No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Active Coping Processes, Coping Dispositions, and Recovery from Surgery
Abstract
: Surgical patients with similar medical problems differ greatly in their rate of postoperative recovery. This study investigated the relationship between the mode of coping with preoperative stress and recovery from surgery. Sixty-one preoperative surgical patients were interviewed and classified into three groups based on whether they showed avoidance vigilance, or both kinds of coping behavior, concerning their surgical problem. Coping dispositions referring to the same dimension, preoperative anxiety, and previous life stress were also measured. The five recovery variables included days in hospital, number of pain medications, minor medical complications, negative psychological reactions, and the sum of these. Results showed that the vigilant group had the most complicated postoperative recovery, although only two recovery variables (days in hospital and minor complications) were statistically significant. Coping dispositions, anxiety, and life stress showed no clear or consistent relationships with recovery. Ways in which mode of coping may have influenced recovery are discussed. Copyright (C) 1973 by American Psychosomatic Society
... It has been suggested that people who undergo major surgery can cope more effectively with treatment outcomes if anticipatory coping takes place (F. Cohen & Lazarus, 1973;Janis, 1958Janis, , 1974). In the current study, patients' expectations may represent anticipatory coping; such coping may be either vigilant or avoidant. ...
... But Janis pointed out that fear arousal may not be effective for people with high trait anxiety. In contrast, F. Cohen and Lazarus (1973) found in their study of 61 patients undergoing major surgery that vigilance (i.e., seeking more information about the medical condition, the nature of surgery, and postsurgical course) was associated with longer postoperative stays in the hospital and more minor complications than avoidance (i.e., denial of threatening aspects of medical condition and surgery, not seeking out information, thereby reducing stress and the potential anxiety such stress may create). Avoiders and those in the middle range of avoidance and vigilance experienced better postsurgical outcomes than vigilant patients. ...
... Most patients fully recover within 6 weeks, but their rate of recovery is determined not by continual attention from medical personnel but by their willingness to follow specific postsurgical treatment regimens. Thus, in contrast to the findings of F. Cohen and Lazarus's (1973) studyconducted among patients who underwent hernia, gall bladder, and thyroid operations and which concluded that avoidant copers report more positive surgical outcomes -we propose that patients undergoing orthognathic surgery will experience better postsurgical outcomes if they are vigilant copers and do not deny the problems associated with surgery. ...
In an attempt to assess the role of vigilant and avoidant coping styles on postsurgical outcomes in orthognathic surgery, 114 patients were asked to rate their expectations of problems associated with surgery in three areas 6 to 12 months before surgery. Patients completed questionnaires five more timesover the course of 3 years, from just before to 2 years after surgery. Presurgical expectations of problems were significant predictors of postsurgical reports of experiences, dissatisfaction, and mood disturbances up to 2 years after surgery. Contrary to the hypothesis that vigilant copers would have better outcomes than avoidant copers, the results suggest that patients who anticipate few problems with surgery (avoidant copers) report better psychological outcomes than patients who expect numerous problems (vigilant copers) before undergoing surgery.
Key words: patient expectations, coping strategies, information seeking, avoidance, vigilance, orthognathic surgery
... Another scale measures denial, a response that sometimes emerges in primary appraisal. Denial is somewhat controversial. It is often suggested that denial is useful, minimizing distress and thereby facilitating coping (cf. Breznitz, 1983;F. Cohen & Lazarus, 1973;Wilson, 1981). Alternatively, it can be argued that denial only creates additional problems unless the stressor can profitably be ignored. That is, denying the reality of the event allows the event to become more serious, thereby making more difficult the coping that eventually must occur (cf. Matthews, Siegel, Kuller, Thompson, & Varat, ...
... It was, in fact, a test of this stronger position that seems to have raised such skepticism on the part of Folkman and Lazarus (1980) regarding the role of dispositions more generally. Specifically, F. Cohen and Lazarus (1973) found no support for the hypothesis that the personality dimension of repression versus sensitization (Byrne, 1961) would predict the course of recovery from surgery. The conclusion apparently drawn from that null finding is that traditional personality dispositions are not likely to be useful as predictors of coping (e.g., . ...
... These findings paint a somewhat more optimistic picture of the role of individual differences in the coping process than was suggested by earlier research (F. Cohen & Lazarus, 1973;. On the other hand, the findings should be viewed as first approximations because of two characteristics of the data. ...
We developed a multidimensional coping inventory to assess the different ways in which people respond to stress. Five scales (of four items each) measure conceptually distinct aspects of problem-focused coping (active coping, planning, suppression of competing activities, restraint coping, seeking of instrumental social support); five scales measure aspects of what might be viewed as emotion-focused coping (seeking of emotional social support, positive reinterpretation, acceptance, denial, turning to religion); and three scales measure coping responses that arguably are less useful (focus on and venting of emotions, behavioral disengagement, mental disengagement). Study 1 reports the development of scale items. Study 2 reports correlations between the various coping scales and several theoretically relevant personality measures in an effort to provide preliminary information about the inventory's convergent and discriminant validity. Study 3 uses the inventory to assess coping responses among a group of undergraduates who were attempting to cope with a specific stressful episode. This study also allowed an initial examination of associations between dispositional and situational coping tendencies.
... volition is compromised if a patient believes they lack either the physical Capabilities, or the home-life Opportunity, or the Motivation to deploy the treatment because they do not believe it is advantageous). 31 a&E, accident and Emergency; dv, direct target for volitional; FaQ, frequently asked questions; Gp, general practitioner; MOa, mechanism of action; N/a, not applicable; Ot, occupational therapist; R, Representations group; Rtss, rehabilitation treatment specification system; v, volitional. pre-to post-pOsE differences in prospective patients' expectations (preparedness toward surgical procedures, procedural familiarization with post-surgical pain/movement), and their anxiety about surgery were measured using three separate, self-reported five-point ordinal Likert scales (1, not at all prepared/familiar/ anxious; to 5, very prepared/familiar/anxious). the scales were administered in written format for patients to self-report on arrival at the pOsE intervention, and then again immediately after the pOsE intervention had finished. ...
... 40 instead of offering a binary choice of attendance, tailoring psychoeducation by sub-grouping patients depending on their predispositions could enable and affect uptake. For example, joint arthroplasty surgery patients can be categorized into those who desire information to handle uncertainly (monitors) 31 or stress (sensitizers), 41 those who avoid information about surgery (avoiders), 42 those fearful about surgery (anxious), 43 and those who avoid considering unpleasant events (deniers). 44 however, the interaction among these groups with responses to psychoeducation are complex. ...
Aims
Psychoeducative prehabilitation to optimize surgical outcomes is relatively novel in spinal fusion surgery and, like most rehabilitation treatments, they are rarely well specified. Spinal fusion patients experience anxieties perioperatively about pain and immobility, which might prolong hospital length of stay (LOS). The aim of this prospective cohort study was to determine if a Preoperative Spinal Education (POSE) programme, specified using the Rehabilitation Treatment Specification System (RTSS) and designed to normalize expectations and reduce anxieties, was safe and reduced LOS.
Methods
POSE was offered to 150 prospective patients over ten months (December 2018 to November 2019) Some chose to attend (Attend-POSE) and some did not attend (DNA-POSE). A third independent retrospective group of 150 patients (mean age 57.9 years (SD 14.8), 50.6% female) received surgery prior to POSE (pre-POSE). POSE consisted of an in-person 60-minute education with accompanying literature, specified using the RTSS as psychoeducative treatment components designed to optimize cognitive/affective representations of thoughts/feelings, and normalize anxieties about surgery and its aftermath. Across-group age, sex, median LOS, perioperative complications, and readmission rates were assessed using appropriate statistical tests.
Results
In all, 65 (43%) patients (mean age 57.4 years (SD 18.2), 58.8% female) comprised the Attend-POSE, and 85 (57%) DNA-POSE (mean age 54.9 years (SD 15.8), 65.8% female). There were no significant between-group differences in age, sex, surgery type, complications, or readmission rates. Median LOS was statistically different across Pre-POSE (5 days ((interquartile range (IQR) 3 to 7)), Attend-POSE (3 (2 to 5)), and DNA-POSE (4 (3 to 7)), (p = 0.014). Pairwise comparisons showed statistically significant differences between Pre-POSE and Attend-POSE LOS (p = 0.011), but not between any other group comparison. In the Attend-POSE group, there was significant change toward greater surgical preparation, procedural familiarity, and less anxiety.
Conclusion
POSE was associated with a significant reduction in LOS for patients undergoing spinal fusion surgery. Patients reported being better prepared for, more familiar, and less anxious about their surgery. POSE did not affect complication or readmission rates, meaning its inclusion was safe. However, uptake (43%) was disappointing and future work should explore potential barriers and challenges to attending POSE. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(2):135–144.
... Le retrait comportemental et social (6,33) est perçu plus négativement que le retrait mental (7,91). Le sujet se réfugie dans l'imaginaire, se retire du champ social, "coupe les ponts" qui le lient aux institutions et à autrui, abandonne les rôles sociaux qu'il assumait, se désignifie aux yeux d'autrui. ...
... De la même façon, l'addictivité (4,84) est plus sévèrement jugée que l'alexithymie (7,71). L'addictivité (dépendance à l'égard d'un médicament ou d'une drogue), manifeste l'impuissance du sujet à lutter, à faire face au stress. ...
... It should be added that techno-stressors do not necessarily have a direct effect, and may be mediated by employees' stress or fear and through their coping strategies, consistent with the stress dynamics and coping theory of Lazarus [39,40]. Additionally, technostress unfolds among related constructs such as "information fatigue syndrome" or techno-fatigue, techno-addiction, and technophobia [41]. ...
... For example, subjects exposed to the repeated malfunction of information technology, namely collapsing computer systems, showed increased levels of cortisol (a stress-associated hormone), with their average levels sharply increasing directly after a system collapse, which could affect a person's health [34]. From a management perspective, there must be a situation of balance between people and their environment, so that there is no tension state [38][39][40][41][42]. Therefore, companies can facilitate adaptation strategies by improving the internal knowledge of their information systems; reducing stressful technological factors of work environments by reducing the exhaustion of their workers; and, in general, considering the interaction between techno-stressors, technostress, and coping strategies [25,26]. ...
The expanded use of information technology in education has led to the emergence of technostress due to a lack of adaptation to the technological environment. The purpose of this study is to identify the levels of technostress in primary and secondary education in 428 teachers using a RED-TIC questionnaire, of which skepticism, fatigue, anxiety, and inefficiency are the main components. For the empirical analysis of the data, principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used. The results show that 12% of Chilean teachers participating in the study feel techno-fatigued, 13% feel techno-anxious, and 11% present both conditions. Male teachers show a higher incidence of techno-anxiety and techno-fatigue than their female peers. It can be concluded that the questionnaire used is a reliable tool to evaluate the presence of technostress, and it manifests itself importantly in its components of techno-anxiety and techno-fatigue in Chilean teachers.
... Both coping styles have been reported as being effective in reducing the emotional impact of stress. Avoidant coping has led to reduced post-operative anxiety and shorter hospital admission (Mathews and Ridgeway, 1981) and fewer post-operative complications (Cohen and Lazarus, 1973). Vigilant coping has been associated with poorer long term recovery and higher levels of post-operative pain (George et. ...
... The sustained pattern of correlations between the coping responses and the outcome measures, recovery, post-operative anxiety and pain (Table5;5) confirms the association between response to stress and its outcome noted in earlier studies (Andrew, 1970, Cohen and Lazarus, 1973, George, Scott, Turner and Gregg, 1980, Mathews and Ridgeway, 1981, Chaves and Brown, 1985and Pick, Pearce and Legg, 1990. There were clear associations between RSQ 'pessimistic/negative', 'angry' responses and PRQ 'negative' and 'behavioural' responses and higher levels of postoperative anxiety and pain but poor late recovery. ...
The stress response, a complex multi-factorial survival mechanism is elicited by surgery. The factors of the stress response include psychological variables, anxiety, mood, coping and sense of control and physiological variables, activation of the adrenocortical system to increase peripheral levels of cortisol and catecholamines, cardiovascular and metabolic changes. The relationships between these factors are generally unknown. Nor is it clear that the stress response remains the same over the period of the hospitalisation, surgery and recovery. The general aim of the studies reported here was to investigate any relationships between the factors of the stress response to surgery within the context of the patients lives. The Response to Surgery Questionnaire was developed to assess subjective responses to surgery identifying four subjective coping response styles, 'optimistic / vigilant', pessimistic / negative', 'anger' and 'faith in others'. This questionnaire was used with other established measures to assess the psychological factors of the stress response and the recovery from surgery. Interactions between the catecholamines and some of the psychological variables emerged. Overall the findings indicate a complex interactive response to pain and stress. Subjective anticipation of the event influences the subsequent experience and recall. Anticipation, experience and recall are elaborated by anxiety. Subjective perception of the event emerged as important to recovery and was related to factors beyond the immediate scope of the hospitalisation and surgery. Recovery was influenced by environmental, ward versus home, sociological factors and subtle failures in communication between patients and professional staff. Interactions between physiological and psychological variables emerged. There were clear associations between catecholamines, treatment failure and postoperative fatigue. The evidence indicated future research and the importance of including subjective perspective and sociological factors is emphasised.
... It was, in fact, a test of this stronger position that seems to have raised such skepticism on the part of Folkman and Laza- rus (1980) regarding the role of dispositions more generally. Specifically, E Cohen and Lazarus (1973) found no support for the hypothesis that the personality dimension of repression versus sensitization (Byrne, 196 i ) would predict the course of recovery from surgery. The conclusion apparently drawn from that null finding is that traditional personality dispositions are not likely to be useful as predictors of coping (e.g., . ...
... Although the associations were generally modest, they were significant for most of the scales, and were in some cases quite strong. These findings paint a somewhat more optimistic picture of the role of individual differences in the coping process than was suggested by earlier research (E Cohen & Lazarus, 1973;. On the other hand, the findings should be viewed as first approximations because of two characteristics of the data. ...
... Partiendo de una revisión de la literatura científica sobre el afrontamiento a una enfermedad, Cohen y Lazarus (1973) lo definen como un proceso en el que cada persona se enfrenta a través de una valoración primaria de la situación de la enfermedad y una valoración secundaria de los recursos que posee para hacerle frente. Una vez evaluado, se puede identificar como un reto si se dispone de recursos, o de una amenaza, si no se dispone de recursos para hacerle frente. ...
Las reacciones emocionales de quienes afrontan el diagnóstico de un cáncer de mama pueden estar sometidas a altos niveles de estrés debido a sentimientos de incertidumbre, impotencia o desesperanza. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar algunos fotogramas de la serie de televisión Las de la última fila (Sánchez Arévalo, 2022), como estrategia de afrontamiento a través de una comunicación en salud para amortiguar el impacto y aliviar el estrés, ya que los cambios que se producen durante la enfermedad pueden tener un impacto visual, emocional o psicológico. El medio fílmico sirve de mapa contextual, simplifica una realidad y hace que se logre ver más allá. Se basa en una metodología cualitativa mediante un análisis fílmico por medio del enfoque teórico de Vanistendael y una evaluación científica desde su experiencia estética. Del estudio se obtiene la importancia de la resiliencia como estrategia de afrontamiento ya que permite a la persona un mayor equilibrio emocional ante un diagnóstico inesperado, debido a que un estrés alto y constante por la incertidumbre que genera la enfermedad puede comprometer a los mecanismos de defensa pudiendo debilitar al sistema inmunitario.
... Our findings on missile threat, like Cohen and Lazarus's (1973) work on surgery, indicate that there are times when avoidance is highly effective: Persisting in problem-focused coping in a situation that cannot be changed can lead to undesirable consequences. These findings are consistent with the theoretical work of Lazarus (1983) and his colleagues (Folkman et al, 1986;Lazarus & Folkman, 1984;Roskies & Lazarus, 1980). ...
Children's coping behaviors in the sealed room (a shelter against chemical and biological weapons) during scud missile attacks in the Persian Gulf war were examined in relation to postwar stress reactions. Three weeks after the war, 5th, 7th, and 10th graders (N = 492) completed questionnaires assessing coping behaviors and emotional responses in the sealed room, as well as current stress reactions and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite an underlying feeling of tension, the dominant emotional stance in the sealed room was one of detached optimism. Common forms of coping involved information seeking, checking, and wishful thinking. Emotion-focused coping such as avoidance and distraction strategies was associated with less postwar stress reactions than persistence at direct problem-focused actions once the minimal actions available had been undertaken. Fifth graders were found to use less emotion-focused and more problem-focused coping strategies than were the 7th and 10th graders.
... People who seek excessive information about a situation before acting are more likely to be depressed (Coyne et al., 1981;Folkman & Lazarus, 1986;Miller & Lewis, 1977). In contrast, Carver et al. (1989) found that distraction or denial may be an adaptive coping strategy in the short-run, perhaps because it allows the individual to control distress and engage in problem-focused coping (see also Cohen & Lazarus, 1973;Wilson, 1981). ...
I propose that the ways people respond to their own symptoms of depression influence the duration of these symptoms. People who engage in ruminative responses to depression, focusing on their symptoms and the possible causes and consequences of their symptoms, will show longer depressions than people who take action to distract themselves from their symptoms. Ruminative responses prolong depression because they allow the depressed mood to negatively bias thinking and interfere with instrumental behavior and problem-solving. Laboratory and field studies directly testing this theory have supported its predictions. I discuss how response styles can explain the greater likelihood of depression in women than men. Then I intergrate this response styles theory with studies of coping with discrete events. The response styles theory is compared to other theories of the duration of depression. Finally, I suggest what may help a depressed person to stop engaging in ruminative responses and how response styles for depression may develop.
... Theories of psychological stress (Gal & Lazarus, 1975;Janis, 1958;Lazarus, 1966Lazarus, , 1968 imply that the perception of having control over a situation, rather than that of feeling well-informed, determines psychological stress responses. Information primarily determines the initial responses to an event and sets the stage for the development of coping strategies (Cohen & Lazarus, 1973). Psychological stress responses occur when there are no available means to control the outcome of a situation (Andrew, 1970;Lazarus, 1968;Wallace, 1984 (Estafanous, Tarazi, Viljoen, & El Tawil, 1973). ...
This study evaluated whether preoperative preparations for cardiac surgery (a) reduced psychological distress and facilitated physical recovery, (b) reduced preoperative anxiety by making patients feel well-informed or by increasing their sense of control over recovery, and (c) reduced the incidence of sympathetically mediated, acute postoperative hypertension. Information-only and information-plus-coping preparations were compared with a contact-control preparation. Preoperatively (1 day after preparation), both experimental groups were significantly less anxious and fearful than the control group. The experimental groups did not differ from each other. Both experimental preparations increased patients’ belief in control over recovery. Consistent with Lazarus’s theory of stress, belief in control over recovery best predicted preoperative anxiety. Regression analyses indicated that information reduced anxiety by increasing feelings of control. Postoperatively, both experimental groups (a) reported less emotional distress, (b) were judged by nurses as making better physical and psychological recoveries, and (c) had a 32.5% lower incidence of postoperative hypertension.
... There is a growing body of literature suggesting that these coping styles influence adult patients' responses to surgery in the absence of formal preparation (e.g., Cohen & Lazarus, 1973), as well as influencing adults' responses to information concerning medical procedures. Most investigators agree that information is useful to those individuals who seek out information (e.g., DeLong, 1971;Shipley, Butt, Horwitz, & Farbry, 1978). ...
Several studies in the last decade have demonstrated the importance of considering an information seeking versus information avoiding coping dimension in adult medical patients. However, there have been few empirical demonstrations of such a dimension in children. The present study utilized the Coping Strategies Interview to assign an information seeking score to child elective surgery patients. This information seeking score was related to several parent-rated variables, including the child’s historical success in coping with medical procedures, the child’s typical preference for information acquisition, and the child’s typically emitted coping behaviors. In addition, the information seeking score was related to question asking and discussion of medical procedures as rated by an objective observer during the blood test, by the nurse during anesthesia induction, and by the parent during recovery from surgery. It was strongly related to the information acquired prior to hospitalization. Information seeking was also related to stress responses, such that high information seeking scores predicted more adaptive behaviors prior to the blood test. This cross-rater and cross-situation validation suggests the existence of an information seeking dimension in children and the utility of considering this dimension in future research.
... Some support for this finding was obtained by Auerbach (1973b) using more systematic measurement and experimental procedures. Extending this line of inquiry, Andrew (1970), DeLong (1971, and Cohen and Lazarus (1973) categorized surgical patients according to their preferred mode of dealing with stress and found a complex interaction between this variable and type of information received prior to surgery as they affected recovery from surgery. In the present study, the relevant outcome variable is adjustment during the dental procedure. ...
Evaluated the effects of 2 types of preparatory information (general, specific), given prior to dental surgery, on state anxiety and adjustment in the dental situation for 63 19-74 yr old dental patients who differed in locus of control orientation and generalized level of dental anxiety. N. L. Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale, administered an average of 24 days presurgery, predicted differential elevations in state anxiety in the dental situation. This finding is discussed in terms of the need to develop situation-specific trait anxiety measures for physical threat situations. Internal Ss viewing the specific information tape showed better adjustment during surgery than internals who viewed the general tape. The converse was true of external Ss, who responded more favorably to the general information tape. Findings are discussed in terms of the locus of control construct and are viewed as supporting the need for the development of differential treatment strategies for homogeneous patient groups. (36 ref)
... Sensitization and monitoring are oriented toward a stressor, whereas repression and blunting reflect an orientation away from it. In addition to the categories introduced by Byrne (1961) and Miller (1987), constructs similar to approach and avoidance include vigilance and avoidance (Cohen & Lazarus, 1973) as well as engagement coping and disengagement coping (Compas et al., 2001). ...
The aim of the book to present the Coping Circumplex Model (CCM) designed to integrate various coping constructs. The monograph begins with a review of stress theories and coping models. After that, current problems in stress psychology are described. In an attempt to address some of the above issues, the CCM and its development is described. Finally, the book presents an empirical verification of the CCM and provides a discussion of the results.
The CCM offers a new way of thinking about coping with stress. It integrates various coping categories, but it may also elucidate some contradictory findings about relationships between coping (e.g., different forms of problem avoidance) and distress depending on situation controllability. It may provide a suitable space for the integration of coping with other constructs (e.g., personality dimensions, dark triad, emotion regulation processes) and adjustment after trauma. The CCM may also foster the generation of new hypotheses in stress psychology and emotion regulation, (e.g., concerning the relationship between the continuum of reinterpretation and experienced emotions).
The Coping Circumplex Model: A Theoretical Synthesis of Coping Constructs and Its Empirical Verification can be useful for psychology academics interested in coping and stress research, emotion regulation, personality psychology, for researchers in fields close to psychology, such as medicine or sociology, as well as for undergraduate and postgraduate psychology students.
... According to Cohen F, Lazarus RS, it has been proven that a significant mode of coping with a stressful event is by obtaining information about it. It allows people to modify, avoid or minimize the impact of the situation, thereby reduces the degree to which it is appraised as stressful [2]. ...
AIM
To investigate whether pre-operative counselling about non-procedural elements of perioperative care improves patient’s overall surgical experience, through their first surgical journey
OBJECTIVE
To study the effect pre-operative counselling about non-procedural elements of perioperative care in a tertiary care centre, on the care experience of such patients.
METHODS
62 Patients charted for their first-ever surgical procedure, were enrolled for the trial giving an Interventional group (A: n= 32) and control group (B: n = 30). Surgical experience was recorded 48 hours after surgery on regional-language questionnaire, developed & validated by an expert group. Data was compiled in Ms Excel and Statistical analysis was done using R software.
RESULTS
Mean scores were compared with paired T-test. Groups A and B had a mean experience score of 71.78 and 62.93 respectively (Mean difference (MD) 8.85; P <0.001). Mean scores in preoperative, intraoperative & post-operative domains were 33.31 vs 30.27 (MD 3.05; P <0.001), 14.47 versus 12.30 (MD 2.15; P <0.001) and 24.00 vs 20.37 (MD 3.63; P <0.001) for the groups respectively.
There was significant difference in surgical experience scores favouring the interventional group who recorded greater confidence and satisfaction with overall surgical experience and also separately for preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative periods.
CONCLUSION
Educating patients undergoing their first surgery about elements of perioperative care inherent to hospitalization for any surgery, has significant role in improving patients’ overall care experience in their surgical journey. Regularising such practice could improve overall surgical experience for patients.
... In connection with Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) model, researchers have categorized people -including adults (Cohen & Lazarus, 1973;Goldstein, 1973) and children (Peterson & Toler, 1986) --as information-seekers who prefer problem-focused coping strategies or information-avoiders who prefer emotionfocused coping strategies. Thus, therapy dog sessions may be most beneficial for individuals who are information-avoiders, but may also be appropriate for information-seekers if paired with another intervention that is problem-focused. ...
This study compares the effects of human-dog interactions and progressive muscle relaxation on stress in college students during the week of their final exams using self-report and physiological measures of stress. Students often cope with stress during the final exams period using various strategies such as spending time with a therapy dog. While students often report that their stress is reduced after visiting with a therapy dog, some studies find physiological evidence for a reduction in stress while others do not. During the first day of finals week, students ( N = 53) in an introductory psychology or a research methods course were randomly assigned to spend 15 minutes with a therapy dog or to spend 15 minutes doing a progressive muscle relaxation task. Heart rate variability, a physiological measure of stress, and two self-report measures of stress (the PSS-10 which is a 10 item questionnaire on the participants’ stress level and the SVAS on which the participants mark a visual scale to indicate their current stress level) were measured both before and after the treatments. Compared to the pre-treatment measures, stress was lower after the treatment. Spending time with a therapy dog can reduce stress associated with final exams. However, the intercorrelations between heart rate variability and the self-report measures were not statistically significant suggesting that the measures might correspond to different dimensions of the stress response, as explained in some theories of stress response and emotion. Future research regarding the effects of therapy dogs on stress should include at least one physiological measure of stress and ideally multiple measures. This inclusion might help clarify the underlying psychological and physiological mechanisms leading to stress reduction.
... La notion de personnalité correspond principalement à deux propriétés : d'une part, une constance inter-situationnelle, c'est-à-dire la continuité du comportement d'un individu en dépit des changements de l'environnement et d'autre part, une constance temporelle, c'est-àdire une permanence des réponses comportementales (Huteau, 1995 (Huteau, 1995). Dans ce sens, plusieurs études ont souligné la difficulté à prédire la capacité d'ajustement psychologique d'un individu à partir de dispositions stables comme les traits de personnalité (Cohen & Lazarus, 1973 ;Folkman et al., 1986). ...
In this review, we have presented more than ten years of work on coping, defense, and recovery, the adaptation mechanisms involved in psychological adaptation processes. Epistemologically, this work is positioned in an attempt to integrate levels of theoretical, methodological, and practical to better understand the complexity and interdependence of the phenomena observed. In order to analyze the psychological constructs at stake in adaptation, we have favored an eclectic approach based on the articulation of several cognitive, clinical, systemic and psychosocial theoretical models.
As we have tried to show, psychological adaptation is a dynamic process depending on the type of adaptation (physiological, psychological or social) and its temporality which makes an integrative approach all the more interesting. Thus, the equilibrium between the person and his/her environment is a permanent oscillation between adaptation and maladjustment which are inscribed on a continuum according to the degree of temporary adjustment. The integrative theoretical approach, the multilevel methodology and the multimodal practices have allowed us to better understand the processes at work in psychological adaptation, which still raise many questions. Much research remains to be done in an interdisciplinary approach to better understand the complexity of adaptation from a psychological point of view.
Psychological Adaptation Processes (PAP), Stress, Emotion, Coping, Defense Mechanisms, Personality, Anxiety, Depression, Recovery, Coach Behaviors, Coach Athlete Relationships, Leadership, Cohesion, ICE, Sport
... As it is not the intention of this research to identify pathological patterns based on the psychoanalytic approaches neither is the aim to uncover pure personalitybased strategies (which have been criticised for their methodological shortcomings and inconsistency (Cohen & Lazarus, 1973)), the transactional model by Lazarus and Folkman (1984), in the form of a process approach, provides a more flexible approach to considering cognitive processes concerning an individual's subjective perceptions of these processes, as influenced by both personality and situational characteristics. ...
This research provides an in-depth study of the lived experience of German managers who undertake part-time doctoral study at a British University. The Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), as a professional doctorate with its initial structured taught phase, is the subject of investigation. It is of particular interest to German business professionals as the national education system does not provide opportunities to undertake part-time doctoral study, especially in such a format. The focus of this study is managers’ experienced stress and the coping strategies applied as part-time DBA students, within their context and through the perspectives of other lifeworlds. Previous research on the doctoral experience has not focused on the DBA and, specifically, its related stress, or by applying interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA).
A case-by-case and across cases analysis is used to provide a holistic understanding of managers’ lived experience in their context. Four student cases were explored over 8 to 10 months through several interviews, with the students, their supervisors, their partners, and their work colleagues. The analysis generated six superordinate themes: Learning and challenging identity, balancing: negotiation and adaption, managing emotional fluctuations, relying on significant others, motivating and persisting and moving forward.
Van Manen’s (1990) four existentials – (temporality, spatiality, corporeality and relationality) as the core structure of lived experience – provide a theoretical basis to illustrate the relationships and dynamics of those themes in a holistic conceptual framework of DBA students’ lived experience. Central in this framework is students’ research development as embodied practice, challenged by destabilising forces (experienced as stress) primarily arising from issues within temporality and relationality. In response, students seek control in the form of maintaining balance by negotiation and adaption, managing emotional fluctuations, and seeking support from significant others. Development happens in a cyclic fashion, where a maturation process appears to be characterised by passing a threshold while experiencing pain.
Core findings reveal most stressors arise from the discrepancy between an individual’s mindset as a manager and the academic thinking and rigour required of a DBA. Being a ‘student’ in a novice role creates uncertainty and destabilises self-confidence and thus a manager’s identity. This illustrates that students’ research development requires learning and identity work. The findings illuminate the barrier between practitioner and academic thinking that DBA students need to overcome and emphasize the need for consideration in programme conception and acknowledgement by educators, supervisors, and prospective students of the individual’s process of development.
... This may be due to activation of fear circuitry in the brain [63], which then leads to the maintenance of ruminative processes such as ongoing fear and worry. Data suggest these thought patterns can lead to anxiety [64] and motivated avoidance to reduce this anxiety [65]: health protective behaviors may serve as an active coping method to alleviate this fear-related distress [66]. ...
We examined media exposure, psychological fear and worry, perceptions of risk, and health protective behaviors surrounding the 2014 Ebola virus outbreak in a probability-based, representative, national sample of Americans (N = 3447). Structural equation models examined relationships between amount (hours/day) and content (e.g., graphic images of dead bodies) of media exposure and counts of self-reported health protective behaviors that participants performed or would perform if Ebola spread to their community. Ebola-related risk perceptions and fear and worry were potential mediators. Greater total hours and more graphic media exposure positively correlated with more fear and worry; greater total hours of media exposure also positively correlated with higher perceived risk. Higher risk perceptions were associated with more health protective behaviors performed and intended. Greater fear and worry were associated with more behaviors performed. Amount and content of media exposure exhibited indirect effects on behaviors performed; amount of media exposure had indirect effects on intentions. Media may help promote health protective behaviors during public health threats; the amount and content should be congruent with threat to minimize distress and maximize resources.
... Cohen & Lazarus, 1973;Lazarus, 1983;Suls & Fletcher, 1985;Steptoe, 1998 ( , קוגניטיביים (Kingston et al., 1996) ואישיותיים ) Vitousek & Manke, 1994 . (Stice, 1994) , באופן מופיעות לא שהן זו מבחינה אוניברסאלי , מסוימות לאוכלוסיות מוגבלות אלא ) a, b Nasser, 1988 (Stice, 1994) , המערבית בתרבות כאשר , המזון כמות פיזיולוגי אוניברסאלי כצורך רק נחשבת אינה הנצרכת , חשוב תפקיד גם לה יש אלא הנשית והזהות העצמית ההערכה ובבניית רגשי בוויסות (Pliner & Chaiken, 1990) . ...
... This may be due to activation of fear circuitry in the brain [63], which then leads to the maintenance of ruminative processes such as ongoing fear and worry. Data suggest these thought patterns can lead to anxiety [64] and motivated avoidance to reduce this anxiety [65]: health protective behaviors may serve as an active coping method to alleviate this fear-related distress [66]. ...
... Resilience refers to one's capacity to overcome and adapt to adversity or trauma (Rutter, 1987(Rutter, , 2006, whereas coping refers to the specific cognitive and behavioral strategies a person uses to manage the impact of adversity or trauma (Berjot & Gillet, 2011;Cohen & Lazarus, 1973;Craig et al., 2017;Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Coping is believed to mediate the relationship between resilience and psychological well-being (Tugade et al., 2004), therefore, coping mechanisms may be important in generating resilient outcomes (Rutter, 2007) and warrant investigation in resilience research. ...
Black transgender women face nearly universal exposure to violence. Coping behaviors among cisgender women who have survived violence are well delineated; however, there are relatively few studies examining coping strategies for transgender women. The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify and characterize coping behaviors employed by Black transgender women (from Baltimore, MD and Washington, DC metropolitan areas) following an experience of violence. Secondary qualitative data analysis was conducted using framework analysis to explore narratives of 19 Black transgender women. Themes regarding avoidant and approach coping behaviors were developed within the context of existing literature. Approach coping behavior themes included: Help-Seeking, Seeking Guidance and Support, Self-Protecting Behavior, Positive Reappraisal, Self-Affirmation, Self-Care, Connection to a Higher Power, and Acceptance. Avoidant coping behavior themes included: Cognitive Avoidance, Substance, Alcohol, and Tobacco Use, Emotional Discharge, and Seeking Alternative Rewards. Participants employed similar coping behaviors as seen among cisgender women survivors of violence. However, several unique applications of approach coping mechanisms were identified including self-protecting behavior and self-affirming behavior. Culturally informed application of the identified coping behaviors can be taught and integrated into trauma-informed mental health interventions to promote strength and resilience among Black transgender women.
... Another key factor that may help explain ongoing distress vs. psychological adaption is social support. Social support can help buffer the effects of stressful events and encourage healthy coping (16)(17)(18). Prior research on terrorism has demonstrated that those who report lower social support tend to report higher PTSS (19) and PTSD (20). Moreover, in a study of reactions to terrorism in Israel, social support moderated the relationship between exposure and distress; those with higher baseline social support reported less subsequent distress after exposure to rocket fire (21). ...
The intense mass media coverage of the Paris terrorist attacks on November 13, 2015 exposed a majority of the French population to the attacks. Prior research has documented the association between media exposure to terrorism and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). The present study replicated and extended these findings in a French sample. A population-based sample (N = 1,760) was drawn from a national web-enabled panel in June 2016. Hours of attack-related media exposure (i.e., TV-watching, viewing internet images, engaging in social media exchanges) in the 3 days following the attacks were assessed. Multivariate regression models, adjusting for gender, age, direct exposure (i.e., witnessing in person or knowing someone injured or killed), residential area, social support, pre-attack mental health service utilization, and other adverse life events, examined the association between media exposure and PTSS (assessed using the self-report PCL-5). Compared to those reporting less than 2 hours of daily attack-related television exposure, those reporting 2–4 hours (β = 3.1, 95% CI = 0.8–5.3) or >4 hours (β = 4.7, 95% CI = 2.0–7.4) of media exposure reported higher attack-related PTSS. This finding was replicated with social media use: those with moderate (β = 3.2, 95% CI = 0.9–5.5) or high (β = 6.8, 95% CI = 1.9–11.7) use reported higher PTSS than those reporting no use. Subanalyses demonstrated that media exposure and PTSS were not associated in those directly exposed to the attacks. Results highlight the potential public health risk of extensive mass media exposure to traumatic events.
... Denial of the existence of the stress or is the response emerging in the first phase-the 10primary appraisal (Carver et al., 1989). Such a response can be useful in the initial stage of development of the stressor because it facilitates building resilience (Carver et al., 1989;Cohen & Lazarus, 1973). Participant E's response seems to be an avoidant coping strategy where the individual denies being discriminated against (Wu et al., 2013) and indicates the initial stage of developing resilience processes. ...
Despite regulatory efforts to promote gender diversity on boards, women are still severely underrepresented in board leadership in the UK, beyond FTSE 100 companies. Evidence suggests that women, when poorly represented inthe workplace, are more likely to suffer discrimination. In this study we report the first‐hand experiences of gender discrimination suffered by female directors and present the process of how they build resilience through developing coping strategies. Such resilience‐building processes seem to vary with the length of board experience of female directors. At the outset of their board journey, they adopt avoidant coping strategies of denial and disengagement. However, with experience in boards, they gain the confidence to pursue the active coping strategy of seeking and extending support. This qualitative study is based on 42 elite interviews of board Directors and is guided by the resilience theory, in the context of top FTSE boards. The article also discusses the contribution of the study to theory, praxis and policy.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... In line with the approach-avoidance concept (Cohen and Lazarus, 1973;Goussinsky, 2013;Roth and Cohen, 1986), the various coping options can be categorized into problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies. The former refers to the ability of an individual to actively altering the troubled person-environment relation, while the latter is the ability of an individual to adjust to the situation or regulate stressful emotions. ...
Many studies on coping have been conducted in diverse industries but within the hospitality industry, studies on how employees cope with customer complaints have only just begun, despite the task being one of the most significant stressors amongst service employees. The aim of this paper was to explore the cognitive appraisals, emotional elicitations, emotional coping behavior and complaint handling behavior of service employees. In-depth interviews were conducted with a total of 26 frontline restaurant employees. The results show that service employees engaged in different cognitive appraisals and emotional reactions in response to different customer complaints. Subsequently, they engaged in different emotional coping behaviors including both positive and negative of avoidance and approach. Theoretically, a model was developed to depict a holistic picture of Cognitive-Emotive-Behavioral in a complaint-handling context. The findings might assist industry practitioners to devise better complaint handling and coping strategies to enhance both customer and employee satisfaction.
... Empirical support for the ego defense perspective consisted largely of case studies and failed to provide a distinction between defense mechanisms and outcomes (Suls et al., 1996). Furthermore, measurements of coping traits were found to be relatively poor predictors of behavioral and affective responses in specific adaptation contexts (Cohen & Lazarus, 1973;Watson & Hubbard, 1996). The Transactional Model ...
The present study adopts an ecological approach to examining occupational stress, which incorporates both a trait and a transactional perspective to offer a more comprehensive conceptualization of the antecedents and outcomes of stress with psychological stress as a moderator. Data collected from 182 job incumbents supported the hypothesized relationships among primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, psychological resilience, and maladaptive outcomes. Results from structural equation modeling revealed that primary appraisal affected secondary appraisal, and secondary appraisal, in turn, contributed to maladaptive outcomes. In addition, the relationship between primary appraisal and maladaptive outcomes was partially mediated by secondary appraisal. Consistent with our hypothesis that resilience plays an adaptive role in the stress process, the results indicated that resilience had a direct influence on secondary appraisal. Resilience also affected maladaptive outcomes of stress but this relationship was partially mediated by secondary appraisal.
... Denial is a controversial in which some have suggested that it minimizes distress and thus facilitates coping (Breznitz, 1983;Cohen & Lazarus, 1973;Wilson, 1981); while others have argued that denying the reality of a stressful event may worsen the problem (Matthews et al., 1983). Alternatively, some have suggested that denial can be a useful coping at the early stages of a stressful event but impedes coping later on (Levine et al., 1987;Mullen & Suls, 1982). ...
Objective: Despite decades of research and prevention efforts, suicide rates have remained high for U.S. veterans, and the mechanism of suicide remains unclear. This study proposed a moderated mediation model based on the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS) to examine the mechanism of how depression leads to passive suicidal ideation, and whether utilizing functional coping styles moderates such a mechanism. Methods: The current prospective cohort study utilized data from a nationally representative sample of 3157 U.S. military veterans who completed web-based surveys in two waves (2011 and 2013) as part of the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study (NHRVS). Bias-corrected bootstrap conditional process analysis was used to examine the model effects. Results: 770 participants who met study inclusion criteria were included for analyses. Consistent with the hypotheses, depression led to passive suicidal ideation through loneliness (a dimension of thwarted belongingness); and functional coping style moderated the effect of loneliness on passive suicidal ideation. Conclusions: Suicide prevention programs should screen for loneliness among depressed veterans and incorporate psychoeducation of functional coping styles and social support groups in treatment as an effort to reduce alarming rates of suicide among this vulnerable population.
... Aus dieser Perspektive sind für die jeweils gewählte Bewältigungsstrategie neben den verhandenen physischen, biologischen, psychologischen, sozialen oder spirituellen Ressourcen auch die jeweiligen Persönlichkeitstypen ausschaggebend (Extra-oder Introvertiertheit, Neurotizismus, Freundlichkeit, Gewissenhaftigkeit und Offenheit gegenüber Erfahrung (Carver und Connor-Smith, 2010). Die Bewältigungsstrategien umfassen dabei mehrere Möglichkeiten: Lösung des Problems; Reduzierung der physischen Erregung; Verringerung der psychischen Belastung; Wiederherstellung der sozialen Funktionsfähigkeit; Wiederaufnahme von Aktivitäten aus der Zeit vor der Krise (Cohen und Lazarus, 1973;Zeidner und Saklofske, 1996) ...
Dieses Arbeitsbuch lädt dazu ein, allein oder in einer Gruppe die Strategien
herauszufinden, wie man bislang mit Kontingenzerfahrungen aller Art –
harmlos, krisenhaft oder traumatisch – umgegangen ist, und welche
Alternativen sich noch ergeben.
Als transkulturell orientiertes religionspsychologisches Lehrbuch setzt es keinen
spezifischen religiösen, konfessionellen oder kulturellen Kontext voraus,
sondern die Vertrautheit mit Selbsterfahrung und Selbstreflexion und die
entsprechende spielerische Experimentierfreude - verbunden mit der nötigen
Achtsamkeit auf eigene Grenzen; daher eignet es sich auch in besonderer Weise
für den Beratungs- oder Supervisionskontext.
Das zugrundeliegende Konzept der Integrativ-lösungsorientierten Selbst-
Exploration (ILSE) beruht auf Erfahrungen des Autors mit eigenen und fremden
Strategien der Kontingenzbewältigung im Rahmen von Seelsorge, Beratung,
Supervision, Forschung und Lehre. Es geht von der grundlegenden Annahme
aus, dass Resilienz als konstruktiver Umgang mit Kontingenzerfahrungen vor
allem darauf beruht, dass diese Erfahrungen als kohärent erfahren werden und
sich in einen sinnvollen Kontext einordnen lassen.Dieser taucht zumeist in Gestalt von metaphorischen Narrativen und/oder Ritualen auf und verrät durch die verwendete
Metaphorik die jeweilige typologisch begründete Strategie in Form von Denk-,
Deutungs- und Handlungsmustern.
... Coping conceptualizes an individual's intentional, goal-directed thoughts and behaviors to manage and regulate physical, psychological, or social demands, pressures, and emotions in response to events or situations that are appraised as stressful (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004;Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Based on the distinction between problem-focused and emotion-focused coping, coping literature often distinguishes between active and avoidant coping strategies (Cohen & Lazarus, 1973;Folkman, Lazarus, Dunkel-Schetter, DeLongis, & Gruen, 1986;Roth & Cohen, 1986). Active coping refers to behavioral and cognitive efforts to undertake steps in order to deliberately alter or eliminate a stressor (e.g., problem solving, planning, seeking social support, suppression of competing activities). ...
Preservation of life satisfaction in the face of a chronic illness is of major importance for psychosocial functioning. We addressed in this study how spirituality relates to global life satisfaction in young people with chronic physical illnesses. Based on social-cognitive theory, the transactional model of stress and coping, and Pargament’s theory of religious coping, a serial mediation model with general self-efficacy beliefs and proactive coping as related linkage variables was proposed. In a cross-sectional design, 304 undergraduate students with different chronic physical diseases completed an online survey. As expected, students higher in spirituality reported higher general self-efficacy beliefs, which subsequently related to better proactive coping and which then subsequently related to higher life satisfaction (Bserial = 0.04, SEserial = 0.02, 95% CI [0.01, 0.09]). There was also a specific indirect effect of spirituality on life satisfaction through self-efficacy beliefs only (Bspecific M1 = 0.12, SEspecific M1 = 0.04, 95% CI [0.05, 0.20]). In addition, a direct association of spirituality and life satisfaction was revealed (Bdirect = 0.15, SEdirect = 0.07, p = .039). Findings indicate an important role of spirituality in well-being. General self-efficacy beliefs and proactive coping were identified as key variables in the relation between spirituality and global life satisfaction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
... The surprising results, from both the Werner and the Garmezy research groups, led to research shifts from an orientation toward psychopathology to pathways to resilience. In the field of psychology, concepts used to describe qualities similar to resilience include protective factors (Cohen & Lazarus, 1973), stress resistance (Garmezy, 1985), psychological hardiness (Kobasa, Maddi, & Kahn, 1982), selfefficacy (Bandura, 1977), posttraumatic growth (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996), psychological growth (McCormack & Joseph, 2013), as well as strengths, virtues, and characteristics identified in the field of positive psychology (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). In defining resilience, Richardson and colleagues (Richardson, 2002;Richardson, Neiger, Jensen, & Kumpfer, 1990) proposed The Resiliency Model, which "depicts a person (or a group) passing through the stages of biopsychospiritual homeostasis, interactions with life prompts, disruption, readiness for reintegration and the choice to reintegrate resiliently, back to homeostasis, or with loss" (p. ...
This qualitative study aimed to explore characteristics that sustain therapists' resilience over years of practice. Ten highly resilient therapists were recruited during two phases of sample screening: peer nomination and the use of quantitative scales. Data were collected through in-person interviews and analyzed using grounded theory. Results as characteristics showed that highly resilient therapists are (a) drawn to strong interpersonal relationships, (b) actively engage with self, (c) possess a core values and beliefs framework, and (d) desire to learn and grow. The authors identified a central characteristic that interlinks with each characteristic: have a strong web of vibrant connectedness. Implications for counselor resilience development, training, and supervision are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
... The vigilant group did not use higher amounts of analgesics. Another possible explanation 16 views the vigilant coopers as individuals who were using a strategy of actively trying to master the world by seeking information and trying to learn everything about their operation. It is possible that the vigilant group was more anxious postoperatively, but then we might have expected increased use of pain medications. ...
Purpose: The present study’s purpose was to investigate the psychiatric symptoms in patients scheduled for cholocystectomy, and possible changes in psychiatric symptomatology during recovery. Methods: Fifty-five patients, who were scheduled for cholecystectomy, completed the following psychometric instruments: a) Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ) which measures intensity and direction of non physical hostility. b) Delusions, Symptoms, States, Inventory/states of Anxiety and Depression (DSSI/sAD). c) Symptoms Check List-90 (SCL-90R). Pain, insomnia, preoperative and postoperative use of analgesics, along with complications after surgery and days of stay in the hospital were also examined. Only 25% of the patients who reported preoperative pain received analgesic medication. Among the latter, 13% of them received sedative medication. Results: In HDHQ, higher levels of hostility, with an intropunitive direction [males: 5.2 (sd=2.3), females: 5.8(2.5)] were reported by the patients with preoperative insomnia. High levels of hostility with an extrapunitive direction [males: 12.4 (sd=4.8), females: 11.8 (sd=3.8)] were reported by the patients who developed complications after surgery. A high percentage of those patients reported psychiatric symptoms mainly anxiety, depression and somatomorfom symptoms in DSSI/sAD [Anxiety: 3.93 (sd=3.51), Anxiety/Depression: 5.87 (sd= 6.30)] and in SCL-90 [Somatization: males: 9.2 (sd=7.0) and females: 15.8 (sd= 9.4), Depression: males: 13.1 (sd=7.5), females: 17.4 (sd=9.3)] Keywords: psychiatric symptoms, cholocystectomy, hostility, anxiety, depression
... However, more thorough investigations in this field showed that some coping strategies aimed at avoiding the source of stress (e.g. exercising to escape from particular thoughts or feelings) may have a positive impact on individuals' health when they are used at the right time and in the right environmental context [32,33]. The CISS can detect different forms of avoidance-oriented coping, but it does not provide information about: the source of stress, time aspects of the coping process or the environmental context of the stressful situation. ...
Aim of the study
Chronic exposure to high blood pressure may lead to the development of hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD). This study compares styles and strategies of coping with stress in hypertensive patients with arterial stiffness or left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and in individuals with hypertension, but without HMOD.
Subject or material and methods
Each study participant (n=93) underwent the following procedures: clinical assessment, echocardiography, pulse wave velocity measurement and psychological testing. Blood pressure in the study group was measured using ABPM method. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) was assessed to identify patients with arterial stiffness. Left ventricular mass index was measured to diagnose LVH. Each patient was also assessed using three psychometric tools: PSS-10, CISS and Brief COPE.
Results
Subjects with arterial stiffness (increased PWV) scored significantly lower than patients with normal PWV in three scales: CISS Avoidance-oriented coping (39 vs. 41.5; p=0.042), Brief COPE Self-distraction (1.5 vs. 2; p=0.013) and Brief COPE Venting (1 vs. 1.5; p=0.037). Individuals with LVH had significantly lower results in Brief COPE scale Use of emotional support scale than hypertensive subjects with normal values of left ventricular mass index (1.5 vs. 2; p=0.041).
Discussion
In our study group hypertensive patients with HMOD preferred different coping styles and strategies than individuals with hypertension, but without vascular and cardiac damage. It is possible that some coping styles and strategies may moderate the risk of HMOD.
Conclusions
HMOD may be associated with coping styles and strategies, but future research in this field is necessary to fully understand results of this study.
... Uno de los más renombrados autores sobre afrontamiento es Richard Lazarus (24,(178)(179)(180)(181)(182)(183)(184)(185). Lazarus parte de la idea de que ante una situación estresante el individuo realiza una evaluación psicológica entre el medio externo y su medio interno (164). ...
Social Anxiety (SA) is one of the most important mental health problems in the world; the prevalence of this phenomenon is between 3 and 13% in the general population. The SA in young adult population has been associated with avoidant behaviors, substance like alcohol and marijuana abuse and school and labor dropout, plus a range of social problems. In Mexico there is little literature of variables related to it, however it is known that stress coping styles and parental rearing styles, are associated with the emergence and maintenance of symptoms of SA. Through a cross-field study with an explanatory non-experimental design regression models were developed to determine the predictive power of parenting styles and ways of coping with stress in a sample of 618 freshmen students belonging to nutrition, dentistry, psychology, medicine and gerontology from the Institute of Health Sciences of the Autonomous University of Hidalgo State. To know the differences between students of high risk and low risk a t Student test for independent samples was performed. Statistically significant differences in perceived authoritarian parenting style were found t (189 529) = 5320, p≤ .001; Cognitive coping styles t (206) = 4.175, p ≤ .001; Coping Low frustration tolerance and social withdrawal t (206) = 4,617, p ≤ .001 and External Coping t (205) = 4.152, p ≤ .001; Also on negative coping behaviors t (206) = 2.307, p ≤.05 and social support t (206) = 3.441, p ≤ .001. Regression models showed different predictor variables depending on the degree. Psychology (R2 = .224, adjusted R2 = .194), explaining 20% of variance, medicine (R2 = .174, adjusted R2 = .159) explaining the 16% of the variance, dentistry (R2 = .304, adjusted R2 = .277), explaining 30% of variance and nutrition (R2 = .358, adjusted R2 = .313), explaining 35% of SA symptoms variance.
This thesis investigates the contribution of parent-child creative activities to young children's resilience, a topic that has received little attention in creativity research. Using a pragmatic methodology that combines quantitative and qualitative approaches, this multi-method doctoral project addresses three research questions: (a) Do parent-child creative activities contribute to young children's resilience factors? (b) What processes could explain the effects of parent-child creative activities in promoting young children's resilience factors? (c) What are the similarities and differences between two Western countries' (Great Britain and France)cultures that could account for the effects of creative activities on young children's resilience factors?
This thesis opens with a bibliometric network analysis review (n = 454), which highlights the scarcity of studies addressing resilience abilities in early childhood. It identifies that creativity research strongly tends (a) to be biased towards the study of creativity as a dependent variable rather than as a predictor; (b) tends to rarely address the outcomes of creative activities among the population of children aged between 3 and 6 years; and (c) tends to rarely study the effects of creative activities on resilience-related outcomes in general, and particularly among young children. Then, a systematic review (n = 26) provides evidence that creative activities may contribute to other resilience outcomes: positive parent-child relationships, positive emotions, reduced cortisol levels, and increased emotion regulation abilities. A meta-analysis (k = 9) further shows that creative activities strongly contribute to two other resilience factors: inhibition and school readiness. Moreover, it identifies a moderate effect size on working memory, another important factor in resilience promotion.
Aiming to understand more specifically dyadic and cross-cultural parent-child behaviours in creative activities, the thesis then reports the findings from a reflexive thematic analysis (n = 14). This study shows how and why parents in Great Britain and in France engage in dyadic creative activities with their children: according to them, creative activities are enjoyable, contribute to parent-child relationship quality, and the development of the child’s competence. While this cross-cultural qualitative study highlights similarities between the British and the French parent-child dyads, cross-sectional data (n = 169) identifies differences. Based on a scale designed for the purposes of this research (the Parent-Child Creative Activities Checklist), imagination activities (e.g., pretend play, story creation, Lego) and craft activities (e.g., drawing, painting, making) are associated with a positive parent-child relationship and low parent-child conflict in the British sample, but not in the French sample.
To understand why, cross-cultural comparisons were conducted to analyse moment-by-moment parent-child interactions during creative activities, using audio recordings provided by the parents (n = 17). A main difference lies in that British dyads appear more collaborative and more focused on idea elaboration than the French. This thesis concludes with a theoretical contribution and summary of this thesis’s findings, aiming to inform interventional research. Thus, the Parent-Child Creative Partnership model posits that, when parents adopt attitudes that support children’s basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness (for instance by helping their children elaborate their ideas and by valorising their resulting creative productions), dyadic creative activities promote positive parent-child attachment, children's sense of self-efficacy, and self-image. Hence, this thesis shows how, when, and for whom dyadic parent-child creative activities contribute to important assets for immediate early childhood well-being, and future resilience.
Introduction: The patiens with ischemic stroke caused a dependence in a need of self-care for the aspect of physically, psychologically, socially and spiritually. Nursing care approach will encourage patiens to became independence in self-care. The purpose of this research was to examine the improvement of the self care agency of the patients with ischemic stroke after aplying a nursing care of self care regulation model.Method: An experimental research with quasy experimental design was applied in the study. The study was conducted in the area of Surabaya by selecting 40 patients of ischemic stroke being hospitalized in stroke Unit IRNA MEDIK RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya and selected by consecutive sampling. Sample of 40 patients were divided equally into two groups, namely treatment and control groups. The selection of sample was matching based on age and sex. Independent variable in the study were self-care regulation: interpretation coping and appraisal. While dependent variable was self-care agency of the patients with ishemic stroke. Data was analysed by wilcoxon signed rank, Mann-Whitey test and modeling by SEM - PLS.Result: The result showed that there were significant differences on the increase of self care agency between the groups. The group model that aplying a nursing care of self-care regulation gained the value of R2 = 0.857 and the standart nursing care gained the value of R2 = 0.614, so it could be inferred that the best model was self care regulation model, with the differentiation R2 = 0.243.Discussion: It was concluded that the nursing care of self care regulation model could self-care agency up to 24.3% than the standard of nursing care. It is recomended that Self-care regulation model can be used as a standard of nursing care in health care institutions both in hospitals and in clinics.
У статті наведено огляд літератури з вивчення психоемоційного статусу стоматологічних хворих. Показано, що стан очікування та невизначеності результату, у якому перебуває пацієнт перед медичними (стоматологічними) маніпуляціями, може спровокувати розвиток невротичних та тривожно-фобічних розладів. Вони можуть негативно вплинути на перебіг наявних у нього захворювань, у тому числі захворювань пародонта. Характер реакції на стресовий фактор значною мірою залежить від особистісного фактора. При цьому значну роль відіграють інтенсивність і швидкість наростання зовнішнього впливу. Численні роботи, присвячені біохімічним, фізіологічним, клінічним, психофізіологічним і психологічним характеристикам, відображають подальший розвиток проблеми стресу (емоційного, психологічного, спортивного, виробничого, космічного, військового тощо) з позицій сучасної науки. При менш інтенсивному та повільному впливі екзогенних факторів більш виражена роль особистісної реакції. Літературні дані свідчать про те, що в більшості пацієнтів у період очікування спостерігається підвищений рівень тривожності, депресії та напруженості. Визначено вплив психоемоційного стресу на здоров’я пацієнта.
Relatively little is known about poststroke psychosocial adjustments when compared to the wealth of data present regarding functional recovery. Recent studies have shown depression to exist in a large portion of the stroke population. Varying degrees of depression may be associated with lesion location, functional capacity, and personal and social support. Identification of depression in stroke patients and the implications for care interventions are in their infancy. Beginning efforts at assessing coping strategies and personal resources are indicating some correlation between how people cope and their ability to manage stressful illness situations such as stroke. At present, there is no conclusive evidence that any intervention can improve emotional and social well-being. Efforts are being pursued to treat stroke depressive disorders. These efforts, combined with the initiation of stroke support groups, ongoing community follow-up, and psychosocial treatment approaches, may improve the quality of life of stroke victims.
Objective:
To (i) describe the nature and content of current literature on preoperative education programs for patients preparing for orthopaedic surgery, (ii) assess the completeness of reporting program descriptions, and (iii) report gaps within literature.
Design:
Scoping review.
Literature search:
We searched the CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Reviews, PsycInfo, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases for studies that: 1) addressed preoperative education in elective orthopaedic surgery or 2) provided descriptions or evaluations of a preoperative program, including the content or outcomes of the program.
Data synthesis:
We used the template for intervention description and replication checklist and guide (TIDieR) to assess the completeness of reporting of the content of educational programs. Content was synthesized descriptively and by intervention mapping. The results informed a draft operational definition of preoperative education that we refined based on expert consultation.
Results:
Forty-six articles were included. There was variation in study designs, target populations and intervention content. One in 5 studies defined preoperative education. Thirteen studies used a platform of video-based modules to deliver their program; 3 studies implemented virtual platforms. TIDieR results indicated that 30% of studies tracked adherence to and fidelity of their programs. A definition and conceptual map indicated that length of stay, functional abilities, patient knowledge and satisfaction were expected benefits.
Conclusion:
Poor reporting of content, rationale and frameworks for preoperative programs in orthopedics may explain why systematic reviews have not found support for their value. Future trials must improve rigor in design and reporting.
Objectives: Racial discrimination is consistently linked to negative mental health outcomes. However, less is known about how unique patterns of coping in Black Americans experiencing high discrimination stress may buffer the impact of discrimination stress on mental health. The present study uses person-centered methods to identify and describe latent profiles of coping in Black Americans, understand how these coping profiles are linked to mental health, and examine whether latent coping profiles moderate the links between discrimination and mental health. Methods: Participants included only Black American individuals (N=289; Mage = 41.81; 54% female) from the MIDUS Milwaukee Refresher. Latent profiles were estimated based on seven continuous measures of coping responses. After performing model selection, individuals were classified to profiles based on posterior probabilities and outcome analyses were performed using an approach adjusting for measurement error. Results: Four profiles of coping responses were identified: passive responders (29% of the sample), evasive responders (15%), diverse responders (17%), and engaged responders (39%). Engaged responders had the lowest prevalence of mental health symptoms. Further, membership in the engaged responders profile moderated associations between discrimination and mental health: as discrimination stress increased, engaged responders had lower odds of depression and lower negative affect compared to members of the other profiles. Conclusions: Person-centered methods uncovered meaningful subgroups characterized by unique coping patterns and pointed to engaged responders as being most resilient to the effects of discrimination. Future research should test these associations longitudinally and examine whether more adaptive coping profiles can be fostered through intervention.
The role of coping dispositions in predicting coping with a potentially traumatic event (PTE; situational coping) has been bypassed. We explored the degree to which the dispositional coping of 103 mountain rescuers predicted coping with their last PTE. Dispositional venting of emotions and turning to religion explained more than half of the variance in the use of the same strategy to cope with the PTE. Most coping dispositions predicted about 30% to 40% of the variance in comparable situational coping. Dispositional denial did not predict situational use of denial. Multivariate dispositional coping style explained a great deal of the variance in most situational coping responses. Dispositional coping was more relevant than situational to participants' global psychological distress and explained about one-fourth of the variance in distress. These results suggest that most dispositional styles considerably impact coping with PTE but to the extent that varies across different coping styles.
This study aimed to assess the stressors and coping mechanisms of Senior High School (SHS) Teachers. Moreover, it aimed to establish the difference between the stressors and coping mechanisms of Senior High School teachers in Tagbilaran City Schools Division, Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Philippines. Specifically, it determined the significant difference in the respondents’ stressors and coping mechanisms when categorized according to age and gender. Based on the assessment and findings, stress management measures are proposed. The respondents of this study were the Public Senior High School (SHS) Teachers of Tagbilaran City Schools Division, Tagbilaran City, Bohol. No sampling technique was used because the total population of teachers participated in the study. The descriptive-correlational in nature. It employed a questionnaire in gathering the data to measure stressors and coping mechanisms used by the respondents. The researcher found that teachers are stressed if the physical working environment is not conducive to learning and teaching. Moreover, lack of resource materials and other paperwork related can really affect the teachers mentally. On the other hand, emotional and social stressors did not affect too much, although teachers have encountered these stressors while in school. Thus, the respondents’ stressors and coping mechanisms used by the teachers have no significant difference when categorized according to age and sex except for the physical coping in terms of gender.
Genetic risk is particularly salient for families and testing for genetic conditions is necessarily a family-level process. Thus, risk for genetic disease represents a collective stressor shared by family members. According to communal coping theory, families may adapt to such risk vis-a-vis interpersonal exchange of support resources. We propose that communal coping is operationalized through the pattern of supportive relationships observed between family members. In this study, we take a social network perspective to map communal coping mechanisms to their underlying social interactions and include those who declined testing or were not at risk for Lynch Syndrome. Specifically, we examine the exchange of emotional support resources in families at risk of Lynch Syndrome, a dominantly inherited cancer susceptibility syndrome. Our results show that emotional support resources depend on the testing-status of individual family members and are not limited to the bounds of the family. Network members from within and outside the family system are an important coping resource in this patient population. This work illustrates how social network approaches can be used to test structural hypotheses related to communal coping within a broader system and identifies structural features that characterize coping processes in families affected by Lynch Syndrome.
The present study identified a plurality of coping responses, which provides a spectrum of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral strategies, both adaptive and maladaptive to combat the stresses of racism. These identified coping responses reflect a cognitive-contextual perspective, coined by the authors of this paper. This perspective reflects a combination of coping strategies that omit previous research which suggest mostly anger, depression, and anxiety as a possible response to perceived racial discrimination. These negative emotional responses are suggested to result in chronic physical and mental health risk. Current findings also support the need for examining these racism-coping phenomena from a biopsychosocial perspective. It would allow health practitioners information to treat individuals impacted by cultural stress from a holistic perspective and could be included as part of both mental and physical healthcare.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.