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Sleep and Paradoxical Sleep in Ruminants.
Abstract
This study proved that ruminants have the physiologic capacity for sleep and paradoxical sleep. Daytime ruminant sleep in goats was transient and polyphasic, averaging 5.1 ± 0.6 minutes per episode. The frequency was variable, ranging from 0 to 6 episodes during daytime. In addition, the goats exhibited paradoxical sleep, known as dreaming in man, with average durations of 5.5 ± 0.4 minutes. Rumen contraction rates apparently had no causal relation to behavioral states, but rather were a consequence of the animals' state of alertness.
... Of the 240 species comprising the highly diverse Artiodactyl order, only a select few of these species have been studied with regard to their sleep phenomenology. For example, sleep has been recorded electrophysiologically in captivity for the okapi , cow (Ruckebusch et al., 1970;Hänninen et al., 2008), sheep (Ruckebusch, 1961;, pig Robert and Dallaire, 1986), giraffe (Tobler and Schwierin, 1996), and goat (Klemm, 1966;) (See Table 4 for sleep quotas from Artiodactyls previously studied). As such, a large amount of work is required in order to cover sleep in such a large and highly ecologically relevant order. ...
The evolution and function of sleep remains an enigma in modern science. Significant variation can be observed within species and across taxa. Little is understood about how sleep exists, or presents itself in species surviving in extreme conditions. For example, harsh desert ecosystems with notably lower survival rates for resident species. It has been hypothesized that specialized sleep-related behaviours impact thermoregulation to promote survival advantage. The threatened Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx), a member of the Cetartiodactyl superorder, is a large desert dwelling ungulate species successfully residing in the arid zones of the Middle East. Arabian Oryx exhibit numerous morphophysiological adaptations and capabilities to cope with their harsh environment. The current thesis provides an examination of the neuroanatomy, physiology and behavioural patterns related to sleep in wild, free-roaming Arabian oryx under natural conditions. It was our objective to determine whether the extreme conditions and climate of the Arabian Desert has led to novelties within the organization of the oryx’s sleep related neuronal architecture, seasonal behaviour patterns and sleep physiology. Using immunohistochemistry and stereology our results indicate the sleep related nuclei in the brain of the oryx exhibit a typical mammalian organizational plan with additional order-specific and novel, species-specific features. Actigraphy revealed that oryx exhibit temporal niche switching patterns seasonally presenting with winter diurnal- and summer nocturnal activity and intermittent patterns during the transitional periods of spring and autumn. Polysomnography results indicate novel sleep patterns between seasons and physiologically confirm activity-based temporal niche switching at a seasonal level. Our work covers the first examination of the Arabian oryx brain sleep centers as well as its year-long activity patterns. Importantly, it is the first examination of physiological sleep in wild mammals within a desert environment. Our results suggest that ambient temperature acts a dominant driving force for the adaptive behavioural and physiological features described. The Arabian oryx is a remarkable species, well adapted to such an extreme environment and its highly plastic survival mechanisms appear unique. Considering the continual desertification of our planet and the predicted consequences of climate change, knowledge of such species and their continued conservation is of vital importance.
... Originally, scientists assumed that ruminants never slept, just dozed, in order to keep from regurgitating their regurgitated cud. However, we now know that ruminants do exhibit SWS and REM, and they shut down rumination to do so (Klemm, 1966). Total time is SWS is short, so not surprisingly, REM is short. ...
... The rumination periods lasted 33 ± 12 min, which correspond to previous findings for dairy cows (Nielsen et al., 2000). It is still unclear whether the animals can be asleep or whether they are always awake during rumination, with a number of studies disagreeing on this subject (Klemm, 1966;Bell and Itabisashi, 1973;Ruckebusch et al., 1974;Itabisashi, 1973). During chewing, EMG data contaminated the EEG traces, because of these artefacts it was not possible to analyse brain activity during chewing. ...
... Originally, scientists assumed that ruminants never slept, just dozed, in order to keep from regurgitating their regurgitated cud. However, we now know that ruminants do exhibit SWS and REM, and they shut down rumination to do so (Klemm, 1966). Total time is SWS is short, so not surprisingly, REM is short. ...
Brain activity differs in the various sleep stages and in conscious wakefulness. Awakening from sleep requires restoration of the complex nerve impulse patterns in neuronal network assemblies necessary to re-create and sustain conscious wakefulness. Herein I propose that the brain uses rapid eye movement (REM) to help wake itself up after it has had a sufficient amount of sleep. Evidence suggesting this hypothesis includes the facts that, (1) when first going to sleep, the brain plunges into Stage N3 (formerly called Stage IV), a deep abyss of sleep, and, as the night progresses, the sleep is punctuated by episodes of REM that become longer and more frequent toward morning, (2) conscious-like dreams are a reliable component of the REM state in which the dreamer is an active mental observer or agent in the dream, (3) the last awakening during a night's sleep usually occurs in a REM episode during or at the end of a dream, (4) both REM and awake consciousness seem to arise out of a similar brainstem ascending arousal system (5) N3 is a functionally perturbed state that eventually must be corrected so that embodied brain can direct adaptive behavior, and (6) cortico-fugal projections to brainstem arousal areas provide a way to trigger increased cortical activity in REM to progressively raise the sleeping brain to the threshold required for wakefulness. This paper shows how the hypothesis conforms to common experience and has substantial predictive and explanatory power regarding the phenomenology of sleep in terms of ontogeny, aging, phylogeny, abnormal/disease states, cognition, and behavioral physiology. That broad range of consistency is not matched by competing theories, which are summarized herein. Specific ways to test this wake-up hypothesis are suggested. Such research could lead to a better understanding of awake consciousness.
All animals carefully studied sleep, suggesting that sleep as a behavioral state exists in all animal life. Such evolutionary maintenance of an otherwise vulnerable period of environmental detachment suggests that sleep must be integral in fundamental biological needs. Despite over a century of research, the knowledge of what sleep does at the tissue, cellular or molecular levels remain cursory. Currently, sleep is defined based on behavioral criteria and physiological measures rather than at the cellular or molecular level. Physiologically, sleep has been described as two main states, non-rapid eye moment (NREM) and REM/paradoxical sleep (PS), which are defined in the neocortex by synchronous oscillations and paradoxical wake-like activity, respectively. For decades, these two sleep states were believed to be defining characteristics of only mammalian and avian sleep. Recent work has revealed slow oscillation, silencing, and paradoxical/REM-like activities in reptiles, fish, flies, worms, and cephalopods suggesting that these sleep dynamics and associated physiological states may have emerged early in animal evolution. Here, we discuss these recent developments supporting the conservation of neural dynamics (silencing, oscillation, paradoxical activity) of sleep states across phylogeny.
In Langzeitregistrierungen der Pansenmotilität über 24 Stunden sind an zwei Rindern die eingestreuten Tiefschlafperioden (TSP) beobachtet worden. Diese sind gekennzeichnet durch das Einnehmen der typischen Schlafstellung, die Reduktion der Atmungsfrequenz sowie den Ausfall der Eruktationen und der Sekundärzyklen des dorsalen Pansensackes. Die gesamte Tiefschlafdauer pro Tag beträgt 23–35 Minuten, die Anzahl der einzelnen TSP 6–10 und deren mittlere Dauer 3,7 Minuten.
Neuronal differentiation and maturation of the brain follow distinctive ontogenetic sequences that are characteristic for each animal specie.The present study was designed to investigate the developmental aspects of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in growing male and female goat kids, using power spectral analysis to assess useful indicators for estimating brain activity in young goats. Moreover, the spectral analysis results could be used as standard for evaluating abnormal brain activity in goats. Seven healthy Saanen kids were selected 2 days after birth. Kids were tested at 15 (T1), 30 (T2), 45 (T3), 60 (T4) and 75 (T5) days of age, respectively. The EEG sessions recorded lasted 20min and during the session the kids were physically separated from their dams by a wire mesh. Wakefulness and drowsy states in the animals were observed. Visual examination of the EEG revealed an high voltage–low frequency background activity during the wakefulness state. Vertex waves, k-complexes and spindle activity were detected with the high voltage–low frequency background activity during the drowsy state. Spectral analysis of the EEG (q-EEG) was performed in order to assess the quantitative parameters of the background activity in the wakefulness state. q-EEG analysis was performed using Fast Fourier Transform; the spectral bands delta (0.5–4.0Hz), theta (4.1–8.0Hz), alpha (8.1–12.0Hz) and beta (12.1–30.0Hz) were calculated and expressed as relative power (%). Results were compared for each age stage and each scalp area, using an ANOVA for repeated measures. A significant decrease in the slow theta rhythms and an increase of fast beta rhythms was recorded. The distribution of the four frequency bands was posterior for delta, frontal and central for theta, as well as for beta and most of alpha patterns. These quantitative data may be useful indicators for assessing brain function of young goats and as standard data for evaluating abnormal brain activity in goats.
It is proposed that sleep serves the function of maintaining immobility in animals at times when immobility is an optimum behavioural survival strategem. Sleep is of great evolutionary age and is always carefully tailored to the life-style of each animal; abundant in some species and absent from others. The survival advantages conferred on an animal by the power of sleep to schedule behaviour effectively may justify its existence and persistence in the evolution of species.
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