Article

Effect of sleep deprivation on tolerance of prolonged exercise

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Abstract

Acute loss of sleep produces few apparent physiological effects at rest. Nevertheless, many anecdotes suggest that adequate sleep is essential for optimum endurance athletic performance. To investigate this question, heavy exercise performance after 36 h without sleep was compared with that after normal sleep in eight subjects. During prolonged treadmill walking at about 80% of theV˙O2\dot V_{O_2 } max, sleep loss reduced work time to exhaustion by an average of 11% (p=0.05). This decrease occurred despite doubling monetary incentives for subjects during work after sleeplessness. Subjects appeared to fall into “resistant” and “susceptible” categories: four showed less than a 5% change in performance after sleep loss, while four others showed decrements in exercise tolerance ranging from 15 to 40%. During the walk, sleep loss resulted in significantly greater perceived exertion (p<0.05), even though exercise heart rate and metabolic rate (V˙O2\dot V_{O_2 } andV˙CO2\dot V_{CO_2 } ) were unchanged. Minute ventilation was significantly elevated during exercise after sleep loss (p<0.05). Sleep loss failed to alter the continuous slow rises inV˙E\dot V_E E and heart rate that occurred as work was prolonged. These findings suggest that the psychological effects of acute sleep loss may contribute to decreased tolerance of prolonged heavy exercise.

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... However, other studies, many of which assessed endurance performance, have noted lower performance following sleep deficit or recovering from sleep deprivation. The negative impact of sleep loss on endurance performance may be influenced psychologically, such as motivation [199]. Lack of sleep seems to negatively impact evening performance more than morning performance [199][200][201]. ...
... The negative impact of sleep loss on endurance performance may be influenced psychologically, such as motivation [199]. Lack of sleep seems to negatively impact evening performance more than morning performance [199][200][201]. After sleep loss, decreasing CR amplitude probably causes decreased performance in the evening [200,202]. ...
... After sleep loss, decreasing CR amplitude probably causes decreased performance in the evening [200,202]. Only a few studies measure performance after total sleep deprivation [199,200], a restriction that would have produced less meaningful outcomes. Regarding relative sleep deprivation, missing the first few hours of the night doesn't seem to affect performance [201,203,204]. ...
Article
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Objectives This study was a narrative review of the importance of circadian rhythm (CR), describes the underlying mechanisms of CR in sports performance, emphasizes the reciprocal link between CR, endocrine homeostasis and sex differences, and the unique role of the circadian clock in immune system function and coordination. Method As a narrative review study, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (core collection) databases using the keywords “circadian rhythm”, “sports performance”, “hormonal regulation”, “immune system”, and “injury prevention”. Inclusion criteria were studies published in English and peer-reviewed journals until July 2023. Studies that examined the role of CR in sports performance, hormonal status, immune system function, and injury prevention in athletes were selected for review. Results CR is followed by almost all physiological and biochemical activities in the human body. In humans, the superchiasmatic nucleus controls many daily biorhythms under solar time, including the sleep-wake cycle. A body of literature indicates that the peak performance of essential indicators of sports performance is primarily in the afternoon hours, and the evening of actions occurs roughly at the peak of core body temperature. Recent studies have demonstrated that the time of day that exercise is performed affects the achievement of good physical performance. This review also shows various biomarkers of cellular damage in weariness and the underlying mechanisms of diurnal fluctuations. According to the clock, CR can be synchronized with photonic and non-photonic stimuli (i.e., temperature, physical activity, and food intake), and feeding patterns and diet changes can affect CR and redox markers. It also emphasizes the reciprocal links between CR and endocrine homeostasis, the specific role of the circadian clock in coordinating immune system function, and the relationship between circadian clocks and sex differences. Conclusion The interaction between insufficient sleep and time of day on performance has been established in this study because it is crucial to balance training, recovery, and sleep duration to attain optimal sports performance.
... La privation de sommeil diminue l'endurance de 3 à 22 % dans des exercices corps entier comme la marche, la course ou le vélo (94)(95)(96)(97)(98)(99)(100)(101)(102). Selon les études, il existe (96,99,(103)(104)(105) ou non (94,101,106) une altération du VO2 max après une privation de sommeil aiguë. ...
... La privation de sommeil diminue l'endurance de 3 à 22 % dans des exercices corps entier comme la marche, la course ou le vélo (94)(95)(96)(97)(98)(99)(100)(101)(102). Selon les études, il existe (96,99,(103)(104)(105) ou non (94,101,106) une altération du VO2 max après une privation de sommeil aiguë. La privation de sommeil, ne modifie pas la fréquence cardiaque maximale, le quotient respiratoire ou la saturation artérielle en oxygène (101). ...
... L'altération du VO2 max après privation de sommeil n'est pas systématiquement retrouvée dans la littérature (94,96,99,101,(103)(104)(105)(106). En revanche, les épreuves d'endurance de marche ou de pédalage réalisées à charge constante et élevée (> 75 % de la puissance maximale aérobie), montrent une diminution de l'endurance sans modification du VO2 (94,95). ...
Thesis
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Introduction : En réanimation, le sommeil est déstructuré, fragmenté et non réparateur. Ce mauvais sommeil est associé à une augmentation de la morbi-mortalité et de la durée du sevrage de la ventilation mécanique. Le sevrage ventilatoire est une période critique qui se complique dans 15% des cas. Les échecs de sevrage ventilatoire ont une physiopathologie complexe et le mauvais sommeil pourrait être impliqué en diminuant l’autonomie respiratoire des patients. Objectifs : (1) Evaluer l’impact de la privation de sommeil sur l’endurance musculaire inspiratoire et manuelle ; (2) Explorer les mécanismes physiologiques en cause chez le sujet sain ; (3) Evaluer chez le patient de réanimation la pertinence des mécanismes mis en évidence chez le sujet sain et proposer des mesures protectrices du sommeil en réanimation. Matériel et Méthodes : Chez le sujet sain, ce travail de thèse a comparé l’endurance inspiratoire et manuelle après sommeil normal et après privation aiguë de sommeil, en explorant la commande cérébrale musculaire, le muscle squelettique et les afférences musculaires. Chez le patient de réanimation, la commande cérébrale inspiratoire a été comparée entre les patients réussissant et les patients échouant leur sevrage ventilatoire. Enfin, la capacité d’un algorithme à distinguer les états de veille et de sommeil des patients de réanimation a été évaluée.Résultats : Une privation aiguë de sommeil diminuait l’endurance inspiratoire de 50% et manuelle de 11% chez des hommes sains. Cette perte d’endurance musculaire était associée à une altération de la commande musculaire corticale prémotrice et à une augmentation de la dyspnée et des afférences motrices pour un effort équivalent. Chez les patients de réanimation, une augmentation de 0,425 µV d’amplitude des potentiels prémoteurs inspiratoires prédisait l’échec de sevrage ventilatoire avec une sensibilité de 100% et une spécificité de 87%. L’analyse automatique de polysomnographies de réanimation par un algorithme de détection automatique du sommeil était bien corrélée à la lecture humaine. Conclusions : Lors d’un exercice, la privation aiguë de sommeil entraine une augmentation des afférences musculaires, inhibant la commande prémotrice corticale et réduisant l’endurance des muscles striés squelettiques. La mesure des potentiels prémoteurs inspiratoires prédit efficacement l’échec de sevrage ventilatoire d’un patient intubé. Ainsi, le mauvais sommeil nuit au sevrage ventilatoire des patients. Mais la détection en direct du sommeil de ces patients ouvre la voie à une protection du sommeil tout au long du nycthémère.
... Data reported as standard error were converted to standard deviation by multiplying the standard error by the square root of the sample size. In two studies, mean and standard deviation were calculated (Excel, Microsoft, USA) based on individual data presented in the full text (Holland, 1968;Martin, 1981). In one study (Bond et al., 1986), endurance performance data were extracted from the graph in triplicate using an online tool (Web Plot Digitizer, Version 4.1, USA). ...
... One possible explanation for such decrease might be the macro-and micro-endothelial dysfunction generated by sleep deprivation (Holmer et al., 2021), which could compromise the oxygen delivery to skeletal muscle and, consequently, the aerobic energy supply during exercise (Chen, 1991;Vaara et al., 2018). Moreover, we also noted that eight out of 10 studies that measured perceived effort reported a sleep deprivation-increasing effect (Bond et al., 1986;Martin, 1981;Oliver et al., 2009;Plyley et al., 1987;Roberts et al., 2019aRoberts et al., , 2019bRodrigues et al., 2021;Souissi et al., 2020b;Temesi et al., 2013;Vaara et al., 2018). Such observation suggests that sleep deprivation might alter mechanisms specifically involved in the perceived effort formation. ...
... However, other factors that influence the regulation of endurance performance, regardless of the exercise testing protocol, are also affected by sleep deprivation (e.g. perception of effort, motivation, aerobic metabolism, and endothelial function) (Chen, 1991;Fullagar et al., 2015;Holmer et al., 2021;Lim & Dinges, 2010;Marcora & Staiano, 2010;Martin, 1981;Massar et al., 2019;Oliver et al., 2009). Thus, our results suggest that a complex interplay among several factors might mediate the deleterious effect of sleep deprivation on endurance performance, and differences in exercise protocols and their varying demands on executive functions might play a minor role. ...
Article
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on endurance performance, as well as possible effect-modifying factors. Searches were done in Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus on 12 July 2022. We additionally searched the bibliographic references and citations on Google Scholar of the papers whose full text was analyzed. Eligible studies were randomized and non-randomized controlled trials that compared sleep deprivation and habitual-sleep night effects on endurance performance in healthy humans. The studies’ quality was examined by the Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tool. We calculated the pooled standardized mean differences (pooled SMD) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) by a random-effects model. A mixed-effects model analyzed subgroups. Thirty-one studies were analyzed (n = 478), generating 38 effect sizes in full. The overall risk of bias was low in 8% of the studies, unclear in 74%, and high in 18%. Sleep deprivation in general had a moderate negative effect on endurance performance (polled SMD [95%CI] = -0.52 [-0.67; -0.38]). Training status, sleep deprivation magnitude, assessment time, exercise mode, and endpoint type did not influence the sleep deprivation effect, whereas longer exercises (>30 min) were more affected by sleep deprivation than shorter ones (P = 0.035). Therefore, the available evidence supports that sleep deprivation's deleterious effect on endurance performance is of moderate size and depends on exercise duration. This information can be useful to estimate the performance decrement of endurance exercise practitioners under sleep deprivation in training routines and competitions. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021229717.
... This resulted in 85 trials, in which 14 measured the same exercise task(s) multiple times (twice, e.g., once at 0600 h, then at 1800 h [43,53,62,64,[79][80][81]90] or more than two times [45,54,55]). Thirty-six trials (derived from 23 studies) reported only one outcome measure [45,49,50,54,55,66,67,110,111,116,[120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132], with the remaining trials yielding multiple outcome measures. This resulted in 227 separate outcome measures being included in the overall analysis. ...
... A number of investigations have attempted to identify mechanisms explaining the relationship between sleep loss and impaired exercise performance. Studies have explored changes to cardiorespiratory variables (e.g., V O 2peak [49,50,120,126,132], ventilation [41,49,93,110,120,126,132], heart rate [41,49,50,52,91,110,120,124,126,128,132,139], blood pressure [50]); perceived effort (measured via rating of perceived exertion) [41, 43, 44, 51, 52, 56, 57, 75, 86, 89-92, 95, 100, 110, 124, 132, 139]; muscle glycogen [91]; lactate [49,67,77,91,93,95,98,124,128,139]; catecholamines [67,121,126]; hormones (cortisol [43,55,63,67,75,84,127], testosterone [63,75,84,127], growth hormone [67], prolactin [67], melatonin [55], hepcidin [54], insulin [61]); body temperature (oral temperature [43,45,78,79,81,90,94,95,116] and core temperature [53,80,91,110]); immune function [44,50,54,62,127]; and neural drive [60,76,86,92]. However, it was not the intention of the present study to explore these mechanisms; rather our aim was to quantify the magnitude of effects that acute sleep loss has on exercise performance. ...
... A number of investigations have attempted to identify mechanisms explaining the relationship between sleep loss and impaired exercise performance. Studies have explored changes to cardiorespiratory variables (e.g., V O 2peak [49,50,120,126,132], ventilation [41,49,93,110,120,126,132], heart rate [41,49,50,52,91,110,120,124,126,128,132,139], blood pressure [50]); perceived effort (measured via rating of perceived exertion) [41, 43, 44, 51, 52, 56, 57, 75, 86, 89-92, 95, 100, 110, 124, 132, 139]; muscle glycogen [91]; lactate [49,67,77,91,93,95,98,124,128,139]; catecholamines [67,121,126]; hormones (cortisol [43,55,63,67,75,84,127], testosterone [63,75,84,127], growth hormone [67], prolactin [67], melatonin [55], hepcidin [54], insulin [61]); body temperature (oral temperature [43,45,78,79,81,90,94,95,116] and core temperature [53,80,91,110]); immune function [44,50,54,62,127]; and neural drive [60,76,86,92]. However, it was not the intention of the present study to explore these mechanisms; rather our aim was to quantify the magnitude of effects that acute sleep loss has on exercise performance. ...
Article
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Background Sleep loss may influence subsequent physical performance. Quantifying the impact of sleep loss on physical performance is critical for individuals involved in athletic pursuits. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Search and Inclusion Studies were identified via the Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycINFO online databases. Investigations measuring exercise performance under ‘control’ (i.e., normal sleep, > 6 h in any 24 h period) and ‘intervention’ (i.e., sleep loss, ≤ 6 h sleep in any 24 h period) conditions were included. Performance tasks were classified into different exercise categories (anaerobic power, speed/power endurance, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), strength, endurance, strength-endurance, and skill). Multi-level random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regression analyses were conducted, including subgroup analyses to explore the influence of sleep-loss protocol (e.g., deprivation, restriction, early [delayed sleep onset] and late restriction [earlier than normal waking]), time of day the exercise task was performed (AM vs. PM) and body limb strength (upper vs. lower body). Results Overall, 227 outcome measures (anaerobic power: n = 58; speed/power endurance: n = 32; HIIE: n = 27; strength: n = 66; endurance: n = 22; strength-endurance: n = 9; skill: n = 13) derived from 69 publications were included. Results indicated a negative impact of sleep loss on the percentage change (%Δ) in exercise performance (n = 959 [89%] male; mean %Δ = − 7.56%, 95% CI − 11.9 to − 3.13, p = 0.001, I² = 98.1%). Effects were significant for all exercise categories. Subgroup analyses indicated that the pattern of sleep loss (i.e., deprivation, early and late restriction) preceding exercise is an important factor, with consistent negative effects only observed with deprivation and late-restriction protocols. A significant positive relationship was observed between time awake prior to the exercise task and %Δ in performance for both deprivation and late-restriction protocols (~ 0.4% decrease for every hour awake prior to exercise). The negative effects of sleep loss on different exercise tasks performed in the PM were consistent, while tasks performed in the AM were largely unaffected. Conclusions Sleep loss appears to have a negative impact on exercise performance. If sleep loss is anticipated and unavoidable, individuals should avoid situations that lead to experiencing deprivation or late restriction, and prioritise morning exercise in an effort to maintain performance.
... 5 Furthermore, daytime sleepiness is linked to poorer reaction time, higher perceived exertion during training, poorer athletic performance, and poorer mental recovery from training. [10][11][12][13] Higher stress and poorer sleep quality are associated with an increased risk of injury. 3 The link between poor perceived wellness, athletic performance, and injury risk suggests that regular monitoring of student-athlete wellness may improve training and performance outcomes. ...
... The authors hypothesized that worse pre-training wellness scores would predict higher post-training perceived exertion. Due to the link between sleep and perceived exertion, 12 it was hypothesized that sleep quality and quantity would be most predictive of RPE. Moreover, sleep components of wellness were predicted to have a significant effect on same day training load. ...
... [19][20][21] However, the current authors hypothesized that the total wellness score would be linked to RPE because the individual components of wellness have been shown to be directly or indirectly related to perceived exertion. 4,5,[7][8][9]12 Sleep duration was not included in the wellness score because, unlike other wellness components, sleep duration is not a rating, but a question of how many hours of sleep the athlete received, therefore it should not be categorized in the same way. Additionally, since sleep duration has established guidelines, 28 a standardized score is inappropriate, unless the mean falls outside of sleep duration recommendations. ...
Article
This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of presession subjective wellness, measured by a mobile application, in predicting the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and training load for collegiate female soccer players throughout all training sessions of a competitive season. Thirty-three training sessions over 10 weeks involving 23 subjects were analyzed. Before each training session, players self-reported wellness measurements (sleep quality, stress, mood, soreness, fatigue, and sleep duration) through a mobile application questionnaire. Training load (active time, distance, GPS session load, and sprint score) was measured by GPS. RPE was self-reported immediately after training sessions. Generalized estimating equations found that presession wellness scores had a significant effect on postsession RPE. A 1 point increase in the wellness score corresponded with a significant increase in RPE ([Formula: see text] = 0.4[Formula: see text], 95% CI (0.05–0.91), p = 0.029). Wellness component of mood had a significant effect on RPE as noted by a 1 SD increase that corresponded to an increase in RPE ([Formula: see text] = 0.[Formula: see text], 95% CI (0.07–0.30), p = 0.001). Psychosocial component of wellness (mood) played the most influential role in predicting RPE. The results suggest that monitoring student-athlete wellness may be helpful in regulating player internal load, and increasing player mood may also lower internal load.
... Taken together, these data support the previous literature, which underscores the importance of sleep duration on next day exercise performance. 13,28,29 At BL, the athletes in this study were sleeping only 414 minutes per night (6.9 h per night). This is considered insufficient, as 9 hours is recommended for an athletic population. ...
... The primary reason for the variability of data is likely due to the inconsistencies in the measurement of sleep duration/quality and the type of exercise performance measured. Lower sleep duration has been shown to have a negative effect on endurance exercise performance >60 minutes 28,29,37 when compared with anaerobic exercise modalities and maximal strength performance. [14][15][16]38 Specifically, following 4 nights of acute sleep restriction separated by a 7-day washout (30% of BL sleep duration), the time to complete a cycling time trial was increased on the third and fourth day of acute sleep restriction (day 3: 60.4 [3.7] 39 Similarly, 1 night of acute sleep restriction, totaling 2 hours of total sleep, prior to a 3-km cycling time trial reduced exercise performance by 4%. 13 The results of the current investigation support these findings. ...
... The decreases found in time trial performance and reduced exercise performance following acute and chronic sleep restriction in the previous literature and the current investigation have been hypothesized to occur because of various physiological and psychological impairments such as increased metabolic demands 46,47 and changes in perceived efforts. 12,28 Exercise following acute partial sleep deprivation, resulting in decrements in sleep quality and duration, have been shown to increase heart rate and blood lactate concentrations during a time to exhaustion test of cycling at 75% VO 2 max. 48 Increases in exercising heart rate and blood lactate concentrations following an acute night of lower sleep quality and duration adds additional stress to the exercise bout, potentially resulting in a decrease in performance. ...
Article
The relationship between sleep duration, sleep quality, and race completion time during each stage of a 3-day ultra-endurance triathlon (stage 1: 10-km swim, 146-km cycle; stage 2: 276-km cycle; and stage 3: 84.4-km run) was investigated. Seventeen triathletes partook in sleep analysis throughout the ultra-endurance multiday triathlon using an actigraphy wristband. The participants wore the band to record objective sleep outcomes for approximately 4 days (1-2 d prerace, 3 race days, and 1 d postrace), except while racing. The total sleep time (TST; prerace: 414.1 [95.3] min, prestage 1: 392.2 [138.3] min, prestage 2: 355.6 [62.5] min, and prestage 3: 299.7 [107.0] min) significantly decreased over time (P < .05). Significant Pearson moment-product correlations were found between TST and subsequent race-day performance for race stage 1 (r = -.577; P = .019) and stage 3 (r = -.546; P = .035), with further analysis revealing that TST explained 33% and 30% of the variation in performance for stages 1 and 3, respectively. During a 3-day ultra-endurance triathlon, the TST was reduced and had a significant negative correlation to exercise performance, indicating that sleep loss was associated with slower performances. Sleep onset latency, wake episodes, and sleep efficiency did not significantly change over the course of this investigation, which may stem from the close proximity of exercise to sleep.
... Previous studies have reported reduced aerobic performance following total sleep deprivation in humans [10][11][12], although this is not a universal observation [13]. Because aerobic performance is modulated by thermoregulation, there are investigations about the impact of sleep deprivation on body temperatures in individuals subjected to physical exercise. ...
... This is a novel finding, as no previous studies have addressed the association between aerobic performance and RSD in laboratory animals. Several studies indicate that total sleep deprivation reduces performance in humans [10][11][12]. For instance, Martin [10] observed an 11% reduction in time to exhaustion during prolonged treadmill walking (80% VO 2max ) following a 36-h sleep deprivation period, while Martin & Cheng [11] observed a 20% reduced time to exhaustion during constant-intensity walking protocol following 50 h of sleep deprivation. ...
... Several studies indicate that total sleep deprivation reduces performance in humans [10][11][12]. For instance, Martin [10] observed an 11% reduction in time to exhaustion during prolonged treadmill walking (80% VO 2max ) following a 36-h sleep deprivation period, while Martin & Cheng [11] observed a 20% reduced time to exhaustion during constant-intensity walking protocol following 50 h of sleep deprivation. Using a more ecologically valid protocol to assess athletes' performance, Oliver et al. [12] observed a reduction in the distance covered during 30 min of self-paced treadmill running following one night of sleep deprivation. ...
Article
Evidence indicates that aerobic performance is degraded either by environmental heat stress or sleep deprivation. However, whether these conditions interact to produce more significant performance impairment deserves further investigation. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of experimental sleep deprivation (24 h or 96 h) on aerobic performance and thermoregulatory responses in rats exercised on a treadmill at different environmental conditions. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (RSD) using the modified multiple platform method and were then subjected to an incremental-speed exercise until they were fatigued. Treadmill running was performed in a temperate (24°C) or warm (31°C) environment, and the colonic temperature (an index of core body temperature; TCORE) and the tail-skin temperature (TSKIN; an index of cutaneous heat loss) were recorded. 24-h and 96-h RSD produced small magnitude reductions in aerobic performance (Cohen’s d = 0.47–0.58) and minor changes in thermoregulation. Relative to control rats, sleep-deprived rats showed a higher TCORE at the exercise initiation and a higher threshold for activating cutaneous heat loss, but unchanged TCORE and TSKIN at fatigue. Exercise at 31°C induced large reductions in performance (d = 0.82–1.29) and marked changes in thermoregulation, as evidenced by higher TCORE and TSKIN at fatigue, compared to exercise at 24°C. Interestingly, none of the effects induced by RSD were exacerbated by environmental heat stress and vice-versa, indicating that both conditions did not interact. We conclude that RSD and heat stress modulate aerobic performance and thermoregulatory responses by acting independently.
... No mundo, adultos jovens entre os 18 e 25 anos, não praticam atividades físicas de forma regular (9) e, entre estudantes brasileiros do ensino superior, a presença do estilo de vida sedentário foi observada em vários estudos (10,11,12) e, aparentemente, o nível de atividade física diária diminui à medida que os anos de graduação universitária avançam (13). ...
... O experimento (E2) foi comparando as diferentes dinâmicas de aula, sendo classificadas como atividades dinâmicas (D) e atividades paradas (P). Para a coleta de dados foram elaboradas duas condições para a ordem dos exercícios, sendo D/P/D para a condição 1 e P/D/P para a condição 2. Na condição 1 a amostra foi composta por 11 bebês, com média idade de 19 meses (9,0) 8 meses de prática (7,9), enquanto na condição 2 participaram 14 bebês, com média idade de 25 meses (11,9), com 8 meses de prática (9,9), com as T aferidas de forma auricular para ambas. Já no experimento (E3) que foi comparando a TC do tutor com a auricular do bebê, participaram da amostra 17 bebês -com seus respectivos Resumo O sono resulta de um conjunto de comportamentos neurais e é indispensável para a manutenção da saúde e bem-estar. ...
Conference Paper
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Introdução: No futebol profissional identifica-se variáveis que explicam o sucesso de equipes em uma partida. Evidências apontam que indicadores chaves de desempenho (ICD) são marcadores de comportamentos ofensivos e defensivos que explicam o sucesso e/ou insucesso das equipes em uma competição. Objetivo: Identificar quais ICD de comportamentos ofensivos e defensivos predizem vitórias nas temporadas (2012/2020) na 1º divisão do futebol espanhol.
... No mundo, adultos jovens entre os 18 e 25 anos, não praticam atividades físicas de forma regular (9) e, entre estudantes brasileiros do ensino superior, a presença do estilo de vida sedentário foi observada em vários estudos (10,11,12) e, aparentemente, o nível de atividade física diária diminui à medida que os anos de graduação universitária avançam (13). ...
... O experimento (E2) foi comparando as diferentes dinâmicas de aula, sendo classificadas como atividades dinâmicas (D) e atividades paradas (P). Para a coleta de dados foram elaboradas duas condições para a ordem dos exercícios, sendo D/P/D para a condição 1 e P/D/P para a condição 2. Na condição 1 a amostra foi composta por 11 bebês, com média idade de 19 meses (9,0) 8 meses de prática (7,9), enquanto na condição 2 participaram 14 bebês, com média idade de 25 meses (11,9), com 8 meses de prática (9,9), com as T aferidas de forma auricular para ambas. Já no experimento (E3) que foi comparando a TC do tutor com a auricular do bebê, participaram da amostra 17 bebês -com seus respectivos Resumo O sono resulta de um conjunto de comportamentos neurais e é indispensável para a manutenção da saúde e bem-estar. ...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Introdução: A capacidade atencional e a regulação dos níveis de impulsividade de um árbitro de voleibol são fundamentais no processo de arbitrar e de tomar decisões durante uma partida. A FIVB (Federação Internacional de Voleibol) classifica seus árbitros em 3 categorias: internacionais, nacionais e estaduais, porém pouco se sabe se existem diferenças nos níveis atencionais e de impulsividade entre árbitros que atuam em diferentes níveis competitivos. Objetivos: Comparar os níveis de atenção e impulsividade de árbitros de voleibol internacionais/nacionais versus regionais.
... No mundo, adultos jovens entre os 18 e 25 anos, não praticam atividades físicas de forma regular (9) e, entre estudantes brasileiros do ensino superior, a presença do estilo de vida sedentário foi observada em vários estudos (10,11,12) e, aparentemente, o nível de atividade física diária diminui à medida que os anos de graduação universitária avançam (13). ...
... O experimento (E2) foi comparando as diferentes dinâmicas de aula, sendo classificadas como atividades dinâmicas (D) e atividades paradas (P). Para a coleta de dados foram elaboradas duas condições para a ordem dos exercícios, sendo D/P/D para a condição 1 e P/D/P para a condição 2. Na condição 1 a amostra foi composta por 11 bebês, com média idade de 19 meses (9,0) 8 meses de prática (7,9), enquanto na condição 2 participaram 14 bebês, com média idade de 25 meses (11,9), com 8 meses de prática (9,9), com as T aferidas de forma auricular para ambas. Já no experimento (E3) que foi comparando a TC do tutor com a auricular do bebê, participaram da amostra 17 bebês -com seus respectivos Resumo O sono resulta de um conjunto de comportamentos neurais e é indispensável para a manutenção da saúde e bem-estar. ...
Conference Paper
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Introdução: A atenção e a impulsividade são componentes psicológicos que afetam a performance de atletas de futebol profissional. Sabe-se que atletas que apresentam performance elevada nestes indicadores atuam em ligas superiores. Objetivos: Verificar diferenças por posição nos níveis atencionais e de impulsividade em atletas de futebol que atuam em competições estaduais.
... Secondly, CPET is not always possible to perform as it requires specific equipment that is not easily available. Thirdly, exercise tolerance may vary from day to day [7,8] and with the progress of the rehabilitation process [5], making the use of a single threshold for the whole duration of the EXRE poorly relevant. ...
... The fact that the workloads were identical at CT and at VT1 does not, in our opinion, mean that exercise conditioning (EXRE) should be prescribed at a fixed load, for the following reasons. Firstly, this fixed-load strategy does not take into account the variation in patients' exercise tolerance from day to day, for example during an exacerbation [8] or after sleep deprivation [7]. Secondly, it is not possible to transfer such a workload to other activities such as walking. ...
Article
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Background: The identification of the first ventilatory threshold (VT1) on an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is useful to guide exercise reconditioning. However, determination of the VT1 is sometimes difficult in patients with chronic respiratory disease. Our hypothesis was that it would be possible to identify a "clinical threshold" based on patients' perceptions at which they subjectively consider that they can perform endurance training during a rehabilitation programme. Methods: Workloads at which patients identified a "clinical threshold" during a submaximal exercise were compared with workloads recorded at VT1 determined during a maximal CPET. Patients with a VT1 and/or a "clinical threshold" obtained at a workload <25 W were excluded from the analysis. Results: A "clinical threshold" could be determined in the 86 patients included. Data from 63 patients were retained for the analysis, of which only 52 had a VT1 that could be identified. The agreement between the workloads determined at VT1 and at the "clinical threshold" was almost perfect, with a Lin's concordance coefficient (cc) of 0.82. Conclusions: In the context of chronic respiratory diseases, it is possible to use patients' sensations (which are by nature subjective) to identify a workload on a cycle ergometer, which corresponds to the workload at the first ventilatory threshold determined objectively during CPET.
... Sleep quality and quantity are linked to mortality in the general population (135)(136)(137), and emerging data suggest that acute SCD may be linked to ICU mortality (37, 93). As noted above, even short-term sleep loss and/or circadian disruption in non-ICU study subjects can negatively influence an array of body functions, including cognition (3), alertness (4, 5), mood (6, 7), glucose control (8-10), cardiovascular function (11)(12)(13)(14)(15), immune response (16,17), and respiratory physiology (18)(19)(20)(21). Although associations between ICU SCD and functional outcomes are challenging to prove in the complex ICU environment, the promise of broad-ranging benefits related to promotion of normal sleep and circadian function has motivated the field forward. ...
... Sleep deficiency may impair respiratory function in ICU patients. Several studies in healthy volunteers have shown that respiratory and peripheral muscle endurance is reduced after sleep deprivation and that changes in the chemoreflex control system can occur (18)(19)(20)(21). In addition, the subjective experience of dyspnea, especially air hunger, can be intensified by sleep deprivation (21,138). ...
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Background Sleep and circadian disruption (SCD) is common and severe in the ICU. On the basis of rigorous evidence in non-ICU populations and emerging evidence in ICU populations, SCD is likely to have a profound negative impact on patient outcomes. Thus, it is urgent that we establish research priorities to advance understanding of ICU SCD. Methods We convened a multidisciplinary group with relevant expertise to participate in an American Thoracic Society Workshop. Workshop objectives included identifying ICU SCD subtopics of interest, key knowledge gaps, and research priorities. Members attended remote sessions from March to November 2021. Recorded presentations were prepared and viewed by members before Workshop sessions. Workshop discussion focused on key gaps and related research priorities. The priorities listed herein were selected on the basis of rank as established by a series of anonymous surveys. Results We identified the following research priorities: establish an ICU SCD definition, further develop rigorous and feasible ICU SCD measures, test associations between ICU SCD domains and outcomes, promote the inclusion of mechanistic and patient-centered outcomes within large clinical studies, leverage implementation science strategies to maximize intervention fidelity and sustainability, and collaborate among investigators to harmonize methods and promote multisite investigation. Conclusions ICU SCD is a complex and compelling potential target for improving ICU outcomes. Given the influence on all other research priorities, further development of rigorous, feasible ICU SCD measurement is a key next step in advancing the field.
... Adicionalmente, a depleção da atividade dopaminérgica e noradrenergica parece exercer importante papel nos prejuízos ao desempenho cognitivo(MCCANN et al., 1992).O desempenho físico, por sua vez, também parece ser prejudicada pela PS/PPS, apesar da inconsistência dos resultados para alguns parâmetros(FULLAGAR et al., 2015(FULLAGAR et al., , 2019. Para o parâmetro de endurance, o tempo para exaustão (AZBOY;KAYGISIZ, 2009;MARTIN, 1981; CHEN, 1984) e a distância percorrida(MEJRI et al., 2014;OLIVER et al., 2009) são desfechos comumente avaliados; destes, apenas um estudo verificou decrementos em atletas de voleibol (AZBOY; KAYGISIZ, 2009) e um analisou a PPS (perturbações parciais no início e fim do sono)(MEJRI et al., 2014). ...
... Dito isso, a escolha por adaptar a configuração usualmente aplicada nos estudos mencionados anteriormente para o teste que foi adotado nesse estudo teve como objetivo aproximar o desempenho no teste físico do contexto real do voleibol de praia. Importante ressaltar que a adaptação proposta nesse estudo não comprometeu a reprodutibilidade das medidas, visto que o CCI observado foi de 0,96.A literatura científica aponta um consenso sobre os efeitos da FM e da PS/PPS no desempenho físico de endurance(FULLAGAR et al., 2015(FULLAGAR et al., , 2019HABAY et al., 2021a;MARCORA;STAIANO;MANNING, 2009;MARTIN, 1981;LEPERS, 2018;SOUISSI et al., 2020;VAN CUTSEM et al., 2017b) e sugere que os prejuízos observados, tanto para a FM quanto para a PS/PPS, podem estar relacionados ao sistema de recompensa (BOKSEM; TOPS, 2008) e perturbações de humor e desregulações emocionais que podem influenciar a percepção de esforço, aumentando-a, de modo a comprometer a realização de tarefas com exigências físicas (FULLAGAR et al., 2019). A adaptação da configuração do teste de salto com contramovimento adotada nesse estudo fez o teste durar, em média, quatro minutos. ...
Thesis
A fadiga mental (FM) e a privação/privação parcial do sono (PS/PPS), por si só, prejudicam o desempenho percepto-cognitivo e físico de atletas das mais variadas modalidades esportivas. Estudos que avaliem os efeitos da FM e PPS conjugados, que individualizem a carga cognitiva e a duração da PPS e que analisem o desempenho percepto-cognitivo e físico de atletas de voleibol de praia a partir de testes ecológicos são necessários. Esse estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos da PPS e da FM, conjugadas e isoladas, no desempenho percepto-cognitivo e físico em atletas treinados de voleibol de praia. Participaram do estudo 14 atletas treinados de voleibol de praia (12 homens; 17,6±1,5 anos). O estudo foi do tipo experimental de medidas repetidas, cruzado e randomizado e adotou quatro condições experimentais: a) Controle (CT), b) FM, c) PPS e d) PPS+FM. A FM foi induzida pelo Stroop task incongruente e a atividade de sono dos voluntários foi monitorada por oito noites consecutivas. A carga cognitiva e a duração da PPS foram individualizadas. O cumprimento da PPS foi monitorado por formulário online, preenchido em intervalos de 15 minutos pelo tempo que perdurou a PPS. O desempenho físico foi medido por uma série de 50 saltos com contramovimento com intervalos de 5 segundos entre cada salto realizados em esforço máximo e o desempenho percepto-cognitivo foi avaliado via testes visuomotores com luzes de light emitting diode (LED) que simularam ações de defesa e bloqueio no voleibol de praia. Os desfechos primários do estudo foram analisados pela análise de variância ANOVA de um fator (condição [4]) e o post-hoc de bonferroni foi aplicado para localizar as eventuais diferenças estatisticamente significantes. Os dados contínuos estão apresentados como média e desvio padrão e os categóricos como valores absolutos e relativos. A condição PPS causou respostas mais lentas no tempo de reação (TR) “mais rápido” (p=0,02; d de Cohen=1,12; PPS: 1562.14±109.06 ms vs CT: 1440.71±101.41 ms) e “média” (p=0,02; d de Cohen=1,13; PPS: 1874.29±144.63 ms vs CT: 1727.14±113.30 ms) do teste visuomotor de defesa comparado ao CT e a condição PPS+FM apresentou prejuízo no TR “média” (p<0,01; d de Cohen=1,38; PPS+FM: 1906.43±133.45 ms vs CT: 1727.14±113.30 ms) do mesmo teste comparado ao CT. Para o teste visuomotor de bloqueio foi observado que a condição PPS+FM prejudicou o TR “média” (p=0,04; d de Cohen=1,06; PPS+FM: 722.14±100.09 ms vs CT: 631.42±82.17 ms) e “índice de desempenho” (p=0,02; d de Cohen=1,18; PPS+FM: 0,14±0,02 u.a vs CT: 0,16±0,02 u.a) comparado ao CT. O desempenho físico não foi prejudicado por nenhuma condição experimental. Conclui-se, portanto, que a PPS, isolada e conjugada à FM, prejudicam o desempenho percepto-cognitivo de atletas treinados de voleibol de praia, entretanto, os prejuízos da PPS conjugados à FM não se sobrepõem àqueles observados na PPS quando isolada. Adicionalmente, o desempenho físico não foi prejudicado nem pela FM nem pela PPS em atletas treinados de voleibol de praia.
... The effects of HIFT on muscle performance varies across exercise design and test methods. HIIT significantly increases the proportion of type I fibers [67], while muscle adaptions are specific to the exercise modality. A previous study revealed that compared to high-intensity interval running, strength training with functional movements resulted in type I muscle fibers increasing in size and a higher percentage of type IIA muscle fibers [68]. ...
... Sleep deprivation of 30 to 72 h did not drastically affect cardiovascular and respiratory responses to exercise of varying intensity or the aerobic and anaerobic performance capability [66]. For example, during prolonged treadmill walking at about 80% of the VO 2max , the reduction of work time to exhaustion was only 11% after 30 h of sleep deprivation [67]. Another study reported that the maximal isometric and isokinetic muscular strength and endurance of selected upper and lower body muscle groups, the performance of the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test, simple reaction time, the blood lactate response to cycle exercise at 70% VO 2max , and most of the cardiovascular and respiratory responses to treadmill running at 70% and 80% VO 2max , were not significantly altered as a result of sleep deprivation of 60 h [68]. ...
Article
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the menstrual cycle on vertical jumping, sprint performance and force-velocity profiling in resistance-trained women. A group of resistancetrained eumenorrheic women (n = 9) were tested in three phases over the menstrual cycle: bleeding phase, follicular phase, and luteal phase (i.e., days 1–3, 7–10, and 19–21 of the cycle, respectively). Each testing phase consisted of a battery of jumping tests (i.e., squat jump [SJ], countermovement jump [CMJ], drop jump from a 30 cm box [DJ30], and the reactive strength index) and 30 m sprint running test. Two different applications for smartphone (My Jump 2 and My Sprint) were used to record the jumping and sprinting trials, respectively, at high speed (240 fps). The repeated measures ANOVA reported no significant differences (p � 0.05, ES < 0.25) in CMJ, DJ30, reactive strength index and sprint times between the different phases of the menstrual cycle. A greater SJ height performance was observed during the follicular phase compared to the bleeding phase (p = 0.033, ES = −0.22). No differences (p � 0.05, ES < 0.45) were found in the CMJ and sprint force-velocity profile over the different phases of the menstrual cycle. Vertical jump, sprint performance and the force-velocity profiling remain constant in trained women, regardless of the phase of the menstrual cycle.
... Takeuchi ve arkadaşlarının (1985) tersine uykusuzluk nedeniyle oluşan yorgunluğun, el kavrama kuvveti testi sonuçlarını olumsuz etkileyebileceğini savunan araştırmacılar da bulunmaktadır 17 . Bruce J. Martin (1981), 36 saate kadar tam uyku yoksunluğunun, maksVO2'nin %80'i düzeyinde gerçekleştirilen uzun süreli egzersize toleransı azalttığını, dakika ventilasyonunu ve algılanan zorluk derecesini olumsuz yönde etkilediğini belirtmektedir 19 . Thomas ve Reilly (1975 ), uzun süreli-düşük şiddetli egzersizin 100 saat uykusuzluğa rağmen sürdürülebildiğini göstermiştir. ...
... Takeuchi ve arkadaşlarının (1985) tersine uykusuzluk nedeniyle oluşan yorgunluğun, el kavrama kuvveti testi sonuçlarını olumsuz etkileyebileceğini savunan araştırmacılar da bulunmaktadır 17 . Bruce J. Martin (1981), 36 saate kadar tam uyku yoksunluğunun, maksVO2'nin %80'i düzeyinde gerçekleştirilen uzun süreli egzersize toleransı azalttığını, dakika ventilasyonunu ve algılanan zorluk derecesini olumsuz yönde etkilediğini belirtmektedir 19 . Thomas ve Reilly (1975 ), uzun süreli-düşük şiddetli egzersizin 100 saat uykusuzluğa rağmen sürdürülebildiğini göstermiştir. ...
... Twenty young male healthy volunteers aged 27 years (26)(27)(28) with normal body mass index (median BMI 23 kg/m 2 (22)(23)(24)) participated in the study. None of the subjects had a history of respiratory, neurological or sleep disorders, were smokers or under any medication. ...
... To our knowledge, our study is the first to report HRV analysis after sleep deprivation during an inspiratory endurance task. In contrast to other studies, which reported either unmodified [4,[22][23][24][25][26] or lowered [16,[27][28][29] HR during whole body exercise after acute sleep deprivation, our study found higher HR during inspiratory loading task after sleep deprivation. Our results raise the question of differential adaptation of sympathetic and vagal tones to different types of work. ...
Article
Study objectives: Sleep deprivation alters inspiratory endurance by reducing inspiratory motor output. Vagal tone is involved in exercise endurance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on vagal tone adaptation in healthy subjects performing an inspiratory effort. Methods: Vagal tone was assessed using Heart Rate Variability normalized units of frequency domain component HF (high frequency) before, at the start, and the end of an inspiratory loading trial performed until exhaustion by 16 volunteers after one night of sleep deprivation and one night of normal sleep, where sleep deprivation reduced the inspiratory endurance by half compared to the normal sleep condition (30min vs 60 min). Results: At rest, heart rate was similar in sleep deprivation and normal sleep conditions. In normal sleep condition, heart rate increased during inspiratory loading task; this increase was greater in sleep deprivation condition. In normal sleep condition, vagal tone increased at the beginning of the trial. This vagal tone increase was absent in sleep deprivation condition. Conclusions: Sleep deprivation abolished vagal tone response to inspiratory load, possibly contributing to a higher heart rate during the trial and to a reduced inspiratory endurance.
... There are a number of etiological factors by which OSA may appear to reduce the functional aerobic capacity and influence the energy cost of walking in people with severe obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep fragmentation and daytime somnolence are known to influence aerobic capacity, which may partially contribute to the reported decline in exercise tolerance and increase in the energy cost of walking in patients with OSA (Hong and Dimsdale 2003;Martin 1981;Mougin et al. 1991). A potential physiological mechanism that was not analyzed due to methodological limitations was decrease in maximal lactate concentration and delayed lactate elimination. ...
... The findings of exercise intolerance in our study demonstrated that the high energy cost of walking and decreased speed and distance in OSA patients may contribute to excessive daytime somnolence. A number of observational studies have revealed diminished exercise performance among OSA patients under the influence of sleep deprivation (Aguillard et al. 1998;Martin 1981;Van Helder and Radomski 1989). Extreme daytime somnolence in healthy men has been shown to reduce tolerance to tasks and increase the rating of perceived exertion during exercise testing (Temesi et al. 2013). ...
Article
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Background Autonomic dysregulation associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may limit cardiopulmonary responses to exercise, which, in turn, may impair functional aerobic capacity (FAC) and walking economy. We aimed to characterize walking economy and FAC in OSA patients compared with healthy adults (non-OSA) and examine their relationship with OSA severity (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI]). Methods A total of 26 adults (OSA, n = 13; non-OSA, n = 13) participated in this cross-sectional study. In this study, the participants with OSA were between the ages of 25 and 60 years, with a body mass index of 25 kg/m² to 39 kg/m², and who had undergone a recent third-party sleep study with an AHI of 5 or greater. Participants completed a maximal integrated cardiopulmonary exercise test, three separate exercise bouts of constant work rate (CWR) treadmill test at 85% of anaerobic threshold (AT), and a 10-min walk test (10MWT). Multiple linear regression analysis corrected for weight, age, and BMI were performed to examine the associations. Results There were significant differences between OSA and non-OSA participants in VO2peak (29.7 ± 5.6 mL/kg/min vs. 37.5 ± 6.5 mL/kg/min, p = 0.03) and Net VO2 during CWR (12.7 ± 5 vs.19 ± 6 mL/kg/min, p = 0.02). The 10MWT speed and distance were significantly lower in the OSA group (all p < 0.001). The energy cost of walking during submaximal exercise and 10-min walk test was higher among patients with OSA (all p < 0.001). The AHI scores were associated with 10MWT distance (R² = 0.85, p < 0.001), energy cost of walking (R² = 87, p < 0.001), and VO2 at anaerobic threshold (R² = 0.92, p < 0.001). Conclusions The findings of this study show that patients with OSA have reduced FAC and a higher energy cost of walking. AHI explained 87% of variance in the energy cost of walking during the 10MWT. The results suggest that individuals with more severe obstructive sleep apnea experience greater impairment in functional performance.
... Studies have shown that time-to-exhaustion and/or maximum power output during endurance exercise tests were significantly decrease after TSD (Azboy and Kaygisiz 2009;Martin 1981;Oliver et al. 2009). These findings extend to PSD as well, with studies by Mougin et al. (2001) and Souissi et al. (2020) demonstrating negative impacts on endurance exercise performance, including lower peak power output during cycling (~5%) and reduced distance covered during time-trial running (~6%). ...
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Introduction Whether acute caffeine supplementation can offset the negative effects of one-night of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) on endurance exercise performance is currently unknown. Methods Ten healthy recreational male runners (age: 27 ± 6 years; V˙O2maxV˙O2max{\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2\,\max }: 61 ± 9 mL/kg/min) completed 4 trials in a balanced Latin square design, which were PSD + caffeine (PSD-Caf), PSD + placebo (PSD-Pla), normal sleep (NS) + caffeine (NS-Caf) and NS + placebo (NS-Pla). 3 and 8 h sleep windows were scheduled in PSD and NS, respectively. 10-km treadmill time trial (TT) performance was assessed 45 min after caffeine (6 mg/kg/body mass)/placebo supplementation in the morning following PSD/NS. Blood glucose, lactate, free fatty acid and glycerol were measured at pre-supplementation, pre-exercise and after exercise. Results PSD resulted in compromised TT performance compared to NS in the placebo conditions by 5% (51.9 ± 7.7 vs. 49.4 ± 6.9 min, p = 0.001). Caffeine improved TT performance compared to placebo following both PSD by 7.7% (PSD-Caf: 47.9 ± 7.3 min vs. PSD-Pla: 51.9 ± 7.7 min, p = 0.007) and NS by 2.8% (NS-Caf: 48.0 ± 6.4 min vs. NS-Pla: 49.4 ± 6.9 min, p = 0.049). TT performance following PSD-Caf was not different from either NS-Pla or NS-Caf (p = 0.185 and p = 0.891, respectively). Blood glucose, lactate, and glycerol concentrations at post-exercise, as well as heart rate and the speed/RPE ratio during TT, were higher in caffeine trials compared to placebo. Conclusions Caffeine supplementation offsets the negative effects of one-night PSD on 10-km running performance.
... The decrease in T max for athletes who had lower acute:chronic sleep could be attributed to a higher perceived exertion during incremental maximal exercise, considering other cardiorespiratory variables (i.e., VO 2max , VO 2VT , HR max , and RER max ) were not significantly different between the two groups. Although this was not directly measured in the current study, previous research has shown that ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) are higher in athletes who have been subject to sleep restriction [26][27][28]. For example, in one study, cyclists completed an endurance Fig. 1 The relationship between maximal cardiorespiratory variables and A, B prior night sleep, C, D average prior month sleep, and E, F acute:chronic prior night sleep time trial following three separate sleep conditions. ...
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The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between acute, chronic, and acute:chronic sleep on aerobic performance in female youth soccer athletes. Fifty-nine female soccer players (13–18 years) reported prior night (acute) and average prior month (chronic) sleep duration before undergoing cycle ergometer testing to determine maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), time to exhaustion (Tmax), and ventilatory threshold (VO2VT). Variables were grouped by prior night and prior month sleep duration (< 8 h, ≥ 8 h) as well as acute:chronic sleep (< 1, ≥ 1) and compared between groups using least squares means from age-adjusted linear models. No statistically significant differences were identified between those participants who slept ≥ 8 h the prior night and those who slept < 8 h, with respect to VO2max (50.3 ± 5.9 vs. 47.6 ± 5.9 ml/kg/min, p = 0.10, d = 0.45), Tmax (15.7 ± 2.8 vs.14.9 ± 2.2 min, p = 0.17, d = 0.37), or VO2VT (43.2 ± 5.4 vs. 40.7 ± 5.4 ml/kg/min, p = 0.09, d = 0.46). Participants who averaged ≥ 8 h of sleep in the prior month demonstrated significantly greater VO2max (50.2 ± 5.7 vs. 45.4 ± 5.7 ml/kg/min, p = 0.023, d = 0.83) and VO2VT (43.0 ± 5.2 vs. 39.0 ± 5.2 ml/kg/min, p = 0.016, d = 0.78), but not Tmax (15.6 ± 2.2 vs. 14.8 ± 2.2 min, p = 0.24, d = 0.37). On the other hand, participants with higher acute:chronic sleep demonstrated greater Tmax (16.4 ± 2.1 vs. 14.9 ± 2.1 min, p = 0.012, d = − 0.73), but not VO2max (50.1 ± 6.0 vs. 48.7 ± 6.0 ml/kg/min, p = 0.38, d = − 0.25) or VO2VT (42.7 ± 5.5 vs. 41.9 ± 5.5 ml/kg/min, p = 0.60, d = − 0.15). Greater chronic prior month sleep duration is associated with increased VO2max and VO2VT, while increased acute prior night sleep relative to the preceding month was associated with increased Tmax.
... Sleep is a critical component of optimal physiological function and physical recovery. Sleep deprivation and chronic poor sleep have been shown to negatively impact cognitive functioning [39], learning and memory [40], metabolism and endocrine function [41], and physical performance [42,43]. Reserve Officers' Training Corps cadets are often required to wake up in the early morning for daily physical training, followed by their typical school courses and extracurricular activities. ...
Article
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The purpose of this study was to assess the dietary habits, prevalence of low energy availability (EA), and sleep quality in a cohort of male army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) cadets, and to investigate the relationship between EA and sleep quality as well as EA and various body composition variables that are important for tactical readiness. Thirteen male army ROTC cadets (22.2 ± 4.1 yrs; BMI: 26.1 ± 2.3) had their EA and body composition assessed using diet and exercise records alongside bioelectrical impedance analysis. Cadets also completed a validated sleep questionnaire. Sixty-two percent of participants presented with clinically low EA (<30 kcal/kg fat-free mass [FFM]) and none met the optimum EA threshold (≥45 kcals/kg FFM). Dietary analysis indicated that 15%, 23%, 46%, 23%, and 7% of cadets met the Military Dietary Reference Intakes (MDRI) for calories, carbohydrates, protein, fat, and fiber, respectively. Additionally, 85% of cadets exhibited poor sleep quality. Significant associations between EA and fat mass/percent body fat were shown (p < 0.05). There was, however, no statistically significant correlation between EA and sleep quality. The present study found a high prevalence of low EA and sleep disturbance among male army ROTC cadets and that many were unable to meet the MDRIs for energy and macronutrient intake. Further, low EA was associated with higher percent body fat and fat mass but not sleep quality.
... However, it must be noted that the athletes self-reported their sleep behaviours using a sleep diary, which can be affected by recall bias, e.g., overestimation of sleep duration and efficiency [1]. Shorter sleep durations can directly impact athletic performance through negative effects on the heart rate, breathing rate and lactate concentrations [42] or indirectly through an impact on mood, motivation or rate of perceived exertion (RPE) [43,44]. The amount of sleep an individual habitually obtains has implications for their ability to function effectively [45]. ...
Article
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Background: Poor sleep and resultant under-recovery can negatively impact training adaptations, increase the risk of injury and reduce subsequent performance. Due to the 'food first' approach adopted by many athletes, there is scope for investigation of 'functional food' based interventions (i.e., kiwifruit contains melatonin which plays a role in circadian rhythm regulation) designed to promote athlete recovery and/or enhance sleep quality and quantity. Methods: Following the baseline assessment (Week 1) all subjects began the intervention (Weeks 2-5). During the 4-week intervention, participants were asked to consume 2 medium-sized green kiwifruit (Actinidia Deliciosa) an hour before bed. Participants completed a questionnaire battery at baseline and post-intervention, and a daily sleep dairy for the duration of the study. Results: The results demonstrated a positive impact of kiwifruit consumption on key aspects of sleep and recovery in elite athletes. From baseline to post-intervention, there were clinically significant improvements in sleep quality (i.e., improved PSQI global scores and sleep quality component scores) and improvements in recovery stress balance (reduced general stress and sports stress scales). Moreover, the intervention improved sleep as evidenced by significant increases in total sleep time and sleep efficiency % and significant reductions in number of awakenings and wake after sleep onset. Conclusion: The findings broadly suggested that kiwifruit does impact positively on sleep and recovery in elite athletes.
... However, total SD has been found to decrease skeletal muscle endurance (the diaphragm and intercostal muscles) (Martin, 1981;Roberts et al., 2019), with a contradictory effect on maximal oxygen consumption, which is not or only slightly but significantly decreased (Horne and Pettitt, 1984;Plyley et al., 1987). The mechanisms behind the impairment of endurance performance after sleep loss are still unclear. ...
Article
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In the course of their missions or training, alpinists, but also mountain combat forces and mountain security services, professional miners, aircrew, aircraft and glider pilots and helicopter crews are regularly exposed to altitude without oxygen supplementation. At altitude, humans are exposed to systemic environmental hypoxia induced by the decrease in barometric pressure (<1,013 hPa) which decreases the inspired partial pressure of oxygen (PIO2), while the oxygen fraction is constant (equal to approximately 20.9%). Effects of altitude on humans occur gradually and depend on the duration of exposure and the altitude level. From 1,500 m altitude (response threshold), several adaptive responses offset the effects of hypoxia, involving the respiratory and the cardiovascular systems, and the oxygen transport capacity of the blood. Fatigue and cognitive and sensory disorders are usually observed from 2,500 m (threshold of prolonged hypoxia). Above 3,500 m (the threshold for disorders), the effects are not completely compensated and maladaptive responses occur and individuals develop altitude headache or acute altitude illness [Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)]. The magnitude of effects varies considerably between different physiological systems and exhibits significant inter-individual variability. In addition to comorbidities, the factors of vulnerability are still little known. They can be constitutive (genetic) or circumstantial (sleep deprivation, fatigue, speed of ascent.). In particular, sleep loss, a condition that is often encountered in real-life settings, could have an impact on the physiological and cognitive responses to hypoxia. In this review, we report the current state of knowledge on the impact of sleep loss on responses to environmental hypoxia in humans, with the aim of identifying possible consequences for AMS risk and cognition, as well as the value of behavioral and non-pharmacological countermeasures.
... The findings suggest that poor sleep reduces selfcontrol, including attention control: Lack of sleep impairs one's capacity to concentrate. It may also reduce motivation, as reported by Martin (1981), who showed that sleep loss has a larger effect on the experience of exertion than on physiological effort (heart rate and metabolic rate) while exercising. These findings suggest that lack of sleep causes decreased motivation to exert effort, as shown in avoidance of physical activity. ...
Article
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Many disturbances of physical, social, and mental health have conditions involving lack of energy, difficulty in making decisions, and low interest or motivation. Laboratory studies of willpower depletion have produced similar states in a temporary fashion. The present review uses extant literature to develop and test three theories about how temporary states of low willpower could become chronic. The first is ongoing and repeated exposure to depleting circumstances, such as caregiver fatigue, burdensome financial debts, and high-stress jobs. The second focuses on inadequate recoveries, such as poor sleep, insufficient nutrition, or unsatisfying vacations. The third invokes dispositional vulnerabilities that predispose some people to become depleted more frequently than others. A wide-ranging search for evidence concluded that the first two theories have more support than the third, though all further merit research. Additional possible contributions to chronicity are discussed, such as the emergence of vicious circles.
... Previous research has revealed that sleep deprivation weakens the immune system and reduces the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands in the following days reduces glucose tolerance, increases blood pressure and the risk of cardiovascular accidents, and reduces maximum activity level and anaerobic strength (11). In terms of the influence of sleep deprivation on physical factors and physical fitness, it has been revealed that the heart rate after sleep deprivation declines significantly during the maximum performance (12). Given the aforementioned and the presence of contradicting studies and results regarding athletic performance under the influence of intense sleep deprivation, the present study seeks to find the answer to the substantial question that whether sleep deprivation has a significant impact on the mental and physical physiological responses of athletes. ...
Article
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Introduction: Sleep deprivation is one of the factors affecting the physiological performance of athletes and laboratory evidence has suggested a link between sleep deprivation and decreased physical performance of athletes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sleep deprivation on objective and subjective physiological responses of student-athletes. Material and Methods: The research is experimental. Twenty male volunteer sports science students selected and examined in two conditions with simple random selection in counter balanced intra-group pattern. Participants examined at two controlled situation; 1) after twelve hours fasting and eight hours enough sleep, and 2) after twelve hours fasting and thirty hours quiet sleeplessness. Measurements of physiological variables including: blood pressure, heart rate, blood lactate, mental scale of pressure perception, VO2max and body temperature were examined with specialized tools. Variations in independent variable related to intervention were analyzed using t test in the significance level of P
... No significant differences were found at 25% and 100% of time to task failure since these two measurements points correspond to the beginning and the end (i.e., fatiguing task performed to exhaustion) of the task. The fatigue literature supported the hypothesis that RPE may be influenced by psychological and environmental factors, such as mental fatigue (Brownsberger et al., 2013), sleep deprivation (Martin, 1981), or music and video (e.g., Chow & Etnier, 2017). For example, when participants were presented with music and video simultaneously, they perceived a significantly lower RPE when compared to a control condition (Chow & Etnier, 2017). ...
Article
Stereotype threat literature has shown that inducing negative stereotypes can contribute to the underperformance of individuals belonging to a range of stereotyped groups and various domains. The present study sought to observe the effect of the emerging nonexerciser stereotype on performance in a fatiguing task consisting of executing intermittent contractions at 40% of maximal voluntary strength until exhaustion. Comparing 13 young male nonexercisers and 13 young male exercisers, results revealed that both exercisers and nonexercisers increased their performance in the negative stereotype condition. Concerning the nonexercisers this is contrary to classic stereotype threat effects. Valuable results were observed for rate of perceived effort as a mechanism through which performance on a fatiguing task may be affected. This study is encouraging as it revealed that nonexercisers’ performance on a prolonged fatiguing task was not decreased by the negative nonexerciser stereotype but rather that, to some degree, stereotype threat could be beneficial to performance.
... For example, research using the go/no-go task has shown that sleep deprivation significantly decreases response inhibition (Drummond et al., 2006;Anderson & Platten, 2011;Cedernaes et al., 2014). Our results are also in line with research demonstrating that sleep deprivation decreases tolerance for negative emotional experiences including pain (Onen et al., 2001) and physical exertion during exercise (Martin, 1981). Additionally, with regard to self-reported feelings of impulsivity, Perkinson-Gloor and colleagues (2013) found that sleeping less than 8 hours was associated with less selfreported persistence than sleeping more than 8 hours. ...
Thesis
Sleep manipulations have often been used to attempt to reveal the role of sleep. Early research, however, has also implicated certain sleep manipulations including late partial sleep deprivation, and REM-deprivation as temporarily mood enhancing in depressed individuals. These initial findings have prompted the present three-paper dissertation to explore the potential impact that three distinct sleep manipulations, a homeostatic sleep delay challenge, slow-wave sleep disruption, and napping may have on mood and emotional processing. The first study will examine a three-hour sleep delay and the associated effects on mood disturbance, in a sample of healthy and depressed adults. The second study explores the impact of disrupting slow-wave sleep on an aspect of emotional processing, the recognition of positive and negative words, in healthy individuals and those with depression. Finally, the third study will investigate the potential benefits of napping on frustration tolerance and impulsive behavior in a sample of healthy adults. If our results indicate that sleep manipulation does indeed show positive effects on mood and emotional processing, this may help inform treatment strategies for psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, or help develop intervention approaches for vulnerable populations who have been shown to be prone to emotional dysregulation
... Short habitual sleep duration could directly affect exercise and sports performance through impairments in heart rate, minute ventilation, and lactate concentration, 36 or it could indirectly affect exercise and sports performance through alterations in mood, motivation, and/or perceived exertion. 37,38 In the absence of a systematic evaluation of the relationship between habitual sleep duration and exercise and sports performance, it is not possible to confirm one explanation or the other. ...
Article
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Purpose: Anecdotal reports indicate that many elite athletes are dissatisfied with their sleep, but little is known about their actual sleep requirements. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the self-assessed sleep need of elite athletes with an objective measure of their habitual sleep duration. Methods: Participants were 175 elite athletes (n = 30 females), age 22.2 (3.8) years (mean [SD]) from 12 individual and team sports. The athletes answered the question "how many hours of sleep do you need to feel rested?" and they kept a self-report sleep diary and wore a wrist activity monitor for ∼12 nights during a normal phase of training. For each athlete, a sleep deficit index was calculated by subtracting their average sleep duration from their self-assessed sleep need. Results: The athletes needed 8.3 (0.9) hours of sleep to feel rested, their average sleep duration was 6.7 (0.8) hours, and they had a sleep deficit index of 96.0 (60.6) minutes. Only 3% of athletes obtained enough sleep to satisfy their self-assessed sleep need, and 71% of athletes fell short by an hour or more. Specifically, habitual sleep duration was shorter in athletes from individual sports than in athletes from team sports (F1,173 = 13.1, P < .001; d = 0.6, medium), despite their similar sleep need (F1,173 = 1.40, P = .24; d = 0.2, small). Conclusions: The majority of elite athletes obtain substantially less than their self-assessed sleep need. This is a critical finding, given that insufficient sleep may compromise an athlete's capacity to train effectively and/or compete optimally.
... Sleep deprivation of 30 to 72 h did not drastically affect cardiovascular and respiratory responses to exercise of varying intensity or the aerobic and anaerobic performance capability [66]. For example, during prolonged treadmill walking at about 80% of the VO 2max , the reduction of work time to exhaustion was only 11% after 30 h of sleep deprivation [67]. Another study reported that the maximal isometric and isokinetic muscular strength and endurance of selected upper and lower body muscle groups, the performance of the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test, simple reaction time, the blood lactate response to cycle exercise at 70% VO 2max , and most of the cardiovascular and respiratory responses to treadmill running at 70% and 80% VO 2max , were not significantly altered as a result of sleep deprivation of 60 h [68]. ...
Article
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Background: Races and competitions over 100 miles have recently increased. Limited information exists about the effect of multiday continuous endurance exercise on blood glucose control and appropriate intake of food and drink in a female athlete. The present study aimed to examine the variation of blood glucose control and its relationship with nutritional intake and running performance in a professional female athlete during a 155.7 h ultramarathon race with little sleep. Methods: We divided the mountain course of 438 km into 33 segments by timing gates and continuously monitored the participant's glucose profile throughout the ultramarathon. The running speed in each segment was standardized to the scheduled required time-based on three trial runs. Concurrently, the accompanying runners recorded the participant's food and drink intake. Nutrient, energy, and water intake were then calculated. Results: Throughout the ultramarathon of 155.7 h, including 16.0 h of rest and sleep, diurnal variation had almost disappeared with the overall increase in blood glucose levels (25-30 mg/dL) compared with that during resting (p < 0.0001). Plasma total protein and triglyceride levels were decreased after the ultramarathon. The intake of protein and fat directly or indirectly contributed to maintaining blood glucose levels and running speed as substrates for gluconeogenesis or as alternative sources of energy when the carbohydrate intake was at a lower recommended limit. The higher amounts of nutrient intakes from solid foods correlated with a higher running pace compared with those from liquids and gels to supply carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Conclusion: Carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake from solid foods contributed to maintaining a fast pace with a steady, mild rise in blood glucose levels compared with liquids and gels when female runner completed a multiday continuous ultramarathon with little sleep.
... First, effects of sleep deprivation on endurance exercises is elucidated. When walking at submaximal exercise intensities, sleep deprivation increases RPE while HR and V̇O2 remain unchanged compared to normal sleep durations[71][72][73] . Performance expressed as time to exhaustion 71 and as walking distance73 deteriorates. ...
... Similar results have been found across the spectrum of talent when athletes are subjected to mild to severe sleep deprivation. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Conversely, few studies explore the effects of sleep extension and increased total sleep time on athletic performance. Widely cited research out of Stanford University found significant improvements in sport specific skills, mood, and hand-eye coordination following and during an eight-week sleep extension study with collegiate basketball players. ...
Article
Introduction: Research has increasingly looked at the effects of sleep on athletic performance. Although there is currently a plethora of data expressing the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation on athletic performance, fewer studies have assessed the effects of sleep extension. These studies have all been done with field or team sport athletes and all have been conducted with athletes who traditionally have practice times later in the day. Rowing is a sport with traditionally early practice times and represents an under examined population at a high risk of sleep deprivation. The purpose of the present study was to determine what sport specific performance benefits would be gained from extending the athlete’s sleep. Methods: Nineteen members of the Temple University’s men’s rowing team were asked to increase their sleep to nine to ten hours a night for four weeks, following a two-week baseline period. A two-week post-intervention phase followed the sleep extension period. Three sport specific assessments (Open rate 1-minute, Rate-capped 1-minute, and Interval tests) and daily HRV recordings were captured each week. Results: Subjects were unable to extend their sleep from baseline during the intervention, 392.07 ± 53.69 minutes and 374.11 ± 41.53 minutes, respectively (p = .137). Significant variation was found in the week to week comparison of the Interval test and OR1-Min test. Conclusion: Athletes failed to increase their time asleep, limiting our ability to assess the impact of sleep on performance. Performance did suffer over the course of the study, suggesting participants were below he minimal amount of sleep necessary to maintain performance. Better athlete education by coaches might prove beneficial for athletes to develop the habits necessary for sufficient sleep and improved performance.
... Le temps passé à la tâche jusqu'à épuisement diminue significativement pendant une privation totale de sommeil, associé avec une augmentation de la perception à l'effort (Temesi et al., 2013 ;Cullen et al., 2019). Dans de nombreuses études, une diminution de ce temps jusqu'à épuisement a été observée après une privation de sommeil (Martin, 1981 ;Temesi et al., 2013 ;Daaloul et al., 2018). Cependant toutes les études ne montrent pas forcément de différence ce qui peut être expliqué par la différence de protocole sur l'intensité de l'exercice, la durée de l'exercice, la durée d'éveil continu mais également par le créneau horaire de la journée pendant lequel est effectué l'effort (Vaara et al., 2018). ...
Thesis
De nombreux emplois imposent du travail de nuit ou à des périodes d'éveil prolongé qui ont des conséquences délétères sur la qualité de vie et les performances. La caféine est la contre-mesure nutritionnelle éveillante la plus utilisée pour limiter ses effets. Cependant, il existe une grande variabilité interindividuelle des effets de la caféine sur le sommeil et la performance en privation de sommeil. Celle-ci pourrait en partie être liée à des polymorphismes génétiques.L'objectif de ce travail est de déterminer l'influence de polymorphismes génétiques associés à la pharmacocinétique et la pharmacodynamie de la caféine sur la durée de sommeil, les troubles du sommeil et à la dégradation des performances au cours d'une privation totale de sommeil.Deux études ont été réalisées : (i) sur l'influence de 15 SNPs sur les paramètres du sommeil et la consommation de caféine par questionnaire sur une population française (n=1023) ; (ii) en laboratoire, sur l'influence de 5 SNPs sur les performances cognitive et physique chez 41 sujets privés de sommeil recevant de la caféine ou un placebo.Nos résultats montrent l'influence des polymorphismes de la cytokine pro-inflammatoire (TNF-α) et du récepteur à l'adénosine A2A (gène : ADORA2A) sur le risque de troubles du sommeil, la durée du sommeil, sur la dégradation des performances en situation de privation de sommeil, et sur l'efficacité de la caféine.En conclusion, nos résultats soulignent que (i) l'influence des polymorphismes d'ADORA2A sur le temps total de sommeil et/ou le risque de troubles du sommeil s'efface dès que la consommation de caféine dépasse 50 mg par jour et que (ii) la prise aigüe de caféine en situation de privation de sommeil module l'influence du polymorphisme de TNF-α sur l'altération de la performance cognitive, notamment l'attention soutenue.Ces résultats pourront être utilisés au profit des personnels travaillant de nuit, ou des sportifs dans des situations de dette de sommeil afin d'individualiser et d'optimiser les stratégies de consommation de caféine dans le but de limiter les dégradations des performances induites par la dette de sommeil.
... The cognitive tasks Pilcher and Huffcut list in their review include logical reasoning [15], mental math [11], visual search tasks [11], and word memory tasks [63]. The motor tasks they reference include exercise [61,68], endurance tasks [60], and muscle strength tests [86]. ...
Preprint
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Sleep is critical to human function, mediating factors like memory, mood, energy, and alertness; therefore, it is commonly conjectured that a good night's sleep is important for job performance. However, both real-world sleep behavior and job performance are hard to measure at scale. In this work, we show that people's everyday interactions with online mobile apps can reveal insights into their job performance in real-world contexts. We present an observational study in which we objectively tracked the sleep behavior and job performance of salespeople (N = 15) and athletes (N = 19) for 18 months, using a mattress sensor and online mobile app. We first demonstrate that cumulative sleep measures are correlated with job performance metrics, showing that an hour of daily sleep loss for a week was associated with a 9.0% and 9.5% reduction in performance of salespeople and athletes, respectively. We then examine the utility of online app interaction time as a passively collectible and scalable performance indicator. We show that app interaction time is correlated with the performance of the athletes, but not the salespeople. To support that our app-based performance indicator captures meaningful variation in psychomotor function and is robust against potential confounds, we conducted a second study to evaluate the relationship between sleep behavior and app interaction time in a cohort of 274 participants. Using a generalized additive model to control for per-participant random effects, we demonstrate that participants who lost one hour of daily sleep for a week exhibited 5.0% slower app interaction times. We also find that app interaction time exhibits meaningful chronobiologically consistent correlations with sleep history, time awake, and circadian rhythms. Our findings reveal an opportunity for online app developers to generate new insights regarding cognition and productivity.
... Cependant, même si les athlètes semblent capables d'effectuer des efforts maximaux en aigu en situation de restriction de sommeil (Mougin et al., 1991(Mougin et al., , 1996, il n'est pas démontré qu'ils sont capables de faire face à des efforts répétés (Mougin et al., 2001;Souissi et al., 2008Souissi et al., , 2013 telles que ceux requis pendant un entraînement intensif ou une compétition. Étant donné le maintien relatif des réponses physiologiques suite à une privation partielle de sommeil (Horne and Pettitt, 1984;Martin, 1981), les chercheurs ont associé la diminution des performances physiques à des causes neuromusculaires de fatigue ou à une altération concomitante de la motivation et de l'humeur (Abbiss and Laursen, 2005;Temesi et al., 2013 Depuis les années 90, une association entre la durée du sommeil et le surpoids a été mise en évidence chez les jeunes (Locard et al., 1992). ...
Thesis
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Physical activity and ingested nutrients take part in the regulation of the internal clock and sleep physiology. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in this topic. However, studies remain almost exclusively limited to adults. Adolescence is marked by critical transitions that may trigger several behavioral disturbances particularly with regard to sleep. A problem compounded by an array of endogenous and exogenous factors forming the so called “Perfect Storm” of both altered sleep duration and quality. Obesity and elite sport are two factors that have been separately associated with sleep disturbances, and have a negative impact on holistic development, with lowered performance and altered health status of adolescents, both physical (recovery, metabolism, growth, weight control) and cognitive (learning, memory, decision-making, vigilance). Therefore, the purpose of this work was to explore the effect of physical activity and nutrition on sleep among these two distinct adolescent populations. Altered sleep pattern in young athletes seems to be more related to sport constraints such as competition and travel. However, acute exercise improves sleep duration in quality in both populations (athlete and with obesity). Moreover, dietary intake seems to be a promising alternative to improve sleep quality. Only three days under controlled feeding fixed at the recommended dietary allowance resulted in reduced sleep onset latency in adolescents with obesity compared to ad-libitum condition. Finally, randomized controlled studies are needed to support the effect of certain nutrients on sleep. PROTMORPHEUS study will bring a fuller understanding of the effect of protein tryptophan/large neutral amino acids ratio on sleep.
... The ndings of exercise intolerance in our study demonstrated by a high energy cost of walking and decreased speed and distance in OSA patients may contribute to excessive daytime somnolence. A number of observational studies have revealed diminished exercise performance among OSA patients under the in uence of sleep deprivation (Aguillard et al., 1998;Martin, 1981;Van Helder and Radomski, 1989). Extreme daytime somnolence in healthy men has been shown to reduce tolerance to tasks and increase the rating of perceived exertion during exercise testing (Temesi et al., 2013). ...
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Background: Autonomic dysregulation associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may limit cardiopulmonary responses to exercise which, in turn, may impair functional aerobic capacity (FAC) and walking economy. We aimed to characterize walking economy and FAC in OSA patients compared with healthy adults (non-OSA) and examine their relationship with OSA severity (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI]). Participants: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 26 adults (OSA: n=13; non-OSA: n=13) participated in the study. In this study, the participants with OSA were adults between the ages of 25 and 60 with a body mass index between 25 kg/m² and 39 kg/m² who had undergone a recent third-party sleep study with an AHI of 5 or greater. Methods: Participant completed a maximal integrated cardiopulmonary exercise test, three separate exercise bouts of a constant work rate (CWR) treadmill test at 85% of anaerobic threshold (AT), and a 10-minute walk test (10MWT). Multiple linear regression corrected for weight, age, and BMI was conducted to examine the associations. Results: There were significant differences between OSA and Non-OSA participants in VO2peak (29.7±5.6mL/kg/min vs. 37.5±6.5mL/kg/min, p=0.03) and in Net VO2 during CWR (12.7±5 vs.19±6mL/kg/min, p=0.02). The 10MWT speed, distance, and energy expenditure were significantly lower in the OSA group (all p<0.001). The AHI scores associated with 10MWT distance (R²=0.85, p<0.001), energy cost of walking (R²=87, p<0.001), VO2 at anaerobic threshold (R²=0.92, p<0.001). Conclusions: The findings of this study show that patients with OSA have reduced FAC and have a higher energy cost of walking. AHI explained 87% of the variance in the energy cost of walking during the 10MWT. The results suggest that individuals with more severe obstructive sleep apnea experience greater impairment in functional performance.
... This change of duty and task patterns highly impacted sleep patterns and sleep quality. The psychological effects of acute sleep loss may contribute to decreased tolerance to their prolonged and heavier work (Martin 1981). ...
Article
COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2, capable of high human transmission. To protect against the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization proposed intervening guidance that included movement restrictions, isolation, restriction of national and international travel or movement, and full or partial closure of organizations and institutions. Police personnel play a vital role in safeguarding the spread of COVID-19; thus, potentially causing severe stress due to increased consignment and direct exposure to infection during duty. The study aimed to determine the effect of the added stress of the COVID-19 pandemic and population lockdown on the sleep/wake 24 h rhythm of traffic police. A concise online questionnaire survey was conducted among the traffic police personnel of India. Collected data were analyzed statistically. Disorientation of working schedule, fear of being vulnerable to disease, pressure of maintaining law, and orders during lockdown increased stress level. The survey identified discontinuation of sleep, shift of mid-sleep time, increase in depression, plus stress and anxiety among traffic police personnel that affected their chronobiological milieu. Proper awareness of adequate health and safety measures, use of personnel protection equipment, regular conversation with family members, and meditation can help reduce stress during this pandemic situation.
... • El grado de fatiga mental (Marcora et al., 2009). • La privación del sueño (Martin, 1981). ...
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This book is published by the University of Guadalajara and contents several different chapters of authors who are professors, researchers and postgraduate students on the sciences of Physical Education and Sports who belong to some educational and research institutions of Mexico and other countries. Each year is delivery a new book and this version is the correspondent of 2018.
Article
Purpose: Sleep deprivation (SD) reduces time to task failure during endurance exercises. The aim of our work was to study the effect of acute SD on the endurance of a skeletal hand muscle and to investigate cortical motor drive to muscle and perception of effort. Methods: Origin of the early exhaustion after SD might be insufficient cortical motor drive to muscle or motor inhibition because of excessive perception of effort. The supplementary motor area, the medial part of the premotor cortex, links the motor and sensory cortexes, prepares for voluntary movements, and may play a central role in the pathophysiology of impaired muscle endurance after SD. Supplementary motor area can be noninvasively assessed by electromyogram measuring amplitude of premotor potentials before hand movements. We investigated the effect of SD on muscle endurance in healthy volunteers performing moderate hand exercise by monitoring supplementary motor area activation and muscle afferents. Two sessions were performed, in random order, one after a normal sleep night and the other after a sleepless night. Results: Twenty healthy young men were included in this study. Sleep deprivation reduced time to task failure by 11%. Supplementary motor area activation was altered throughout the task and effort perception was increased. Conclusions: Our results suggest that SD reduces skeletal muscle endurance by increasing the effects of muscle afferents on the supplementary motor area. Sleep alterations frequently reported in chronic diseases might reduce patients' capacity to achieve the low-intensity motor exercises required in everyday life. Our results should lead to the search for sleep disorders in patients with chronic pathology.
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Resumo O sono resulta de um conjunto de comportamentos neurais e é indispensável para a manutenção da saúde e bem-estar. Durante o sono o organismo recupera substratos energéticos e restaura funções fisiológicas. Contudo, sua privação deprime tais funções e associa-se com um menor desempenho físico-motor a depender de sua extensão. Porém, pouco é conhecido acerca da relação entre a privação parcial de sono e esforços cíclicos progressivos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo é analisar a influência da privação parcial e aguda de sono sobre o desempenho aeróbio e frequência cardíaca máxima. Dez homens fisicamente ativos e aparentemente saudáveis (24±1,70 anos, 177,2±6,49 cm 23,62±10,62 kg/m²) foram submetidos a dois testes incrementais em esteira rolante. A intensidade do teste foi progressiva com taxa de incremento de 1 km/h por minuto até a desistência individual. Os testes foram aplicados em duas condições: sem (controle-C) e com (experimental-E) privação do sono habitual. As variáveis de desempenho aeróbio velocidade final (p = 0,535) e tempo total de esforço (p =0,568) foram semelhantes entre as condições (p>0,05), tal como a frequência cardíaca máxima ao final do teste (p=0,524). Os achados sugerem que a privação parcial de sono habitual não altera, agudamente e subsequentemente, o desempenho aeróbio e a resposta cardiovascular máxima de adultos fisicamente ativos. Palavras-chave: Exercício Físico; Sono; Privação de sono. Abstract Sleep results from a set of neural behaviors and is essential for maintaining health and well-being. During sleep, the body recovers energy substrates and restores physiological functions. However, its deprivation depresses such functions and is associated with a lower physical-motor performance depending on its extent. However, little is known about the relationship between partial sleep deprivation and progressive cyclic efforts. In this sense, the objective of the present study is to analyze the influence of partial and acute sleep deprivation on aerobic performance and maximum heart rate. Ten physically active and apparently healthy men (24±1.70 years, 177.2±6.49 cm 23.62±10.62 kg/m²) underwent two
Chapter
Sleep deficiency, including circadian disruption, is pervasive in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). However, sleep is critically important to human health, and leveraging the tremendous potential of sleep promotion to improve critical care outcomes is a goal of ICU clinicians and investigators alike. The risks and mechanisms for ICU sleep and circadian disruption are numerous and include broad categories of patient, environmental, and acute illness factors. However, methodologic limitations, particularly the lack of feasible and rigorous sleep measures, have slowed research progress and limited evidence in support of sleep interventions. Many questions remain regarding the natural history of sleep disruption during the acute and recovery phases of critical illness. Furthermore, it is uncertain which aspects of sleep during critical illness are most tightly linked to patient outcomes. Thus, multicomponent bundles which attempt to address the diverse factors causing ICU sleep disruption are complex, challenging to implement, and possibly focused on domains of ICU sleep disruption that are less relevant to improving critical illness outcomes. With the advent of novel measurement technologies, investigators are poised to overcome the listed challenges, answer these key questions, and translate the promise of ICU sleep promotion into clinical practice.KeywordsSleep deficiency, circadian alignment, circadian amplitude, delirium, implementation, translation, sleep duration, sleep quality
Article
Sleep health is an important consideration for athletic performance. Athletes are at high risk of insufficient sleep duration, poor sleep quality, daytime sleepiness and fatigue, suboptimal sleep schedules, irregular sleep schedules, and sleep and circadian disorders. These issues likely have an impact on athletic performance via several domains. Sleep loss and/or poor sleep quality can impair muscular strength, speed, and other aspects of physical performance. Sleep issues can also increase risk of concussions and other injuries and impair recovery after injury. Cognitive performance is also impacted in several domains, including vigilance, learning and memory, decision making, and creativity.
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Purpose: We determined the effect of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) after an exercise session on exercise performance on the following morning. Methods: Eleven male athletes performed either a normal sleep trial (CON) or a PSD trial. On the first day (day 1), all subjects performed an exercise session consisting of 90 min of running (at 75% V̇O2max) followed by 100 drop jumps. Maximal strength (MVC) was evaluated before and after exercise. In the CON trial, the sleep duration was 23:00-7:00, while in the PSD trial, the sleep duration was shortened to 40% of the regular sleep duration. On the following morning (day 2), MVC, the metabolic responses during 20 min of running (at 75% V̇O2max), and time to exhaustion (TTE) at 85% V̇O2max were evaluated. Results: On day 2, neither the MVC nor V̇O2 during 20 min of running differed significantly between the two trials. However, the respiratory exchange ratio was significantly lower in the PSD trial than in the CON trial (p = 0.01). Moreover, the TTE was significantly shorter in the PSD trial than in the CON trial (p = 0.01). Conclusion: A single night of PSD after an exercise session significantly decreased endurance performance without significantly changing muscle strength or cardiopulmonary response.
Article
Qu, C, Wu, Z, Xu, M, Lorenzo, S, Dong, Y, Wang, Z, Qin, F, and Zhao, J. Cryotherapy on subjective sleep quality, muscle, and inflammatory response in Chinese middle- and long-distance runners after muscle damage. J Strength Cond Res 36(10): 2883-2890, 2022-The purpose of this investigation was to explore the effects of cold-water immersion (CWI), contrast-water therapy (CWT), and whole-body cryotherapy (CRY) on subjective sleep quality, muscle damage markers, and inflammatory markers in middle- and long-distance runners after muscle damage. Twelve male runners from Beijing Sport University completed a muscle damage exercise protocol and were treated with different recovery methods (CWI, CWT, CRY, or control [CON]) immediately after exercise and at 24-, 48-, and 72-h postexercise. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire score, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, myoglobin (Mb) activity, interleukin-6 (IL-6) activity, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) activity were measured at 7 time points (preexercise; immediately postexercise; and at 1-, 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-h postexercise). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores indicated that the CRY condition had improved sleep quality compared with the CON and CWI conditions (p < 0.05). In terms of LDH activity, the CRY and CWT conditions had improved recovery compared with the CON and CWI conditions (p < 0.05). In terms of Mb activity, the CRY condition exhibited improved recovery compared with that of the CON and CWI conditions (p < 0.05), and the CWT condition showed better recovery than that of the CON condition (p < 0.05). In terms of IL-6 activity, the CRY condition showed improved recovery compared with the CWI condition (p < 0.05). Finally, in terms of sICAM-1 activity, the CRY condition had enhanced recovery compared with the other 3 conditions (p < 0.05). The results from this study suggest that CRY improves subjective sleep quality and reduces muscle damage and inflammatory responses in middle- and long-distance runners. In addition, CWT reduced muscle damage and inflammatory responses, but its effects on the other parameters were inconclusive.
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Objective: Sleep and awakening are a biological cycle that is affected by physiological function, light and darkness, work programs, and other activities. The vital role of sleep in body function and appetite is essential, and this is especially important for athletes. Meanwhile, the conditions of soccer players are such that they are deprived of sleep, and this is a risk to a professional athlete. The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of overnight sleep deprivation on appetite and physical performance in elite female soccer players. Materials and Methods: Twelve elite female soccer players in the premier league of Iran with 10-year history were selected to the study (age: 28.50±3.45 yr, height: 160.50±4.07 cm, weight: 55.12±3.52 kg, body mass index: 21.38±1.06 kg/m2). Subjects were evaluated in two rounds with normal sleep and deprivation of night sleep (DNS) and between these two rounds was also a recovery week. The evaluations included physical performance and appetite. Results: DNS had a significant effect on appetite (feeling hungry, full, satiate, and eating desire), reaction time, balance (static and dynamic), anaerobic power (peak power, minimum power, average power, and fatigue index), and aerobic performance (p≤0.05). Conclusion: DNS may induce disruptions on the appetite and physical performance of elite soccer players. For these, athletes should take into consideration adequate night sleep before performing physical tasks.
Article
Elite athletes and coaches believe sleep is the most important recovery strategy and widely consider it critical to optimal performance. Despite this perceived importance, there are numerous circumstances that can reduce sleep quantity and quality in athletic populations. Because of the effects of sleep loss on various physical, neurophysiological, and cognitive parameters, such perturbations can have consequences for performance and recovery outcomes. Although peer-reviewed literature examining the interaction between sleep, performance, and recovery in athletes is increasing, understanding of these issues remains equivocal. Perhaps most pertinently, the effect of sleep on sport performance does not align with a one-size-fits-all approach and rather depends on numerous factors such as type of sport, scheduling, time of the season, and the intra-individual requirements for sleep. The relationship between brain plasticity and memory, which in turn can influence learning processes and long-term memory consolidation, suggests that sleep may play an important role in learning new skills and tactics for both elite and developing athletes. The aim of this special issue review was to analyze the evidence of sleep loss on sport performance and recovery, with a specific focus on elite athletes. An assessment of these sleep- compromising situations that elite athletes may face during a typical season and practical considerations for alleviating these issues is also provided to further the understanding for medical professionals, scientists, and applied sporting practitioners alike.
Article
We tested the hypothesis that EEG sleep stages 3 and 4 (slow-wave-sleep, SWS) would be increased as a function of either acute or chronic exercise. Ten distance runners were matched with 10 nonrunners, and their sleep was recorded under both habitual (runners running and nonrunners not running, 3 nights) and abruptly changed (runners not running and nonrunners running, 1 night) conditions. Analyses of both visually scored SWS and computer measures of delta activity during non-rapid eye-movement (NREM) sleep failed to support the SWS-exercise hypothesis. The runners showed a significantly higher proportion and a greater absolute amount of NREM sleep than the nonrunners. The runners showed less rapid eye-movement activity during sleep than the nonrunners under both experimental conditions, indicating a strong and unexpected effect of physical fitness on this measure. Modest afternoon exercise in nonrunners was associated with a strong trend toward elevated heart rate during sleep. Mood tests and personality profiles revealed few differences, either between groups or within groups, as a function of exercise.
Article
Concepts of sustained and continuous military operations were examined with respect to relevant literature. In particular, the objectives were to predict behavioral and biological impairments which might result in those operations; and to determine whether the period necessary for recovery following a sustained operation can be ascertained from the literature. It was concluded that those objectives could not be met due to inadequate information. Nonetheless, the literature did provide data which suggest that certain severe impairments may be experienced by soldiers engaging in sustained and continuous operations. It also provided guidelines for the design of studies to collect the required information. Finally, this review led to a call for serious reevaluation of the current concepts of continuous operations.
Article
The muscle glycogen content of the quadriceps femoris muscle was determined in 9 healthy subjects with the aid of the needle biopsy technique. The glycogen content could be varied in the individual subjects by instituting different diets after exhaustion of the glycogen store by hard exercise. Thus, the glycogen content after a fat ± protein (P) and a carbohydrate-rich (C) diet varied maximally from 0.6 g/100g muscle to 4.7 g. In all subjects, the glycogen content after the C diet was higher than the normal range for muscle glycogen, determined after the mixed (M) diet. After each diet period, the subjects worked on a bicycle ergometer at a work load corresponding to 75 per cent of their maximal O2 uptake, to complete exhaustion. The average work time was 59, 126 and 189 min after diets P, M and C, and a good correlation was noted between work time and the initial muscle glycogen content. The total carbohydrate utilization during the work periods (54–798 g) was well correlated to the decrease in glycogen content. It is therefore concluded that the glycogen content of the working muscle is a determinant for the capacity to perform long-term heavy exercise. Moreover, it has been shown that the glycogen content and, consequently, the long-term work capacity can be appreciably varied by instituting different diets after glycogen depletion.
Article
For half a century, Sleep and Wakefulness has been a valuable reference work. It discusses phases of the sleep cycle, experimental work on sleep and wakefulness, sleep disorders and their treatment, and such sleep-like states as hypnosis and hibernation.
Article
In reviewing the blood borne "mediators" to ventilation during exercise, our emphasis is on VCO2 and [H+]. We consider that exercise ventilation is more closely linked to VCO2 than to VO2. Lactic acid has a dual effect on ventilation, as it results in an increased CO2 output as well as increased [H+], an independent ventilatory stimulus. Examples from acid-base disturbances hypoxia and training are used to illustrate the relationship of VE to VCO2 and [H+].
Article
A precise, efficient response of the pulmonary system to the increased energy demands imposed by rhythmic muscular work is well recognized as a necessary first line of defense in ensuring adequate systemic oxygen transport. Some critical aspects of this response in short-term muscular work are described together with an examination of how this response might be altered, both acutely by varying types of exercise and chronically by physical training and hypoxic environments.
Article
This article has no abstract; the first 100 words appear below. THE main source of energy for the life process is the oxidation of dietary substrate in the mitochondria of cells, and the major catabolic end product is carbon dioxide. In a complex organism such as man, the ultimate source of oxygen and the "dump" for carbon dioxide, the atmosphere, is far removed from the cellular site of oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production. Therefore, an interaction of physiologic mechanisms is required to allow gas exchange between the external environment and the cell (Fig. 1). These mechanisms link gas exchange at the cellular level with that at the lungs, while the . . . Source Information From the Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Physiology and Medicine, Harbor General Hospital-UCLA School of Medicine, Torrance, CA 90509, where reprint requests should be addressed to Dr. Wasserman.
Article
In an effort to assess the effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and performance during prolonged exercise, nine competitive cyclists (two females and seven males) exercised until exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer at 80% of Vo2 max. One trial was performed an hour after ingesting decaffeinated coffee (Trial D), while a second trial (C) required that each subject consume coffee containing 330 mg of caffeine 60 min before the exercise. Following the ingestion of caffeine (Trial C), the subjects were able to perform an average of 90.2 (SE +/- 7.2) min of cycling as compared to an average of 75.5 (SE +/- 5.1) min in the D Trial. Measurements of plasma free fatty acids, glycerol and respiratory exchange ratios evidenced a greater rate of lipid metabolism during the caffeine trial as compared to the decaffeinated exercise treatment. Calculations of carbohydrate (CHO) metabolism from respiratory exchange data revealed that the subjects oxidized roughly 240 g of CHO in both trials. Fat oxidation, however, was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) during the C Trial (118 g or 1.31 g/min) than in the D Trial (57 g or 0.75 g/min). On the average the participants rated (Perceived Exertion Scale) their effort during the C Trial to be significantly (P less than 0.05) easier than the demands of the D treatment. Thus, the enhanced endurance performance observed in the C Trial was likely the combined effects of caffeine on lipolysis and its positive influence on nerve impulse transmission.
Article
The mechanism by which catecholamines affect ventilation in man is not known. Ventilatory responses to catecholamines were observed in normal subjects before and after adrenergic receptor blockade. Intravenous infusions of norepinephrine and isoproterenol caused significant increases in minute volume and decreases in end-tidal P(Co2) which were blocked by the administration of propranolol, a beta adrenergic receptor blocker. The hyperventilatory response to hypoxia was not altered by propranolol. Intravenous infusion of phenylephrine caused a small but significant decrease in minute volume which was antagonized by phentolamine, an alpha adrenergic receptor blocker. Angiotensin, a nonadrenergic pressor agent, also decreased minute volume significantly.100% oxygen was administered to suppress arterial chemoreceptors. Increases in minute volume and decreases in arterial P(Co2) in response to norepinephrine and isoproterenol were blocked by breathing 100% oxygen. The decrease in minute volume during phenylephrine was not altered by 100% oxygen. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT: (a) beta adrenergic receptors mediate the hyperventilatory response to norepinephrine and isoproterenol but not to hypoxia. (b) the pressor agents phenylephrine and angiotensin decrease ventilation, and (c) suppression of chemoreceptors blocks the ventilatory response to norepinephrine and isoproterenol but not to phenylephrine. Implications concerning the interaction of adrenergic receptors and chemoreceptors with respect to the hyperventilatory response to catecholamines are discussed.
Article
This review focuses on the following major problems relevant to human cardiovascular adjustments to exercise and heat stress, cardiovascular adjustments to exercise, cardiovascular adjustments to heat stress during rest, cardiovascular adjustments to combined thermal and metabolic stress, and predictability of vasomotor responses. Emphasis is directed toward the regulation and importance of blood flow distribution.
Article
A series of experiments involving the interaction of perceived exertion, selected psychological states and traits, and metabolic responsivity to bicycle ergonietry are reviewed. The findings indicate that normal subjects are capable of consistently identifying differences in work load by means of Borg’s psychophysical category scale, and these subjective estimates mirror the actual metabolic cost of the work being perfomicd. The exception to this generalization is the case where the subject is neurotic, anxious or depressed since such individuals appear to have difficulty in their perceptual processing of work intensity. Extroverts tend to underrate work intensity at heavier loads, and their stated work preference is higher for prolonged work than it is for introverted subjects, Pre-exercise self reports of somatic perception correlated with perceived exertion across a 30-minute work bout. Various psychological states and traits seem to play a role in the perceptual processing of information relating to muscular work, and both metabolic and perceptual responsivity of exercising subjects has been manipulated by means of hypnotic suggestion. It is concluded that a psychobiologic approach to perceived exertion is the most efficacious.
Article
The general purpose of the investigation was to identify some of those physiological parameters, taken individually and collectively, which account for the greatest variability in perceived exertion (RPE) responses during thirty minutes of bicycle ergometer exercise. The data from eight independent variables recorded at 5, 15 and 30 minutes during two conditions were submitted to forward selection multiple regression analyses. Six male students between the ages of 18 and 22 years rode during five trials. Three trials were performed under a neutral temperature condition (24°C) at 48, 60 and 68% of maxVo2 Two trials were performed under hot temperature conditions (44° and 54°C) at 48% of maxVo2. Ventilation (VE) accounted for the greatest variance in RPE at 5 and 15 minutes and respiratory rate (RR) made the greatest contribution at 30 minutes in both conditions. The independent variables accounted for more total variance in the heat at each time point (84, 84 and 77%) than in the neutral (66, 80 and 53%). Rectal and skin temperature (Tr and Ts) appear sooner and account for more variance in RPE in the heat than in the neutral environment. It was hypothesized that man does not directly attend to physiological processes, per se, as a basis for perceived exertion ratings but does attend to the externalization of these processes, i.e., increases in metabolic rate result in increases in VE, RR and Ts which can be directly perceived.
Article
C ostill , D. L., P. D. G ollnick , E. D. J ansson , B. S altin and E. M. STEIN. Glycogen depletion pattern in human muscle fibres during distance running. Acta physiol. scand. 1973. 89. 374–383. Muscle biopsy and venous blood samples were taken from 9 subjects before and after a 30 km race. Additional measurements were made when 8 subjects ran 20.5 km of the course 2 ‐3 weeks later. Information about total metabolism and the glycogen depletion pattern in the fibres of the thigh muscle during prolonged running has been obtained from these measurements. The average oxygen uptake and respiratory exchange ratio were 4.7 1×min ‐1 (83 % ot maximal oxygen uptake) and 0.90, respectively. An average intramuscular tryglyceride reduction of 2.2 mmoles×kg ‐1 (30 %) accounted for only part of the lipid combusted. Muscle glycogen declined 56 % (from 98 to 42 mmoles of glucose units × kg ‐1 ) during the race. Histochemical staining of the muscle for glycogen revealed a marked depletion in the slow twitch fibres. Only a small glycogen depletion occurred in the fast twitch fibres. This suggests a primary reliance upon slow twitch fibres during prolonged running. The results also point to the limitations of assessing substrate utilization or availability in working fibres from muscle samples with mixed fibre populations.
Article
Summary The apparent efficiency of sub-maximum exercise tends to be lower in subjects with a large aerobic power. This is probably an artefact arising from neglect of the oxygen debt in the calculation of mechanical efficiency. Changes in the extent of oxygen debt can obscure an increased skill of performance with training. Efficiency is improved by repetition of a given mode of exercise, but not by other forms of training. Habituation is greater during work than at rest, but even during work the change in pulse rate of young men does not exceed 2–5 beats/min over 5 experimental days. Habituation is lost if the test procedure is not repeated during training; this can complicate assessments of training from the response to sub-maximum exercise.
Article
10 well trained and 10 untrained subjects worked to complete exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer with work loads averaging 77 (76–87) per cent of their individual maximal aerobic power. Determinations of glycogen used by working muscles (biopsy of lateral portion of the quadriceps femoris muscles) and of combusted carbohydrate (Vo2 and RQ) were performed at certain intervals from the start of work to exhaustion. At a combustion rate of about 3 g carbohydrate per minute (RQ around 0.9 or higher) and at average values for glycogen in resting muscle of 1.6 (1.1–2.5)g/100 wet muscle, the effective work time was around 85 min for the untrained and 90 min for the trained subjects. At the end of the exhaustive exercise the glycogen content averaged 0.06 g in the untrained and 0.12 g/100 g wet muscle in the trained subjects. A close relationship between utilized glycogen and combusted carbohydrate was found, and it seems highly probable that at high relative workloads primarily the glycogen stores in the exercising muscles will limit the capacity for prolonged strenuous work.
Article
The influence of acute sleep loss on subsequent exercise remains poorly defined. To investigate this question, six subjects performed cycle ergometer exercise daily in a 3-d series that included 30 h without sleep before day 2, and then unlimited sleep before day 3. Each day 8 min of exercise was performed at each of three constant external work loads that required approximately 25%, 50%, and 75% of the VO2max. On days 2 and 3 after sleep loss, exercise at all work loads resulted in unchanged O2 uptake (VO2), CO2 production (VO2), CO2 production (VCO2), ventilation (VE), heart rate, and arterial blood perssure, when compared with the equivalent day in a control series. Despite these unchanged physiological variables, ratings of preceived exertion were increased significantly during moderate and heavy exercise on day 2 (P less than 0.05), but returned to control levels on day 3. In further experiments on six additional subjects, sleep loss failed to alter VO2max, while it significantly reduced peak exercise heart rate (P less than 0.05). These results suggest that acute sleep deprivation primarily alters the psychological responses to moderate and heavy exercise.
Article
The hormonal response to a standardized bicycle exercise test was studied in 11 male cadets exposed to a course of 107 h of continuous activity with less than 2 h sleep. The subjects expended about 8,600–11,000 kcal/24 h whereas their daily food intake contained only about 1,500 kcal. The exercise test was performed once 12 days before the course (control experiment) and on day 3 and day 5 during the course, always between 0700–0900 h. A two to six fold increase was seen in the resting levels of noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, and growth hormone during the course whereas a decrease was observed for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and prolactin. Cortisol increased on day 3 and then decreased to precourse levels on day 5. The response to the exercise test during the course for all catecholamines was a further increase aboye and proportional to the raisted resting levels. Growth hormone increased by about 6–8 Μg/l both before and during the course. During the exercise test, cortisol decreased before the course whereas it increased during the course. All plasma levels of cortisol were higher on day 3 than on day 5 and in the control experiment. The post-exercise insulin increase was reduced during the course corresponding to a reduction in blood glucose levels. Prolactin decreased during and after exercise in the control experiment, whereas on day 5 the opposite response was seen. No changes in the disappearance rate of different hormones were observed during the course. The present investigation has demonstrated that prolonged strain severely affects the resting plasma levels of different hormones as well as the endocrine response to a short-term physical exercise.
Article
Historically, perhaps no daytime behavior has been more closely associated with better sleep than exercise. The assumption that exercise promotes sleep has also been central to various hypotheses about the functions of sleep. Hypotheses that sleep serves an energy conservation function, a body tissue restitution function, or a temperature down-regulation function all have predicted a uniquely potent effect of exercise on sleep because no other stimulus elicits greater depletion of energy stores, tissue breakdown, or elevation of body temperature, respectively. Exercise offers a potentially attractive alternative or adjuvant treatment for insomnia. Sleeping pills have a number of adverse side effects and are not recommended for long-term use, partly on the basis of a significant epidemiologic association of chronic hypnotic use with mortality. Other behavioral/cognitive treatments are more effective for chronic insomnia treatment, but difficult and costly to deliver. By contrast, exercise could be a healthy, safe, inexpensive, and simple means of improving sleep.
A study of recovery functions in man In: US Army Technical Memorandum, 10-72 Effects of adrenergic stimulation on ventilation in man
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Harris W, O'Hanlon JF (1972) A study of recovery functions in man. In: US Army Technical Memorandum, 10-72. Aberdeen Research and Development Center, Maryland Heistad DD, Wheeler RC, Mark AL, Schmid PG, Abboud FM (1972) Effects of adrenergic stimulation on ventilation in man. J Clin Invest 51:1469-1475
Muscle glycogen during prolonged severe exercise Sleep and wakefulness Effects of sleep deprivation on exercise Psychological factors influencing perceived exertion
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Hermansen L, Hultman E, Saltin B (1967) Muscle glycogen during prolonged severe exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 71 : 129-139 B.J. Martin Kleitman N (1963) Sleep and wakefulness. University of Chicago Press, Chicago Martin B J, Gaddis GM (1981) Effects of sleep deprivation on exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc (in press) Morgan WP (1973a) Psychological factors influencing perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports 5 : 97-103
A nomogram for calculation of aerobic capacity (physical fitness) from pulse rate during submaximal work Diet, muscle glycogen, and physical performance Exercise and sports science reviews
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