240*T1) - (0.0115*HR1-4); r = 0.93, SEE = 0.325 l X min-1. Comparing observed and estimated VO2max values in a cross-validation group (N = 169) resulted in r = 0.92, SEE = 0.355 l X min-1. Generalized and sex-specific equations to estimate VO2max (ml X kg-1 X min-1) were also generated. The accuracy of estimation as expressed by SEE was similar among the equations. The results indicate that this one-mile walk test protocol provides a valid sub-maximum assessment for VO2max estimation.
... Field tests can be a viable option for estimating VO 2 máx. with The Rockport Fitness Walking Test [52] being one of the submaximal assessments having the greatest validity [53]. ...
... Cardiorespiratory fitness. The Rockport Fitness Walking Test [52] is one of the submaximal assessments with the greatest validity [53]. This test requires people to walk one mile (1600 m) as quickly as possible. ...
... The final trial time and heart rate were recorded once the specified distance was reached. One attempt is deemed adequate because the walking test results demonstrate high test-retest reliability, yielding findings almost similar to those obtained from a single test [52]. ...
Fitness coaches seem to play an essential role in the field of exercise as they help prevent sedentary lifestyles and promote overall health, quality of life, and well-being. This study aimed to explore the effects of fitness coaches’ behavior perceptions, intrinsic motivation, and enjoyment of exercisers on their long-term fitness and health, as well as their commitment to exercise. A total of 202 individuals participated in the study that was developed over three data gathering occasions (baseline, three months and six months). To this end, three psychometric scales were used as part of a multi-section survey: FCBS-Fit (perception of the fitness coach’s behavior), IMIp (intrinsic motivation of exercisers), and PACES (enjoyment in exercise), along with the assessment of four health/fitness variables: anthropometry (i.e., waist-hip ratio), strength (i.e., handgrip strength), flexibility (i.e., sit-and-reach), and cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., VO2máx.). Overall, the results suggested that the perception of the fitness coach’s behavior, the exerciser’s intrinsic motivation, and enjoyment were predictors of the health/fitness outcomes, and seemed to be related to the exercise commitment at the end of three and six months. The novelty of this study is the examination of psychological and physiological factors in an integrated and longitudinal manner within the scope of exercise in fitness and health clubs. Therefore, these findings shed light on fitness coaches as an important element in the propagation and maintenance of exercise habits, accomplishment of tangible outcomes by exercisers, health promotion and the fitness sector’s growth.
... This study utilised iBM SPSS software, V.25.0, to perform statistical analysis tests. Specifically, the formula proposed by Kline et al. [23] was employed to estimate the Predicted Vo 2max based on the 1-mile walk of each participant. where WT -weight (lb), SEX -males, 1 and females, 0, TiME -walking time (min), and HR -final heart rate (bpm). ...
Introduction
This study aimed to measure and compare CRF levels between COVID-19-infected adults with asymptomatic and mild symptoms.
Methods
The participants in this study included 50 adult men, who were further divided into 2 equal categories: mild symptomatic (MS) and asymptomatic (AS) groups. These participants received a series of anthropometry and Rockport 1.5-mile run tests. During the Rockport 1.5-mile run test, their heart rate (HR) was continuously monitored using a Polar V800 GPS. Following this test, Borg’s CR10-scale rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was employed.
Results
One-way ANOVA statistical test results showed a significant difference ( p = 0.007, ES = 0.140) between the MS and AS groups, where the VO2max in the AS group, was greater than the MS group (35.7 ± 7.1 vs 29.6 ± 8.4 ml/kg/min).
Conclusions
Asymptomatic patients had a higher VO2max level than mildly symptomatic patients. Therefore, moderate-intensity exercise was recommended to increase CRF, thereby enhancing immunity and reducing the risk of contracting COVID-19.
... They require simple equipment and measurements such as distance, heart rate, or visual analog scale. Traditionally, low-cost options include an overground walk/run or a 3-minute step test [15][16][17] . The step test seems to be a reliable approach that can be implemented to assess the CRF in clinical practice. ...
Cardiorespiratory fitness is the most important variable related to health and a strong predictor of mortality. However, it is rarely used in clinics due to costs, specialized equipment, space needs, and the requirements of expert staff such as an exercise physiologist, physician, or other health professional. This work aims to validate and test the reliability of a submaximal step test to estimate VO2max of 8-to 16-year-old pediatric populations as a simple and low-cost tool for clinical practice. A cross-sectional study included 242 children and adolescents (42.1% girls) aged 8–16. Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by a maximal incremental test on a treadmill until exhaustion. The step test entailed maintaining a steady pace of 22 steps per minute for 3 min (60 bpm), with the heart rate being recorded at the end of the test. Nutritional status was computed through BMI z-score. A multiple linear regression model validated the step test and developed a new equation to predict VO2max, including the third-minute heart rate, weight, and height. The reliability among predicted and measured VO2max was assessed by Bland-Altman analysis. The mean age was 12.5 ± 2.6; 51.6% were overweight or obese. The cardiorespiratory fitness measured as VO2max was 35.01 ± 0.58 ml·min-¹·kg⁻¹. A robust correlation was observed between the predicted VO2max from the step test and the measured VO2max (r = 0.86, p < 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis indicated statistical concordance between predicted and measured VO2max. Our findings indicate that the step test protocol is valid and reliable for estimating VO2max in children and adolescents. Furthermore, the predictive equation is suitable for application among children aged 8–16.
... Due to the low-impact characteristic, the walking-based VO2max estimation is a safer option for deconditioned or inactive individuals. The Rockport one-mile walking test, developed by Kline et al. (24), requires participants to walk as fast as they can in the standard 400-meter running track for four laps (1609 meters or approximately 1.6 km). The regression formula estimating the VO2max was developed using the completion time, the heart rate determined after the walk, the age, gender as well as the body weight in pounds as follows (34) The Rockport one-mile walking test showed excellent test-retest reliability in estimating VO2 max using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (0.96 to 0.97) when assessing middle-aged and older women ages 50-69 years (19). ...
Cardiorespiratory endurance is one of the most important fitness qualities for all populations including healthy individuals, the elderly, patients with chronic illness, recreational runners, and elite athletes. The uptake of oxygen by body tissues increases by increasing the activity or exercise intensity, also known as oxygen uptake (VO2). When the VO2 has reached the highest point that no additional oxygen can be further consumed by our cells, the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) is achieved. In assessing VO2max, sports scientists commonly conduct the direct measure using the incremental graded testing protocol on a treadmill or bike, and such laboratory based VO2max is also regarded as the gold standard. Nevertheless, equipment accessibility and the testing cost as well as the personnel or expertise to be involved are all considered factors that make the test over-complicated and cumbersome. In this regard, the prediction of VO2max using a wide range of methods with acceptable testing accuracy and time cost will be the most feasible alternative. Therefore, the purpose of this brief review is to critically discuss the common types of prediction methods including their practical applications, the reliabilities, validities, and potential limitations of each method.
... Cardiovascular endurance test was applied to the participants by using Rockport Walk Test on treadmill in order to calculate VO2max values indirectly. After a 10 minute standard warm-up, participants were instructed to walk for 1.6 km on treadmill as fast as possible and VO2max values were calculated indirectly by Rockport formula (Kline et al., 1987). ...
The effects of high intensity functional training (HIFT) on health related components of fitness and quality of life were studied in the gym environment, but there has not been any study on examining the effects of HIFT by using bodyweight exercises at home environment on health related components of fitness and quality of life in women. The goal of this research is to examine the effects of home-based bodyweight HIFT on health related components of physical fitness and quality of life in women. Twenty-one recreationally active female participants (age 26.3 ± 3.7 years) were included in the study. After completing the pretest, participants applied HIFT at home with bodyweight exercises three times a week for a duration of eight weeks. Cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition and quality of life assessments were carried out in both pretest and posttest applications. Significant differences were observed between the pretest and posttest results of cardiovascular endurance (p=0.042), muscular strength (p<0.001), muscular endurance (p<0.001) and flexibility (p=0.001) parameters. No significant difference was observed between the pretest and posttest results of body composition analysis. Significant improvement (p=0.045) was found on the quality of life scale. Home-based bodyweight HIFT altered quality of life in recreationally active women and enhanced health related components of fitness, which could prevent the increase of health-related risk factors caused by inactivity.
... Participants rated their RPE using the Borg scale (Borg, 1982) following the walk test. The prediction of CRF (VO 2 max in ml·kg −1 ·min −1 ) was estimated using the sex-specific equations from Kline et al. (1987) which account for body mass, age, time to completion, and heart rate at the end of the walk. ...
Introduction: Physical activity (PA) is essential for healthy aging, yet PA levels are low in older adults. Group-based nature programming may be an ideal opportunity for engaging older adults in PA and improving health-related quality of life. Methods:
Twenty-seven older adults, 55–75 years of age (n = 14 active and n = 13 previously inactive), enrolled in a biweekly 8-week hiking program. At baseline, participants completed online questionnaires on health-related quality of life, behavioral and psychological outcomes, and a one-mile walk test to assess cardiorespiratory fitness. Results: Average attendance was 81% in the previously inactive groups and 74% in the active group. There was a significant increase in the physical component of quality of life over time in the previously inactive group (p = .03, d = 0.71). Participants significantly improved their cardiorespiratory fitness (p = .003,
d = 0.77) and competency (p = .005, d = 0.41) as assessed by the Basic Psychological Needs for Exercise Scale. The previously inactive group additionally increased their self-efficacy for exercise (p = .001, d = 1.43). Both active and previously inactive groups exercised at a similar relative intensity during the hikes based on heart rate; however, perceived exertion at the end of the hike on
average was lower among active participants (p = .014). Conclusion: Group-based hiking for previously inactive older adults significantly improved physical health-related quality of life over an 8-week biweekly intervention. Hiking at an individualized pace may allow for hiking to be an appropriate PA program in previously inactive older adults.
The study examined the relations of self-reported physical activity levels and physical fitness scores for two samples of college students assessed in 1987 (n=261) and in 1997 (n=243). Significantly greater exercise was reported by the 1997 women than the 1987 women; amount of exercise reported by men did not differ. For both samples, greater exercise was associated with increased Fitness for women and men as assessed by the Hall 1986 Physical Fitness Test Profile, comprised of measures on body fat composition; grip strength; muscle endurance, flexibility, resting heart rate; systolic and diastolic blood pressures; and aerobic power. For the 1987 sample men were more fit than women. For the 1997 sample, women were more Fit than men. The 1997 women were more fit than the 1987 women; there was no difference on overall fitness measures of the two samples of men.
18 adult female volunteers, ages 27 to 49 years, were divided into two groups based on their cardiorespiratory fitness to investigate speed and accuracy of addition and subtraction immediately, 5 min., and 15 min. postexercise. A 2 (fitness level) × 3 (exercise duration) × 3 (postexercise performance trials) repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated that, for the fit group, speed of problem solving was significantly faster after both 20-min. and 40-min. exercise sessions across all performance trials; for the less-fit group, speed of addition/subtraction was significantly faster only after the 20-min. exercise session across performance trials. No significant postexercise difference in accuracy was found for either fit or less-fit groups.
Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of the 3-week Walking and Lifestyle Coaching (WALC) program with university college students to promote health behavior change and reduce chronic disease risk. Methods: During the 3-week WALC program, students received weekly peer health and wellness coaching while engaging in a 30-minute walk throughout campus. Each week, physical activity was directly measured using pedometers, and self-report physical activity behavior, steps, and daily reflections were reported using a self-monitoring journal. At baseline and follow-up, students completed biometrics screening, mental health questionnaires, and the Cooper 1.5 mile walk test to evaluate cardiovascular fitness. Results: A total of 35 college students participated in the WALC program. The mean daily steps number of steps during the WALC program was 6315 ( SD = 2073.16). Only 25/35 participants reported steps for the entire WALC program (71.43%). There was not a statistically significant difference in generalized anxiety, perceived stress, depression, quality of life, or self-compassion. There was a slight decline in body fat percentage, although not statistically significant. There was an average improvement of 89 seconds on the 1.5-mile walk/run test. Discussion: The WALC program was developed to be inclusive, feasible, and a mechanism to synergize campus resources to collaborate on behalf of student wellness. It is necessary for this program to be utilized on university campuses in diverse geographical regions (i.e., rural, urban, or suburban), with diverse students (i.e., racially, ethnically, gender-identity, and religious affiliation.), and with universities of all sizes and funding levels. Future research could consider the use of a control group as well as an online self-monitoring journal.
Individuals who choose to be inactive accept the same increased risk of heart disease as individuals who smoke a pack of cigarettes a day! Unfortunately, between 11%-15% of the adult population still smoke a pack of cigarettes a day, whereas, 60%-80% of adults are either not adequately active or completely inactive. Thus, inactivity carries the same risk as smoking a pack of cigarettes per day and is between 4-5 times more prevalent!
The relationship between individual differences in a steady pace endurance running test and maximal oxygen intake (l/min; ml/kg/min, ml/kg LBW/min) was determined in 25 college men. In the running test subjects attempted to maintain an initial running speed of 10 mph (4.89 yd/sec) for 10 min as they were paced around a 440 yd track. Running performance was scored as running time between consecutive sections of the track, and an endurance score was calculated as the cumulated distance run during each minute. Max VO2 (ml/kg/min) correlated r = 0.61 with cumulative distance after 5 min of running. Validity correlations were only slightly increased by including minutes 8 to 10. Expressing max VO2 in either l/min or ml/kg LBW/min did not improve the correlation. Percent drop off in running speed from the initial pace averaged 16% at minute 5 and 31% at minute 10. Body weight and % body fat were inversely correlated with 10 min of cumulative performance (r = 0.33 and 0.43, respectively). At least 4 min of running was required to predict the 10 min cumulative performance criterion (r = 0.81; S(y.x) = 13.2 yd); a 5 min run raised the correlation to r = 0.87 (S(y.x) = 11.1 yd. Individual differences in min by min endurance performance were substantial throughout the run. The results suggest that a performance measure of running endurance, where all individuals begin running at 10 mph and attempt to maintain this speed for 10 min, should be continued for at least 5 min to achieve moderate validity.
When used with normally distributed groups of subjects simple regression techniques, such as the Astrand Rhyming Test and 12 Min Run which are based upon the rectilinear relationship of heart rate to VO2 or the relationship between physical working capacity and maximal oxygen intake, seem to differentiate fairly well among varying levels of cardio respiratory fitness. If, however, volunteer subjects are tested with these instruments, the predictive validity may tend to fall in relation to the homogeneity of the group. Since these tests probably measure different aspects of cardio respiratory fitness, it seemed reasonable to utilize multiple regression analysis to improve upon the predictions of the simple regression modes. It was the problem of this investigation to compare the prediction of maximal oxygen intake with simple and with multiple regression models in young volunteer subjects. The subjects were 40 volunteer male college students, 18 to 23 yr of age. Each subject performed the Balke Treadmill Test of physical working capacity, at the end of which one min air samples were collected and analyzed for V(E) with a dry gas meter and for percent CO2 and O2 with a Micro Scholander apparatus. The Astrand Rhyming Test and 12 Min Run were administered approximately one wk apart. The data were analyzed with a computer program that performed a stepwise linear regression. Max VO2 ranged from 2.40 to 4.05 l/min (mean 3.39). The simple regression model predicting Max VO2 from that predicted by the Astrand Rhyming Nomogram yielded a correlation coefficient of r = 0.64. The best multiple prediction equation, Max VO2 = 1.466 + Age (0.005) - Height (0.118) + Weight (0.014) + Diast (0.007) + Leg Length (0.099) + 12 Min Run (0.232) + Astrand (0.345), yielded a coefficient of R = 0.814. Stepwise multiple regression analysis appears to improve the prediction of Max VO2 in homogeneous volunteer subjects.
The validity of estimating maximum oxygen uptake from AAHPER Youth Fitness Test items was determined utilizing 87 adult subjects. Multiple correlations were obtained utilizing the motor fitness items as independent variables. Three dependent variables were investigated for relationship to the independent variables (gross O2 uptake, O2 uptake/kg body wt., O2 uptake/kg lean body wt.). The multiple correlation of the AAHPER items with O2 uptake/kg body wt. (0.760) was higher than with the other two variables. It was determined by multiple regression techniques that a subset of four of the independent variables could be used to get an estimate of O2 uptake/kg body wt. with an associated standard error of ± 12 percent of the estimated values. This was compared with the standard errors of more complicated estimation methods.
The estimation of maximal oxygen consumption (max Vo2) from a simple submaximal test has been of interest for many years, especially for middle-aged men. The object of the present study was to compare the prediction of max Vo2 obtained by simple regression with that obtained by stepwise multiple regression. The subjects, 13 middle-aged men, were exercised on a bicycle ergometer to max Vo2 (P < 0.10) as determined by the Haldane-Douglas bag method. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, expired volume, expired CO2 and O2 were determined. The multiple regression equation predicted max better than the simple regression equation because several of the cardiovascular and respiratory variables are significant predictors and do not contain identical information. For middle-aged men, the multiple regression equation provided a correlation with max Vo2 that was significantly superior to that obtained by simple regression. This suggests that fallibility may be reduced in the prediction of max Vo2 by relying on more than a single cardiovascular or respiratory variable in the prediction equation.
The purpose of this study was to compare the Queens College (QC), Skubic-Hodgkins (S-H), Modified OSU (ModOSU), and Witten Step Tests on their ability to account for V̇O2(max), and change in V̇O2max in a group of female college students. 34 female students were originally tested on the 4 step tests and a test of V̇O2max, trained for 6 weeks, and re-evaluated on the same tests. The QC and S-H step tests were most highly related to V̇O2max (r=-0.61 and 0.57, respectively) at the pre-test. All correlations, except S-H, increased at the post-test with the QC, S-H, and Witten all having about the same moderate relationship to V̇O2-max. Significant changes (p<0.01) in the anticipated direction occurred for all tests as a result of training. Correlations using the different methods were utilized to determine if change in step test performance could account for change in V̇O2max. It was determined that absolute changes in step test scores were not meaningfully related to changes in V.O2max. It was further concluded that the VQC test is the preferred step test when attempting to obtain a general idea of a person's aerobic capacity.