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Abstract
Four equated groups of five subjects trained using static, dynamic, combination static-dynamic, and control procedures to compare effects on strength of the flexors of the dominant wrist. The static and dynamic groups each performed six bouts of three repetitions daily for 5 weeks. The combination group completed three bouts each of static and dynamic training. Maximum dynamic strength and maximum static strength at three angles were recorded prior to and at termination of training. No significant differences were found among experimental groups in developing static strength of the dominant wrist flexors. However, the combination group made significant improvement (p<.01) over the static group for dynamic strength measurement. Compared with the control group, all experimental groups improved significantly in one or more specific strength tests.
... (Belka, 1968;Fleck과 Schutt, 1983;Gardner, 1963;Lindh, 1979 (Bandy와 Hanten, 1993;Knapik 등, 1983;Meyers, 1967;Thepaut-Mathieu 등, 1988 (Marks, 1994 (Edwards 등, 1977;Green과 Jones 1989 (Gardner, 1963;Belka, 1968;Lindh, 1979;Kitai와 Sale, 1989) ...
... (Belka, 1968;Fleck과 Schutt, 1983;Gardner, 1963;Lindh, 1979 (Bandy와 Hanten, 1993;Knapik 등, 1983;Meyers, 1967;Thepaut-Mathieu 등, 1988 (Marks, 1994 (Edwards 등, 1977;Green과 Jones 1989 (Gardner, 1963;Belka, 1968;Lindh, 1979;Kitai와 Sale, 1989) ...
This study examined whether there is a transfer effect to other joint angles and the angular specificity of muscle fatigue after 6 weeks of isometric training of the vastus medialis. Twenty subjects were randomly assigned to 30° and 90° knee flexion groups and were trained at 80% maximal voluntary isometric contraction(MVIC) three times a week for 6 weeks. The pre-and post-training values of the 80% holding time(endurance time) of MVIC, the Fatigue Index(FI), and the MVIC at 30°, 60°, and 90° were compared. After isometric training for 6 weeks, in the 30° knee flexion group, FI decreased significantly(p
Nuzzo, JL. History of strength training research in man: an inventory and quantitative overview of studies published in English between 1894 and 1979. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Limited scholarship exists on the history of strength training research. The current review advances existing qualitative and biographical work by inventorying all experimental studies and case reports published before 1980 on the effects of ≥1 week of strength training on human health and function. Data on authors, journals, citations, study samples, training interventions, study outcomes, and study themes were extracted and summarized. Three hundred thirty-nine strength training studies were published between 1894 and 1979. Studies included 14,575 subjects, with 10,350 undergoing strength training. Subjects were usually healthy (81.1% of articles), university students (51.0%), or aged 18-65 years (86.7%). Men comprised 70.0% of subjects. Interventions typically involved isoinertial only (64.6%) or isometric only (35.4%) training. Upper-body interventions were more common (35.4%) than lower-body interventions (27.4%). Duration and frequency of training were typically 4-8 weeks (55.3%) and 3 days per week (39.2%), respectively. Isometric maximal voluntary contractions (54.0%) and one repetition maximum (20.4%) were the most common muscle strength tests. Other common outcomes included limb girths (20.9%) and muscle endurance (19.5%). Common research themes were physiology (54.3%), physical fitness (28.9%), and injury/rehabilitation (20.4%). The 339 studies have been cited 21,996 times. Moritani and deVries' 1979 article on time course of neuromuscular adaptations is the most highly cited (1,815 citations). DeLorme (5 articles and 772 citations), Hellebrandt (4 articles and 402 citations), Rasch (9 articles and 318 citations), and Berger (12 articles and 1,293 citations) made the largest contributions. Research Quarterly published the most articles (27.4%). The history of strength training research is discussed in the context of the results.
Strength gains may be obtained by performing any type of resistance training if voluntary maximal contractions are performed. It is necessary that the advantages and disadvantages of a particular type of strength training are carefully considered before incorporating it into a program. Variables that should be considered include cost of equipment, motor performance increases, amount of strength gains, and range of motion of the strength gains. Further research comparing the different types of strength training is needed.
The effects of different training programs on the force-velocity relation and the maximum power output from the elbow flexor muscles were examined in eighteen male adults. The subjects were divided into three equal groups (G 30, G 30+0, G 30+ 100) . Training for G 30 was performed with ten repetitions at 30% Po (Po: maximum strength), for G30+0 with five repetitions at 30% Po and five contractions with no load (0 % Po), and for G 30+100 with five repetitions at 30% Po and five isometric contractions (100% Po) .Maximum power was increased significantly in all groups after training. The amounts of power increase tended to be greatest for G 30+ 100, followed by G 30+0 and G 30. A significant difference was observed between G 30 + 100 and G 30 + 0. Maximum strength increased most in G 30 + 100, followed by G30 and G 30+0. The strength gain in G 30+100 was significantly greater than that in G 30. Maximum velocity increased significantly in all groups. No significant difference in velocity gain was observed between any pair of groups.These results suggest that isometric training at maximum strength (100% Po) appears to be a more effective form of supplementary training to increase power production than would no load training at maximum velocity.
This study evaluated wrist strength limitations to manual exertion capability in two-dimensional static biomechanical modeling. The researchers hypothesized that wrist strength does not limit manual exertion capability - an assumption commonly made in many strength biomechanical models. An experiment was conducted on 15 right-handed males of college age. Isometric wrist flexion strength was measured at two elbow angles: 90° and 135° and in two wrist positions: neutral and 45° extended. Isometric wrist radial deviation strength was measured at the same two elbow angles and in two wrist positions: neutral and 30° ulnarly deviated. Minimum wrist strength limits for which wrist strength does not limit maximal moments about the elbow in manual hand exertions were calculated and compared to their corresponding measured wrist strength moments using paired t-tests. In general, wrist strength was non-limiting. However, wrist flexion strength in the 45° extended wrist posture was limiting. Weak-wrist subjects showed more wrist strength limitations than strong-wrist subjects.
Application of strength data to human engineering problems is often hampered by ambiguities of both terminology and data. This paper attempts to point out some of the problems. After defining “strength” and clarifying related terms, mechanical, physiological, and statistical implications of strength testing are discussed. It becomes obvious that strength data are fully relevant to human engineering problems only if the operator must exert maximal static muscle force; if submaximal forces are required, the applicability of strength data is very limited. Research is needed to establish relations between human static force capacity and the abilities to perform maximal or submaximal dynamic work. At present there is little evidence that static force data accurately predict dynamic performance.
This study was designed to examine the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and weight training (WT) on muscular strength and athletic performance. Thirty college women were randomly assigned to one of three groups: WT, PNF, and control. WT and PNF subjects trained 3 days a week for 8 weeks. All subjects were tested for changes in knee and elbow extensor strength, throwing distance, and vertical jump. The WT group increased strength by 19.3% for knee extension and 20.4% for elbow extension while the PNF group increaseil22.1 and 29.1 %, respectively. PNF also increased throwing distance by 25% and vertical jump by 16% while WT had increases of 12.8 and 9.9% respectively. These findings indicate PNF might be superior to WT in athletic performance enhancement and, therefore, the better modality for athletic conditioning and injury rehabilitation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1986;7(5):250-253.
The purpose of this article is to provide background information concerning the cardiopulmonary responses to physical exercise. The focus is on acute and chronic responses to both strengthening and endurance exercise. Knowledge of normal exercise physiology provides the frame of reference for comparison with abnormal responses, especially as exercise relates to patients with cardiovascular disease.
There is considerable demand for information on the effectiveness of various resistance exercises for improving physical performance, and on how exercise programs must match functional activities to produce the greatest performance gains (training specificity). Evidence supports exercise-type specificity; the greatest training effects occur when the same exercise type is used for both testing and training. Range-of-motion (ROM) specificity is supported; strength improvements are greatest at the exercised joint angles, with enough carryover to strengthen ROMs precluded from direct training due to injury. Velocity specificity is supported; strength gains are consistently greatest at the training velocity, with some carryover. Some studies have produced a training effect only for velocities at and below the training velocity while others have produced effects around the training velocity. The little, mainly isokinetic, evidence comparing different exercise velocities for improving functional performance suggests that faster exercise best improves fast athletic movements. Yet isometric exercise can improve actions like the vertical jump, which begin slowly. The rate of force application may be more important in training than actual movement speed. More research is needed into the specificity and efficacy of resistance exercise. Test populations should include both males and females of various ages and rehabilitation patients.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of isometric training of the quadriceps femoris muscles, at different joint angles, on torque production and electromyographic (EMG) activity.
One hundred seven women were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Three groups trained with isometric contractions three times per week at a knee flexion angle of 30, 60, or 90 degrees. The fourth group, which served as a control, did not exercise.
Isometric torque was measured using a dynamometer, and EMG activity was measured using a multichannel EMG system. Measurements were obtained during maximal isometric contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscles at 15-degree increments from 15 to 105 degrees of knee flexion. Measurements were taken before and after 8 weeks of training.
Following isometric exercise, increased torque and EMG activity occurred not only at the angle at which subjects exercised, but also at angles in the range of motion at which exercise did occur. Further analyses indicated that exercising in the lengthened position for the quadriceps femoris muscles (90 degrees of knee flexion) produced increased torque across all angles measured and appeared to be the more effective position for transferring strength and EMG activity to adjacent angles following isometric training as compared with the shorter positions of the muscle (30 degrees and 60 degrees of knee flexion).
These findings suggest that an efficient method for increasing isometric knee extension torque and EMG activity throughout the entire range of motion is to exercise with the quadriceps femoris muscles in the lengthened position.
The effects of different training programs on the force-velocity relation and the maximum power output from the elbow flexor muscles were examined in 12 male adults. The subjects were divided into two equal groups (G30 + 100 and G30 + 0). In the G30 + 100 group, training was performed with five repetitions at 30% maximum strength (Fmax) and five isometric contractions (100% Fmax), and in the G30 + 0 group with five repetitions at 30% Fmax and five contractions with no load (0% Fmax). Training was performed 3 days a week for 11 weeks. Maximum power increased significantly in both groups after training. The power increase was significantly greater in the G30 + 100 group. Maximum strength was significantly higher only in the G30 + 100 group, while maximum velocity increased in both groups. No significant difference in strength or velocity gain was observed between the two groups. These results suggest that isometric training at maximum strength (100% Fmax) is a more effective form of supplementary training to increase power production than no load training at maximum velocity.
The effect of training with a combination of different loads (multiple-load training) on the force-velocity and force-power relationships was examined with training programs that included maximal isometric contraction (Fmax) and concentric contraction of the elbow flexor muscles. Twenty-one male college students were placed into 3 equal training groups (G(30 + 60), G(30 + 100), and G(30 + 60 + 100)) and performed multiple-load training 3 days per week for 8 weeks. The training load was a set fraction of the maximal isometric strength (% Fmax). The G(30 + 60) group performed 6 repetitions of elbow flexion at 30 and 60% Fmax. The G(30 + 100) group performed 6 repetitions at 30% Fmax and six 5-second Fmax loads. The G(30 + 60 + 100) group performed 4 repetitions at 30 and 60% Fmax and four 5-second Fmax loads. After training, Fmax and maximal velocity significantly increased (p < 0.05) in all 3 training groups. The increases in maximal power were significantly (p < 0.05) different between the G(30 + 60 + 100) group (52.9%) and the G(30 + 100) group (24.2%). These results suggest that multiple-load training programs with 4-6 repetitions are effective for improving muscle power and velocity of the elbow flexors.
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