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Oxygen consumption in relation to body size in the barnacle, Balanus tintinnabulum tintinnabulum (L.)
Abstract
1.1. The oxygen consumption and the metabolic rate of different sizes of Balanus tintinnabulum tintinnabulum was determined at a constant temperature of 25°C.2.2. The metabolic rate showed an exponential relationship to body size.3.3. Oxygen uptake increased with 0·658 power of the body weight and the weight-specific oxygen consumption or the metabolic rate with −0·342.4.4. A comparison of the b value of B. tintinnabulum tintinnabulum with that of B. amphitrite amphitrite showed that they are significantly different and that the b value of B. tintinnabulum tintinnabulum is nearer to two-thirds power or the surface law and that of B. amphitrite amphitrite is intermediate between two-thirds and one.5.5. The present study has shown that a diversity of metabolic types in relation to body size may exist even within the same genus such as Balanus.
... However neither model has overwhelming support, as a recent review by Glazier (2005) found that values for invertebrates ranged from −1.20 to +2.05. Previous studies of barnacles have found exponents ranging from 0.658 to 0.827 (Barnes and Barnes, 1959;Prasada Rao and Ganapati, 1969;Wu and Levings, 1978). ...
... They are also very similar to the value of 0.666 ± 0.016 which we calculated for B. glandula from a regression equation reported by Wu and Levings (1978). And they are also within the range of other reported scaling exponents for other balanoid barnacles (0.658 to 0.827: Barnes and Barnes, 1959;Prasada Rao and Ganapati, 1969). But they are lower than the other commonly accepted rate of 0.75 (Brown et al., 2004;Glazier, 2005). ...
Barnacle feeding and respiration depend on the activity of feeding appendages known as cirri. We measured the oxygen consumption of individuals of the acorn barnacle Balanus glandula Darwin, 1854 to determine how changes in beating behavior, body size, and cirrus length affected energy demand. Respiration rates increased exponentially with body mass to the 0.66 power. Respiration rates did not differ significantly among pumping, normal, and fast beats, even though these beats involve different levels of cirral and opercular activity. Finally, barnacles from a location of high water motion exhibited significantly shorter cirri and lower oxygen consumption for a given body size than those from calmer waters.
... Once again a wide range of scaling exponents is observed (x1.20 to 2.05), many of which are significantly different from one another ( Table 5 in Appendix). Specific studies that have noted significant differences in scaling exponents among ecologically and/or taxonomically related species include Teal (1959), Prasada Rao & Ganapati (1969), Mason (1971), Sameoto (1976), Biggs (1977), Dye & McGwynne (1980, Jäger & Walz (2003), and Peck & Barnes (2004). Data for some invertebrates also reveal differences in scaling exponents between different life stages, as observed in some vertebrates ( Table 5 in Appendix). ...
In this review I show that the ‘3/4-power scaling law’ of metabolic rate is not universal, either within or among animal species. Significant variation in the scaling of metabolic rate with body mass is described mainly for animals, but also for unicells and plants. Much of this variation, which can be related to taxonomic, physiological, and/or environmental differences, is not adequately explained by existing theoretical models, which are also reviewed. As a result, synthetic explanatory schemes based on multiple boundary constraints and on the scaling of multiple energy-using processes are advocated. It is also stressed that a complete understanding of metabolic scaling will require the identification of both proximate (functional)and ultimate (evolutionary)causes. Four major types of intraspecific metabolic scaling with body mass are recognized [based on the power function R=aMb, where R is respiration (metabolic) rate, a is a constant, M is body mass, and b is the scaling exponent]: Type I: linear, negatively allometric (b
The effect of weight, sex, temperature and salinity on oxygen consumption in intact Callinectes sapidus Rathbun has been determined. Weight-specific oxygen consumption decreases with increasing wet weight from 20 to 200 g; sex has no effect over this weight range. Oxygen consumption is little affected by experimental salinities from 10 to 30 %.. Crabs acclimated to cold (10°C) consume more oxygen when acclimated to low salinity (10%.) than when acclimated to high salinity (30 %.). Crabs acclimated to low salinity consume more oxygen when cold acclimated than when warm acclimated (24°C). Oxygen consumption increases with experimental temperature from 10° to 25°C and is higher in cold acclimated crabs than in warm acclimated crabs, except at the intermediate temperature (17.5 °C), where there is no apparent effect of acclimation temperature.
INTRODUCTION
A considerable amount of data now exists on the relationship between metabolism and body size in a wide range of organisms from bacteria and protozoans through to large mammals. Much of this information has been reviewed by Kleiber (1932, 1947), Brody and Procter (1932), Brody (1945), Zeuthen (1947, 1953), Hemmingsen (1950, i960) and Bertalanffy (1957). In general the metabolism has been shown to be proportional to a fractional power of the body weight thus eggs, the larger metazoan poikilotherms and even homoiotherms is proportional to a constant power of the body weight. This factor has been shown to be 0.751 ± 0.015 by Hemmingsen (i960). Superimposed upon this general relationship are variations according to the weight range of the organisms concerned. Thus both Zeuthen (1953) and Hemmingsen (i960) have shown that the value of the constant b for unicellular organisms is approximately 0.7 (Zeuthen, 1953) or 0.751 (Hemmingsen, 1960), whilst that for small metazoans is 0.95 (Zeuthen, 1953) or 1.0 (Hemmingsen, 1960). Finally, the slope of the line relating the metabolism to body size in larger metazoans is 075 (Zeuthen, 1953) or 0.751 (Hemmingsen, 1960). That is, the value for b — 1 in equation (2) is likely to be between -0.3 and -0.249 in unicellular organisms; 0 and -0.05 in small metazoans and approximately -0.249 in larger metazoans.
Despite this apparently fundamental relationship between metabolism and body size, there are many instances where for a particular species the relationship may not apply. Indeed in some species the metabolism may vary in its relationship to body weight according to conditions such as salinity, shore level, experimental temperature and acclimation temperature.
An annual energy budget was constructed for individual adult barnacles (Balanus glandula Darwin) for the first year after settlement. The production of body tissue, egg, shell, aquatic and aerial respiration, molting and faecal production was determined and consumption was derived from the summation of these budget items. To provide an estimation of the accuracy of the budget equation, energy budgets were constructed for three small groups of barnacles (n=40) kept under laboratory conditions, in which the budget items, including consumption, were determined independently. The results of the laboratory energy budgets indicated that consumption values derived from the summation methods for the three groups of barnacles were 7.4% higher and 16.2 and 15.6% lower than those determined by actual feeding experiments. The average consumption, assimilation and production of individual barnacles were estimated to be 699.5, 647.3 and 159.6 cal year–1, respectively. B. glandula has an exceptionally high assimilation efficiency (92.5% from the annual budget and 99.3% from the laboratory budgets) but a low gross production efficiency (22.8%) and net production efficiency (24.7%). A very large proportion of energy (67.4%) was lost in respiration. The second most important budget item was egg production (12.3%); followed in decreasing order by: shell production (6.6%)> production of body tissue (3.9%)>molting (2.3%).
Respiratory metabolism of a marine penaeid prawn, Penaeus japonicus (Bate) was studied in relation to body size, starvation, dissolved oxygen tension, salinity and temperature. Oxygen consumption was significantly (P < 0.03)="" elevated="" with="" decline="" in="" body="" size.="" the="" rate="" of="" oxygen="" consumption="" was="" decreased="" significantly="" (p="">< 0.05)="" with="" an="" increase="" in="" the="" day="" of="" starvation,="" but="" the="" values="" of="" the="" loth="" and="" 15th="" day="" did="" not="" differ="" significantly="" (p=""> 0.05) from each other, indicating adaptation to starved conditions. Respiratory rate was on the ascending scale with an elevation in the surrounding oxygen content. Oxygen consumption increased significantly (P < 0.05)="" in="" both="" hyper-="" and="" hypotonic="" media.="" rate="" of="" oxygen="" consumption="" was="" significantly="" (p="">< 0.05)="" augmented="" with="" an="" increase="" in="" the="" ambient="" temperature="" upto="" 34c="" but="" a="" drastic="" fall="" was="" found="" at="" both="" low="" (18c)="" and="" high="" (36c)="" extreme="" temperatures.="" functional="" significance="" of="" these="" findings="" to="" the="" prawn,="" in="" combating="" the="" environmental="" eddies="" is="">
Studies on respiration and metabolic rate in relation to body size have been carried out for an important fouling molluscCongeria sallei, Recluz. The oxygen consumption varied from 0·038 ml/hr to 0·804 ml/hr depending on the body size. The metabolic rate varied
inC. sallei from 6·012 to 0·805 ml/gm/hr, the highest rate being obtained in the smallest animal. The respiration by the animals was
found to be proportional to the power of 0·5845 of the body weight and the relation of surface area to metabolism has been
thus indicated.
The results on the effect of oxygen tension on the metabolic rate ofC. sallei showed that there was a gradual decrease in the metabolic rate with decrease in oxygen tension upto 2·5 ml/l. Below this
level a sudden decline in the metabolic rate was observed. Correlation of results on oxygen tension with the variations observed
in the oxygen level of the natural environment has been attempted.
Studies on the respiration of barnacles: Oxygen uptake and metabolic rate in relation to body size in Balanus amphitrite communis (Darwin)
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ZEL'THEN E. (1947) Body size and metabolic rate in the animal kingdom with special regard to the marine micro-fauna Oxygen uptake as related to body size in organisms
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WOLV' EKAMP H. P. & WATERMAN" T. H. (1960) Respiration. In The Physiology of Crustacea, Vol. 1, p. 670. Academic Press, New York. ZEL'THEN E. (1947) Body size and metabolic rate in the animal kingdom with special regard to the marine micro-fauna. C. r. Lab. Carlsberg. Ser. Chim. 26, 17-161. ZEUTHEN E. (1953) Oxygen uptake as related to body size in organisms. Q. Rev. Biol. 28, 1-12. ZEUTHEN E. (1955) Respiration. Comparative physiology. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 17, 459--482.
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