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The Matthew Effect in Science: The reward and communication systems of science are considered
Abstract
This account of the Matthew effect is another small exercise in the psychosociological analysis of the workings of science as a social institution. The initial problem is transformed by a shift in theoretical perspective. As originally identified, the Matthew effect was construed in terms of enhancement of the position of already eminent scientists who are given disproportionate credit in cases of collaboration or of independent multiple discoveries. Its significance was thus confined to its implications for the reward system of science. By shifting the angle of vision, we note other possible kinds of consequences, this time for the communication system of science. The Matthew effect may serve to heighten the visibility of contributions to science by scientists of acknowledged standing and to reduce the visibility of contributions by authors who are less well known. We examine the psychosocial conditions and mechanisms underlying this effect and find a correlation between the redundancy function of multiple discoveries and the focalizing function of eminent men of science-a function which is reinforced by the great value these men place upon finding basic problems and by their self-assurance. This self-assurance, which is partly inherent, partly the result of experiences and associations in creative scientific environments, and partly a result of later social validation of their position, encourages them to search out risky but important problems and to highlight the results of their inquiry. A macrosocial version of the Matthew principle is apparently involved in those processes of social selection that currently lead to the concentration of scientific resources and talent (50).
... One motivation for singleauthor publications is the desire to receive unambiguous scientific credit, as sole authorship clearly assigns recognition to one individual. This may be a response to the 'Matthew Effect' in science, first described by Merton (1968) where researchers with established reputations receive a disproportionate share of credit for their discoveries or publications. As a result, some scientists may be motivated to publish independently to maximize their personal contribution and avoid the 'dilution' of credit among co-authors. ...
... As he notes, multiple authorship reduces the distinctive value attributed to each contributor, making solo publications a way to "make a name for oneself". Merton (1968) also noted that younger or lesser-known scientists might be overlooked within collaborative research teams, prompting them to publish independently to ensure that their work is solely associated with their name. This is consistent with a later study by Ryan (2014) which identified an external self-concept as typical among young scientists, as they seek validation of their abilities and competencies from their peers. ...
It is now common practice for scientists to collaborate in teams and publish multi-author articles. Consequently, the number of single-author articles has been declining. This decline was assumed to follow an exponential model, which was verified using data from various research areas, including Engineering, Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, and Humanities and the Arts, for the period from 2000 to 2023. In the fields of Engineering and Natural Sciences, the number of co-authors has consistently increased over time. Conversely, in Social Sciences and Humanities & the Arts, single-author articles continue to prevail over multi-author ones. Single-author articles were evaluated based on the number of references and the ranking of the journals in which they were published. In the field of Theatre, most articles contained up to 20 references. However, in fields such as Chemical Engineering, Biology, and Economics, the majority of articles had between 20 and 60 references. In 2023, more than 25% of single-author articles in Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering, Economics, History, Law, Biology, Immunology, Mathematics, and Astronomy & Astrophysics were published in Q1 journals. This study provides an exploration of the scientific literature across selected research areas. It demonstrates that single-author articles are unlikely to disappear entirely, as individual researchers continue to pursue independent research and publication.
... We make two substantive assumptions about welfare dynamics. The well-known Matthew effect [39,45], or "rich-get-richer" while "poor-get-poorer" dynamic, suggests that inequality amplifies over time. We capture this effect by assuming that the return function f i (·) is increasing with welfare, while the decay function g i (·) decreases with welfare. ...
... We generalize and re-purpose their model by equipping it with various functional forms of the return and decay functions that capture societal behaviors and analyzing several additional policies. Our modeling choices include the Matthew effect [39]: individuals with higher level of welfare may benefit the most from interventions ("rich-get-richer"), whereas individuals with low wealth experience more severe income shocks absent any interventions from the social planner ("poor-get-poorer"). Such effects have been documented in the context of economic inequality [45,51] and optimal taxation policy for reducing societal inequality [7]. ...
Improving social welfare is a complex challenge requiring policymakers to optimize objectives across multiple time horizons. Evaluating the impact of such policies presents a fundamental challenge, as those that appear suboptimal in the short run may yield significant long-term benefits. We tackle this challenge by analyzing the long-term dynamics of two prominent policy frameworks: Rawlsian policies, which prioritize those with the greatest need, and utilitarian policies, which maximize immediate welfare gains. Conventional wisdom suggests these policies are at odds, as Rawlsian policies are assumed to come at the cost of reducing the average social welfare, which their utilitarian counterparts directly optimize. We challenge this assumption by analyzing these policies in a sequential decision-making framework where individuals' welfare levels stochastically decay over time, and policymakers can intervene to prevent this decay. Under reasonable assumptions, we prove that interventions following Rawlsian policies can outperform utilitarian policies in the long run, even when the latter dominate in the short run. We characterize the exact conditions under which Rawlsian policies can outperform utilitarian policies. We further illustrate our theoretical findings using simulations, which highlight the risks of evaluating policies based solely on their short-term effects. Our results underscore the necessity of considering long-term horizons in designing and evaluating welfare policies; the true efficacy of even well-established policies may only emerge over time.
... Limited access to cutting-edge technologies and biases in the reviewing process, may also result in proposals being considered less impactful or not sufficiently innovative. Without compensatory measures, competition simply based on sophistication of proposals and track record will continue to favour applicants from developed nations along the well-known "Matthew effect", or "rich get richer", effect in science 40 . This exacerbates existing inequalities identified in the present study, where scientists from developed nations lead 76% of the published papers, compared to 24% of papers led by scientists from low and middle income countries. ...
... Initial relative age research in youth sport assumed that an advanced maturity status was the major underlying cause [e.g., the "maturation-selection hypothesis"; (12)]. Contrastingly, however, Hancock and colleagues (13) theorised the "social agents model" to suggest how it is in fact key stakeholders, including players [i.e., Galatea effect; (14)], coaches [i.e., Pygmalion effect; (15)], and parents [i.e., Matthew effect; (16)], who are responsible for perpetuating RAEs. Thereafter, Wattie and colleagues (17) proposed a "constraints-based developmental systems model" to explain how a variety of factors are responsible for RAEs in sport, based on environmental (e.g., access to soccer provision), individual (e.g., physical characteristics), and task (e.g., playing position) constraints. ...
Introduction
Despite its widespread prevalence in youth soccer, there seems to be no widely implemented intervention to moderate or overcome Relative Age Effects (RAEs). The purpose of this study was a call to action for stakeholders to propose relative age solutions to the Royal Netherlands Football Association (KNVB).
Methods
The call to action consisted of a standardised, open-access questionnaire that contained questions focussed on: (a) the mechanisms of the proposal, (b) hypothesised effects, and (c) reference to empirical findings.
Results
Following the initial screening of 185 submissions, a total of 143 eligible proposals were included. Each proposal was categorised by two project members based on a taxonomy to classify different approaches designed to reduce RAEs by: (a) altering the behaviour of observers, (b) implementing rules when selecting teams, or (c) adjusting competition structures. From this, 13 lower-order independent solutions were categorised.
Discussion
Interestingly, whilst no new suggestions outside the existing literature were proposed in any of the submissions, only two have been empirically tested in soccer. Overall, the results present a useful first step in identifying possible relative age solutions. Due to the number of proposed solutions and their anecdotal nature, the next step for the KNVB was to utilise the knowledge of experts in the field via an adapted e-Delphi study to identify the most effective and feasible solutions to implement in practice (Part Two).
... High-profile 826 publications in elite journals have further reinforced its position as a dominant, mainstream approach, creating a 827 self-reinforcing cycle in which early prominence leads to increased visibility, higher citation counts, and sustained 828 influence across disciplines. This well-documented Matthew effect in scientific recognition-where initial advantages 829 accumulate and intensify over time-helps explain how certain theoretical frameworks can rise to prominence and 830 maintain dominance, even when their empirical adequacy remains contested or incomplete (Merton, 1968). influences is essential for critically evaluating the Bayesian brain hypothesis's current status and advancing more 860 epistemically rigorous and scientifically accountable approaches to theoretical neuroscience. ...
The Bayesian brain hypothesis—the idea that neural systems implement or approximate Bayesian inference—has become a dominant framework in cognitive neuroscience over the past two decades. While mathematically elegant and conceptually unifying, this paper argues that the hypothesis occupies an ambiguous territory between useful metaphor and testable, biologically plausible mechanistic explanation. We critically examine the key claims of the Bayesian brain hypothesis, highlighting issues of unfalsifiability, biological implausibility, and inconsistent empirical support. The framework's remarkable flexibility in accommodating diverse findings raises concerns about its explanatory power, as models can often be adjusted post hoc to fit virtually any data pattern. We contrast the Bayesian approach with alternative frameworks, including dynamic systems theory, ecological psychology, and embodied cognition, which conceptualize prediction and adaptive behavior without recourse to probabilistic inference. Despite its limitations, the Bayesian brain hypothesis persists—driven less by empirical grounding than by its mathematical elegance, metaphorical power, and institutional momentum.
... Effective credit allocation is essential for matching talent to effort and supporting innovation. In the 1960s, Robert Merton observed a persistent gap between contribution and recognition: citations-a proxy for recognition-disproportionately favored established scientists over junior peers, a pattern he termed the Matthew Effect 9 . He attributed this to selective memory in the scientific community: it is easier to remember collective achievements by crediting a few prominent individuals. ...
The recognition of individual contributions is central to the scientific reward system, yet coauthored papers often obscure who did what. Traditional proxies like author order assume a simplistic decline in contribution, while emerging practices such as self-reported roles are biased and limited in scope. We introduce a large-scale, behavior-based approach to identifying individual contributions in scientific papers. Using author-specific LaTeX macros as writing signatures, we analyze over 730,000 arXiv papers (1991-2023), covering over half a million scientists. Validated against self-reports, author order, disciplinary norms, and Overleaf records, our method reliably infers author-level writing activity. Section-level traces reveal a hidden division of labor: first authors focus on technical sections (e.g., Methods, Results), while last authors primarily contribute to conceptual sections (e.g., Introduction, Discussion). Our findings offer empirical evidence of labor specialization at scale and new tools to improve credit allocation in collaborative research.
... Robert K. Merton (1968Merton ( , 1988) "Máté-hatás"-ként, Derek J. de Solla Price (1967) "halmozott előny" néven utal a Máté-evangélium következő részére: "Mindannak ugyanis, akinek van, még adnak, hogy bővelkedjék; akinek pedig nincsen, attól még azt is elveszik, amije van" (Máté 25,29). Mindketten a tudományos munka elismerésében tapasztalt eltérések magyarázata közben tették azt a megállapítást, amelyet a köznyelv csak úgy emleget, hogy "a gazdagabb csak még gazdagabb lesz". ...
Az Európai Bizottság 2014 óta követi nyomon a tagállamok digitális fejlődését a digitális gazdasági és társadalmi (DESI) index segítségével. A DESI éves adatbázisainak felhasználásával arra kerestük a választ, hogy kimutatható-e konvergencia a tagállamok között. Az indexek eltéréseit vizsgálva az ún. Máté-hatás meglétére gyanakodtunk. Feltételeztük továbbá, hogy a Covid-19-világjárvány hatással van a DESI-index változására. A kérdéseket bibliometriai, statisztikai-matematikai módszerekkel vizsgáltuk. A σ-konvergenciaelemzéseket a tagállamok közötti különbségek időbeli csökkenésének, míg a β-konvergenciaelemzést a kezdeti fejlettségi szinthez való felzárkózás mértékének becslésére használtuk. A Máté-hatás ellenőrzésére PCA-elemzést végeztünk további λ-variánsokkal, figyelembe véve az egy főre jutó reál-GDP változását. A σ- és a β-konvergencia is a 2016–2021 közötti időszakra vonatkozóan megerősítést nyert, és megállapítottuk, hogy a felzárkózás felezési ideje körülbelül 20 év. A 2016–2021-es időszakban a Máté-hatás bár nem igazolható szignifikánsan, tendenciajelleggel mégis utal annak meglétére.
... Third, the economy is an evolving complex system. The commonly seen "Matthew effect" (Merton, 1968) strongly refutes the equilibrium idea and reflects the complexity of the economic system: even a small probability difference between economic agents, such as good luck or a small breakthrough early in life, may quickly expand into a huge difference, causing them to move toward the opposite poles of society. Fourthly, a fair economic model should be proactively designed. ...
Considering the lack of a comprehensive review of Doughnut Economics (DE) as an emerging sustainability evaluation framework, this study conducts a bibliometric analysis from 2012 to 2024 to reveal the research progress using CiteSpace. After introducing its connotation and summarizing its theoretical basis, accounting procedures, and urban practices, bibliometric analyses show that: (a) The “planetary boundary/ies,” “sustainable development,” and “doughnut economics” are the three most frequently co‐occurred keywords, and the similarities and differences of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and DE are presented; (b) Timeline view reveals the term climate change has the longest research history and widest citation relationships in DE research; (c) The landmark studies of Raworth, O’Neill, Steffen, and Fanning are illustrated as the most important works with the highest frequencies of co‐citations; (d) Stockholm University, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, and University of Oxford are the top three DE research centers within environment‐related disciplines, and the authors are mainly come from the England, USA, and Germany. The results not only provide a valuable reference for researchers interested in DE but also put forward the emphasis and orientation of future studies.
... This suggests that highly cited authors or influential journals are more likely to receive additional citations merely because of their existing prestige. The phenomenon creates a self-reinforcing cycle, where already well-known researchers or works receive even more attention, while lesser-known ones struggle to gain recognition (Merton, 1968;Rossiter, 1993). ...
Purpose This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of authorship attributions in scientific publications, focusing on the fairness and precision of individual contributions within academic works. Design/methodology/approach The study analyzes 81,823 publications from the journal PLOS ONE , covering the period from January 2018 to June 2023. It examines the authorship attributions within these publications to try and determine the prevalence of inappropriate authorship. It also investigates the demographic and professional profiles of affected authors, exploring trends and potential factors contributing to inaccuracies in authorship. Findings Surprisingly, 9.14% of articles feature at least one author with inappropriate authorship, affecting over 14,000 individuals (2.56% of the sample). Inappropriate authorship is more concentrated in Asia, Africa, and specific European countries like Italy. Established researchers with significant publication records and those affiliated with companies or nonprofits show higher instances of potential monetary authorship. Research limitations Our findings are based on contributions as declared by the authors, which implies a degree of trust in their transparency. However, this reliance on self-reporting may introduce biases or inaccuracies into the dataset. Further research could employ additional verification methods to enhance the reliability of the findings. Practical implications These findings have significant implications for journal publishers, highlighting the necessity for robust control mechanisms to ensure the integrity of authorship attributions. Moreover, researchers must exercise discernment in determining when to acknowledge a contributor and when to include them in the author list. Addressing these issues is crucial for maintaining the credibility and fairness of academic publications. Originality/value This study contributes to an understanding of critical issues within academic authorship, shedding light on the prevalence and impact of inappropriate authorship attributions. By calling for a nuanced approach to ensure accurate credit is given where it is due, the study underscores the importance of upholding ethical standards in scholarly publishing.
... Competition in a large market tends to create hard-to-enter elite universities that have a better chance to combine the best talent with the best research resources and the best career prospects for graduates (e.g., Binder & Abel, 2019;Zhang et al., 2022). Institutional rankings tend to turn into a self-fulfilling prophecy (Merton, 1948;Espeland & Sauder, 2007), and positions at the two ends of the scale tend to be cemented over time (Hamann, 2016) due to the "Matthew effect" (Merton, 1968). If digital transformation has resulted in increasing differences between the students' skills at the secondary level, one can expect a widening gap between more selective and less selective institutions at the higher level. ...
Whether the deployment of digital technology in higher education can be regarded as an opportunity or a risk is a question of values. The relevant values range from traditional academic values and the fundamental values of higher education in the EHEA to a democratic society and respect for human rights. Before COVID-19, it was customary to focus on potential benefits for learners. However, the earlier approach failed to pay enough attention to the wider educational and societal impacts of digital transformation. This changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent studies have discussed the impact of the digital transformation of higher education on staff, institutions, the higher education market and society as a whole. In this chapter, it is argued that the digital transformation of higher education can have an impact on academic freedom, student and staff participation in higher education governance, public responsibility for higher education, public responsibility of higher education, and democracy. The digital transformation of higher education makes it necessary to balance multiple values. Higher education policy in the EHEA should take into account both opportunities and risks.
... Regarding research question 1, our multiple-group LGCM has shown that students' prior arithmetical knowledge had a significantly positive influence on learning gains in the blocked condition (research question 1). Thus, a Matthew effect (Merton, 1968;Rigney, 2010;Simonsmeier et al., 2021) was found for blocked learning, meaning that higher prior arithmetical knowledge was accompanied by stronger linear growth in adaptivity. One reason for this result could be that the students in our blocked condition were not explicitly prompted to compare the subtraction strategies (between-comparison). ...
This thesis explores the potential of interleaved practice to improve primary students' strategy proficiency in three-digit subtraction tasks. An experimental classroom study with 236 German third graders compared the effectiveness of interleaved practice, including between-comparison prompts, with blocked practice, including within-comparison prompts, in teach-ing the adaptive use of different subtraction strategies. Across four articles, this research high-lights the superiority of interleaved practice in promoting flexible and adaptive strategy use. The results show that interleaved practice better fosters students' ability to adaptively select subtraction strategies based on task characteristics than blocked practice, leading to improved problem-solving accuracy. This effect was observed immediately post-intervention and sustained five weeks later, indicating that the benefits of interleaving are long-lasting. Notably, the positive effects of interleaving on adaptive strategy use were found to be independent of students' prior knowledge, indicating its broad applicability across a diverse range of learners. The effectiveness of interleaving was influenced by students' need for cognition. However, this influence did not differ significantly from its impact on blocked practice. Moreover, the results show that interleaved practice helps to reduce overreliance on the standard written al-gorithm and encourages using more efficient strategies, such as indirect addition and compen-sation strategy. Cluster analysis further revealed that interleaved practice predicts inclusion in a high-adaptivity cluster, highlighting its role in fostering comprehensive adaptive strategy use. Additionally, interleaved practice promotes the development of flexible calculators—stu-dents who employ various strategies with few errors. This is in sharp contrast to the blocked condition, which tends to lead to a greater reliance on the standard algorithm with associated errors. This finding highlights the potential of interleaved practice to cultivate a more versatile and accurate problem-solving approach in students. This thesis contributes to the understanding of effective strategy instruction in mathematics. It advocates for the integration of interleaved practice as a means of cultivating adaptive expertise and accuracy in problem solving.
... Among the suggested reasons are family choices, the fact that women obtain fewer and smaller grants, and that they are less frequently invited to give keynote talks, attend workshops, participate in strategic research proposals, or write comments in high-profile journals (Filipsson, 2011;Thompson et al., 2011). In line with these explanations overall differences have also been associated with the cumulative advantages of the Matthew effect or disadvantages of the Matilda effect (Merton, 1968;Rossiter, 1993). ...
Introduction
Gender imbalances in academia are found globally. Even though women earn the same rate of PhD degrees, the gender imbalance becomes increasingly prominent at higher academic levels. Several reasons have been proposed for these differences, including family responsibilities, disparities in the number and size of grants awarded, invitations to present at conferences, and differences in promotions and grant allocations, all favoring men. However, these factors should be less pronounced or even absent at the PhD student level.
Method
This paper investigates whether a gender imbalance exists in scientific production and research impact, measured by the number of publications, citations, and overall publication impact, among a cohort of Swedish medical and health science PhD students. It also explores whether this possible difference is further influenced by the gender of the PI.
Results
The results show significant differences in PhD student productivity depending on both the gender of the student and the PI, evident even at this early career stage.
Discussion
The results suggest a consistent gender pattern where female PhD students with female PIs are less productive and have a lower research impact, and PhD students with female PIs receive fewer citations.
... Esto, entre otras dimensiones, permite proyectar un futuro fortalecimiento en la CIC de estas facultades, lo cual redundaría en mayores capacidades de acumulación-reproducción de capital científico. Estos procesos se cristalizan en lo que se conoce como efecto Mateo, definido por Merton (1968) como aquellas instancias donde científicos (individuales o en grupos), que ya han acumulado notables cuotas de recursos y/o reconocimiento, cuentan con mayores posibilidades de acrecentar rápidamente dichos volúmenes en comparación a sus pares cuyas trayectorias todavía se encuentran afianzándose. Durante la pandemia, las unidades de investigación vinculadas a disciplinas como las ciencias sociales y las proyectuales experimentaron un proceso de ralentización en torno a la consolidación y jerarquización de su plantel posdoctoral vinculado al CONICET, acentuando todavía más las asimetrías preexistentes. ...
La emergencia de la pandemia por COVID-19 alteró sustancialmente el devenir de las universidades argentinas, reconfigurando la estructura y los alcances de todas sus funciones. En particular, la investigación científica experimentó un desarrollo heterogéneo, interpelado por la consolidación de asimetrías entre las personas, los espacios de investigación y las diferentes disciplinas. De allí, este trabajo tuvo como propósito analizar el devenir de las capacidades institucionales para la producción científica en la Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ), abordando dos momentos claramente distintos: prepandemia y pandemia. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se revisaron, entre otras cosas, las siguientes dimensiones: el perfil de investigadores del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) que trabajan en la Universidad, los tipos de proyectos de investigación acreditados y las fuentes de financiamiento, la organización de reuniones científicas, el alcance de convenios bilaterales de investigación y los procesos de indexación de la producción científica publicada. Esto se realizó mediante un modelo metodológico interactivo que recupera dos enfoques empíricos fundamentales: uno documental y otro estadístico, además de la revisión bibliográfica especializada. Entre las conclusiones más significativas se establece que la pandemia de la COVID-19 tuvo un impacto significativo en la diversificación del financiamiento para proyectos de investigación, al mismo tiempo que continuó con las dinámicas de concentración/acumulación del capital en disputa, evidenciado en el aumento de científicos del CONICET vinculados a las ciencias naturales e ingenierías.
... This study provides novel evidence on the effects of early STEM competition participation, illuminating its role in shaping high school students' engagement and academic trajectories. Our findings indicate that students initiating STEM competitions between ages 5 and 10 exhibit significantly greater involvement-both in the number and frequency of competitions-compared to those starting later, corroborating theories of cumulative advantage in skill development (Merton, 1968). The absence of a significant GPA difference between early and late starters challenges assumptions that early competitive experience directly boosts academic outcomes, aligning instead with research emphasizing advanced coursework and practice intensity as key predictors (Ericsson et al., 1993). ...
... Perhaps it takes generations of entrepreneurs chipping away at these structural foundations of poverty to make progress or an event that triggers collective action. Indeed, as we consider this stream of research, it is appropriate to consider the Matthew effect (Merton, 1968): "The rich get richer, and the poor get the picture" (attributed initially to Percy Bysshe Shelley). Non-WEIRD entrepreneurship research can explore how some impoverished entrepreneurs can disrupt the Matthew effect through the businesses they create, the opportunities they pursue, the strategies they execute, the stakeholders they enroll, and the value they generate. ...
Entrepreneurship researchers have focused on WEIRD samples-that is, Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic samples. This editorial suggests that not all theories formed on and tested with WEIRD samples are generalizable to non-WEIRD contexts. A richer picture of entrepreneurial phenomena can come from non-WEIRD entrepreneurship research, especially (but not exclusively) by non-WEIRD researchers with local knowledge and interests. In this editorial, we hope to motivate more non-WEIRD entrepreneurship research by highlighting the potential problems with the dominance of a WEIRD perspective in our most impactful research, introducing each element of a non-WEIRD approach to solve those problems, and offering some big-picture thoughts and methods as future research opportunities. Indeed, we provide research opportunities that could lead to contextualized entrepreneurship theories embedded in contexts not well represented in the mainstream entrepreneurship literature largely devoted to the WEIRD. We conclude this editorial with recommendations for reviewers and editors of these mainstream entrepreneurship journals.
... Similarly, El-Dakhs et al. (2021) revealed that learners with better VLT scores made more productive PV gain in the intervention setting. As El-Dakhs et al. (2021) speculated, wider lexical coverage aids participants' meaning inferences, which may lead to a Matthew Effect (Merton 1968) in that learners with a large vocabulary size also make larger gains. ...
A phrasal verb (PV) is a type of formulaic language, which is ubiquitous in informal English discourse but notoriously challenging for English language learners. With many learners struggling to develop knowledge of formulaic language, this study investigated whether they make measurable PV gains over time and which factors in a study-abroad environment facilitated the development of PVs. Seventy-five mixed-L1 foundation students in the UK were tracked over the first two terms in an academic year. They completed a productive PV test, a receptive PV test, an Updated Vocabulary Levels Test, a language contact questionnaire, and a social network survey when studying abroad. Using descriptive statistics, paired-samples t -tests, and mixed-effects modelling, the findings indicate that the participants made only small gains in PV knowledge in two terms of study abroad. Interestingly, they made larger gains in productive knowledge than receptive knowledge, suggesting that they consolidated existing knowledge more than acquiring new PVs. Overall vocabulary knowledge, PV corpus frequency, and language contact significantly predicted PV knowledge, while semantic transparency and L2 social networks did not. Overall vocabulary knowledge and L2 social networks predicted PV gains. This study reveals that the developmenet of PV knowledge is relatively slow and incremental during study abroad. Thus, high-quality L2 interaction may be necessary for international students to develop PV knowledge in such contexts.
... Instead, they joined Facebook because their peers were already present on a platform perceived as widely used by the general public. This phenomenon appears to be similar to the Matthew effect [22], where the presence of others on a platform increases its perceived value, leading to further growth and adoption by additional users. As more people migrated to Facebook, it became an even more attractive choice, reinforcing its dominance in social media. ...
As people engage with the social media landscape, popular platforms rise and fall. As current research uncovers the experiences people have on various platforms, rarely do we engage with the sociotechnical migration processes when joining and leaving them. In this paper, we asked 32 visitors of a science communication festival to draw out artifacts that we call Social Media Journey Maps about the social media platforms they frequented, and why. By combining qualitative content analysis with a graph representation of Social Media Journeys, we present how social media migration processes are motivated by the interplay of environmental and platform factors. We find that peer-driven popularity, the timing of feature adoption, and personal perceptions of migration causes - such as security - shape individuals' reasoning for migrating between social media platforms. With this work, we aim to pave the way for future social media platforms that foster meaningful and enriching online experiences for users.
... The idea of cumulative advantage can be dated back to the classic work by Merton (1968), which introduces the 'Matthew Effect' in explaining inequality in science that eminent scientists gain disproportionate credit and reward for the same work more than those less reputable. Merton's perspective on cumulative advantages also relates to Mincer's (1974) theory on human capital which emphasizes that valuable experience during the workers' careers adds to the stock of their human capital, resulting in the growth of wages in return for the growing human capital. ...
The global trend of higher education expansion has increasingly transformed knowledge-based economies, with Hong Kong exemplifying this phenomenon through a dramatic rise in university participation. Nevertheless, ongoing scholarly discussions question the economic returns to university education. The varied research outcomes may be attributed to inadequate examination of long-term earnings trajectories. This study addresses this gap by constructing a pseudo-longitudinal panel, through integrating multiple cross-sectional datasets, to examine the lifetime earnings premium over a 40-year career of the birth cohort of 1951–1955 in Hong Kong. Results reveal that the earnings premium of university education for this cohort is modest during their late 20s but increases significantly after age 30, continuing to grow through early and middle career stages. Even during challenging economic challenges, such as the Asian Financial Crisis and the SARS epidemic in their late 40s and early 50s, university degree holders from this cohort sustained an earnings premium, albeit with short-term fluctuations. Key findings on the cumulative advantage of higher education and its resilience during economic disruptions contribute to the theoretical understanding of how educational credentials systematically generate and perpetuate economic inequalities over time and also provide valuable policy insights into long-term human capital investment and educational equality for Hong Kong and other societies experiencing higher education expansion. Lastly, the pseudo-panel approach utilized in this study holds broad applications in social science research, particularly for investigating long-term social phenomena in societies where longitudinal data are scarce.
... In their seminal work, Social Stratification in Science, Jonathan R. Cole and Stephen Cole (1973) analyzed how scientific productivity correlates with recognition, such as awards and honors, finding that a small number of scientists receive a disproportionate share of recognition, highlighting the stratified nature of the CORVINUS JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL POLICY VOL. 15 (2024) 2 scientific community. Robert K. Merton (1968) accentuated this theory earlier in relation to publication performance and overall "research visibility" via the Matthew effect, the phenomenon whereby already well-recognized scientists tend to receive disproportionately more credit and rewards than less-known researchers, even when their contributions are similar. Goodell (1977) also underlined the role of awards in terms of acknowledgment and visibility in his work, The Visible Scientists, and so did Gianfranco Pacchioni (2018) from a more theoretical standpoint, claiming that awards are pinnacles of a scientific career when writing anecdotes on scholars working in the fields of natural sciences. ...
This study investigates how the publication practices of Hungarian researchers in the field of chemistry align with the global benchmarks set by award-winning scientists in 2022. Prestigious awards enhance already notable visibility and serve as quality measures of research output. Our analysis of 2022 Scopus-indexed publications assessed international award winners, members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and Hungarian chemistry publications overall, focusing on publication frequency, citation impact, and research topic prominence. Results indicate that award-winners predominantly publish with the American Chemical Society (ACS), while Hungarian researchers favor lower-tiered MDPI journals, impacting their global visibility. Additionally, the most popular research topics among Hungarian researchers do not fully align with those of award winners. To improve the global standing and award prospects of Hungarian researchers, we recommend aligning publication practices with international standards, particularly by increasing submissions to high-impact journals published by the ACS or other prestigious publishers supported by strategic policies.
... In China, universities under the "Double First-Class University Construction" initiative hold higher prestige than those under the "Double First-Class Discipline Construction" initiative. Ebadi & Schiffauerova, 2015;Ma et al., 2015), thereby reinforcing social stratification within the scientific community (Cole et al., 1974;Merton, 1968). Much of the research on funding inequality relies on metrics such as the Gini coefficient or Theil index (Auranen & Nieminen, 2010;Shibayama, 2011;Wu et al., 2018), which are often tied to institutional size and fail to capture the variation in individual research capabilities across institutions (Jeon & Kim, 2018;Lepori et al., 2015). ...
Existing literature underscores the unequal distribution of research funding across universities of varying prestige, yet the mechanisms through which university prestige influences funding success remain underexplored. Specifically, do Principal Investigators (PIs) from universities of differing prestige levels face divergent probabilities of funding success? Is this disparity solely attributable to differences in research capabilities, or does university prestige independently confer advantages, even among PIs with comparable qualifications? This study addresses these questions by analyzing unique application data from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, employing a combination of baseline regression models, matching methods, and panel data techniques. The results indicate that university prestige significantly increases the likelihood of funding success, even when controlling for the applicant’s research background. Furthermore, among awarded grants, the prestige of the PI’s affiliated university positively influences both academic productivity and scientific impact. Early-career affiliation with prestigious universities is also strongly linked to higher academic output and sustained funding acquisition, suggesting a “richer-get-richer” dynamic. By elucidating the mechanisms behind funding decisions, this study contributes to the theoretical understanding of research funding allocation and provides empirical insights for optimizing funding policy.
... Many researchers with similar credentials will experience different levels of success. When early funding increases an individual's chance of obtaining future funding, this is called a "Matthew Effect" (Bol et al., 2018;Merton, 1968), and if a researcher's degree of output does grow or correspond with a more substantial level of funding, there is a risk of "diminishing marginal returns" (Mongeon et al., 2016;Wahls, 2018). ...
Academic books are objects of special value in the cycle of scholarly communication in the social sciences and humanities (SSH). This value can be assigned, described, and assessed by different actors in academia at different points in the communication process, in ways that tend to be more formal and objective but are also frequently based on complex, informal and subjective notions of quality. An important feature of the academic book publishing system has been recognised and can best be related to the concept of ‘bibliodiversity’. Aside from publishing at the international level (usually by big publishing companies), a significant body of knowledge is (and has been in the past) produced and circulated within smaller national and regional landscapes. Such country- specific ecosystems of academic book publishers are key to the survival of epistemic and linguistic plurality in research as well as its societal impact and relevance Traditionally, many of these European national ecosystems have consisted of small and mid-sized publishers, public or private, often subsidised by public resources since market-based strategies have not been sufficient to enable their financial sustainability. In multiple ways, the financial sustainability of publishers was reliant on the value of the books they were publishing, as perceived and assessed by authors, reviewers, readers, libraries, funding agencies, and government bodies, or bodies performing research assessments. The transition to Open Access (OA) is inevitable even for these small national landscapes; it is beneficial for both the authors and the audience and is often fostered by national OS policies. However, it can bring disruption into already fragile and vulnerable ecosystems, and this refers particularly to the countries that belong to the so-called scientific semi-periphery. While publishers will need to find ways to provide new services, better adjusted to the open circulation of knowledge, this will inevitably result in a changed understanding of what constitutes ‘quality’ and ‘prestige’ in book publishing, impact the ways in which books are evaluated and assessed, and have consequences on the publishers’ sustainability.
... What Merton (1968) coined as the Matthew effect is one example of a cumulative process leading up to relative age effects. If relatively old students benefit more from schooling early on, they will outperform their younger counterparts. ...
Most education systems have arbitrarily chosen annual cut-off dates for school enrolment, which create age differences of up to a year within a cohort of pupils. Prior research has shown that the oldest in a cohort systematically outperform their relatively younger peers. Yet, little is known about the temporal persistence of relative age effects in education. In this article, we investigate how relative age effects on educational achievement evolve over different stages of compulsory education. Drawing on administratively linked test score data comprising entire student cohorts in Northwestern Switzerland, we employ two complementary analytical approaches to examine for how long the advantages of relatively older pupils prevail. The results indicate that relative age effects diminish the more pupils progress in their educational careers. However, effects of relative age at school enrolment are still identifiable beyond sixth grade, which marks the transition into secondary education in Switzerland.
... These concerns and expressions of care had diverse priorities. For example, Babbage (1830), Merton (1968) and Ziman (1996) primarily (but not exclusively) prioritized the internal structures of science and the values that underpin its internal operations. Others pointed out that the boundaries of science are far from clear; their concern was not only about how science made knowledge but also how that affects the world in terms of risks, pollution, inequalities and even war (Krohn and Weyer, 1990;Latour, 1988). ...
In order to build legitimacy, we argue that reform movements need to make their moral programmes visible and account for their value-prioritisation . To support such reflection on moral programmes, we compare moral programs of the protestant Reformation and the reform movement in science. We argue that moral programs play a crucial role in shaping science, and different moral programs offer different promises for sustained support of credible, reliable, fair, and equitable science. We primarily discuss the virtue and equity programmes and through interrogating both reform programmes in relation to the Reformation, we seek to display the relevance of sociopolitical contexts for how key values operate in science and how they generate orders of worth. These conversations will allow us to determine when and where which moral programme would serve us and others best.
... De acuerdo con Merton (2000), las oportunidades sociales no son equitativas para todos. Por lo tanto, las personas tendrán un acceso a oportunidades diferentes en función de su posición en la estructura social, evento que él mismo denominó "efecto Mateo" (Merton, 1968), lo que se convierte en un proceso cíclico, en el que la desigualdad es causa y consecuencia al mismo tiempo. Desde esta perspectiva, la disminución de la desigualdad y del propio privilegio pareciera imposible, pues las carencias engendran más carencias, sobre todo cuando se ha diseñado el ambiente de perpetuación idóneo para este fenómeno. ...
A partir de un análisis acerca de las características de la escuela contemporánea y las necesidades a las que esta se enfrenta para cumplir su función educativa y social, se realiza un amplio estudio de las posturas que diversos autores han expuesto en torno a las diferentes funciones que esta ejerce en su papel formativo. Se lleva a cabo una investigación documental de corte hermenéutico que pretende realizar una caracterización de la escuela actual desde la perspectiva de críticos que han observado más allá de los procesos educativos que se efectúan dentro de ella y así comprender el papel de la escuela y su necesidad de reinventarse en un contexto que la ha sobrepasado. Así, se encuentra que la escuela ha cumplido diversas funciones sociales más que pedagógicas, en su mayoría orientadas a la mantención de las condiciones que el contexto circundante le impone, por lo tanto, se concluye que su estructura y organización han contribuido en gran medida a perpetuar las condiciones estructurales que generalmente se inclinan hacia la opresión de los vulnerables, sin embargo, ante los cambios de la sociedad actual, su estructura tradicional se ve amenazada debido a sus funciones descontextualizadas.
... In other words, the web's presentist bias privileges those whose ability to consolidate what they have gathered and synthesized from earlier documents obviates the need to acknowledge their sources-let alone pay them (which is Lanier's main concern). In this respect, it inscribes in technology what sociologist Robert Merton (1968) already recognized as the hierarchy of merit spontaneously generated by academic researchers through citations in the print medium. On the other hand, and of potentially greater interest to library and information scientists, the web's casual loss of access to these sources makes it more difficult to reverse engineer and evaluate the knowledge claims prominent on the web-let alone reconfigure the sources to form different if not opposing knowledge claims. ...
Library and information science is torn between two radically different understandings of one of the field’s foundational concepts, the document. The “library” side of the field sees the document as generative, while the “information” side sees it as residual, if not “dead on arrival.” The essay begins by tracing this difference to Kant’s distinction between the “purposive” and the “purposeful.” A purposive entity is one oriented toward an end, whose exact nature remains unknown, whereas a purposeful entity has a clear end whose degree of realization can be determined. In library and information science, the former marks a more humanistic approach to documentation, and the latter, a more scientific one, whereby a document’s value lies primarily in identifying the code of which it is an articulation. The essay concludes by arguing that Don Swanson’s notion of “undiscovered public knowledge” can serve as a master synthetic concept capable of bringing together the two rival understandings of the document.
This chapter focuses on the policy instruments that support changes in the research agenda and design needed to address some of the most persistent issues related to climate change. Redirecting research agendas to address the core issues related to the creation of a sustainable bioeconomy based on leaving natural environments intact is a central contribution from the higher education sector for combatting climate change. When analysing the Brazilian experience, we argue that the required changes are not only related to the research agenda but, critically, to reshaping the patterns of collaboration linking more local research networks and the more internationalised ones. The chapter concludes by advancing new approaches to sustaining a better balance for participants from local research networks, arguing that funding agencies need to develop fine-tuned policy instruments that could nurture and support local actorhood, allowing for the local research agenda to be prioritised in these research efforts.
This interlude addresses the issue of modes of subjectivation within contemporary global science. It explores these modes through the figure of the ‘Academic Robinson’, highlighting individualisation and separation as key outcomes. This chapter deconstructs these outcomes by engaging with critiques of Robinsonades in critical theory. It argues that the figure of the Academic Robinson is founded on a causal reversal, wherein the invisible conditions necessary for academic individuation are reconstructed to present the global science order as merely the sum of individual choices driven by the maximisation of personal profit. This leads to a specific experience of alienation and reification in global academia, which, although connecting the labour of myriad individuals across the globe, presents these connections in an individualised form. The interlude concludes by providing a positive articulation of what the ‘Academic Robinson’ obscures: the common.
Entender a produção e a circulação do conhecimento científico é um desafio importante e contemporâneo, que se mostra ainda mais relevante em tempos de recusa sistemática da ciência — um fenômeno social, político e ideológico, ligado a teorias da conspiração, à desinformação, às pseudociências e, também, à ascensão da extrema direita. Esta obra é lançada neste cenário desafiador. Nela, estudantes que concluíram a disciplina “Jornalismo Científico” do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Divulgação Científica e Cultural da Unicamp – pioneiro no país – mergulham em temas relacionados à produção científica, à divulgação científica e, mais especificamente, ao jornalismo científico, com foco no contexto nacional. O Brasil está entre os maiores produtores de ciência mundial, lidera várias áreas do conhecimento, mas a imensa maioria da população brasileira desconhece a ciência brasileira. O que está acontecendo? Espera-se que Produção e circulação do conhecimento científico possa despertar novas pesquisas na área de divulgação científica e cultural e que contribua para uma sociedade mais justa e democrática.
This bibliometric study investigates Open Access (OA) publication and citation trends in Austria, Israel, and Mexico from 2010 to 2020—three countries with comparable research output but differing OA infrastructures. (1) Background: The study examines how national OA policies, funding mechanisms, and transformative agreements (TAs) shape publication and citation patterns across disciplines. (2) Methods: Using Scopus data, the analysis focuses on four broad subject areas (health, physical, life, and social sciences), applying both three-way ANOVA and a Weighted OA Citation Impact index that adjusts citation shares based on the proportional representation of each subject area in national research output. An OA Engagement Score was also developed to assess each country’s policy and infrastructure support. (3) Results: OA publications consistently receive more citations than closed-access ones, confirming a robust OA citation advantage. Austria leads in both OA publication volume and weighted impact, reflecting its strong policy frameworks and TA coverage. Israel, while publishing fewer OA articles, achieves high citation visibility in specific disciplines. Mexico demonstrates strengths in repositories and Diamond OA journals but lags in transformative agreements. (4) Conclusions: National differences in OA policy maturity, infrastructure, and publishing models shape both visibility and citation impact. Structural limitations and indexing disparities may further affect how research from different regions and disciplines is represented globally, emphasizing the need for inclusive and context-sensitive frameworks for evaluating OA engagement.
In her account of science known as critical contextual empiricism (CCE), Helen Longino has famously argued that critical discursive interaction provides the very basis for the objectivity of science. While highly influential, CCE has also been criticized for being overly idealized, failing not only as a descriptive but also as a normative account of scientific institutions and practices. In this paper, we examine Longino’s social account of science from the vantage point of a conception of argumentation as epistemic exchange. We show that CCE does not explicitly problematize some important aspects of scientific practices, in particular: the costs and risks involved in extensive critical discursive interaction; the imperative of responsible collective workload management in a scientific community; and the need for mechanisms of curation and filtering in any sufficiently large epistemic community. The argumentation as epistemic exchange model retains the core idea of CCE, namely the centrality of critical discursive interaction in science, but incorporates aspects of scientific practice neglected by CCE (costs and risks, workload management, curation). Our analysis thus adapts CCE to situations where scientists are ‘busy people’ who must contend with limited resources (of time, energy, funding etc.). To illustrate our proposal, we discuss practices of peer review as instances of epistemic exchange. While highlighting the intrinsic vulnerabilities of the peer review system, we also offer some recommendations on how to improve it.
Citations are one of the key metrics in assessing the utility of a scientific article and, in consequence, in assessing a scientific career. Despite various objections to the validity of such a predictor, citations are considered in grant acquisition, recruitment or even journal review processes. However, not only merits may contribute to the performance of scientific research. This work presents factors, mostly those related to the authors and manuscript composition, that influence the number of citations gained by scientific articles. The created database collected almost 30 variables and around 50 of their functions or interactions that describe papers published in physicochemical journals related to colloid and interface science. The coarse examination was carried out by comparison of the parameters with respect to the journals. Subsequently, the data was investigated using multivariate analysis—classical linear regression model. The method, usually applied in econometrics, determined significant and insignificant factors. Eventually, a log-linear model is presented, allowing the optimisation of the writing process of a manuscript to increase the utility of a physicochemical article.
Part of the success of an online media platform depends on its ability to convert first-time users into recurring ones. However, this task is often challenging due to the Pure Cold-Start (PCS) problem, which refers to the difficulty of providing useful recommendations to users without historical data. Although presenting a list of popular items may seem like an easy fix, it can lead to the ‘popularity bias’ problem.
In this paper, we address a specific issue: the Contextual Pure Cold-Start Problem in Public Service Media (PSM) scenarios, characterized by the absence of user-specific data and the presence of only anonymous and limited contextual information.. We propose a novel approach aligned with PSM values in recommendations, as ensuring these values is crucial for their task. Our approach seeks to enhance the equity of recommendation rankings by incorporating various types of uncertainty, providing a solution that ensures a fairer exposure to items and broader coverage of the PSM catalog. Using a substantial dataset of real interactions from a public television network, our approach successfully mitigates the ‘popularity bias’ issue through the use of an uncertainty-based stochastic ranker. Consequently, we achieve a 64% improvement in fair exposure and a 42% increase in coverage metrics, with only an 8% reduction in Hit Rate accuracy metrics.
We study the use and environmental impact of AI technologies. We propose a measure of the country-level AI development index. Utilizing the double machine learning method, we discover a net mitigating impact of AI on climate risk. Mechanism analysis indicates that this influence primarily stems from advancements in resource utilization efficiency, the promotion of green innovation, the reinforcement of environmental policy effectiveness, and the augmentation of green finance. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the mitigating effect of AI on climate risks is predominantly observed in developed countries and those with better institutional environments. Our results imply that while AI overall reduces climate risks, it can also contribute to the exacerbation of climate-related inequalities.
This paper introduces MultiGEC, a dataset for multilingual Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) in twelve European languages: Czech, English, Estonian, German, Greek, Icelandic, Italian, Latvian, Russian, Slovene, Swedish and Ukrainian. MultiGEC distinguishes itself from previous GEC datasets in that it covers several underrepresented languages, which we argue should be included in resources used to train models for Natural Language Processing tasks which, as GEC itself, have implications for Learner Corpus Research and Second Language Acquisition. Aside from multilingualism, the novelty of the MultiGEC dataset is that it consists of full texts — typically learner essays — rather than individual sentences, making it possible to train systems that take a broader context into account. The dataset was built for MultiGEC-2025, the first shared task in multilingual text-level GEC, but it remains accessible after its competitive phase, serving as a resource to train new error correction systems and perform cross-lingual GEC studies.
Elites are often offered prestigious state prizes and awards. Although most elites accept, prestigious prizes constitute a challenge for others since institutional symbolic capital cannot be merely accepted, but requires careful negotiation and management. This article investigates the dilemma of being consecrated by the state by studying civil society elites’ reception and use of royal honours, the UK’s most prestigious voluntary and charity work award. We theorise different positionings towards state consecration as elite strategies for downplaying distinction, which enable the maintenance of social hierarchy and transformation of symbolic capital into other resources. Based on an interview study we identify three elite positionings on the offer (‘acceptance’, ‘ambivalence’ and ‘rejection’) and associated practices of capital transformation. Although much prize research has focused on acceptance as a prerequisite for social, cultural and financial advantages, the article shows that some elites benefit more from rejection or ambivalent acceptance of a state prize.
Background and Aims
Shortly after Max Glatt published a ‘Chart of Alcohol Addiction and Recovery’ in 1954, a misnomer emerged and it became known as the ‘Jellinek Curve’. The current article aims to investigate the contributions that both Max Glatt and Morton Jellinek made towards the misnamed ‘Jellinek Curve’, how the misnomer may have emerged and the relevance of Jellinek's addiction concept and Glatt's model of recovery with contemporary theories of addiction and recovery.
Method
Warlingham Park Hospital housed the first residential alcohol detoxification and rehabilitation unit in the UK's National Health Service, a model created and developed by Max Glatt. Much of the data that informed Glatt's model came from ex‐Warlingham Park Hospital patients in recovery. The current article assumes an ethnographic approach. Literature searches were undertaken and the Warlingham Park Hospital archives were scrutinized.
Conclusions
Max Glatt's ‘Chart of Alcohol Addiction and Recovery’ has mistakenly been referred to as the ‘Jellinek Curve’ for the last seven decades. ‘The Matthew Effect’ presents a possible explanation for the misnomer: the notion that eminent scientists are likely to receive greater credit than lesser‐known scientists, regardless of their contribution. The recovery slope of Glatt's ‘Chart’ may be just as relevant today as when it was first published.
Scientific reforms proposed in response to moral concerns about corrupted science are reminiscent of the Christian Reformation, which similarly formed a moral reorientation as a reaction to malpractices. In this study, we compare these moral reorientation processes to contextualize two different moral programmes of the scientific reform movement and their sociopolitical conditions. We argue that such an explication of moral programmes is vital to build legitimacy and reflect on value-prioritization. While epistemic programmes are foregrounded, moral programmes also play a crucial role in shaping science, and different moral programmes offer different promises for the sustained support of credible, reliable, fair and equitable science. We discuss the virtue and equity programmes, and through interrogating both programmes in relation to the Reformation, we display the relevance of sociopolitical contexts to how key values operate in science and generate orders of worth. These insights aim to stimulate debate about the conditions for opting for either of these moral programmes. In our view, not all moral programmes offer equal promise for the sustained support of credible, equitable and fair science.
This chapter discusses the imperative of adopting a professional approach by the writer when addressing comments, suggestions and recommendations provided by both peer reviewers and the overseeing editor of the project. To secure final acceptance and a publishing contract, it’s paramount for the writer to respond thoroughly to the reports from peer reviewers. These responses should be comprehensive, leaving no room for gaps or omissions, and must be exhaustive in all respects. Recognising that the publisher’s ultimate decision hinges on the completeness of these responses, the writer must approach this task with meticulous attention to detail. The chapter provides practical hints to help the writer successfully conclude this stage of the publishing process.
This chapter focuses on technical proficiency in creating nonfiction. Nonfiction demands applying technological tools to optimise efficiency and ensure the typescript’s technical integrity. The chapter introduces writers to valuable tools, including software programs that can be adapted into the writing process. Research-based nonfiction often necessitates programs for data management, data analysis and the creation of charts and images. Similarly, a user-friendly software program is essential for organising references. The chapter introduces a commonly used reference management program and provides a step-by-step guide. In nonfiction, an index is another component.
This book presents a comprehensive and unexpected approach to the visual arts, grounded in the theories of complexity and dynamical systems. Paul van Geert shows how complexity and dynamical systems theories, originally developed in mathematics and physics, offer a novel perspective through which to view the visual arts. Diverse aspects of visual arts as a practice, profession, and historical framework are covered. A key focus lies in the unique characteristics of complex systems: feedback loops bridging short- to long-term temporal scales, self-organizing into creative emergent properties; dynamics which may be applied to a wide range of topics. By synthesizing theory and empirical evidence from diverse fields including philosophy, psychology, sociology, art history, and economics, this pioneering work demonstrates the utility of simulation models in deciphering a surprisingly wide range of phenomena such as artistic (super)stardom and shifts within art historical paradigms.
To elucidate the evolutionary dynamics of culture, we must address fundamental questions such as whether we can interpolate and extrapolate cultural evolution, whether the time series of cultural evolution is distinguishable from its reverse, what factors determine the direction of change, and how the cultural influence of a creative work from the viewpoint of an instant is correlated with that from the viewpoint of a later instant. To answer these questions, the evolution of classical Japanese poetry, waka, specifically tanka, was investigated. Phylogenetic networks were constructed on the basis of the vector representation obtained using a neural language model. The parent–child relationship in the phylogenetic networks exhibited significant agreement with a previously established honkadori (allusive variation) phrase-borrowing relationship. The real phylogenetic networks were distinguishable from the time-reversed and shuffled ones. Two anthologies could be interpolated but not extrapolated. The number of children of a poem in the phylogenetic networks, the proxy variable of its cultural influence, evaluated at an instant, was positively correlated with that evaluated later. A poem selected for an authoritative anthology tended to have 10–50% more children than a similar but nonselected poem, implying the existence of the Matthew effect. A model with mean-reverting self-excitation replicated these results.
Are some scholars more equal than others? Surely not. But some are more visible than others. What gives them this extra visibility? Of course, some (get to) write more and “better” than others. But why? Location is a significant factor, with scholars from the Global North often receiving more attention in terms of citations and reliance on their copyright-related research. This over-visibility cuts deep, invisibilizing scholars from other parts of the world and, more problematically, creating an epistemic framework. This framework knits an ideation/thinking pattern that supports certain ideas/reforms/arguments while suppressing, resisting, or discouraging others. While there are many known and unknown causes and effects of this phenomenon, this essay focuses on the history of IP teaching and research in the Global South, which, coupled with citation practices – or the “Citation Game”, as I call it –shape copyright discourses. To illustrate my claims, I problematize Art. 17 of the Berne Convention, which is typically interpreted as authorizing censorship. Using rules of interpretation, especially the provision’s history, I challenge the prevailing interpretation, which affirms the dominant “balance” discourse, and propose an alternative interpretation that empowers states to permit the dissemination of copyrighted work during emergencies such as pandemics. Grounded in Critical Legal Studies and TWAIL, this essay will help re-evaluate the history of copyright history and challenge the status quo of modern (international) legal thought.
We investigate the selection of subject fields in Germany’s “excellence initiative,” a two-phase funding scheme administered by the German Research Foundation (DFG) from 2005 to 2017 to increase international competitiveness of scientific research at German universities. While most empirical studies have examined the “excellence initiative’s” effects at the university level (“elite universities”), we focus on subject fields within universities. Based on both descriptive and logistic regression analyses, we find that the “excellence initiative” reveals a stable social order of public universities based on organizational size, that field selection is biased toward those fields with many professors and considerable grant funding, and that funding success in the second phase largely follows decisions from the first phase. We discuss these results and suggest avenues for future research.
Whether citations can be objectively and reliably used to measure productivity and scientific quality of articles and researchers can, and should, be vigorously questioned. However, citations are widely used to estimate the productivity of researchers and institutions, effectively creating a 'grubby' motivation to be well-cited. We model citation growth, and this grubby interest using an agent-based model (ABM) of network growth. In this model, each new node (article) in a citation network is an autonomous agent that cites other nodes based on a 'citation personality' consisting of a composite bias for locality, preferential attachment, recency, and fitness. We ask whether strategic citation behavior (reference selection) by the author of a scientific article can boost subsequent citations to it. Our study suggests that fitness and, to a lesser extent, out_degree and locality effects are influential in capturing citations, which raises questions about similar effects in the real world.
Although increasing subsidized housing has been proposed as a solution to Canada's housing affordability crisis, few studies have investigated how access to subsidized housing affects the housing circumstances of Canadians. Using microdata from the 2021 Canadian Census, we compare children's odds of having unaffordable, overcrowded, and inadequate housing by residence in subsidized housing and family structure. For children in two‐parent families, living in subsidized housing is associated with lower odds of having unaffordable housing but higher odds of having inadequate and overcrowded housing. For all others, living in subsidized housing is associated with lower odds of having unaffordable, inadequate, and overcrowded housing. Our findings underscore the importance of increasing subsidized housing, building units that can better meet the housing needs of those with housing vulnerability, and targeting those with the most unmet needs in alleviating Canada's housing affordability crisis.
The Anthropocene’s status as a distinct chronostratigraphic epoch has been debated among a broad spectrum of disciplines, including geology, Earth Systems Science (ESS), and environmental studies. While some scholars date its beginning to the Industrial Revolution, others suggest earlier markers, such as the advent of agriculture or human civilization, or later events like the twentieth century’s “Great Acceleration.” The Anthropocene Working Group (AWG), established in 2009, has adopted an essential role in shaping this debate. This chapter explores the AWG’s contributions to forming a scientific community around the Anthropocene concept and to the broader inter- and multidisciplinary discourse. It examines the disciplinary and academic backgrounds of AWG members, their patterns of collaboration, and their influence on the scientific debate through a bibliographic analysis of their publications from 2000 through 2021. By assessing the visibility of these works within a larger body of Anthropocene-related literature, the chapter analyzes the AWG’s impact on the field, highlighting the group’s role in framing the Anthropocene as a significant scientific and geoscientific topic.
Authorship practices in collaborative inquiries are an ambiguous guide to scientific contributions. The symbolic meanings attached to various orderings and the actual frequency of uses of name ordering patterns within various sciences and by Nobel laureates and other scientists are explored. A statistical model for assessing whether orders used depart from chance distributions and thus are intentional outcomes is proposed. The data show marked differences among the sciences and also that authorship is a matter of great significance among co-workers seeking to establish their distinctive contributions. Nobelists, once they become eminent, often practice "noblesse oblige," and publish with their co-workers' names first except when the paper is judged of high scientific importance.
Two quite different types of research design are characteristically used to study the modification of atitudes through communication. In the first type, the experiment, individuals are given a controlled exposure to a communication and the effects evaluated in terms of the amount of change in attitude or opinion produced In the alternative research design, the sample survey, information is secured through interviews or questionnaires, both concerning the respondent's exposure to various communications and his attitudes and opinions on various issues." Divergences in results from the 2 methods are cited and the reconciliation of apparent conflicts is attempted. There appear to be "certain inherent limitations of each method." The mutual importance of the 2 approaches to communication effectiveness is stressed. " each represents an important emphasis. The challenge of future work is one of fruitfully combining their virtues so that we may develop a social psychology of communication with the conceptual breadth provided by correlational study of process and with the rigorous but more delimited methodology of the experiment." 24 refs
THE 5 THEMES ARE: (1) THE DESIRABILITY OF TAKING A SYSTEMIC VIEW OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION IN ANY DISCIPLINE, (2) SEVERAL CHANNELS MAY ACT SYNERGISTICALLY TO BRING ABOUT THE EFFECTIVE TRANSMISSION OF A MESSAGE, (3) INFORMAL AND UNPLANNED COMMUNICATION PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE SCIENCE INFORMATION SYSTEM, (4) SCIENTISTS CONSTITUTE PUBLICS, AND (5) SCIENCE INFORMATION SYSTEMS SERVE MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS. THESE THEMES "HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR SCIENCE INFORMATION POLICY, BUT THE TRANSLATION OF THESE IMPLICATIONS INTO CONCRETE STEPS REQUIRES THAT THE THEMES BE SPECIFIED THROUGH A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH." (22 REF.)
Nobel laureates in science publish more and are more apt to collaborate than a matched sample of scientists. Interviews with 41 of 55 laureates and comparison of their research output with the output of the matched sample indicate that these patterns hold at every stage of the life-work-cycle. As laureates report and as their publications corroborate, they exercise noblesse oblige in arranging co-authorship in collaborative publications. Receipt of the Nobel prize is followed by declining productivity and changed work practices, as a result of changed role obligations and activities. Reductions in productivity are more severe for laureates who experience comparatively large increments in prestige through the prize than for those who were already eminent. The prize generates strain in collaborative associations so that most of these terminate soon after the award.
The relationship between the quantity and quality of scientific output of 120 university physicists was studied. Although these two variables are highly correlated, some physicists produce many papers of little significance and others produce a few papers of great significance. The responses of the community of physicists to these distinct patterns of research publication were investigated. Quality of output is more significant than quantity in eliciting recognition through the receipt of awards, appointment to prestigious academic departments, and being widely known to one's colleagues. The reward system operates to encourage creative scientists to be highly productive, to divert the energies of less creative physicists into other channels, and to produce a higher correlation between quantity and quality of output in the top departments than in the weaker departments.
The present research extends the knowledge of that found in other investigations (Levine, et al, 1957, 1959; Singer, et al, 1956; Spivack, et al, 1959) regarding the capacity to delay gratification and the implication for ego psychology. The present research utilizes direct measures of approach to delay or not immediate gratification, as gleaned from a conflict situation, and relates this to need for achievement (as measured from fantasy material as described by McClelland, et al, 1953) and acquiescence (Bass, 1956). Trinidadian Ss were utilized; the postulated positive relationship between the capacity for delay and the need for achievement, and the inverse relationship between capacity to delay and acquiescence, were found. The study also points up a methodologically simple way of getting at capacity for delay which may be used cross-culturally. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HJ43M.
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The seminal work that led to the "Yale Studies in Attitudes and Communication," reporting a series of experiments on communicator credibility, general persuasibility, role playing, fear arousal, order of presentation, and group norms. Much of the later work in attitude change flows directly from this early volume. Harvard Book List (edited) 1971 #487 (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The pages of the history of science record thousands of instances of similar discoveries having been made by scientists working independently of one another. Sometimes the discoveries are simultaneous or almost so; sometimes a scientist will make anew a discovery which, unknown to him, somebody else had made years before. Such occurrences suggest that discoveries become virtually inevitable when prerequisite kinds of knowledge and tools accumulate in man's cultural store and when the attention of an appreciable number of investigators becomes focussed on a problem, by emerging social needs, by developments internal to the science, or by both. Since at least 1917, when the anthropologist A. L. Kroeber published his influential paper dealing in part with the subject (I) and especially since 1922, when the sociologists William F. Ogburn and Dorothy S. Thomas compiled a list of some 150 cases of multiple independent discoveries and inventions (2), this hypothesis has become firmly established in sociological thought.
Scientists at major schools are more likely to be productive and to win recognition than scientists at minor universities, which suggests that universities provide different environments for scientific research. Indices of productivity and recognition that differentiate between major and minor publications and major and minor honors were applied to the research careers of 150 scientists located at three universities of varying prestige. The best graduate schools select the best students, the best of whom are trained by top scientists and become the next generation's most productive scientists. Scientists trained and later hired by minor universities had difficulty developing continuity in their research activities and tended to be differently motivated than scientists trained and hired by major universities. In terms of his chances of obtaining recognition, a scientist gained more from affiliation with a major university than from high productivity or from his sponsor's prestige, probably because the major university provided better opportunities for contacts with eminent scientists in the same discipline.
This source of resistance has yet to be given the scrutiny accorded religious and ideological sources.
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