Article

Embryological changes induced by weak, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields

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Abstract

Fertilized chicken eggs were incubated for 48 hours while exposed to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELMF) of 10 Hz, 100 Hz and 1000 Hz with intensities of 0.12, 1.2 and 12 micro T. Gross morphological and histological analysis of the exposed embryos revealed the following effects: (1) ELMF of 100 Hz/1.2 micro T had the most consistent and powerful inhibitory effect on embryogenesis. Development of embryos was reduced to the formation of the three primitive layers. Brain vesicles, auditory pit, neural tube, foregut, heart, vessels, and somites were not developed. Glycosaminoglycans were almost absent. (2) The above results demonstrate a window effect because embryos exposed to 100 Hz/1.2 micro T were less developed than embryos exposed at lower and higher intensities and frequencies. (3) Developing organs reacted with different sensitivity to ELMF of specific frequencies and intensities. Somites were not disturbed by exposure to 10 Hz with any of the intensities used. Formation of blood vessels was completely blocked by ELMF of 1000 Hz/12 micro T while traces of other organs were present. (4) The drastic embryological disturbances described were obtained with much lower intensities (1 micro T = 0.01 Gauss) than those used in studies by other investigators. (5) Embryological alterations induced by ELMF may depend on disturbances in the presence and structure of glycosaminoglycans which are essential elements in cellular activities, including cell migration. (6) The use of ELMF of low intensity may be a powerful method to investigate embryogenetic mechanisms and may also be a useful technique for investigation of other biological systems.

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... • organisms: * plants (Pittman and Ormrod, 1970;Kato, 1988;Kato et al., 1989;Govorun et al., 1992;Sapogov, 1992;Smith et al., 1995), * plant seeds , * kidneys (Ružič et al., 1992), * insects (Ho et al., 1992), * rats (Wilson et al., 1981;Thomas et al., 1986;Sidyakin, 1992;Temuriyants et al., 1992a;Pestryaev, 1994;Kato et al., 1994;Kato and Shigemitsu, 1996;Deryugina et al., 1996;Nikollskaya et al., 1996) and * embryos of rats (Delgado et al., 1982;McGivern et al., 1990), * mice (Barnothy, 1956;Ossenkopp, 1985, 1986;Picazo et al., 1994), * newts (Asashima et al., 1991), * worms Lednev et al., 1996a,b), * pigeons (Sidyakin, 1992), * chickens , * snails (Prato et al., 1993, * human organism Sastre et al., 1998). ...
... • DC fields (Barnothy, 1956;Ramirez et al., 1983;Strand et al., 1983;Cremer-Bartels et al., 1984;Persson and Stahlberg, 1989;Kato, 1988;Kato et al., 1989;Semm and Beason, 1990;Luben, 1991;Ho et al., 1992;Ružič et al., 1992;Malko et al., 1994;Nikollskaya et al., 1996;Shiga et al., 1996;Espinar et al., 1997;Berk et al., 1997;Markov et al., 1998), • geomagnetic fields (Yeagley, 1947;Lindauer and Martin, 1968;Blakemore, 1975;Bookman, 1977;Martin and Lindauer, 1977;Kalmijn, 1978;Gould et al., 1980;Frankel et al., 1981;Mather and Baker, 1981;Quinn et al., 1981;Bingman, 1983;Chew and Brown, 1989), • range < 1 Hz (Kavaliers and Ossenkopp, 1986;Semm and Beason, 1990; Muzalevskaya and Uritskii, 1997), • range 1-100 Hz (Delgado et al., 1982;Goodman et al., 1983;Akimine et al., 1985;Whitson et al., 1986;Saali et al., 1986;Takahashi et al., 1986;Smith et al., 1987;Lyle et al., 1988;Fitzsimmons et al., 1989; ...
... • electric fields, also in combination with MFs (Wilson et al., 1981;Jafary-Asl et al., 1983;Serpersu and Tsong, 1983;Whitson et al., 1986;Phillips et al., 1986b;Blackman et al., 1988;Lyle et al., 1988;Fitzsimmons et al., 1989;Blackman et al., 1990;Blank and Soo, 1990;Nazar et al., 1996;Huang et al., 1997;Schimmelpfeng and Dertinger, 1997;Sontag, 1998Sontag, , 2000, • parallel MF and a perpendicular electric field (Novikov and Zhadin, 1994;Novikov, 1994Novikov, , 1996, • pulses and pulse bursts of MFs of various shapes (Aarholt et al., 1982;Goodman et al., 1983;Mooney et al., 1986;Takahashi et al., 1986;Goodman and Henderson, 1988;Semm and Beason, 1990;Luben, 1991;Smith et al., 1991;Walleczek and Budinger, 1992;Ruhenstroth-Bauer et al., 1994;Pestryaev, 1994;Richards et al., 1996), • with low-frequency EMF modulation Lin and Goodman, 1995;Litovitz et al., 1997b), • motion of biosystems in a modulated MF (Sapogov, 1992;Nikollskaya et al., 1996), • low-frequency MFs of super-low < 1 µT intensity (Delgado et al., 1982;Takahashi et al., 1986;Berman et al., 1990;Kato et al., 1993;Ruhenstroth-Bauer et al., 1994;Kato et al., 1994;Loscher et al., 1994;Feychting et al., 1995;Blank and Soo, 1996;Novikov, 1996;Richards et al., 1996;West et al., 1996;Akerstedt et al., 1997;Harland and Liburdy, 1997;Farrell et al., 1997), • millimeter-wavelength radiation of super-low intensity Belyaev et al., 1996;Gapeyev et al., 1996;Kuznetsov et al., 1997). ...
Book
People are immersed in electromagnetic fields from such sources as power lines, domestic appliances, mobile phones, and even electrical storms. All living beings sense electric fields, but the physical origins of the phenomenon are still unclear. Magnetobiology considers the effects of electromagnetic fields on living organisms. It provides a comprehensive review of relevant experimental data and theoretical concepts, and discusses all major modern hypotheses on the physical nature of magnetobiological effects. It also highlights some problems that have yet to be solved and points out new avenues for research. Why do some people feel unwell during a lightning storm? Why is there a correlation between the level of electromagnetic background and the incidence of cancer? Why do so many medical centers use electromagnetic exposures to treat a wide variety of disorders in humans? The international scientific community is extremely interested in a theory of magnetobiology and the answers to these and other questions, as evidenced by the growing number of research associations in the United States, Europe, and other parts of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) has named electromagnetic contamination in occupational and residential areas as a stress factor for human beings. This book stands out among recent texts on magnetobiology because it draws on a strong foundation of empirical and theoretical evidence to explain the various effects of magnetic fields on the human body. It contains the first comprehensive collection of experimental data bearing physical information, frequency and amplitude/power spectra, and original research data on how electromagnetic fields interfere with ions and molecules inside the proteins of living organisms. .Introduction is written so that it will be understandable to a wide scientific community regardless of their specialisation .First comprehensive collection of experimental data bearing physical information, frequency and amplitude/power spectra .Original theoretical research data on the interference of ions and molecules inside proteins .Appendix covers physical questions most relevant for magnetobiology. In particular there is an original exposition of the magnetic resonance basic principles
... De nombreuses études ont été réalisées sur l'effet des CEM sur les oeufs fécondés ; les CEM sont appliqués selon deux modalités : en continu ou pulsé. Des études menées par l'équipe de Ubeda [exposition durant 48 heures en début d'incubation à un champ pulsé (appliqué pendant 500 µs avec des temps de pause de 100 µs) de 100 Hz d'une intensité de 1 et 13,9 µT (Ubeda et al. 1983) ou d'une intensité de 1 µT appliqué pendant 500 µs avec des temps de pause soit de 85 µs ou de 2,1 µs (Ubeda et al. 1994 Trois études menées sur des oeufs embryonnés en début d'incubation et utilisant des CEM continus (Delgado et al. 1982) ou pulsés à 100 µs (Ubeda et al. 1983) ou bipolaires (Terol et Panchon 1995) de fréquences et/ou d'intensités variables, ont montré un effet inhibiteur sur le développement embryonnaire ou un effet tératogène lorsque la fréquence du CEM est de 100 Hz pour une durée d'exposition de 48 heures à une intensité de 0,12 à 1,2 µT pour l'étude de Delgado et al. (Delgado et al. 1982), une durée d'exposition de 48 heures à une intensité de 0,4 à 104 µT pour l'étude de Ubeda et al. (Ubeda et al. 1983) et une durée d'exposition de 21 jours à une intensité de 0,2 à 3,2 µT pour l'étude de Térol et Panchon (Terol et Panchon 1995). Ces auteurs ont observé que l'effet négatif du CEM n'était pas identique pour toutes les intensités de champ. ...
... De nombreuses études ont été réalisées sur l'effet des CEM sur les oeufs fécondés ; les CEM sont appliqués selon deux modalités : en continu ou pulsé. Des études menées par l'équipe de Ubeda [exposition durant 48 heures en début d'incubation à un champ pulsé (appliqué pendant 500 µs avec des temps de pause de 100 µs) de 100 Hz d'une intensité de 1 et 13,9 µT (Ubeda et al. 1983) ou d'une intensité de 1 µT appliqué pendant 500 µs avec des temps de pause soit de 85 µs ou de 2,1 µs (Ubeda et al. 1994 Trois études menées sur des oeufs embryonnés en début d'incubation et utilisant des CEM continus (Delgado et al. 1982) ou pulsés à 100 µs (Ubeda et al. 1983) ou bipolaires (Terol et Panchon 1995) de fréquences et/ou d'intensités variables, ont montré un effet inhibiteur sur le développement embryonnaire ou un effet tératogène lorsque la fréquence du CEM est de 100 Hz pour une durée d'exposition de 48 heures à une intensité de 0,12 à 1,2 µT pour l'étude de Delgado et al. (Delgado et al. 1982), une durée d'exposition de 48 heures à une intensité de 0,4 à 104 µT pour l'étude de Ubeda et al. (Ubeda et al. 1983) et une durée d'exposition de 21 jours à une intensité de 0,2 à 3,2 µT pour l'étude de Térol et Panchon (Terol et Panchon 1995). Ces auteurs ont observé que l'effet négatif du CEM n'était pas identique pour toutes les intensités de champ. ...
... L'équipe de Roda et al. a montré en 2011 que l'exposition à un CEM pulsé ou continu n'a jamais entrainé d'effet tératogène dans leur étude mais des désordres du développement des somites. Ceci est contraire aux résultats de Delgado et al.(Delgado et al. 1982), de Ubeda et al(Ubeda et al. 1983), de Térol et Panchon(Terol et Panchon 1995), et de Lahijani (Lahijani et Sajadi 2004. Effet sur les paramètres sanguins du jeune poussin Divers auteurs ont examiné les effets des CEM sur les paramètres sanguins. ...
... Earlier studies have shown that weak, extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) can affect the embryonic development of mammals (ZUSMAN et al., 1990;PAFKOVA et al., 1994) and chicks (CAMERON et al., 1993;PAFKOVA et al. 1994;UBEDA et al., 1994;TOMAN et al. 2002;LIS and NIEDZIÓLKA, 2004). It has been reported that the exposure of the embryonic chickens to EMF increases the rate of morphological abnormalities of the embryos (DELGADO et al. 1982;JUUTILAINEN et al., 1987;BERMAN et al., 1990;UBEDA et al., 1994;FARRELL et al., 1997), decreases chickens' hatchability (TOMAN et al., 2002) and elevates their mortality (NIEDZIÓLKA and JANOWSKI, 1996;BRENT, 1999;VETERANY et al., 2001). Moreover, the earlier data from our laboratory revealed that weak electromagnetic fields of electromagnetic component of up to 35 V/m (50 Hz) and magnetic component of up to 1380 nT (50 Hz) that can be found in some house incubators stimulate the hatching of the chick embryos. ...
... Moreover, the chick embryos exposed to ELF-EMF significantly accelerated their external pipping and hatching (Table 3). These results were surprising since several embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of EMF have been well documented in chicken embryo (DELGADO et al., 1982;JUUTILAIN-EN et al., 1987;BERMAN et al., 1990;UBEDA et al., 1994;FAR-RELL et al., 1997;VETERANY et al., 2001). There is still a difference of opinion as to the effect of ELF-EMF on the chicken embryo mortality since findings of other investigators did not succeed in showing the embryotoxic effects of ELF-EMF on chicken development (MAFEO et al., 1988;KOCH and KOCH, 1991;MARTIN, 1992). ...
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Incubating eggs produced by a parental flock of ISA 215 broiler breeders were used to determine the effect of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) on blood plasma levels of thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse-triiodothyronine (rT3), and hatching parameters, i.e. chick mortality, timeof pipping and hatching. Eggs were exposed to 50 Hz, 10 μT ELF-EMF from the onset of incubation to the day of hatch. Magnetic field in the experimental incubator was generated by a set of three parallel coils. Blood samples were collected for determination of T4, T3 and rT3 concentrations on days 11 (E11), 14 (E14), 16 (E16), 18 (E18) and 20 (E20; external pipping) and on the day of hatch (H). In embryos exposed to ELF-EMF a significant increase in T4 levels between E11 (by 195%) and E18 (by 79%) and T3 levels between E18 (by 117%) and the day of H (by 39%) were observed. In the case of rT3 a significant decrease by 32% was found only on E20 of embryonic development. The elevation of T4 and T3 levels in blood plasma of embryos exposed to ELF-EMF was accompanied by a decrease in the embryos' mortality and acceleration of external pipping and hatching. Results of this study demonstrate that ELF-EMF stimulates the activity of the thyroid gland, affects the peripheral iodothyronine metabolism and influences the hatching parameters.
... If we do not consider the evolutionarily fixed magnetic sensitivity in seasonally migratory species, then marked and reproducible MF effects in biology occur in systems with intense gene expression. Such experimental observations include morphological changes during embryogenesis [20], neurite outgrowth [21], restoration of a severed head in planarians [22], response to heat shock [23], some phases of cell growth and gene expression in plants [24][25][26], effects of ionizing radiation [27], a direct controle of the DNA synthesis with magnetic ions [28], etc. ...
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We assume that the enzymatic processes of recognition of amino acids and their addition to the synthesized molecule in cellular translation include the formation of intermediate pairs of radicals with spin-correlated electrons. The mathematical model presented describes the changes in the probability of incorrectly synthesized molecules in response to a change in the external weak magnetic field. A relatively high chance of errors has been shown to arise from the statistical enhancement of the low probability of local incorporation errors. This statistical mechanism does not require a long thermal relaxation time of electron spins of about 1 μs—a conjecture often used to match theoretical models of magnetoreception with experiments. The statistical mechanism allows for experimental verification by testing the usual Radical Pair Mechanism properties. In addition, this mechanism localizes the site where magnetic effects originate, the ribosome, which makes it possible to verify it by biochemical methods. This mechanism predicts a random nature of the nonspecific effects caused by weak and hypomagnetic fields and agrees with the diversity of biological responses to a weak magnetic field.
... Electromagnetic radiation has both electric and magnetic fields, which sway in form inverse to each other and inverse to the course of energy blow-out. Electromagnetic radiation can be gathered into ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation, in perspective on whether it is prepared for ionizing particles and breaking mixture bonds non-ionizing radiation is connected with two noteworthy potential dangers: electrical and regular (Delgado et al., 1982). The normal effect of electromagnetic fields is to cause dielectric warming. ...
Chapter
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With the expanding use of wireless cellular networks, concerns have been communicated about the possible interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the human life, explicitly, the mind and brain. Mobile phones emanate radio frequency waves, a type of non-ionizing radiation, which can be absorbed by tissues nearest to where the telephone is kept. The effects on neuronal electrical activity, energy metabolism, genomic responses, neurotransmitter balance, blood–brain barrier permeability, mental psychological aptitude, sleep, and diverse cerebrum conditions including brain tumors are assessed. Health dangers may likewise develop from use of cellular communication, for instance, car accidents while utilizing the device while driving. These indirect well-being impacts surpass the immediate common troubles and should be looked into in more detail later on. In this chapter, we outline the possible biological impacts of EMF introduction on human brain.
... In the 1980s, laboratory findings were reported showing that weak (approximately 1 µT) magnetic fields may adversely affect chick embryogenesis (190,191). In addition, clusters of adverse pregnancy outcomes were reported among users of video display terminals (VDTs ) (192), and epidemiologic data were published suggesting that maternal use of electric blankets and water beds may influence fetal development (193). ...
... Нами исследованы отдаленные неблагоприятные эффекты в репродуктивной системе самок крыс после их облучения в периоды внутриутробного и постнатального развития ПеМП КНЧ 8 Гц при напряженности магнитного поля 4 и 6,5 кА/м. Данные о возможном влиянии ПеМП КНЧ на репродуктивную систему и фертильность при хроническом воздействии на организм, начиная с периода эмбрионального развития, ограничены, при этом большая часть имеющихся экспериментальных работ охватывает возможные тератогенные эффекты у плодов облучаемых самок-матерей или изменения в репродуктивных органах при облучении взрослых животных [5,11,12,14]. В выполненных ранее исследованиях схема облучения предполагала моделирование современных условий деятельности женщины, подвергающейся регулярному хроническому прерывистому воздействию магнитного поля различных частот (включая КНЧ) в бытовых условиях и на производстве как в период беременности, так и после рождения [7,15]. ...
...  During a call one should use Bluetooth or handsfree [6]  At home one should use landline phones as they emit less harmful radiation  People can opt for messaging option instead of calling as continuous contact with mobile phone directly can deteriorate health.  One should use mobile only at the time of high signal strength [7]. ...
... It is interesting to note, that reproducible and large nonspecific magnetic effects are observed in systems with pronounced processes involving gene expression: neurite outgrowth 24 , cephalic regeneration in planarians 25 , morphological changes during embryogenesis 26 , response to heat shock 27 , cell growth and gene expression 7 in plants, the proliferation of human neuroblastoma cells 28 and of mouse nerve stem cells 29 , and gravitropism in plants 30 . The combined action of MF and X-rays 31 and of MF and heavy ions 32 can be seen as the interference between DNA repair and nonspecific magnetic effects. ...
Article
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We have previously proposed that there are at least two initial molecular transduction mechanisms needed to explain specific and nonspecific biological effects of weak magnetic fields. For the specific effect associated with animal magnetic navigation, the radical pair mechanism is the leading hypothesis; it associates the specialised magnetic sense with the radical pairs located in the eye retina. In contrast to the magnetic sense, nonspecific effects occur through the interaction of magnetic fields with magnetic moments dispersed over the organism. However, it is unlikely that the radical pair mechanism can explain such nonspecific phenomena. In order to explain these, we further develop our physical model for the case of magnetic moments residing in rotating molecules. It is shown that, in some conditions, the precession of the magnetic moments that reside on rotating molecules can be slowed relative to the immediate biophysical structures. In terms of quantum mechanics this corresponds to the mixing of the quantum levels of magnetic moments. Hence this mechanism is called the Level Mixing Mechanism, or the LMM. The results obtained are magnetic field-dependences that are in good agreement with known experiments where biological effects arise in response to the reversal of the magnetic field vector.
... In the 1970s, Japan, the former Soviet Union and other countries examined the electromagnetic environment of EHV transmission lines, and formulated some corresponding standards in electromagnetic compatibility and environmental protection [15][16][17]. In 1982, the working group of Conference International des Grands Reseaux Electriques (CIGRE) summarized the relatively consistent views of various countries on the calculation and testing technologies of electrostatic induction in power system and the impact of power frequency electric field on ecology [18], providing guidance for the development of China's EIA development. ...
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This study constructed a hybrid model for assessing the environmental impact caused by power grid projects (PGP) in high altitude area (HAA). Firstly, this study analyzed the characteristics of the environment in HAA and the possible environmental impacts caused by the PGP in HAA. On this basis, an evaluation indicator system reflecting the particularity of HAA was established, including three perspectives named natural, social and ecological environment. Next, considering the availability of evaluation index data and the scarcity of evaluation samples, the best and worst method (BWM) was employed to obtain the objective and credible indicator weights. Furthermore, the Vague set theory was introduced into the comprehensive evaluation model, overcoming the shortcomings of comprehensive evaluation model based on fuzzy sets. Finally, the practicability and effectiveness of the proposed hybrid model was validated via a practical PGP in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Overall, the results of this paper can play an important supporting role in promoting green construction and sustainable development of PGP. Besides, the proposed hybrid evaluation framework requires fewer index values and evaluation samples, having good applicability and promotion value in handling the evaluation issues with uncertain and incomplete information.
... It is interesting to note, that reproducible and large nonspecific magnetic effects are observed in systems with pronounced processes involving gene expression: neurite outgrowth [14], cephalic regeneration in planarians [15], morphological changes during embryogenesis [16], response to heat shock [17], cell growth and gene expression [8] in plants, the proliferation of neuroblastoma cells [18] and of nerve stem cells [19], gravitropism [20]. The combined action of MF and the X-ray [21] and of MF and heavy ions [22] can be seen as the interference between DNA repair and nonspecific magnetic effects. ...
Article
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The radical pair mechanism is a leading hypothesis in animal magnetic navigation. This mechanism associates the magnetic sense with the visual system, the radical pairs in cryptochromes of the eye retina being specialized magnetic receptors that modulate rhodopsin-mediated photoreception. There are also nonspecific magnetic effects in biology, which occur mostly by chance and originate from the interaction of weak magnetic fields with the magnetic moments dispersed all over the organism at the microscopic level. The radical pair mechanism cannot explain this type of response for many reasons. We have previously shown that the above interaction has a finite probability of resulting in an observable. Here, we develop our physical model of nonspecific magnetic effects for the case of magnetic moments located in rotating molecules. We generalize the results of recent experiments on gene expression in plants in a constant magnetic field, and show that the precession of the magnetic moments that reside on rotating molecules can be slowed relative to the immediate biophysical structures. In quantum mechanical language, the crossing of the quantum levels of magnetic moments conjointly with molecular rotations explain nonspecific magnetic effects and leads to magnetic field-dependences that are in good agreement with the experiment.
... During that process, some of the energy is absorbed and some heat is produced. It has been proposed that this thermal energy may cause teratogenic effects through apoptosis, defective DNA repair, and cellular damage [4,7,[10][11][12][13]. However, this remains a matter for further research and discussion. ...
Article
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Purpose: We aimed to determine whether varying the magnetic field during magnetic resonance imaging would affect the development of chicken embryos and neural tube defects. Methods: Following incubation for 24 h, we exposed chicken embryos to varying magnetic fields for 10 min to assess the impact on development. Three magnetic resonance imaging devices were used, and the eggs were divided into four groups: group 1 is exposed to 1 T, group 2 is exposed to 1.5 T, group 3 is exposed to 3 T, and group 4, control group, was not exposed to magnetic field. After MRI exposure, all embryos were again put inside incubator to complete 48 h. "The new technique" was used to open eggs, a stereomicroscope was used for the examination of magnified external morphology, and each embryo was examined according to the Hamburger and Hamilton chicken embryo stages. Embryos who had delayed stages of development are considered growth retarded. Growth retardation criteria do not include small for stage. Results: Compared with embryos not exposed to a magnetic field, there was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of neural tube closure defects and growth retardation in the embryos exposed to magnetic fields (p < 0.05). However, although the incidence of neural tube closure defects was expected to increase as exposure (tesla level) increased, we found a higher rate of defects in the 1.5-T group compared with the 3-T group. By contrast, the highest incidence of growth retardation was in the 3-T group, which was consistent with our expectation that growth retardation would be more likely as tesla level increased. Conclusions: We therefore conclude that the use of magnetic resonance imaging as a diagnostic tool can result in midline closure defects and growth retardation in chicken embryos. We hypothesize that this may also be true for human embryos exposed to MRI. If a pregnant individual is to take an MRI scan, as for lumbar disc disease or any other any other reason, our results indicate that consideration should be given to an avoidance of MRI during pregnancy.
... The answer lies in the same windowing phenomenon demonstrated in experiments summarized by Azanza and del Moral. For example, studies of chicken embryogenesis (Delgado et al. 1982) showed a "'window' effect for both frequency and intensity variables-the intermediate values of 100 Hz/1.2 mT being more effective than any other values used (10, 100, and 1000 Hz frequencies were applied with intensities of 0.12, 1.2, and 12 mT)." Bawin and colleagues (Bawin et al. 1978) and Adey (1988) add other examples of magnetic fields operating within narrow windows. ...
Article
Extensive investigation of the brain’s synaptic connectivity, the presumed material basis of cognition, has failed toexplain how the brain thinks. Further, the neural code that purportedly allows the brain to coordinate synapticmodulation over wide areas of cortex has yet to be found and may not exist. An alternative approach, focusing onthe possibility that the brain’s internally generated electromagnetic fields might be biologically effective, leads to amodel that solves this “binding problem.” The model of cognition proposed here permits mind and consciousness toarise naturally from the brain as trains of signifying states, or stationarities. Neuronal circuits in suitably constructedhierarchies produce thought by reconciling themselves with each other through the forward- and back-broadcast ofspecific electromagnetic fields, executing a natural algorithm as a harmonized set is selected. Beyond the postulationthat information is encoded in specifically organized electromagnetic fields, the only other “code” necessary is topographic,one that is already known. That the brain might use its own fields to think is supported by the literature onthe widespread sensitivity of biological organisms to small, windowed fields. This model may help explain the coherenceof the brain’s fields, the conservation of the folded cortex, and, in its emphasis on a self-harmonizing process,the universality of the esthetic impulse as a projection of the brain’s basic mechanism of thought.
... They showed an intensification of DNA fragmentation in blastomers, as well as a decreased percentage of blastocysts among embryos placed in this field. In turn, Delgado J. M. et al. compared the effect of the frequencies of electromagnetic fields of 10 Hz, 100 Hz and 1 kHz on the development of hen embryos [48]. Teratogenic effect concerned the ranges 100 to 1,000 Hz, whereas exposure to 10 Hz did not exert any effect on embriogenesis. ...
Article
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Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emitting from the natural environment, as well as from the use of industrial and everyday appliances, constantly influence the human body. The effect of this type of energy on living tissues may exert various effects on their functioning, although the mechanisms conditioning this phenomenon have not been fully explained. It may be expected that the interactions between electromagnetic radiation and the living organism would depend on the amount and parameters of the transmitted energy and type of tissue exposed. Electromagnetic waves exert an influence on human reproduction by affecting the male and female reproductive systems, the developing embryo, and subsequently, the foetus. Knowledge concerning this problem is still being expanded; however, all the conditionings of human reproduction still remain unknown. The study presents the current state of knowledge concerning the problem, based on the latest scientific reports.
... Other examples of subtle field effects also include: altered rate of cell growth [64], suppression of T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity [65], increases in the growth related enzyme ornithine decarboxylase [66], altered quantities of RNA transcripts and proteins [67][68][69][70][71][72], altered cell surface properties, and effects on development [32,33]. for Inertial Electromagnetic Induction (IEMI), connecting the phonon field and photons. ...
... The electric field is an important factor which exerts a major influence on the performance and development of insects, including at cellular level (Adey, 1990(Adey, , 1992Luben, 1991) and embryonic and fetal developments (Delgado et al., 1982;McGivern et al., 1990) under alternating electric field exposure. The influences also involved the modulation of central nervous and neuroendocrine functions (Lerchl et al., 1990;Wilson and Anderson, 1990), and regulation of cell growth (Wilson et al., 1990) by the static electric field exposure. ...
... The biological effect of electromagnetic fields is to cause dielectric heating. Complex biological effects of weaker non-thermal electromagnetic fields also exists, including weak Extremely Low Frequency magnetic fields and modulated Radio Frequency and microwave fields [20][21][22]. Magnetic fields induce circulating currents within the human body and strength of these magnetic fields depends directly on the intensity of the impinging magnetic field. These currents cause nerves and muscles to stimulate which in turn affects biological processes. ...
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These days' mobile phones becoming an elementary part of our life. This is one of the most important medium for the communication. The countless increase in mobile phones has increased the amount of non-ionizing radio waves in surroundings during last two decades the possible risks by radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure of the human body are a major concern for the society. Although the familiarization and dependency of mobile phone is growing at an alarming pace, the Human health effects due to the exposure of radiations have become a subject of intense debate. The effects of radio-frequency radiation is very broad and heterogeneous. the possibility of a relationship between mobile phone use and carcinogenic processes, reproduction and development, the cardiovascular system and longevity – that is, exposure of the whole body. The rate at which radiation is absorbed by the human body is measured by the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), and its maximum levels for modern handsets have been set by governmental regulating agencies in many countries.
... Other examples of subtle field effects also include: altered rate of cell growth [64], suppression of T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity [65], increases in the growth related enzyme ornithine decarboxylase [66], altered quantities of RNA transcripts and proteins [67][68][69][70][71][72], altered cell surface properties, and effects on development [32,33]. for Inertial Electromagnetic Induction (IEMI), connecting the phonon field and photons. ...
... Over the past 35 years, research has addressed whether exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields (50 or 60 Hz, subsequently referred to as "magnetic fields") is a risk factor for infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The basis for this research priority arose from reports in 1979-1982 of miscarriage and birth defect clusters among video display terminal (VDT) operators in the U.S. and Canada (Bergqvist, 1984), and from laboratory studies that reported developmental abnormalities in chick embryos following exposures to magnetic fields (Berman et al., 1990;Delgado et al., 1982;Ubeda et al., 1994). Exposure to magnetic fields induces eddy currents within tissues that some postulate may be of biological significance. ...
Article
Infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes are significant public health concerns with global prevalence. Over the past 35 years, research has addressed whether exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields is one of the etiologic factors attributed to these conditions. However, no apparent authoritative reviews on this topic have been published in the peer-reviewed literature for nearly 15 years. This review provides an overview and critical analysis of human studies that were published in the peer-reviewed literature between 2002 and July 2015. Using PubMed, 13 epidemiology studies published during this time frame that concern exposure to magnetic fields and adverse prenatal (e.g., miscarriage), neonatal (e.g., preterm birth or birth defects), and male fertility (e.g., poor semen quality) outcomes were identified. Some of these studies reported associations whereas others did not, and study design limitations may explain these inconsistencies. Future investigations need to be designed with these limitations in mind to address existing research gaps. In particular, the following issues are discussed: (1) importance of selecting the appropriate study population, (2) need for addressing confounding due to unmeasured physical activity, (3) importance of minimizing information bias from exposure measurement error, (4) consideration of alternative magnetic field exposure metrics, and (5) implications and applications of personal exposure data that are correlated within female–male couples. Further epidemiologic research is needed, given the near ubiquitous exposures to power-frequency magnetic fields in the general population.
... • Altered cell surface properties (Marron et al., 1988). • Effects on development as well as morphological and tissue changes (Delgado et al., 1982, Rodemann et al., 1989). • Altered endocrine and hormonal expression (Reiter, 1992). ...
Thesis
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It is well known nowadays that the environment is exposed to many electromagnetic field exposure produced by the appliances, and other electric devices that we use to make life safer, easier and more interesting, in the last few years, many studies carried out to investigate the effect of electromagnetic field on the biological systems. According to all the attempts on studying the effect of the electromagnetic field on human, animals, plants and microorganisms. This thesis is devoted to study the effect of the electromagnetic field on the growth and morphology of some species of algae. To studying the effect of electromagnetic field on algae, there were two different species of algae used namely, Scenedesmus sp from division chlorophyta and Anabaena sp from division cyanophyta. This study was carried out on a pure culture of the two mentioned species on BG-11 medium, then expose the two algal cultures to a different intensities of electromagnetic field of 200, 400, 800 and 1200 gauss. At the same time and same growth conditions of light and temperature, the control cultures were grown away from the field. This experiment was desired to expose the used algae to the electromagnetic field for 8 hours per day to 6 days a week, this means that the total exposure period was 48 hours to each EMF intensity. The samples from each algal culture (treatment and control) were harvested at zero time and after 8 hours of exposure then each 24 hours for 6 days, then three samples were taken to measure the growth parameters and another one sample was fixed by Leugol’s solution and preserved until examination under the microscope. There were three growth parameters investigated in this study, turbidity at 750nm, chlorophyll-a content (μg/l) and number of cells or filaments per ml and calculating the growth rate (μ) for each parameter, then examination of the morphological changes for both Scenedesmus sp and Anabaena sp to investigate the abnormalities that happened due to the exposure to the electromagnetic field. The data obtained from this study were subjected to various statistical analyses (one-way AVOVA, two-way ANOVA and Pearson rank correlation test). Descriptive statistics were performed for the obtained data. The results obtained from this study showed that: There was a non-significant variation between increasing the EMF intensities and the turbidity of Scenedesmus sp and Anabaena sp. There was a non-significant variation between increasing the EMF intensities and chlorophyll-a content of Scenedesmus sp and Anabaena sp. There was a non-significant variation between increasing the EMF intensities and the number of cells of Scenedesmus sp and number of filaments of Anabaena sp. In comparison between the effect of the electromagnetic field on the two species, there was a significant effect of the field on turbidity only not on chlorophyll-a and the number of cells and filaments between the two used algae Scenedesmus sp and Anabaena sp. The electromagnetic field had an effect on the morphology of the two studied algae and it showed the abnormalities that happened in the cells of Scenedesmus sp and in the cells within the filaments of Anabaena sp. In conclusion, the used intestines (200, 400, 800 and 1200G) off the electromagnetic field and the exposure period 48hours for each intensities had no effect on the growth rate and physiology of the two species of algae Scenedesmus sp and Anabaena sp. On the other hand, the same EMF intensities and the same exposure period had an effect on morphology of the Scenedesmus sp and Anabaena sp but the Scenedesmus sp was the most affected morphologically than the Anabaena sp. This study investigated that the algae can afford the changes that happened in the surrounding environment and adapted themselves with this changes even if they had changes in morphology. This branch of research need more studies to investigate the magnitude of the electromagnetic field that algae can adapted with it because the adaptation to altered magnetic field strength or direction may be an inherited trait. The polarity of the earth’s magnetic field has changed several times over geological time and algae have been in existence during these changes. Therefore, they may have an inherent ability to adapt to changing magnetic field strength and direction, which may be expressed by altered mineral uptake processes or changes in membrane function (Newman & Watson, 1999).
... Only a few of these studies have been subject to careful replication attempts, and the attempts themselves have frequently been controversial. Consider a 1982 study by Spanish investigator José Delgado that reported striking effects of pulsed magnetic fields on number of abnormalities in chick embryos [11]. This biologically implausible finding quickly became a factor in the public debate then taking place about possible health effects of video display terminals. ...
Article
Is there a Cheshire Cat in science? One might believe so, given the many published scientific discoveries that cannot be independently reproduced. The ?replication crisis? in science has become a widely discussed issue among scientists and the lay media and even has its own entry in Wikipedia.
... The observed sensitivities are as low as 10 -7 volts per centimeter in the extremely low frequency spectrum. [35,36] Other examples of subtle field effects also include: altered rate of cell growth, [69] suppression of T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity, [70] increases in the growth related enzyme ornithine decarboxylase, [71] altered quantities of RNA transcripts and proteins, [72][73][74][75][76][77][78] altered cell surface properties, and effects on development. [35,36] ...
Thesis
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Prediction genetically predisposed people to heart and kidney failure is an actual problem. Dermatoglyphics can be one of the basic research in this area. The purpose of the study was to determine the features of dermatoglyphics in the patients with coronary heart disease and chronic kidney disease with chronic renal failure for making differential diagnosis. The object of the study were 25 patients (45-77 y.o.) with chronic coronary heart disease and 20 patients (42,65 ± 0,71 y.o.) with chronic kidney disease. Investigation and treatment of the patients was carried out in accordance with the standards. Dermatoglyphic study was conducted by the method of fingerprinting surfaces phalanges, using paint. Statistical methods of evaluation findings included parametric and non-parametric statistical methods. The predominance of racemates from ulnar loops scallops on the left and right hands was a distinctive sign for the patients with chronic kidney disease in compare to the patients with coronary heart disease. Dissymmetry of scallops in the patients with coronary heart disease was characterized by predominance of radial loops on fingers of right hand in compare with left; predominance of ulnar loops on fingers of left hand in compare with right. Thus, quantity of different types of scallops, their dissymmetry or racemates on fingers of the left and right hands are basis for differential diagnosis between patients with coronary heart disease and chronic kidney disease.
... Over the past 30 years, a substantial amount of research has addressed whether or not exposure to magnetic fields is a risk factor for adverse reproductive health outcomes. The basis for this research priority arose from reports in 1979-1982 of miscarriage and birth defect clusters among video display terminal (VDT) operators in the U.S. and Canada (Bergqvist, 1984), and from laboratory studies that demonstrated developmental abnormalities in chicken embryos following environmentally-relevant exposures to magnetic fields (Ahlbom et al., 2001;Delgado et al., 1982;Ubeda et al., 1994). VDTs, which are essentially predecessors to modern-day computers, emit magnetic field levels that range from about 7-20 mG (NIEHS, 2002). ...
Article
Several recent epidemiology studies suggest that exposure to magnetic fields may be one of the etiologic factors involved in adverse reproductive health outcomes, but these studies potentially had several important design limitations that undermine the validity of their findings and subsequent conclusions. This research examined these limitations in detail using hypothesis-driven data collection and statistical analyses with the underlying goal of informing the design of future epidemiology studies concerning exposure to magnetic fields and adverse reproductive health. The study design and other related exposure science issues examined by this research included: 1) the adequacy of using a single day???s worth of personal magnetic field exposure data to characterize longer periods of exposure; 2) the potential influence of physical activity on personal magnetic field exposure; and 3) the comparison of personal magnetic field exposures between women and men and within female-male couples. These issues were assessed with data from two longitudinal cohorts of men and/or women recruited from prenatal care clinics in North Carolina and an infertility center in Massachusetts. We observed that measures of central tendency associated with daily personal magnetic field exposures were more stable over time compared with measures of peak, and the stability of these metrics was greater over short- relative to long-term durations. The findings suggest that if there is interest in peak exposure metrics, more than one day of measurement is needed over the window of disease susceptibility to reduce measurement error. We also observed a positive relationship between physical activity and peak magnetic field exposure metrics, suggesting physical activity could be an important confounder in the relationship with any outcome independently associated with activity, such as miscarriage, and, as a result, should be adjusted for in statistical models to reduce bias. In addition, we demonstrated that distributions of personal exposures among women and men are similar, and that there is promise that one partner???s exposure data could be used as a surrogate for the other???s in the absence of such data. Future reproductive health epidemiology studies that concern exposure to magnetic fields should consider this research in the design and interpretation of their findings.
... Nonionizing radiation has been shown to cause endocrine (12), neurologic (13), and immunologic (14) changes in animals. Weak oscillating electric fields have been shown to affect calcium binding to cerebral tissue (15), and weak pulsed-magnetic fields have been shown to be teratogenic for the developing chicken (16). In most cases, these effects do not show the usual dose-response relationships. ...
Article
In an occupational mortality analysis of 486,000 adult male death records filed in Washington State in the years 1950-1982, leukemia and the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas show increased proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) in workers employed in occupations with intuitive exposures to electromagnetic fields. Nine occupations of 219 were considered to have electric or magnetic field exposures. These were: electrical and electronic technicians, radio and telegraph operators, radio and television repairmen, telephone and power linemen, power station operators, welders, aluminum reduction workers, motion picture projectionists and electricians. There were 12,714 total deaths in these occupations. Eight of the nine occupations had PMR increases for leukemia [International Classification of Diseases (ICD), seventh revision 204] and seven of the nine occupations had PMR increases for the other lymphoma category (7th ICD 200.2, 202). The highest PMRs were seen for acute leukemia: (67 deaths observed, 41 deaths expected; PMR 162), and in the other lymphomas (51 deaths observed, 31 deaths expected; PMR 164). No increase in mortality was seen for Hodgkin's disease or multiple myeloma. These findings offer some support for the hypothesis that electric and magnetic fields may be carcinogenic.
... Delgado et al. studied changes in morphological parameters of chicken embryo growth upon a 48-h exposure to pulsed MFs (Delgado, et. al., 1982). The body of evidence is insufficient to construct amplitude or frequency spectra; however a statistically significant effectiveness of regimes 0.12 µT 100 Hz and 1000 Hz has been shown. ...
Article
Although there are many publications in newspapers and popular magazines, discussing "Electromagnetic Mind Control" and "Electromagnetic Weapons," it is almost impossible to find reliable information on these issues, particularly where relatively weak electromagnetic (EM) radiations are of concern. This book fills the gap. Written for a general audience, it discusses the physics of and related scientific information on brain control using EM fields. It provides a balanced scientific viewpoint on the possibility of the effects of EM on the human brain and mind.
... Other examples of subtle field effects also include: altered rate of cell growth [66], suppression of T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity [67], increases in the growth related enzyme ornithine decarboxylase [68], altered quantities of RNA transcripts and proteins [69][70][71], altered cell surface properties [40], and effects on development. [72] The plethora and diversity of reports in the literature concerning biological effects from non ionizing radiation (NIR's) may be based upon a fundamental initial underpinning physical mechanism: a new particle-wave equation, mc 2 =BvLq, known as Jacobson Resonance. And, many of the cited studies utilized calculated Pico Tesla range magnetic field signal parameters derived from this new theory. ...
Article
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A new holistic paradigm is proposed for slowing our genomic-based biological clocks (e.g. regulation of telomere length), and decreasing heat energy exigencies for maintenance of physiologic homeostasis. Aging is considered the result of a progressive slow burn in small volumes of tissues with increase in the quantum entropic states; producing desiccation, microscopic scarring, and disruption of cooperative coherent states. Based upon piezoelectricity, i.e. photon-phonon transductions, physiologic PicoTesla range magnetic fields may decrease the production of excessive heat energy through target specific, bio molecular resonant interactions, renormalization of intrinsic electromagnetic tissue profiles, and autonomic modulation. Prospectively, we hypothesize that deleterious effects of physical trauma, immunogenic microbiological agents, stress, and anxiety may be ameliorated. A particle-wave equation is cited to ascertain magnetic field parameters for application to the whole organism thereby achieving desired homeostasis; secondary to restoration of structure and function on quantum levels. We hypothesize that it is at the atomic level that physical events shape the flow of signals and the transmission of energy in bio molecular systems. References are made to experimental data indicating the aspecific efficacy of non-ionizing physiologic magnetic field profiles for treatment of various pathologic states. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
... The biological effect of electromagnetic fields is to cause dielectric heating. Complex biological effects of weaker non-thermal electromagnetic fields also exists, including weak low-frequency magnetic fields (Delgado et al., 1982;Harland and Liburdy, 1997) and modulated radio frequency and microwave fields (Aalto et al., 2006). ...
Article
Technology is considered to be the mount to climb up and attain the desired degree of development in a society. Man has been trying to facilitate his life through inventions and innovation. He invaded telecommunication system which leads to invention of mobile phones. In recent years, usage of mobile phone increased drastically. Since the mobile phone comes close to the head, concern about adverse effects of mobile phone radiation on the nervous system increased and this badly affects the human brain. This paper discussed on the analysis done to study the reduced effect of electromagnetic radiation on human brain from mobile phone when we used Bluetooth headset and earphone. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory using five volunteers. The mobile phone used is consist of GSM 2G technology. The period of operation is 10 minutes as talking time on the phone. Electroencephalogram is method which is used to monitor and capture the brain signals during the experimental analysis for 10 minutes interval. The result shows that the effects of electromagnetic radiations are reduced more for earphone use than the Bluetooth headset.
Article
Purpose The model biological organism Drosophila melanogaster has been utilized to assess effect of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) on locomotion, longevity, developmental dynamics, cell viability and oxidative stress. Materials and method Developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R strain) individually exposed to ELF-EMF (75 Hz, 550 µT) for 6 h once for acute exposure. For chronic exposure, complete life cycle of fly, that is, egg to adult fly was exposed to ELF-EMF for 6 h daily. The effect of exposure on their crawling and climbing ability, longevity, development dynamics, cellular damage and oxidative stress (generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)) was evaluated. Results The crawling ability of larvae was significantly (p< 0.05) reduced on acute (third stage instar larvae) as well as chronic exposure (F0 and F1 larvae). When locomotion of flies were tested using climbing assay, no alteration was observed in their climbing ability under both acute and chronic exposure, however, when their speed of climbing was compared, a significant decrease in speed of F1 flies was observed (p value 0.0027) on chronic exposure. The survivability of flies was significantly affected under chronic and acute exposure (at third stage instar larvae). In case of acute exposure of the third stage instar larvae, though all the flies were eclosed by the 17th day, but there was a significant decline in the number of flies (p value 0.007) in comparison to control. While, in case of chronic exposure apart from low number of flies eclosed in comparison to control, there was delay in eclosion by one day (p value 0.0004). Using trypan blue assay the internal gut damage of third stage instar larvae was observed. Under acute exposure condition at third stage instar larvae, 30% larvae has taken up trypan blue, while only 10% larvae from acute exposure at adult stage. On chronic exposure, 50% larvae of the F1 generation have taken up trypan blue. On evaluation of oxidative stress, there is significant rise in ROS in case of acute exposure at third stage instar larvae (p value 0.0004), adult fly stage (p value 0.0004) and chronic exposure (p value 0.0001). Conclusion ELF-EMF has maximum effects on acute exposure of third stage instar larvae and chronic exposure (egg to adult fly stage). These results suggest that electromagnetic radiations, though have become indispensible part of our lives but they plausibly effect our health.
Book
People are immersed in electromagnetic fields from such sources as power lines, domestic appliances, mobile phones, and even electrical storms. All living beings sense electric fields, but the physical origins of the phenomenon are still unclear. Magnetobiology considers the effects of electromagnetic fields on living organisms. It provides a comprehensive review of relevant experimental data and theoretical concepts, and discusses all major modern hypotheses on the physical nature of magnetobiological effects. It also highlights some problems that have yet to be solved and points out new avenues for research. Why do some people feel unwell during a lightning storm? Why is there a correlation between the level of electromagnetic background and the incidence of cancer? Why do so many medical centers use electromagnetic exposures to treat a wide variety of disorders in humans? The international scientific community is extremely interested in a theory of magnetobiology and the answers to these and other questions, as evidenced by the growing number of research associations in the United States, Europe, and other parts of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) has named electromagnetic contamination in occupational and residential areas as a stress factor for human beings. This book stands out among recent texts on magnetobiology because it draws on a strong foundation of empirical and theoretical evidence to explain the various effects of magnetic fields on the human body. It contains the first comprehensive collection of experimental data bearing physical information, frequency and amplitude/power spectra, and original research data on how electromagnetic fields interfere with ions and molecules inside the proteins of living organisms. .Introduction is written so that it will be understandable to a wide scientific community regardless of their specialisation .First comprehensive collection of experimental data bearing physical information, frequency and amplitude/power spectra .Original theoretical research data on the interference of ions and molecules inside proteins .Appendix covers physical questions most relevant for magnetobiology. In particular there is an original exposition of the magnetic resonance basic principles
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In this study, the studies about the effects of electromagnetic field on the development of chicken embryos and the results of these studies are summarized. With the development of technology, many devices have become an indispensable part of our lives. These devices are mobile phones, televisions, tablets, computers, microwave ovens and other electronic devices. Technological devices make our lives easier and at the same time also affect us with the electromagnetic fields it emits. The effects of electromagnetic field on embryo development have been previously studied in many studies. Especially chicken embryos are prominent in this subject. This is due to the lack of commitment to the mother for development of the egg and the short duration of embryo development. Studies on chicken embryos can be considered in terms of frequency and electromagnetic sources. In terms of frequency, it can be divided into two as low frequency (50, 60 Hz) and high frequency (900, 1800 Mhz). In terms of electromagnetic source, it can be divided into two as mobile phone and electromagnetic field source. In all studies, a group of eggs were not exposed to the electromagnetic field and taken as a control group, the other groups were exposed to electromagnetic fields in different times and in different ways. The duration of the experiment is 1-15 days. At the end of the experiments, the embryos were removed from the eggs and examined. The examinations were done by comparing the images obtained with the imaging device or hematological. The data obtained from the control group and the experimental group were compared. In this study, the studies about the effects of electromagnetic field on the development of chicken embryos and the results of these studies were tried to be presented.
Article
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The operation of offshore wind turbines and electricity transmission through submarine cables over long distances generate electromagnetic or static magnetic fields (depending on the technical solution) that may modify the natural geomagnetic field and cause induced electric and electromagnetic fields in the water. The present study synthesizes the current knowledge and speculates on the possible environmental impact of electrical energy transfer based on the example of the Polish Marine Areas (southern Baltic Sea). We review the possible effects of the electrical energy induction and transfer against the existing and planned wind turbine installations. Furthermore, we consider different cable design variants as a way of environmental impact mitigation. Possible impacts of induced magnetic fields on marine organisms and, consequently, on the ecosystem functioning are also addressed.
Article
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Our Telecommunications industry in Nigeria has been revolutionized by the advent of mobile phone technology. This technology comes with the siting and erection of cell towers in urban centers around the country which is beginning to generate public concern as to whether the utilization of such technology is safe to human health. A case study of the effect of a cell tower with respect to buildings in Ota was done; the power densities of electromagnetic radiation on buildings around the cell tower were calculated. The calculated values were then compared with radiation norms adopted in Nigeria and other countries after which inferences were drawn. Also, the magnetic fields on buildings around the high tension transmission lines were obtained through the inverse square law and by direct measurement using a gauss meter. The results were found to exceed the safe radiation level of 0.4µ T using the European standard. Possible solution to ameliorate these ill effects was proffered.
Chapter
Man has lived in the presence of electric fields for many centuries most of which predate the invention of the electrical generator. Current theory, as well as history, tells us that early man recognized that he had no control over lighting and that magnetic mineral ore, lodestone, did not appear to have any biological effect. However, contact with the fish, Torpedo which inhabits the Mediterranean, could produce shocking results when in contact with the body. The biological effects of the Torpedo fish were described by Plato, Aristotle and many others in ancient Greek and Roman texts. The first medical use of electric fish is found in a report by S. Largus in the first century.22 Prior to the Renaissance, electric fish were used by Arab physicians to treat sleeping disorders,37 migraine, melancholy and epilepsy.50 This use of electric fish represents an ancient precursor of electroshock therapy for severe depression. The ancient physicians did not recognize that these fish were producing an electrical current, rather the cure was thought to result from some excretion of a semi-material nature. It was recognized, however, that the electric fish had to be alive to produce any beneficial effects. Thus, therapy was limited to sites near the seashore where fish could be caught and maintained fresh and alive until used for treatment.
Chapter
Of necessity, we have mentioned different components of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment in our discussion of various imaging principles. This section will serve to categorize and define various subsystems of an MRI unit. There are three basic subsystems that make up the imager. The first is the magnet with gradient coils, shims, and so on, which control the magnetic field; the second is the radio frequency (RF) generating and receiving apparatus; the third is the computer apparatus with the analog to digital convertor, array processor, and software for data acquisition and manipulation. Parameters that influence signal-to-noise ratios and a review of safety issues of MRI are also addressed.
Chapter
In the course of investigations concerning the human circadian system, a remarkable sensitivity of this system to weak ELF fields had been found as a side-result. Originally, the relevant experiments had been performed only in order to evaluate dynamic properties of human circadian rhythms; and the ELF field had been applied only as an appropriate tool. It was subsequent, after the originally asked questions had been answered, that, in return, the properties of the tool became of increasing interest.
Chapter
Over the past decade the use of computers has grown rapidly and today it is almost impossible to find an office workplace without computers and computer screens. The screens are often termed video display terminals (VDTs) and they form the visual link between the computer and the user. In North America the estimated number of units in use is well over 30 millions [Kavet and Tell, 1991], and in Sweden with a population of about 9 millions the estimated number of VDTs is over 2 millions. Many of the VDT workers also tend to daily spend long time in front of the screen. Stenberg et al.[1991,1993] found that among Swedish office workers about 30% of both men and women used the screen between 1–4 h/day and almost 20% used it more than 4 h/day.
Chapter
In setting a rubric for this volume, Bullock has defined induced brain rhythms as “oscillations caused or modulated by stimuli or state changes that do not directly drive successive cycles.” This perspective offers an opportunity to evaluate two sets of related but inverse problems. There are tonic responses to rhythmic stimuli, responses that extend beyond a brief epoch of rhythmic stimulation. There are also phasic responses to continuing rhythmic stimuli.
Chapter
Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue consisting of a particular extracellular matrix which encases the cells or chondrocytes which synthesize it. It has a remarkably low cell density and is unable to heal when subjected to a lesion.
Chapter
That certain electromagnetic fields affect carcinogenesis has long been known. Ionizing radiation and ultraviolet light are two forms of such radiation where a clear casual connection to certain cancers has been established (14, 28). Both are believed to affect cancer by causing damage to DNA.
Chapter
It has long been assumed that equilibrium models of cellular excitation that focus on depolarization of the membrane potential and associated massive changes in ionic equilibria across the cell membrane also offer an adequate basis for an understanding of the first events in cell membrane transductive coupling of molecular and electrochemical stimuli at the cell surface. For nervous tissue, it has been generally accepted that the Hodgkin-Huxley (1952) model appropriately describes both sequence and energetics of excitatory events. However, this brilliant thesis from relatively limited biological data was originally offered only in the context of a mathematical description of major perturbations in Na+ and K+ ionic equilibria that occur at a certain epoch in the course of excitation in giant nerve fibers of the squid.
Chapter
Pulsed electromagnetically induced current (PEMIC) has been shown to stimulate the healing of delayed and non-union fractures [1–17]. In addition many cell, tissue and animal systems have been affected by PEMIC having specific waveform parameters [18–65]. It is important to consider the origins of the choice of these waveform parameters in order to relate these to the mechanism of the PEMIC bioeffects. One of the authors (AAP) was profoundly influenced by the early work of Becker [66] who proposed that electric fields play a substantial role in generation. Bassett [67] then applied this idea to bone healing stating that the pathway through which bone adaptively reponds to mechanical input may be electrical. Pilla took the findings of these authors and used an electrochemical approach to predict a set of waveform parameters based on electrochemical kinetic interactions at the cell’s surfaces [68–75]. This approach ultimately led to the creation of PEMIC waveforms now in widespread clinical use for orthopaedic applications. It is now clear, however, that when discussing the physical mechanisms of interaction of electromagnetic fields at the cellular level it is necessary to consider the targets of both the electric and magnetic components. To explain electrical effects the electrochemical kinetic model considers the role of ions as transducers of information relevant to cell function [75–76]. Coupling of the current to membrane sites is determined at least in part by their dielectric properties [77]. The kinetics of this coupling has been described by considering ion binding as a trigger for follow-up biochemical steps [75, 76, 78, 79] or by a random-walk model wherein an electrical field having the correct frequency spectrum could impose a directional drift on a charged species near a binding site [80].
Chapter
The numerous sources of high-intensity magnetic fields used in industry, research and medicine have led to an increased interest in determining the effects of these fields on biological systems. In this chapter a detailed description is given of the physical mechanisms through which magnetic fields interact with living matter at the tissue, cellular and molecular levels. The biological interactions of static magnetic fields, extremely-low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields with frequencies below 300 Hz, and combined static and ELF fields are considered. A general summary is given of laboratory studies and possible human health effects associated with exposure to static and ELF magnetic fields.
Article
The word 'colour' originates from chemistry. The seven different colours V: Violet, I: Indigo, B: Blue, G: Green, Y: Yellow, O: Orange and R: Red unite to form a single colour which is totally white and fragmentation of this white colour through prism again gives the spectrum of seven colours having different wavelength (λ) which is in visible range (400-750nm). The colourful chemistry plays a role within the visible range in small scale to large scale. There is not a single element in the world, which is free from chemistry. This is embedded throughout the world in high extent. Either it is biochemistry or photochemistry or physical chemistry or organic chemistry or bioorganic chemistry or inorganic chemistry or analytical chemistry or combinatorial chemistry or environmental chemistry or computational chemistry or supramolecular chemistry or nanochemistry, each and everything is related with chemical science. Even physics is also based on the properties of matter, which also plays the role of chemistry: light, magnetism, electricity all are enlightened with the electronic behavior of the elements of periodic table. Light is free energy of photons, which is the multiplication of hv (h: Max Plank's constant and v: Wave number) this can do the phosphorescence and fluorescence. It can also do the photolysis as well as photosynthesis, the destructive as well as creative matters! Material chemistry is build up by the chemical bonding between the elements of the building block. This bonding could be broken by the chemical reaction to form some another compound by four parameters: reactants, reagents, +ve or -ve heat and time. This can be done in laboratory and in environment also. There are huge number of chemical compounds in the world which are used as fine chemicals, reagents, drugs, pharmaceuticals, biochemicals, dyes, petrochemicals, pesticides, explosives, household appliances, domestic purpose, metallurgy and so many things. This chemistry is used as in nano to micro scale and in macro to mega scale but the chemical entity for a specific unit is same and joined by catenation property in which only three major bonding are there: ionic, covalent and coordinate bonds. Biomolecules under this heading is a big chapter under the receptor chemistry, enzyme chemistry, peptide chemistry, hormone chemistry, carbohydrate chemistry, lipid chemistry, vitamins all are chemical entity have definite functional activity in the living beings. The macro unit of chemical substance is based on the micro unit and the infrastructure is build up by elements of periodic table for inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry. A creation of God is a mega unit of genome (macro unit of chromosome which is a micro unit of polypeptides) can enjoy the chemistry in life to a full extent and especially for human who can play with chemistry from micro level to macro level. So we cannot forget the existence of chemistry in our life because this is an endless journey with full of mystery as this is the history of chemistry.
Chapter
Organisms have evolved in the presence of a variety of magnetic and electromagnetic fields. These naturally occurring fields include the earth’s geomagnetic field, electromagnetic fields (EMFs) resulting from solar radiation, and EMFs associated with tropospheric labilities such as lightning discharges and other atmospheric changes. In the last six decades there has been an explosive growth in man-made electromagnetic fields associated with the expanding electric power distribution systems and communication networks. In addition, many people are now exposed to various types of magnetic and electromagnetic fields in both the workplace and at home.
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The idea of this study is to investigate the impact of Mobile Phone/ Smartphone in the society and also how mobile phone/smartphone is going to transform the culture, social life, technology landscape and other diverse aspects of modern society. The intention of this study is to understand all the positive and negative aspects of mobile phone/Smartphone in the society. The study will primarily focus on impact of mobile phone/Smartphone on business, education, health sectors, human psychology and social life. Finally the authors will summarize the impact of mobile phone/smartphone on individual and by and large the entire society. The study will also focus on how these devices affect the activities of teen agers. The qualitative analysis of the data shows that young people use cellphones for a variety of communication, news and entertainment needs. Additionally they consider cell phones as personal items and use them to store private content, maintain privacy and have private conversations. Smartphones fulfil the demand for immediate access to social worlds. The overall aim of this study is to investigate whether there are associations between psychosocial aspects of mobile phone use and mental health symptoms in a prospective group of young adults.
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In this study, the GAG produced by embryonic neural tube and notochord during the period of somite induction, and the GAG synthesized by the lens at the time it is believed to induce primary corneal differentiation were analyzed. Autoradiographs suggest that much of the sulfated GAG produced by the neural tube and notochord is deposited in the extracellular compartment surrounding the epithelia, but that the lens accumulates sulfated GAG primarily in its basement membrane (lens capsule). Alcian blue and ruthenium red stains show that the basement membranes of lens, neural tube, and notochord contain acid mucopolysaccharide. Enzymatic characterization of sulfated GAG produced by 3 day old chick notochord and neural tube and 3-12 day old lens indicates it to be exclusively chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate. Neural tube, but not lens or notochord, produces hyaluronate in addition. The results are discussed in terms of distribution and possible functions of epithelial GAG during early embryogenesis. (30 references).
Article
Comparison of sections stained with Alcian blue at pH 1.0 or 2.5 demonstrates the distribution of sulfated and non-sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix of the stage-8 (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951) chick embryo. Both types of GAG are present in basement membranes throughout the embryo. Treatment of sections with Streptomyces hyaluronidase, reported to be specific for hyaluronic acid, prior to staining with Alcian blue at pH 2.5 reveals that hyaluronate is an important constituent of the extracellular matrix in basement membranes and in intercellular spaces within the mesoderm. Hyaluronate is shown to be the predominant glycosaminoglycan in the matrix of the head mesenchyme. In addition, examination by SEM and light microscopy of embryos after treatment in ovo with hyaluronidase shows that removal of hyaluronate from living embryos results in a dramatic decrease in cell-free spaces and a weakening of the association between mesoderm and ectoderm in the head.
Article
The effects of weak electromagnetic fields have been tested on the efflux of calcium from cerebral tissue of chick and cat. The data strongly suggest that the binding and release of calcium occurs cooperatively as the result of long—range interactions between anionic charge sites on the binding substrate.Extremely low frequency (ELF) fields at frequencies of 6 and 12 Hz and gradients in air of 0.1 to 0.5 V/cm decreased calcium efflux by 12 to 15 per cent. Higher and lower frequencies were without significant effect. For chick tissue, the field threshold in air was 0.1 V/cm and for the cat around 0.6 V/cm. At intensities above and below these levels, effects became statistically insignificant.With 147 MHz amplitude modulated fields, calcium efflux from chick cerebral tissue increased for modulation frequencies from 6 to 20 Hz, with a maximum of more than 15 per cent. No significant changes occurred at higher or lower modulation frequencies, nor with an unmodulated carrier wave.With 450 MHz fields amplitude modulated at 16 Hz, increased calcium efflux from chick cerebral tissue occurred at field intensities between 0.1 and 1.0 mW/cm2. No increase was noted above or below these levels.This series of amplitude and frequency windows is discussed in relation to possible modes of cooperative organization of cell membrane surface glycoproteins in the binding and release of calcium.
Article
There are several reasons for our interest in the possible effects of magnetic fields on cellular respiration. First, the literature contains many reports on the effects of magnetic fields on cellular proliferation but very few on metabolism, which furnishes the energy for proliferation. Second, some of the observations in the literature on biological effects of magnetic fields are relatively qualitative. Respiration can be measured with considerable accuracy and a quantitative technique has greater significance than more qualitative ones. Third, if a consistent pattern of effects can be obtained it may lead to helpful investigations of mechanism. Finally, members of our laboratory have had considerable experience in cellular respiration measurements.
Article
The assumption that excitable membrane is energetically equivalent to a sheet of giant dipoles bathed in a controlled external electric field explains the known behavior of such a system.
Article
People have many ways to love each other, some of which can sometimes be called unconventional … until the ways become familiar to everyone. The same applies for neurones. They possess several means to relate with each other, some of which are still unfamiliar to us and some others which are probably unknown. Since Sherrington's Integrative Action of the Nervous System, we have come to believe that nerve cells communicate primarily through specialized contacts or synapses, and this statement is undoubtedly true. However, we now appreciate that such is not always the case, and one class of neuronal interactions which does not involve specific junctions, that of field effects, is the subject of this review.
Article
The concept that extracellular matrix materials are involved in the morphogeuetic process is supported by substantial indirect evidence. Essential morphogenetically active materials are obscure with regard to their nature, their mode of action, and whether they are causally involved in tissue interactions. Studies are presented indicating that glycosaminoglycans are components of embryonic epithelial basal laminae, and that materials within the basal lamina which are, at least in part, glycosaminoglycan are required for establishing and maintaining braching epithelial morphogenesis. The tissue of origin and molecular nature of basal laminar glycosaminoglycan are described and speculations are made regarding its possible mode of action in the context of a model for branching morphogenesis.
Article
Tetrahymena pyriformis and neuroblastoma cells were studied following exposure to low intensity low frequency alternating magnetic fields. Tetrahymena showed cytomorphologic changes, with delayed and reduced cell division concurrent with increased oxygen uptake. The resulting dead cells appeared intact, as compared with dissolution characteristic of the control group. In contrast, magnetically exposed actively growing neuroblastoma cells showed no growth alterations in vitro, but were affected when exposed in vivo.
Article
In the present investigation, evidence is presented directly implicating proteoglycans produced by the embryonic notochord in the control of somite chondrogenesis. It has been demonstrated by several histochemical techniques that during the period of its interaction with somites, the notochord synthesizes perinotochordal proteoglycans, and these proteoglycans have been shown to contain chondroitin 4-sulfate (40%), chondroitin 6-sulfate (40%), and heparan sulfate (20%). Dissection of notochords from embryos with the aid of a brief treatment with trypsin results in the removal of perinotochordal extracellular matrix materials including proteoglycans, while dissection of notochords without the aid of enzyme treatment or with a low concentration of collagenase results in their retention. There is a considerable increase in the rate and amount of cartilage formation and a corresponding 2 to 3-fold increase in the amount of sulfated glycosaminoglycan accumulated by somites cultured in association with notochords dissected under conditions in which perinotochordal materials are retained. Treatment of collagenase-dissected or freely dissected notochords with highly purified enzymes (chondroitinase ABC, AC, and testicular hyaluronidase) which specifically degrade proteoglycans causes a loss of histochemically detectable perinotochordal proteoglycans. These notochords are considerably impaired in their ability to support in vitro somite chondrogenesis. In addition, when trypsin-treated notochords are cultured (“precultured”) for 24 hr on nutrient agar (in the absence of somites), perinotochordal material reaccumulates. Somites cultured in association with such “precultured” notochords exhibit considerable increase in the amount of cartilage formed and a 2- to 3-fold increase in the amount of sulfated glycosaminoglycan accumulated as compared to somites cultured in association with trypsin-treated notochords which have not been “precultured.” This observation indicates that trypsin-treated notochords reacquire their ability to maximally stimulate in vitro somite chondrogenesis by resynthesizing and accumulating perinotochordal material. Finally, “precultured” notochords treated with chondroitinase to remove perinotochordal proteoglycans are considerably impaired in their ability to support in vitro somite chondrogenesis. These observations are consonant with the concept that proteoglycans produced by the embryonic notochord play an important role in somite chondrogenesis.
Article
Yoshida ascites hepatoma 66 (AH 66) cells grown in monolayer cultures show a lack of density-dependent inhibition of growth. When acid mucopolysaccharide (AMPS) isolated from rat liver cell coats is added to growing cultures at concentrations of 50–100 μg/ml, AH 66 cell cultures became markedly inhibited and exhibited density-dependent inhibition of growth at a cell density of 19 × 104 cells/cm2. Inhibition reached 84% below control levels. Inhibition is a density-related phenomenon since cells at densities below 19×104 cells/cm2 do not exhibit inhibition of growth. AH 66 cells inhibited in the plateau state are capable of resuming growth when AMPS is removed from the cultures. When AMPS is added at a concentration of 0.5 μg/ml, growth of tumor cells is promoted. Promotion reaches 78% above control levels. It is suggested that AMPS may play an important part in the regulation of cellular proliferation.
Article
The electrical fields above chick embryos were explored with a vibrating probe. These fields indicate that steady currents with exit densities of the order of 100 microamperes per square centimeter leave the whole streak and return elsewhere through the epiblast. The epicenter of these strong exit currents lies near Hensen's node. They are probably pumped into the intraembryonic space by the epiblast and then leak out of the streak because it is a zone of junctional disruption.
Article
Corneal epithelial differentiation (primary stroma production) is dependent on the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM), for if the developing epithelium is enzymatically removed from the embryo, it fails to produce stroma in vitro unless it is cultured on collagenous ECM. We have previously shown that the stimulatory effect is mediated across Nucleopore filters in direct proportion to the surface area created by epithelial cell processes traversing the filter to contact ECM. Since collagenous ECM is insoluble under physiological conditions, transfilter stimulation of stroma production is probably due to an interaction of the epithelial cell surface with “inducer” ECM (killed lens capsule or purified collagen). We grew 5-day-old corneal epithelia on Nucleopore filters atop [3H]proline-labeled lens capsules and used both autoradiography and scintillation counting to show that radioactive collagen does not enter the epithelial cells in detectable amounts. We also show here that the stimulatory effect of collagen on collagen synthesis is not dependent on trapping of serum or binding of conditioned medium factors by ECM. Finally, we demonstrate that the stimulatory effect is reduced by removal of transfilter ECM after 6–12 hr in vitro. By 18–24 hr, however, cultured epithelium is less dependent on the substratum, probably because it has produced its own ECM. We conclude that: (1) the contact mediated collagen-cell surface interaction under study here requires the continuous presence of collagen in vivo and in vitro for maintenance of “stimulated” epithelial stroma synthesis; (2) the collagenous “inducer” interacts directly with epithelium rather than indirectly via trapped intermediates; (3) collagen acts at the epithelial cell surface without entering the cells.
Article
Intracranial injection of Ca**2** plus or Mg**2** plus left bracket 20 mu 1, 40 mM right bracket in chronically implanted neonatal chicks resulted in an almost immediate synchronization of the hyperstriatal EEG, accompanied by behavioral depression. During successive testing days, the animals appeared to recover behaviorally but never showed any sustained EEG arousal. By contrast, animals treated with sodium chloride recovered completely within the first hour after the injection. The chick forebrain, being so highly sensitive to small perturbations of the extracellular concentrations of either divalent cations, was therefore chosen for investigating, in vitro, the possible interactions between extracellular weak voltage gradients, induced by vhf radiations, and ionic movements in cerebral tissue. In the present experiment, **4**5Ca**2** plus fluxes from irradiated brains are compared at various frequencies of amplitude modulation of the carrier wave.
Article
Weak sinusoidal electric fields modify the calcium efflux from freshly isolated chick and cat cerebral tissues bathed in Ringer's solution, at 36 degrees. Following incubation (30 min) with radioactive calcium (45Ca2+), each sample, immersed in fresh solution, was exposed for 20 min to fields at 1, 6, 16, 32, or 75 Hz, with electric gradients of 5, 10, 56, and 100 V/m in air. 45Ca2+ efflux in the solution was then measured in 0.2 ml aliquots and compared with efflux from unexposed control samples. Field exposures resulted in a general trend toward a reduction in the release of the preincubated 45Ca2+. Both frequency and amplitude sensitivities were observed. Maximum decreases occurred at 6 and 16 Hz (12-15%). Thresholds were around 10 and 56 V/m for chick and cat tissues, respectively. Similar but nonsignificant trends occurred during other field exposures. All results were statistically compared with matched samples of controls. Tissue gradients could not be measured, but estimates were of the order of 0.1 muV/cm. The susceptibility of the electrochemical equilibrium in the neuronal membrane to small extracellular perturbations is discussed and a possible role for weak intrinsic cerebral fields in neuronal excitability is suggested.
Article
Neural crest cells in the cranial region of the chick embryo initially migrate into a cell-free space between the head ectoderm and mesoderm. The primary objective of the present study was to define the nature of the matrix in this cell-free space. In ovo administration of various labeled compounds showed that the cell-free space became heavily labeled with glucosamine between stages 9 and 10 with little or no incorporation of fucose or sulfate. The results obtained by autoradiography and biochemical analysis of labeled macromolecules selectively extracted from this cell-free space suggest that hyaluronic acid is a major component. The appearance of hyaluronic acid correlates with an increase in size of the cell-free space and crest cell migration.
Article
FORTY-FIVE FIGURES The preparation of a series of normal stages of the chick embryo does not need justification at a time when chick ernbryos are not only widely used in descriptive and experimental embryology but are proving to be increasingly valuable in medical research, as in work on viruses and cancer. The present series was planned in connection with the preparation of a new edition of Lillie’s DeueZopmerzt of the Chick by the junior author. It is being published separately to make it accessible immediately to a large group of workers. Ever since Aristotle “discovered” the chick embryo as the ideal, object for embryological studies, the embryos have been described in terms of the length of time of incubation, and this arbitrary method is still in general use, except for the first three days of incubation during which more detailed characteristics such as the numbers of somites are applied. The shortcomings of a classification based on chronological age are obvious to every worker in this field, for enormous variations may occur in embryos even though all eggs in a setting are plmaced in the incubator at the same time. Many factors are responsible for the lack of correlation between chronological and structural age. Among these are : genetic differences in the rate of development of different breccls (eg., the embryo of the White Leghorn breed develops more 49
Article
DATA on biological effects of static magnetic fields1 have not provided explanations of predictive value and the most recent biophysics literature simply adds contradictory evidence2,3. I have obtained new evidence for the existence of magnetic interactions with living organisms: the early embryonic growth of the common leopard frog (Rana pipiens) is strongly inhibited by a high magnetic field with a high gradient.
Article
THIS communication deals with work on the effect of magnetic field on living ascites tumour cells in vitro. The hanging-drop culture was prepared by diluting a 7-day-old transplanted ascites mouse tumour with suitable aliquots of Tyrode solution. The culture slide to be exposed to the field was then placed between the poles of an Alnico permanent magnet in a horizontal position at a constant temperature of 37° C. The field strength used during the experiment was about 4,000 gauss and was determined independently by the susceptibility technique. The control slides not exposed to the field were treated identically. The microscopic examination of the slides was carried out periodically.
Article
DURING recent years there has been an increasing number of reports in the literature of the ability of magnetic fields to affect biological systems. Gerencser and Barnothy1 noted differences from control of cultures exposed to 15,000 gauss, while Butler and Dean2 found growth inhibition in tissue culture of KB cells exposed to 4,000-gauss magnetic fields. Maclean3, using intense and `mild' magnetic fields of unspecified strengths, reported various effects on tumour-bearing mice, but since only 12 animals were used for the entire investigation and these were divided into 3 groups, the results can have no statistical significance. Negative reports have appeared too, and in the most recent of these Halpern and Greene4 reported that the growth rate of HeLa cells cultured in a 1,200-gauss magnetic field was not significantly different from controls. This communication extends this negative finding to much higher magnetic field strengths. Three separate experiments were performed, using HeLa cells cultured in vitro.
Article
When the eggs of the brown alga Pelvetia were grown in a gradient of the calcium ionophore A23187, they tended to form their rhizoidal outgrowths on the sides that were exposed to the higher concentration of ionophore. This result supports the hypothesis that the formation of an intracellular calcium gradient is an essential step in the polarization of these eggs; the rhizoid forms at the pole that has the higher concentration of calcium.
Article
The U.S. Navy has proposed a submarine communications system that operates at extremely low frequencies (ELF). The land-based transmitting antenna for this system consists of insulated conductors 50 to 100 km long, grounded at each end, and driven by a generator such that the flow of current would be along the cable, into the ground, deep in the earth, and return to the other grounded end of the cable. It would, in effect, be a large loop antenna in which the earth was part of the loop. Over the last ten years the Navy has sponsored a wide variety of research to evaluate the environmental impact of this system. A discussion of this work can logically fall into three periods: 1968 to 1973, 1973 to 1977, and work still in progress. The work during the first period was reviewed by an Ad Hoc Committee formed in 1973 by the Navy. A second committee was formed in 1976 by the National Academy of Sciences and charged to review all existing data. These committees have reported their findings but they are not readily available in the open literature. This paper does not duplicate the work of these committees but rather summarizes their results and combines them with more recent work some of which is still in progress.
Two factors affecting the radiation-induced calcium efflux from brain tissue
  • C S Blackman
  • J A Elder
  • S G Bannane
  • C M Weil
  • D C Eichinger
BLACKMAN, C. S., ELDER, J. A., BANNANE, S. G., WEIL, C. M. & EICHINGER, D. C. (1977). Two factors affecting the radiation-induced calcium efflux from brain tissue. Symposium on the Biological Effects ofElectromagnetic Waves,Airlie,Va., Oct. 30-Nov. 4