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Grip and Pinch Strength: Normative data for adults
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to establish clinical norms for adults aged 20 to 75+ years on four tests of hand strength. A dynamometer was used to measure grip strength and a pinch gauge to measure tip, key, and palmar pinch. A sample of 310 male and 328 female adults, ages 20 to 94, from the seven-county Milwaukee area were tested using standardized positioning and instructions. Right hand and left hand data were stratified into 12 age groups for both sexes. This stratification provides a means of comparing the score of individual patients to that of normal subjects of the same age and sex. The highest grip strength scores occurred in the 25 to 39 age groups. For tip, key, and palmar pinch the average scores were relatively stable from 20 to 59 years, with a gradual decline from 60 to 79 years. A high correlation was seen between grip strength and age, but a low to moderate correlation between pinch strength and age. The newer pinch gauge used in this study appears to read higher than that used in a previous normative study. Comparison of the average hand strength of right-handed and left-handed subjects showed only minimal differences.
... El dinamómetro suele ser la herramienta usada en el contexto clínico para evaluar de forma objetiva la fuerza muscular en determinados movimientos íntimamente conectados con la función de la mano. Estos movimientos suelen traducirse en la ejecución de diferentes tipos de pinzas, aunque las más habituales son las realizadas con los dedos índice y pulgar, necesarias para asir todo tipo de objetos y herramientas (27,28,32). ...
... Previo a la realización de cada ensayo, el paciente recibe breve instrucciones, donde se le indica que debe agarrar el dinamómetro sobre la zona adecuada, que debe evitar realizar compensaciones musculares y que va a realizar una prensión con la máxima fuerza que pueda durante un periodo corto de tiempo. El evaluador debe tener en cuenta que se debe llegar a un equilibrio entre el tiempo que se le debe dar al paciente para que ejerza la máxima fuerza que pueda y la aparición de fatiga muscular por un mantenimiento de dicha fuerza en el tiempo (27,33) Para la evaluación de la fuerza de agarre o de prensión de la mano existen varios dispositivos y modelos. Sin embargo, el dinamómetro Jamar, desarrollado por Bechtol (34), ha demostrado ser una prueba con una adecuada fiabilidad siempre que se mantenga una adecuada calibra-Terapia de mano basada en el razonamiento y la práctica clínica. ...
La terapia de mano es el tratamiento no quirúrgico de los trastornos y lesiones de la mano o de las extremidades superiores que afectan la función de la mano. Los terapeutas de mano son fisioterapeutas o terapeutas ocupacionales que se especializan en esta disciplina y tiene formación específica en anatomía, exploración, biomecánica, fisiología y técnicas de abordaje. Un terapeuta de mano generalmente pasa por una formación y capacitación extensa para convertirse en un “terapeuta de mano certificado”. La terapia de la mano, integrada dentro del equipo de cirugía de mano, tiene un papel crucial en la recuperación de las lesiones de la mano o muñeca. El objetivo de este libro es ofrecer un compendio en lengua castellana donde se aborden las patologías de la mano más frecuentes desde un punto de vista interdisciplinar, ayudando a los lectores a razonar las diferentes patologías y a afianzar los conocimientos de la terapia de mano basándonos en la evidencia científica. Partiendo de la base de una buena exploración y valoración, en cada uno de los capítulos se abordan los tratamientos de las lesiones más frecuentes acompañado de numerosas ilustraciones que facilitan su comprensión. Elaborado por los mejores expertos de España en la disciplina, estamos seguro de que este libro ayudará al lector a elaborar un razonamiento clínico basado en la evidencia científica que le permitirá comprender y aplicar los diferentes tratamientos específicos para cada una de las lesiones de la mano que se exponen.
... The maximum grasp force for L c,max and L c,var both reach 80 N. For comparison, the average male key pinch strength is 104 N and female is 73 N [20]. Everyday tasks often require less grip force, such as inserting a plug (31.4N) even under slippery conditions [21]. ...
Abstract—For those with upper limb absence, body-powered
prostheses continue to be popular for many activities despite
being an old technology; these devices can provide both inherent
haptic feedback and mechanical robustness. Yet, they can
also result in strain and fatigue. Body-powered prosthetic
graspers typically consist of a simple lever providing a relatively
constant transmission ratio between the input forces from the
user’s shoulder harness and the grip force of their prosthetic
prehensor. In the field of robotic hand design, new continuously
varying transmissions demonstrate particular promise in generating
a wide range of grasping speeds without sacrificing grip
strength. These benefits, if applied to shoulder-driven prosthetic
grippers, have the potential to both reduce shoulder exertion
and fatigue. This work presents the integration of a continuously
variable transmission into a body-powered, voluntary
close prosthetic testbed.We introduce the design and validate its
performance in a benchtop experiment. We compare constant
transmission conditions with a force-dependent, continually
varying condition. The device is mounted on a prosthetic
emulator for a preliminary wearable demonstration.
... Body fat was estimated using the Jackson & Pollack 3-measurement skinfolds taken in triplicate using FatTrackII Digital Body Fat Calipers (AccuFitness). Grip strength was measured taking the average of three measurements [55] using a hydraulic dynamometer (Baseline, TN). ...
Over 80% of adolescents worldwide are insufficiently active, posing massive public health and economic challenges. Declining physical activity (PA) and sex differences in PA consistently accompany transitions from childhood to adulthood in post-industrialized populations and are attributed to psychosocial and environmental factors. An overarching evolutionary theoretical framework and data from pre-industrialized populations are lacking. This cross-sectional study tests hypotheses from life history theory, that adolescent PA is inversely related to age, but this association is mediated by Tanner stage, reflecting higher and sex-specific energetic demands for growth and reproductive maturation. Detailed measures of PA and pubertal maturation are assessed among Tsimane forager-farmers (age: 7–22 years; 50% female, n = 110). Most Tsimane sampled (71%) meet World Health Organization PA guidelines (greater than or equal to 60 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous PA). Like post-industrialized populations, sex differences and inverse age-activity associations were observed. Tanner stage significantly mediated age-activity associations. Adolescence presents difficulties to PA engagement that warrant further consideration in PA intervention approaches to improve public health.
Context:
In clinical trials, burosumab ameliorates symptoms of pain, fatigue and stiffness and improves performance on certain muscle function studies in patients with XLH.
Objective:
Determine if burosumab increases ATP synthesis in skeletal muscle of treatment-naïve adults with XLH. If so, whether that correlates with improved muscle function.
Methods:
Ten untreated, symptomatic adults with XLH had ATP synthesis rates measured in the right calf using the 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy saturation transfer technique. Baseline muscle function tests and symptoms of pain, fatigue, stiffness and lower extremity joint pain were quantified. All participants were treated with burosumab, 1 mg/kg q 4-weeks for 12 weeks. ATP synthesis rates and muscle function tests were repeated 2-weeks ("peak") and 4-weeks ("trough") after the third dose of burosumab.
Results:
All symptoms improved with treatment. Performance on the 6-Minute Walk (6MW) and Sit to Stand (STS) tests also improved. Muscle strength and ATP synthesis rates didn't change over the three months of study. When individuals whose performances on the 6MW and STS tests were at or better than the median outcome for those tests were compared to those whose outcomes were below the median, no difference was observed in the rate of change in ATP synthesis. Intracellular muscle concentrations of phosphorus were normal.
Conclusion:
The improvement in the 6MW and STS tests without changes in muscle strength or ATP synthesis rates suggests that reductions in pain, fatigue and stiffness may partly explain the improved performance. Intracellular phosphate in skeletal muscle is insulated from hypophosphatemia in XLH.
Taste disorders are common among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, with a prevalence ranging from 20% to 86%, persisting throughout treatment. This condition leads to reduced food consumption, increasing the risk of malnutrition. Malnutrition is associated not only with worse treatment efficacy and poor disease prognosis but also with reduced functional status and quality of life. The fruit of Synsepalum dulcificum (Daniell), commonly known as miracle berry or miracle fruit, contains miraculin, a taste-modifying protein with profound effects on taste perception. The CLINMIR Protocol is a triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial designed to evaluate the regular consumption of a food supplement containing a miraculin-based novel food, dried miracle berry (DMB), on the taste perception (measured through electrogustometry) and nutritional status (evaluated through the GLIM Criteria) of malnourished cancer patients under active antineoplastic treatment. To this end, a pilot study was designed with 30 randomized patients divided into three study arms (150 mg DMB + 150 mg freeze-dried strawberries, 300 mg DMB, or placebo) for three months. Throughout the five main visits, an exhaustive assessment of different parameters susceptible to improvement through regular consumption of the miraculin-based food supplement will be conducted, including electrical and chemical taste perception, smell perception, nutritional and morphofunctional assessment, diet, quality of life, the fatty acid profile of erythrocytes, levels of inflammatory and cancer-associated cytokines, oxidative stress, antioxidant defense system, plasma metabolomics, and saliva and stool microbiota. The primary anticipated result is that malnourished cancer patients with taste distortion who consume the miraculin-based food supplement will report an improvement in food taste perception. This improvement translates into increased food intake, thereby ameliorating their nutritional status and mitigating associated risks. Additionally, the study aims to pinpoint the optimal dosage that provides maximal benefits. The protocol adheres to the SPIRIT 2013 Statement, which provides evidence-based recommendations and is widely endorsed as an international standard for trial protocols. The clinical trial protocol has been registered at the platform for Clinical Trials (NCT05486260).
Tropical diabetic hand syndrome (TDHS) is rarely described and recognized in the literature as a complication in people with diabetes, and Mexico has high incidence rates of diabetes mellitus II (DMII). The minor or major amputation of the arm represents a physically and economically significant morbidity problem in patients. To optimize the diagnosis and treatment, in this work, we identify prognostic factors and their association with the severity of TDHS and the need for amputation in patients with diabetes mellitus and hand tissue infection.
A total of 55 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of DMII with soft tissue infection in the hand referred to the plastic and reconstructive surgery department were studied for their evaluation and treatment. We analyze sociodemographic and clinical factors and follow-up of remission and recovery in limb functions.
In our study, we identified factors associated with amputation such as schooling under 6 years (OR: 21.98, confidence interval (CI): 1.21–3.98, p = 0.003), body mass index ≥ 20 (OR: 0.07, CI = 0.003–1.41, p = 0.031), and history of amputation (no upper limb) (OR: 5.9, CI = 1.11–32.1, p = 0.032). Furthermore, people with TDHS requiring amputation had slightly higher glycated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac) ≥ 10% (OR: 2.36, CI = 0.62–8.98, p = 0.338), and the risk of death was also increased (OR: 3.4, CI = 0.355–32.6, p = 0.288), although these outcomes did not reach statistical significance.
Risk factors for amputation as a treatment of THDS are directly linked to lower schooling status, poor nutrition/low weight, as well as previous amputation procedures in patients. These data will help to establish a timelier evaluation and management in patients with suspected THDS.
Background
Due to the heterogeneity of older people, it is difficult to identify reliable factors influencing oral health.
Objective
The aim was to illustrate the influence of visual acuity, manual dexterity, and handgrip strength on the oral and denture hygiene ability of older non‐frail people.
Methods
In a cross‐sectional study, conducted at a specialized dental clinic, at baseline, all participants received professional prophylaxis and instruction on daily oral and denture hygiene regimes for a 6‐week intervention period. Data on the Quigley and Hein modified plaque index (QHI), respectively, the Denture Hygiene Index (DHI), visual acuity, manual dexterity and handgrip strength in non‐frail participants (≥ 65 years) were collected. Recruitment was done within the clinic's patient clientele and within the staff (control cohort).
Results
Women showed significantly better manual dexterity than men (Mann–Whitney U, p = .01), while women's mean handgrip strength was significantly lower (Mann–Whitney U, p < .01). Manual dexterity (Mann–Whitney U, p = .003) and handgrip strength (Mann–Whitney U, p = .052) were associated with age. However, visual acuity, manual dexterity and handgrip strength had no influence on oral or denture hygiene.
Conclusion
Visual acuity, manual dexterity and handgrip strength have no influence on oral and denture hygiene ability in older non‐frail people. Further studies should investigate whether these factors also have no influence on oral and denture hygiene in vulnerable older patients. Therefore, an assessment tool for the evaluation of potential influencing factors of oral and denture hygiene is proposed in a dental context. This Gerostomatological Assessment Battery (G‐AB) can be used as a helpful tool to check the individual cognitive function and comprehension, dental therapy approaches and their individual adaption.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hand grip strength (HGS) and reaction time are crucial functions to maintain daily activities. They are also a sign of
general physical health. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between grip strength and reaction time in children, adults
and older adults.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included a total of 120 subjects, comprising 40 children, 40 adults and 40 older adults. The Jamar
Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer (Sammons Preston, Bolingbrook, Illinois) was used to evaluate HGS and the Nelson Hand Reaction Ruler was
used for the upper extremity reaction time.
RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was determined between the three age groups with respect to grip strength (p<0.001) and reaction
time (p<0.001). No statistically significant correlation was found between grip strength and reaction time of children (r=-0.27, p=0.09) and
adults (r=-0.22, p=0.18). A statistically significant, negative, and strong correlation was found between grip strength and reaction time in older
adults (r=-0.53, p<0.001).
CONCLUSION: The results of the study showed no relationship between the grip strength and reaction time of children and adults, whereas the
grip strength levels of the older adults were seen to increase as reaction time decreased.
Keywords: Hand grip strength, reaction time, aging, older adult, adult
It is well known that scoliosis adversely affects the functions of the upper extremities. However, the acute effect of rigid braces, which are widely used in the conservative treatment of scoliosis, on upper-extremity functionality remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of a rigid thoracolumbosacral brace use on upper-extremity functionality in individuals with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Thirty-eight individuals diagnosed with AIS participated in this cross-sectional study, with a mean age of 14.55 ± 1.90 years and a range of 10–18 years. The upper-extremity functionality was assessed using the Nine-Hole Peg Test and handgrip strength, with assessments conducted under both in-brace (with their own braces) and out-of-brace conditions. Nine-Hole Peg Test durations of the AIS patients for the nondominant side were significantly lower for in-brace conditions compared with out-of-brace conditions ( p = .049, effect size = 0.136). The grip strength of the nondominant side was significantly higher for in-brace conditions compared with out-of-brace conditions ( p = .025, effect size = 0.365). A weak negative correlation was found between the degree of curvature and the grip strength of the dominant side for in-brace conditions ( r = −.323, p = .048). It was concluded that the brace had a positive effect on upper-extremity functionality on the nondominant side by both shortening the Nine-Hole Peg Test duration and increasing grip strength. In AIS patients, the brace may positively affect daily living by improving the functionality of the nondominant extremity.
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