No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Sibling Incest: A Study of the Dynamics of 25 Cases
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to explore the frequently observed dynamics distinctive to the sibling incest family system, and to evaluate how these dynamics might predispose the family system to act out its dysfunction through sibling sexual conduct. Being a descriptive study by nature, the data is based on 25 families which were reported to the Boulder County (Colorado) Sexual Abuse Team between May 1982 and December 1985. The 25 families yielded a significant pattern of common dynamics. Those dynamics which were repeatedly observed throughout these cases were: distant, inaccessible parents; parental stimulation of sexual climate in the home; and family secrets, especially with regard to extramarital affairs. The implications of the findings suggest that the patterns that are emerging are becoming more predictable, making prognosis and therapeutic intervention far more encouraging.
... Hence, sibling incest might represent a special case of adolescent sexual offending. For instance, the most common finding in available data is that sibling incest JSO are more likely to have been sexually victimized than other types of JSO (Latzman et al., 2011;O'Brien, 1991;Smith & Israel, 1987;Tidefors et al., 2010;Worling, 1995). A common suggestion (yet to be demonstrated) is that a majority of sibling incest JSO has been raised in a dysfunctional family environment (Rudd & Herzberger, 1999;Thornton et al., 2008;Tidefors et al., 2010). ...
... A common suggestion (yet to be demonstrated) is that a majority of sibling incest JSO has been raised in a dysfunctional family environment (Rudd & Herzberger, 1999;Thornton et al., 2008;Tidefors et al., 2010). These environments are hypothesized to be characterized by a lack of boundaries, an exaggerated climate of sexuality, and an early exposure to explicit sexual material (Adler & Schutz, 1995;Smith & Israel, 1987;Worling, 1995). What remains to be seen, however, is the specificity of these factors, that is, to what extent they characterize sibling incest JSO and not other types of JSO. ...
... A problem with the sibling incest distinction, however, is that available data are scarce and mostly based on broader definitions of intra-familial victims, i.e., living in the same residence, including children of a new step-parent or other children in a foster home (Latzman et al., 2011;O'Brien, 1991;Worling, 1995). These intra-familial offenses might differ from genuine sibling incest, i.e., a sexual interaction between individuals who have one or both parents in common (Smith & Israel, 1987), in several respects. Given that most available studies are based on small samples and extended definitions of intra-familial victims, further investigation is warranted to confirm these hypotheses concerning the characteristics of incestuous JSO. ...
Understanding the pathways and circumstances of juvenile sexual offending is of utmost importance. However, juvenile sexual offenders (JSO) represent an especially diverse group of individuals, and several categorizations have been proposed to obtain more homogeneous subgroups. Victim age-based and family relation-based categorizations are particularly promising because they seem theoretically and clinically relevant. Empirical results however are still inconsistent, and most studies have not considered these two dimensions jointly. The first goal of this study was to further examine the value of sub-grouping JSO according to the age of their victim. A second goal was to determine the supplementary value, if any, of considering sibling incest. Based on a sample of 351 male JSO, it was first confirmed that sexual abuse of children was more strongly related to asocial-ity (social skill deficits) than sexual abuse of peers, the latter being more closely associated with antisociality (general delinquency). The relevance of considering mixed-type JSO (with both child and peer victims) separately was also confirmed. More importantly, multivariate statistical analyses demonstrated that adding sibling incest to the equation was useful. JSO of intra-familial child were significantly more likely to have been victimized during their own childhood compared to JSO with extra-familial victims. Nevertheless, adolescents who had committed sibling incest obtained middle ground results on most variables (except for crime severity), suggesting that they constitute a distinct but not extreme, subgroup. This study confirmed the utility of using both the age and the family relation with the victim in characterizing juvenile sexual offending.
... A number of researchers estimate that SSA is more common than parent-child sexual abuse (Bank and Kahn, 1982;Smith and Israel, 1987;Cawson et al., 2000;Carlson et al., 2006;Kiselica and Morrill-Richards, 2007;Welfare, 2008). One basis for comparing incidence rates is a study by the US Department of Health and Human Services -Children's Bureau (2002) reporting that 0.12% of children are sexually abused by an adult family member; by comparison, at least 23,000 of every 1 million (2.3%) have been sexually victimized by a sibling. ...
... Family dynamics are crucial to understanding the context where SSA occurs (Salazar et al., 2005). Previous investigators (Smith and Israel, 1987;Whipple and Finton, 1995;Caffaro and Conn-Caffaro, 2005;Carlson et al., 2006) emphasized siblings' high accessibility to each other and the parents' inability to meet their children's needs. In instances of severe family dysfunction, victims may form strong attachments to their sibling offenders, who serve as emotional stand-ins for unavailable parents. ...
... Adult modeling of inappropriate sexual attitudes and behavior can be an important factor in creating the context for the sexual abuse of a sibling. Several studies (De Young, 1982;Smith and Israel, 1987;Salazar et al., 2005) cite families in which the daughter was abused by her father before becoming her brother's victim. This type of hypersexualized environment prematurely distorts a child's sexual arousal patterns. ...
Caffaro, J.V. (in press). Sexual Abuse of Siblings - The SAGE Handbook of Domestic Violence. UK: SAGE.
Sibling sexual abuse is a form of domestic violence whose widespread prevalence has been known for some time, but which has generated surprisingly little scholarly and clinical attention. It may also be the most prevalent, longest lasting form of interfamilial sexual abuse-and the least reported, studied, and treated. The term sibling sexual abuse captures a broad continuum of sexual behaviors in childhood and adolescence
... To account for the importance of familial factors for adolescent behavior broadly, familial dysfunction indicators, including childhood maltreatment history, were prioritized in the current meta-analysis comparing adolescents who offend against intrafamilial victims (AIV) with adolescents who offend against extrafamilial victims (AEV). Doing so also aligns with many theoretical and clinical models regarding the onset of intrafamilial sexual offending, most of which implicate family disorganization and childhood maltreatment factors (e.g., Rudd and Herzberger 1999;Smith and Israel 1987;Thornton et al. 2008). ...
... It is likely these indicators precede the sexual offense and could therefore potentially play a causal role in the onset of intrafamilial sexual offending. Sexualized family environments are also hypothesized to play a key role in the onset, and possible maintenance, of intrafamilial adolescent sexual offending (Smith and Israel 1987). In the current meta-analysis only three studies, comprising 491 adolescents, reported on this variable. ...
This meta-analysis examined whether theoretically and clinically relevant differences exist between male adolescents who have sexually offended against intrafamilial victims (AIV) and male adolescents who have sexually offended against extrafamilial victims (AEV). A total of 26 independent samples (8 published and 18 unpublished) that compared a total of 2169 AIV and 2852 AEV were analyzed. The results of this meta-analysis indicate that categorizing male adolescents who commit sexual offenses based on their relationship to victims is a meaningful distinction. We found that AIV presented with greater atypical sexual interests, increased sexual regulation issues, more severe family dysfunction, more extensive childhood maltreatment histories, and greater internalizing psychopathology than AEV. Conversely, AEV presented with more indicators of antisociality than AIV, suggesting that extrafamilial sexual offending might fit better with a generalist explanation of adolescent sexual offending. Findings highlight the value of assessing family dysfunction and maltreatment history, sexual development and regulation, and general delinquency factors to better understand adolescents who have committed a sexual offense.
... Although this was based on a review of largely uncontrolled studies, it appears that there is a link between family environment and sexual offending in adolescence, as there already exists between family environment and other forms of antisocial behaviour (Farrington, 1978;Robins, 1991;Patterson, Reid and Dishion, 1992). Smith and Israel (1987) described the families of 25 sibling incest perpetrators characterised by distant and inaccessible parents, parental stimulation of the sexual climate in the home and family secrets, especially extramarital affairs. One of the difficulties with this descriptive study is that the subjects were parents to both the perpetrators and victims of child sexual abuse, and that the age of the perpetrators ranged from 9-20 years. ...
... In a study of 25 sibling incest families, 72% of the mothers and fathers were reported to have been victims of child sexual abuse (Smith and Israel, 1987). Numbers comprising groups of mothers and fathers were not presented and it is not clear how this information was elicited or how abuse was defined. ...
This study forms part of a research programme investigating adolescent male victims and perpetrators of child sexual abuse. The focus is on maternal attributions for negative events. Maternal attributions have been identified as important markers of distressed relationships. Previous research into physically abusive mothers raised a number of specific hypotheses regarding attributions of non-abusive or 'bystander' parents. This study represents the first attempt to assess systematically causal attributions in a unique clinical sample. The sample consisted of eighty mothers of 11 - 15 year old boys. The design included four groups of victims, victimised perpetrators and perpetrators of child sexual abuse, the three case groups, and an antisocial comparison group. The Leeds Attributional Coding System (LACS) was used to code attributions made by these mothers extracted from verbatim transcripts of interviews. Attributions were coded along five causal dimensions (Stable, Global, Internal, Personal, Universal). The advantages of coding spoken attributions compared to traditional analogue methods are discussed. Findings suggest high rates of previous child sexual abuse, adult physical abuse and current depression in the mothers. The implications of these findings for the study of attributions and for clinical intervention are discussed. There were few group differences on the causal dimensions. A discrepancy score for perceived control over negative outcomes revealed significant differences between the case groups and the antisocial comparison group. It was concluded that maternal attributions may not be direct mediators of developmental pathways but are likely to reflect maternal coping styles. In this study, a 'defensive' coping style characterised by avoidance and active repression of difficult topics was proposed on the basis of a 'low mention' of abuse in the mothers' negative attributions. The implications for intervention and future research are discussed in light of this finding.
... However, sibling sexual abuse commonly takes place within the context of other familial difficulties and it is difficult to isolate the particular contribution of sibling sexual abuse to the victim's trauma symptoms (Cyr et al. 2002). These family difficulties may include distant and emotionally inaccessible parents (Caffaro & Conn-Caffaro 2005, Daie et al. 1989, Smith & Israel 1987, loose sexual boundaries and parental stimulation of the sexual climate within the home (Daie et al. 1989, Smith & Israel 1987, marital conflict (Adler & Schutz 1995, Salazar & Camp 2005, as well as a general lack of supervision of the children (Caffaro & Conn-Caffaro 2005). In their computerassisted self-interview survey mainly involving University students, Griffee et al. (2014) found that the four main etiological factors associated with coerced sibling incest were siblings sharing a bed; parent-child incest; witnessing parental physical fighting; and family nudity. ...
... However, sibling sexual abuse commonly takes place within the context of other familial difficulties and it is difficult to isolate the particular contribution of sibling sexual abuse to the victim's trauma symptoms (Cyr et al. 2002). These family difficulties may include distant and emotionally inaccessible parents (Caffaro & Conn-Caffaro 2005, Daie et al. 1989, Smith & Israel 1987, loose sexual boundaries and parental stimulation of the sexual climate within the home (Daie et al. 1989, Smith & Israel 1987, marital conflict (Adler & Schutz 1995, Salazar & Camp 2005, as well as a general lack of supervision of the children (Caffaro & Conn-Caffaro 2005). In their computerassisted self-interview survey mainly involving University students, Griffee et al. (2014) found that the four main etiological factors associated with coerced sibling incest were siblings sharing a bed; parent-child incest; witnessing parental physical fighting; and family nudity. ...
Aims and objectives
To explore two hypotheses for explaining why there is little written about sibling sexual abuse and to raise awareness of the subject in order better to protect children and to facilitate sensitive patient care.
Background
While there is no universal agreement over its definition, sibling sexual abuse is acknowledged internationally as a prevalent form of child sexual abuse but tends not to be recognised by health professionals. It is also under‐represented within the literature in comparison with other forms of intrafamilial sexual abuse. Understanding why this is may help to illuminate the potential barriers to effective professional responses. Two explanations which emerge strongly are the existence of a sibling incest taboo and a prevailing belief that sibling sexual behaviour is largely harmless.
Design
Discursive position paper.
Method
The paper examines the two hypotheses through exploration of the extant literature on sibling incest and sibling sexual abuse.
Conclusions
Sibling sexual abuse accounts for a significant minority of child sexual abuse and has the potential to be as harmful as sexual abuse by a parent. An abhorrence at the thought of sibling sexual activity and a prevailing view of its harmlessness may hinder nurses’ detection of and appropriate responses to sibling sexual abuse, but do not provide convincing explanations for the dearth of literature. Instead, a deeply held perspective of sibling relationships as non‐abusive offers a more profound explanation.
Relevance to clinical practice
A knowledge of sibling sexual abuse and its consequences are important both for the effective protection of children and the sensitive and appropriate treatment of patients who present with a variety of physical and mental health concerns. A perspective that sibling relationships are non‐abusive provides a deeper level of understanding of the powerful obstacles to raising awareness of and responding appropriately to this form of abuse.
... O adulto, ao modelar o comportamento sexual e atitudes sexuais inapropriadas, contribui para criar o contexto propício à ocorrência do abuso sexual (Caffaro & Conn-Caffaro, 1998). Em alguns estudos (e.g., De Jong, 1989;Smith & Israel, 1987) constatou-se que os filhos tinham sido abusados sexualmente pelos ARTICULOS pais, antes de se tornarem vítimas dos seus próprios irmãos. Também Smith e Israel (1987) verificaram que as mães, num terço das famílias estudadas, não só não estimulavam a sexualidade como eram demasiado rígidas e puritanas sobre as matérias sexuais. ...
... Em alguns estudos (e.g., De Jong, 1989;Smith & Israel, 1987) constatou-se que os filhos tinham sido abusados sexualmente pelos ARTICULOS pais, antes de se tornarem vítimas dos seus próprios irmãos. Também Smith e Israel (1987) verificaram que as mães, num terço das famílias estudadas, não só não estimulavam a sexualidade como eram demasiado rígidas e puritanas sobre as matérias sexuais. O medo de culpabilização e a vergonha, muitas vezes, afastam os sobreviventes de mencionarem que foram vítimas de abuso (O'Brien, 1989). ...
Este é um artigo de revisão da literatura sobre a violência entre irmãos. Embora seja um tema pouco
abordado na literatura científica, alguma investigação tem demonstrado que merece mais atenção, dada
a sua elevada prevalência e perigosidade. Identificam-se alguns conceitos que têm sido associados a
esta problemática e apresentam-se diversos estudos que apontam para a sua elevada ocorrência, bem
como os fatores de risco que têm sido sugeridos para explicar esta forma de violência. Fizemos, ainda,
uma descrição das várias definições dos diferentes tipos de violência (e.g., violência física, violência
psicológica e abuso sexual) e analisámos o seu impacto.
Palavras-chave: irmãos, violência psicológica, violência física, abuso sexual, fatores de risco, impacto
psicológico.
... Family relationship patterns and dynamics frequently play a part in sibling sexual abuse and wider HSSB. Related to Griffee et al.'s (2016) finding that low maternal affection predicted HSSB, studies exploring cases of sibling sexual abuse often identify a backdrop of parental neglect or absence (for example, Smith & Israel, 1987;. Katz and Hamama (2017) in their analysis of SSA victims' forensic interviews, find that 'what was most evident in the children's narratives was the parents' absence in their daily routine' (pg. ...
This research review and analysis looks at the prevalence of sibling sexual harm and abuse; the forms it can take and dynamics it may involve; factors that increase its risk; impacts on victims and wider family members; and why it can be so complex and challenging for professionals to make sense of and respond to.
And drawing on promising approaches internationally, it delineates the bones of a whole family response grounded in the aims of healing, safety and justice.
... Although understudied and often misunderstood, SSA is one of the most common forms of CSA, accounting for 25-50 % of global CSA rates (Allardyce & Yates, 2009;Hackett et al., 1998;Ryan, 2010) and is estimated to be five times more common than child sexual abuse by fathers or stepfathers (Carlson et al., 2006;Smith & Israel, 1987). Growing research has highlighted that although SSA is classified as a subsection of CSA, it is distinct from other types of child sexual abuse for a variety of reasons. ...
... In the case study discussed the victim experiences her sexual assault in her early adolescence, and a study states that 2% of women reported one sexual abuse experience with a brother before the age of 18%. 18 Research suggests that there is a high prevalence of sibling sexual abuse 19,20 and underreported 21 . De Jong included 84 cases of sexual assault by siblings or cousins as a clinical sample in his 1989 study and discovered that most of the victims were female and most of the perpetrators were male. ...
Child sexual abuse is a widespread issue that has social implications for the victims' mental health. The child sexual abuse is a widely spread manifestation of trauma leaving the victims with immense and long-term mental effects. This review paper introduces CSA and how individuals who went through it are psychologically impacted. By looking at a real-world example of how this happens, we get to explore the many struggles and challenges that CSA survivors face, and also highlight the ways in which they manage to cope with the traumatic experiences they have gone through. Furthermore, this review draws attention to both the resonant and possible distortion of CSA in public discourse by contrasting these real-life tales with representations in popular media (reel-life case studies), such as literature and film. This review seeks to delve deep into the minds of CSA victims and acquires information on how their mental health is affected. The synthesis of research findings and personal narratives is to gain more insight into the tragic mental health outcomes of CSA victims and to appreciate the importance of support and intervention in their healing process.
... Several studies and meta-analyses on the subject indicate that up to one-third of child sexual abuse cases are perpetrated by immediate family members (Hindi et al., 2022;Ryan et al., 1996;Stoltenborgh et al., 2011). While fathers and stepfathers typically represent the majority of convicted intrafamilial offenders (Gibbens et la., 1978;Richards, 2011;Rice & Harris, 2002;Seto et al., 1999), several studies suggest that brother-sister incest occurs much more often than reported (Cole, 1982;Smith & Israel, 1987;Yates, 2017). While the affect of brother-sister 4 incest is just as severe as father-daughter incest (Cyr, 2002) there is evidence that the prevalence rates and consequences of brother-sister incest is still underrepresented in the scientific literature (Yates, 2017). ...
Objective: While the prevalence rates of sexual abuse (SA) in the Orthodox Jewish (OJ) community appear to be similar to that of the general population, community insularity has made it difficult to obtain more detailed information about the context of SA occurring. The aim of this study was to gather more detailed information regarding the occurrence of SA within the OJ community. Method: Mental health professionals were asked to complete an anonymous survey about each client in their current caseload who were raised as OJ and disclosed a history of SA. The survey gathered basic demographic information including gender, age of abuse onset, and the relationship the perpetrator had with their victim. Respondents also answered a qualitative question describing the nature of the abuse that took place. Results: 143 mental health professionals provided information on 248 survivors of SA. For females, the majority of the abuse was intrafamilial (68%) while for males the majority of the abuse was extrafamilial (63%). Females were most likely to be abused by their brother (28.7%) whereas males were most likely to be abused by a friend or neighbor (31.7%). For females, the majority (58%) of abuse started before the age of nine. The qualitative themes that emerged highlight the severe nature of most of the abuse occurring. Conclusions: This study highlights the need for more age-appropriate education in the OJ community regarding SA as well as programming aimed at targeting intrafamilial SA.
... However, it should be noted that it is normative for siblings to engage in play together without the presence of parents, and may even be a product of poor family relations (e.g. parents who are emotionally unavailable or neglectful; Caffaro, 2020;Kiselica & Morrill-Richards, 2007;Smith & Israel, 1987). Thus, it is important to assess the dynamics of the situation, such as whether the behaviour is coercive or lacks mutuality, that is important when assessing the behaviour as a potential sexual grooming tactic (Caffaro, 2020;Caffaro & Conn-Caffaro, 1998;de Jong, 1989). ...
... • sibling sexual abuse is considered the most common form of child sexual abuse in our homes (Krienert & Walsh, 2011;Yates & Allardyce, 2021); • it is estimated to be three to five times more likely that a child will be sexually abused by a sibling than a parent/step-parent (Smith & Israel, 1987). ...
This report outlines research into sibling sexual abuse incidents as recorded by police forces across England and Wales and does not include incidents dealt with by social services, the NHS, or schools where cases were not treated as a crime. This is the first piece of research of its kind and the first to attempt to gain a national picture of sibling sexual abuse as recorded by the police.
The purpose of the research was:
a) to identify whether all police forces were recording specific incidents of sibling sexual abuse and
b) to gain insight into the prevalence of sibling sexual abuse compared with other intrafamilial abuse and c) where possible to analyse the gender and age of the child who was harmed and the child who harmed.
A FOI was submitted to each of the 43 police forces across England and Wales. Data was received from 27 police forces – in various formats, however only data from 21 of the 27 police forces was clear enough to be reliably used; 14 police forces refused to provide the data – for a number of reasons; and 2 police forces did not reply by the time of publication of this report – although some of these did acknowledge the request.
... Contextual family factors may include domestic abuse, extra-marital affairs, physical discipline, poor sexual boundaries within the family home (such as witnessing sexual activity between parents), parent-child sexual abuse, and a lack of supervision (e.g. Adler & Schutz, 1995;Hardy, 2001;Latzman et al., 2011;Loredo, 1982;Smith & Israel, 1987;Worling, 1995). Environmental factors may also contribute, such as siblings sharing bedrooms and having large amounts of unstructured and unsupervised time (Griffee et al., 2016). ...
Sibling sexual abuse is estimated to be the most common form of intra-familial sexual abuse, yet remains an under-researched phenomenon. It raises challenges for practitioners to recognise the abuse and to balance the competing and often conflicting needs of the children in the family. This chapter reviews the relevant literature and outlines future directions for research and practice, arguing for a whole family approach that maintains a child developmental perspective rather than responses derived from adult sex offending, and the particular significance of understanding sibling relationships.
... Ebeveynleri boşanmamış olan ailelerde de ebeveynlerin çocuğu kendi cinselliklerine, bazen de cinsel şiddete ve pornografiye maruz bıraktıkları ifade edilmiştir. 32 Yazında ensest ilişkilerinin görüldüğü aile yapıları kategorize edilmiş ve az toplumsallaşmış saldırgan aile yapısı, kurban ebeveynlerin saldırgan duruma geçtiği aile yapısı ve annenin kendi ebeveynleriyle sorunlarının olduğu aile yapısı olarak üç gruba ayrılmıştır. Az toplumsallaşmış saldırgan aile yapısında ensestin aile içinde kabul gören bir davranış olduğu, birkaç kuşaktan beri devam ettiği ve ensestin sadece baba ile kız arasında değil kardeşler arasında veya anne ile oğul arasında da görülebildiği belirtilmektedir. ...
D ünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ; World Health Organization; WHO) cinsel istismarı, çocuğun gelişimine uygun olmayan, bilişsel gelişimi açısından çocuğun an-lamlandıramadığı ve kavrayamadığı dolayısıyla herhangi bir onay vermesinin mümkün olmadığı herhangi bir cinsel etkinliğe dâhil edilmesi ya da buna göz yumulması olarak tanımlamaktadır. 1 Ayrıca, 18 yaşının altında ve psikososyal gelişimini henüz ta-mamlamamış çocuğa karşı cinsel doyum yaşamak amacıyla işlenen herhangi bir cinsel davranış, girişim veya cinsel içerikli sözler olarak da tanımlanmaktadır. 2-4 Cinsel istis-mar davranışları temas içermeyen ve/veya dokunmanın ve hatta penetrasyonun olduğu türde olabilir. Her iki türe de tehdit, hile, şiddet, darp ve cebir eşlik edebilir. Temas içer-meyen eylemler çocukla müstehcen konuşma, çocuğa cinsel ilişki veya porno izlettirme, teşhircilik, röntgencilik olarak uygulanabilirken, dokunma ya da kendine dokundurma, öpme, okşama, interfemoral ilişki (ırza tasatti; penetrasyonun olmadığı sürtünme dav-Aile İçi Cinsel İstismar (Ensest) ve Ensest Olgularının Psikiyatrik Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi Sexual Abuse in the Family (Incest) and Psychiatric Evaluation of Incest Cases ÖZET Cinsel istismar bir çocuğun cinsel açıdan yetişkinler tarafından cinsel arzularını karşılamak için kullanılmasıdır. Ensest ise evlenmeleri kanunen yasaklanmış aile üyeleri ve yakın akraba olan kişilerin çocuğa karşı her türlü cinsel davranışı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Ensest ortaya çıkarılması çok zor olan ve daha uzun süre devam edebilen en ağır cinsel istismar biçimidir. Ensest çocuğun sağlıklı ve normal gelişimini sekteye uğratmakta ve çok çeşitli psikiyatrik bozukluğun ortaya çıkması için duyarlılığa yol açabilmektedir. Ensestin bu yıkıcı etkileri uygun şekilde ele alınmadığında ciddi sonuçlar ortaya çıka-bilmektedir. Bununla birlikte ensest tüm boyutlarıyla henüz tam olarak araştırılmamıştır. Bu yazıda en-sestin tanımı, yaygınlığı, risk faktörleri, çocuk üzerindeki olumsuz fiziksel ve psikiyatrik sonuçları, enseste maruz kalmış çocukların psikiyatrik açıdan değerlendirilmesi, korunma ve önleme çalışmaları ile tedavisi ele alınmıştır. Anah tar Ke li me ler: Ensest; çocuk istismarı, cinsel; çocuk; ruh sağlığı; önleme ve kontrol ABS TRACT Sexual abuse is the use of a child by the adults for satisfying of sexual urges. Incest is defined as all kinds of abusive sexual behavior of the family members and close relatives whose marriage is prohibited by law towards the child. Incest is the most severe form of sexual abuse, which its uncovering is very difficult and can last longer. Incest disrupts the healthy and normal development of the child and can lead to vulnerability for the emergence of a wide variety of psychiatric disorders. When these destructive effects of incest are not dealt with properly, severe consequences can occur. However, incest has not been fully investigated in all aspects yet. In this article, the definition, prevalence, risk factors of incest, unfavorable physical and psychiatric conditions on the child of incest, psychiatric evaluation of children exposed to incest, protection and prevention studies, and treatment of incest are discussed.
... Sexual abuse occurs most frequently at the hands of a much older brother (Caffaro and Conn-Caffaro, 2005;Kreinert and Walsh, 2011). The correlates of sexually abusive sibling relationships tend to be similar to those described earlier for physical abuse, but also include parental encouragement of a sexual climate in the home, family secrets, parental childhood sexual abuse, intrafamilial stress, and rigid family rules regarding the denial of emotions (e.g., Canavan et al., 1992;Hardy, 2001;Johnson, 1988;Smith and Israel, 1987). ...
... Concerning the prevalence, several authors believe that sibling sexual abuse siblings can be up to five times more prevalent than the parental sexual abuse (Canavan et al. 1992;Smith and Israel 1987). More recently, Shaw et al. (2001) found that in sample of children, that approximately half (n = 51) had been sexually abused by a sibling. ...
Sibling sexual abuse seems to be the most prevalent form of sexual abuse in the family context. This study used the Sexual Coercion Scale of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales – Sibling Version (Straus et al. 1995) to measure the extent of sibling sexual coercion in a sample of 590 Portuguese university students. Prevalence: 11% of male students and 5% of female students had sexually coerced a sibling in the year when the participant was about 13 years old or in another year. Chronicity: When there was sexual coercion in a sibling relationship, it was perpetrated an average of 22.4 (mean) times by males and 9.1 times by females. Dyadic Concordance Types (DCT’s) revealed that in 26% there was only one perpetrator who was Male-Only, in 19% the perpetrator was Female-Only and more than half (55%) Both coerced. From the perspective of female respondents, in 50% of the cases the perpetrator was a Male-Only, in 31% Female-Only and in 19% Both coerced. Conclusions: Sexual coercion of siblings is probably more frequent than generally realized. Males had higher rates of perpetration, but the percentage of females was substantial. These results suggest a need to expand research to understand the etiology of sibling sexual coercion by females as well as males, understand causes, risk factors and to expand efforts to reduce sexual coercion in sibling relationships.
... O adulto, ao modelar o comportamento sexual e atitudes sexuais inapropriadas, contribui para criar o contexto propício à ocorrência do abuso sexual (Caffaro & Conn-Caffaro, 1998). Em alguns estudos (e.g., De Jong, 1989; Smith & Israel, 1987) constatou-se que os filhos tinham sido abusados sexualmente pelos ARTICULOS pais, antes de se tornarem vítimas dos seus próprios irmãos. Também Smith e Israel (1987) verificaram que as mães, num terço das famílias estudadas, não só não estimulavam a sexualidade como eram demasiado rígidas e puritanas sobre as matérias sexuais. ...
... Según Smith e Israel (1987), "uno de los tipos de abuso sexual menos entendido y menos reportados es el de abuso sexual entre hermanos" y en Puerto Rico es considerado incesto, pues adviene de la interacción sexual entre dos sujetos menores de edad que tienen padres en común. La terminología hace referencia la interacción del coito (penetración vaginal, anal o relaciones orogenitales) entre individuos relacionados consanguíneamente (con parientes de la línea ascendente y descendiente) hasta el cuarto grado de consanguinidad, según predispuesto por el Código Civil de Puerto Rico, e independientemente que dicho acto haya sido o no concebido bajo consentimiento en el país es considerado dolo (es decir, delito). ...
La población de menores en Puerto Rico es la más complicada que se tiene en términos psicobiosociales, conductuales, disciplinarios, educativos y morales debido a la diferencia de edades. La posibilidad existente de convertirse en víctimas de delitos derivados de la violencia es la razón propulsora de esta investigación. Por lo cual, se presenta un perfil psicosocial estableciendo un panorama real de las condiciones –los elementos, factores y estímulos– que provocan una desviación conductual y una malformación de caracteres en nuestra niñez. Así rompiendo un “tabú” cultural puertorriqueño a la luz del dolo que permea en esta acción delictiva.
Nach einer Einführung in die mögliche positive Bedeutung von Geschwisterbeziehungen folgt ein Überblick der wichtigsten Ergebnisse der empirischen Forschung zu Bullying unter Geschwistern und sexuellem Missbrauch in Geschwisterbeziehungen. Definitionen und Kriterien dieser Studien werden reflektiert. Die psychodynamische Bedeutung destruktiver Geschwisterbeziehungen wird anhand des Konzepts der unbewussten Fantasie und zweier Fallvignetten veranschaulicht, um abschließend auf entwicklungspsychologische und therapeutische Implikationen einzugehen. // After introducing positive aspects of sibling relationships a review of important findings in empirical research on sibling bullying and sexual abuse in sibling relationships is given. Definitions and criteria of key concepts are discussed. The concept of unconscious fantasies is introduced, which helps to understand the psychodynamic of destructive sibling relationships, which is illustrated by two vignettes. Developmental and therapeutic implications complete this work.
Background: Sibling sexual abuse is a common form of intra-familial sexual abuse, yet it remains under-studied and under-recognised, leaving many children unprotected and unsupported. Practitioners need rigorously conducted evidence syntheses to inform decision making in this complex practice area. Objective: A scoping review was conducted with the broad research question: What is known about sibling sexual abuse? in order to map the research and to establish areas of knowledge and gaps requiring attention. Method: The review followed the guidelines of Arksey and O'Malley (2005), and through searches of 11 academic databases, 3 grey literature databases, journal hand-search and Google, identified 91 empirical papers for review. Results: While poorly and inconsistently defined, sibling sexual abuse is a common form of child sexual abuse with significant consequences for the whole family. It may involve children of any age and sex, entail the full range of sexual behaviours, and can take place in families from across the socioeconomic spectrum. Disclosure is uncommon during childhood, with multiple barriers including the nature of the caregiving environment in which sibling sexual abuse often takes place. Official records are likely to under-report the frequency and duration of the abuse. Conclusions: There is considerable scope for further research across all aspects of sibling sexual abuse. This paper represents the most comprehensive (albeit not complete) overview of the current body of knowledge in this field to date, and presents key findings as well as a summary of practice and research recommendations. 3
Background: Sibling sexual abuse (SSA) is influenced by and occurs within an interconnected family system, because of this there is a growing move towards recognising SSA as a family issue. Families also play a vital role in the disclosure of SSA and in the aftermath of recovery. Never- theless, a descriptive review consolidating the known family dynamics, characteristics, and re- sponses associated with SSA is absent from research.
Objective: A scoping review was conducted to synthesise known family characteristics and dy- namics associated with SSA. The review also sought to explore how families respond following the disclosure/discovery of SSA.
Method: Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) five-part scoping review framework was used. Web of Science, PsycInfo, ProQuest, Google Scholar and specialist journals were searched for empirical research and results were assessed for eligibility, leaving 28 studies in the final review.
Results: SSA was related to: (1) family demographics, (2) a history of abuse and neglect within the family, and (3) household stressors and environmental factors. The review also found that fam- ilies largely respond using strategies of minimisation.
Conclusions: Research and practice need to ensure that SSA is understood within the context of family dynamics and histories, in a way that may not be necessary when understanding other ‘types’ of child sexual abuse (CSA). Consideration must be given to the fact that children affected by SSA can be situated in families where, as well as SSA, there is a history of abuse and neglect within the family, and various environmental stressors are present.
Konsekwencje wykorzystania seksualnego dziecka mogą być znaczące nie tylko dla niego samego, lecz także dla szerszej grupy osób. W piśmiennictwie dostępne są przede wszystkim badania poświęcone zmianom w życiu i funkcjonowaniu rodziców dzieci z doświadczeniem wykorzystania. Z kolei zagadnieniu rodzeństwa tych dzieci i wpływu wykorzystania na nie-reakcji na jego ujawnienie, radzenia sobie z wpływem tego doświadczenia na wzajemne relacje-poświęcono jak dotąd mniej uwagi. Celem artykułu był przegląd dotychczasowych osiągnięć badawczych z tego mniej poznanego obszaru. Wątki, które uwidaczniają się w zrealizowanych badaniach, dotyczą m.in. intensywnych reakcji emocjonalnych związanych z ujawnieniem przemocy, podejmowania prób nadawania sensu temu, co się wydarzyło, zapewnienia wsparcia swojemu rodzeństwu, a także zachwiania dotychczasowej równowagi i pojawienia się trudności w relacji między rodzeństwem. W przywoływanych publikacjach zastosowanymi metodami badawczymi były zarówno metody ilościowe, jak i wywiady częściowo ustrukturyzowane oraz analiza tematyczna odpowiedzi uczestników na pytania otwarte.
This chapter seeks to identify and explore core lessons learnt through the amalgamation of both studies. Furthermore, this section aims to critically examine the implications of the data considering broader societal and structural narratives surrounding sexual abuse. Utilising this exploratory analysis, we offer a detailed discussion of possible next steps in bolstering the prevention of and recovery from sibling sexual abuse. Ultimately, we conclude that a significant uptick in understanding and material support is needed to ensure children, young people and families impacted by SSA receive the best quality care in their recovery.KeywordsSexual culturesDisclosureInterventionsPractitioner responsesPrevention
This chapter outlines the project from which the research in this book originated. It outlines the context and intended outcomes on the ‘Sibling sexual abuse: supporting victims and survivors to recover, heal and rebuild their lives’ project that was funded by the Home Office Support for Victims and Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse (SVSCSA) fund. It gives an overview of the current context in relation to research and the prevalence of sibling sexual abuse and outlines associated outcomes. It sets out the structure of the book for the reader, highlighting how each chapter will address the various issues with, and aspects of, sibling sexual abuse.KeywordsIntended outcomesContext of the studiesStructure
Chapters 1 and 2 provide a comprehensive and broad overview of the existing Sibling Sexual Abuse (SSA) evidence base. This chapter will provide the first piece of empirical evidence from the research. The chapter will start with a discussion of the context, background and methodology of the study by the University of West England with 18 adult victim-survivors, who as children experienced SSA. The chapter then discusses the main outcomes from the research (i.e. participants perceptions of their abuse, the impact that it had upon the at the time as well as a cross their lives, the support they received from professional services and whether it was effective, and the broader social and political narratives surrounding SSA). The chapter will end with a discussion of how the findings relate back to the overall research project and existing literature.KeywordsFamily dysfunctionDisclosureReportingPreventionPublic and personal understanding
Supported by about eight hundred scientific references, mainly from the fields of biology, psychology, psychiatry, and sociology, this bibliotherapeutic work reveals surprising information about the first stage of human existence: in utero. It is aimed both at the general population, to raise awareness of intrauterine psychic life, and at health professionals, to whom the authors propose the inclusion of a new concept—Idealized Sex Projection—into their theoretical rationales, to enable more incisive and effective practices.
As a result of about twenty years of research, the authors discuss in this book the parental preference for the sex of their children by illustrating fifty clinical cases that were worked with Family Constellations (FC) as a classical psychotherapy and subjected to exploratory research based on hermeneutic phenomenological reflection. Numerous insights and new perspectives arise from this systemic-phenomenological practice, such as those on patriarchy, sex-selective abortion, female foeticide, female neglect, feminicide, the fraternal birth order effect, non-heterosexuality, and intra-familial incest.
Information is also given here on rarer topics in the FC literature, such as the phenomenological stance, schemas about being-with-the-other, types of attachment styles, psychic crypts, systemic ghosts, invisible loyalties, and cognitive heuristics.
The authors also propose to add some new concepts to the scientific literature on general psychotherapy, such as homeostatically oriented sentences, psychic protoschema, archaic fault, fictive attachment, systemic-phantom-member, three-dimensional obscurity of trauma, imperceptible trauma, macrosystemic psychopathology, specular phantomization, feminine-social-political negligence, politically imposed sociopsychosis, and the central theme of this work, the ISP, or idealized sex projection.
Non-violent resistance (NVR) is an approach for parents and other caregivers that helps to increase presence and overcome impulsive and dangerous behaviors, while reducing conflict and escalation. The practical, evidence-based advice accompanies a detailed list of all the new applications of NVR and an overview of the supporting literature. A step-by-step presentation of the treatment is laid out alongside a useful model on escalation and its prevention. The approach achieves high parent engagement and cooperation, with over twenty controlled studies showing that NVR effectively reduces parental helplessness, parental impulsiveness, parent–child conflicts, and family discord.
This chapter focuses on various assessment tools, interventions and preventive measures which could help children cope up with the trauma. It also extends its focus on few particular therapeutic measures especially designed for children in order to help them cope with the experience. Data from recent researches helps in creating awareness for preventive measures aimed for families, schools and communities in general.
Sustentada por cerca de oitocentas referências científicas, sobretudo nos domínios da biologia, psicologia, psiquiatria e sociologia, esta obra biblioterápica salienta informações surpreendentes sobre o primeiro estágio da existência humana: in utero. É direcionada à população em geral, visando ampliar a sensibilização sobre a vida psíquica intrauterina, bem como aos profissionais de saúde, sugerindo-lhes a inclusão da Projeção Idealizada de Sexo (PIS) nos seus racionais teóricos, para práticas mais incisivas e efetivas.
Fruto de cerca de vinte anos de trabalho, nesta obra os autores dissertam sobre a preferência parental pelo sexo dos filhos, ilustrando cinquenta casos clínicos trabalhados com Constelações Familiares (CF) como psicoterapia clássica. Dessa prática fenomenológica sistémica sobressaem múltiplas reflexões, como as sobre o patriarcado, o aborto sexo-seletivo, o feticídio feminino, a feminigligência, o feminicídio, o efeito fraterno na ordem do nascimento, a não-heterossexualidade e o incesto intrafamiliar.
São também aqui facultadas informações sobre temas mais raros na literatura sobre CF, tais como a atitude fenomenológica, os esquemas sobre o «estar com o outro», os tipos de vinculação, as criptas psíquicas, os fantasmas sistémicos, as lealdades invisíveis e as heurísticas cognitivas. Os autores propõem ainda a adição de vários novos conceitos à literatura científica sobre psicoterapia, como o de frases homeostaticamente orientadas, protoesquema psíquico, falha arcaica, vinculação fictiva e o tema central desta obra, a PIS.
This chapter focuses on various assessment tools, interventions and preventive measures which could help children cope up with the trauma. It also extends its focus on few particular therapeutic measures especially designed for children in order to help them cope with the experience. Data from recent researches helps in creating awareness for preventive measures aimed for families, schools and communities in general.
Incest is any sexual intercourse between close relatives. Rape, incest and incestuous rape are separate offences. Mutual consent is necessary for incest but not in rape and incestuous rape. Incestuous rape is a blatant betrayal of trust. Incestuous rape is increasing with disturbing outcomes like psychological trauma, suicide, drug addiction, honour killing and prostitution. This abnormal behaviour needs to be probed in order to effectively curb the violation of human rights. The Indian Penal Code does not specifically mention incestuous rape as an offence, although many provisions dealing with sexual abuse. After suitable amendments policemen, prison and hospital staff who rape woman in their custody have been made liable for custodial rape. Father being the natural custodian should also be included in this category. This paper concludes that incestuous rape should be placed under rarest of rare category and stringent laws should be passed to deal with this offence.
This chapter examines sexually harmful youth in comparison to other delinquent youth, and attempts to understand the similarities and differences. A closer look into special populations of sexually harmful youth, such as young children, females, intellectually disabled and offense specific youth are explored, as well as racial differences and considerations. Lastly, school psychologists will learn about the child and family risk factors associated with sexually harmful youth, as well as offenders risk for recidivism.
This paper describes some of the background characteristics and sexually abusive behaviour of 100 British sexually abusive male adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years. A retrospective file review and clinical assessment provided relevant information on all subjects who had a documented history of sexual assault or abuse against others. Subjects came from a variety of sources including residential child care centres, secure facilities and an adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic. Demographic characteristics and abuser characteristics are described, including the family environment, history of involvement with health and social services, school adjustment and performance, history of non-sexual antisocial behaviour, and also the adolescents’ own prior experiences of physical and sexual abuse. Abuse and victim characteristics are also described, including duration of abusive behaviour, types of sexually abusive behaviour exhibited, sex offence convictions, method of overcoming victim resistance, location where abuse took place, sex and age of victims, and abuser—victim relationship. These abuser and abuse characteristics were found to be consistent with those described in the North American literature. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the aetiology, management and treatment of sexually abusive behaviour in British adolescents.
MOVING FAMILIES TO FUTURE HEALTH: REUNIFICATION EXPERIENCES AFTER SIBLING INCEST
Bianca M. Harper
Lina Hartocollis, Ph.D
Sibling incest is an under-reported, under-researched social problem that devastates affected families and challenges social workers and other professionals who work with them. There is little research on family experiences and changes in family dynamics after sibling incest and even less on the reunification experiences of families after sibling incest. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into families’ reunification experiences after sibling incest in order to promote continued healing and improve service delivery. A qualitative study, using semi-structured interviews was conducted with fourteen multidisciplinary professionals involved in family reunification after sibling incest. Grounded theory guided the analysis of interview data. Findings include themes of role of therapist, process of reunification, challenges of multidisciplinary team member collaboration, challenges of ensuring family safety, challenges of determining family readiness, clinical concerns, and lack of a road map. Findings suggest that the process of family reunification after sibling incest is complex and filled with many challenges for both the family and team members. Implications for theory, practice, and future research are also discussed.
This chapter will focus on the psychiatric aspects of an extremely broad, intriguing, and ultimately enigmatic subject: incest. Even the contradictory etymological origins of the word incest reflect its essential mystery. Incest is believed to derive both from the Latin castus meaning “pure, chaste,” and from incestus meaning “impure, immodest, lewd.” Yet another linguistic interpretation traces the word back to the latin word cestus, used both to described girdle (of Venus), and to mean capable of arousing love.1
The authors raise the problem of the systematic or variable confusion which concerns incest between adults and incest with children. A wealth of literature exists concerning pedophilia and incest but the differences between OE dipal phantasms, sexual abuse of children and incest between perverse and consenting adults is not always underlined. In legal terms only crimes concerning children or non-consenting persons are taken into account. On the other hand prison sentences are increased when the sex-offender is a parent or person with authority on the victim. In fact transgressions of the "taboo" of incest are far more frequent and far more important than was supposed some decades ago. Since the work of S. Ferenczi in the 1930s we have known that the "confusion of tongues between adults and the child" (i.e. confusing of request for affection and request for sexual contact) could arise in many family and social contexts and produce lasting trauma and various forms of severe neurosis, often hysteria. The father was often classified as a pervert. If we take a closer look however we find a mixed bag of pathologies, some immature neurotics, some perverts and a rainbow of other disorders. The mother-son relationship, Jocaste and OE dipus is rarely encountered in forensic psychiatry, this is not of course an obstacle to theorising incest in its pathological unity. The authors insist on what causes trauma in a child before puberty - the fact that the phantasm encounters its "realisation" in the world. The act, often committed by person with parental authority, may take place in an atmosphere of secrecy, often we find threats of violence, sometimes incest is presented as a form of "cheating". The acts of incest, sometimes very repetitive, correspond to a parental desire to act in secret... without the intention of bringing a social facet to what would then become an "authentic" social couple.
Adolescence conceived as a psychopathological problem configuration is described more and more often in current scientific literature, in psychological and educational reviews in particular. Through this clinical, critical and ethical reflection, the author proposes an up-to-date synthesis of international scientific literature. Today, clinical preoccupations are linked to an inevitable social reality. In this register, and according to such current issues, attention is focused on adolescents presenting multiple problems or on pre-pubescent children who appear as psychosocially handicapped individuals or as potential physical or sexual agressors. The most marginal among this group of adolescents are represented by those who sexually abused younger children. Some see them as sexual abusers comparable to adult sexual. delinquants. Following this very linear line of cause and effect reasoning, some professionals think that all minors who commit sexual abuse risk becoming adult abusers and that it is necessary to reeducate them as well as possible. Thus, at the risk of radicalization and of abusive, interpretive and systematic stigmatization, clinicians in Anglo-saxon countries have multiplied treatment programs adapted to this type of problem. So as to avoid this pitfall, a precise and rigorous evaluation should make it possible to orient decision making in a more adapted way. As important as it is that the personality profiles of adolescents who commit sexual transgressions be the object of diagnostic evaluation, other elements should also be taken into consideration. the circumstances of their act, the characteristics of their victim(s) and the nature of their offense(s). Such details will of fer a better understanding of the problem configuration. In that a multifaceted program of educational guidance adapted to these young subjects can only be constructed in an institutional framework validated by ethical and solid judicial references, the therapeutic orientation of these adolescents should be elaborated on the basis of a complete and rigorous medico-psycho-social examination.
Adolescence as a psychopathological problematic is increasingly described in scientific literature, especially in psychology or education journals and books. Attention is now focusing on adolescents with multiple problems or on prepubescent children who seem to be psychosocially handicapped and/or potential (physical or sexual) aggressors. The most marginalized of these are those that sexually abuse younger children. They appear to some as 'sexual abusers' at the same level as adult sexual delinquents. Following a very linear reasoning of cause to effect, some professionals believe that all minors perpetuating sexual abuses risk becoming adult abusers and that they must be re-educated in the most efficient way possible. Thus, and at the risk of radicalisation and an abusive interpretative and systematic stigmatisation, clinicians in Anglo-Saxon countries are increasingly using treatment programmes adapted to this problematic. To avoid this, a fine and rigorous clinical evaluation should be able to orient decision-taking in a better adapted manner. The personality profiles of sexually transgressing adolescents must undergo a multidisciplinary diagnostic evaluation and the circumstances leading to their taking action - the characteristics of their victim(s) and the nature of their offence(s) - lead to a better understanding of this problematic. The therapeutic orientation of these adolescent 'sexual transgressors' should be developed from a complete and specific medico-psychosocial examination carried out in an institutional setting based on solid ethical and judicial premises. (C) 2001 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.
The continuing growth of nontraditional families in the United States presents unique problems for family law courts. Concerns regarding the wet fare of children in nontraditional families loom larger in light of considerable evidence demonstrating that a female child, after her parents divorce, faces a significantly elevated risk of being sexually abused by either a parent, a parent's partner, or a person outside of the home. In this Article Professor Robin Fretwell Wilson addresses whether the law can effectively mitigate the risk of child sexual abuse by considering it in custody determinations. After dispelling common misconceptions about the nature of sexual abuse Professor Wilson marshals overwhelming empirical evidence-more than seventy social science studies-showing a connection between family disruption and child sexual abuse of girls. Professor Wilson argues that family law deals inadequately with this disturbing phenomenon because courts in custody proceedings generally neglect to address the increased statistical probability of sexual abuse after divorce. She then maps out three possible routes to prevention of sexual abuse by using custody determinations to increase parental awareness and encourage parents to take affirmative steps to mitigate the risk to their daughters. Professor Wilson recognizes that acting in anticipation of risks-rather than after demonstrated conduct-is not without controversy. She examines, therefore, whether tailoring prevention. efforts to children at divorce will stigmatize single parents, discourage remarriage or encourage non-custodial parents to later fabricate charges of abuse. Professor Wilson concludes that integrating the increased risk of child sexual abuse in custody proceedings is ultimately a commonsense way to address a pervasive problem. More broadly, Professor Wilson contends that judicial decision makers can intelligently address the challenges facing fractured families only if guided by substantial evidence of how these families function.
This chapter reviews the nature of incest as well as the contributing factors. It reviews three primary theoretical perspectives for understanding the contributing factors of incest. There are three theoretical perspectives for understanding the etiology of incest. These are (1) the sociological viewpoint; (2) the role of organic factors such as alcoholism and mental sub-normality; and (3) the psychodynamic perspective. This perspective associates low socio-economic class, poverty, overcrowding, social isolation, sub-cultural values, and external stress with incest. To assess the validity of such a perspective, it is essential to review the samples from which the conclusions were derived. Social isolation has also been seen as an important contributing factor to incest. Because of the methodological problems in much of the research, there are no conclusive answers to the query of how sociological phenomena contribute to incest. The implication of all these findings is that alcohol may act as an inhibition-removing and triggering influence. The organicity associated with drug induced psychosis and other forms of toxicity may also act as a trigger for incestuous relationships.
The Broken Tuboo. p. 104
- Justice B Justice
JUSTICE. B. and JUSTICE, R. The Broken Tuboo. p. 104. Human Sciences Press, New York (1979).
Adultery: Reality versus stereotype
- Cuber
IO. CUBER, J. F. Adultery: Reality versus stereotype. In: Exrrcrmurifcd Re1ution.s. G. Neubeck (Ed.), p. 192. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ ( 1969).