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Morphological variability of Culicoides circumscriptus Kieffer 1918. C. kirovabadicus Dzhafarov 1964 as a probable synonym [Variabilité des caractères morphologiques de Culicoides circumscriptus Kieffer 1918. Mise en synonymie de C. kirovabadicus Dzhafarov 1964.]
Abstract
The authors study the variation of the sensilles and the wing pattern of Culicoides circumscriptus Kieffer, 1918, they consider that Culicoides kirovabadicus Dzhafarov 1964, could be synonymous.
Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal pathway for the degradation of cytoplasmic components. Basal autophagy in kidney cells is essential for the maintenance of kidney homeostasis, structure and function. Under stress conditions, autophagy is altered as part of the adaptive response of kidney cells, in a process that is tightly regulated by signalling pathways that can modulate the cellular autophagic flux — mammalian target of rapamycin, AMP-activated protein kinase and sirtuins are key regulators of autophagy. Dysregulated autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury, to incomplete kidney repair after acute kidney injury and to chronic kidney disease of varied aetiologies, including diabetic kidney disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and polycystic kidney disease. Autophagy also has a role in kidney ageing. However, questions remain about whether autophagy has a protective or a pathological role in kidney fibrosis, and about the precise mechanisms and signalling pathways underlying the autophagy response in different types of kidney cells and across the spectrum of kidney diseases. Further research is needed to gain insights into the regulation of autophagy in the kidneys and to enable the discovery of pathway-specific and kidney-selective therapies for kidney diseases and anti-ageing strategies.
The results of entomological studies carried out in the governate of Monastir (Tunisia) in 2009-2010 (captures and emergences from muds) focusing on Culicoides species are presented in the present study. Identification of Culicoides at the species level is based on morphological characters, and a molecular study has been carried out based on mitochondrial DNA cytochrome C oxidase I gene (COI) and D1 and D2 domains of the 28S rDNA. The DNA sequences reported here are related to 10 species (on 25 known) of Culicoides described in Tunisia: Culicoides cataneii-gejgelensis, Culicoides circumscriptus, Culicoides imicola, Culicoides jumineri, Culicoides kingi, Culicoides langeroni, Culicoides newsteadi, Culicoides paolae, Culicoides puncticollis and Culicoides sahariensis. DNA sequencing of the COI gene and D1D2 domains discriminated all morphologically determined species. The choice of D1D2 domains considered as a conserved region is informative for Culicoides species identification. The molecular analyses of COI has grouped both C. circumscriptus, C. puncticollis within two clusters and C. newsteadi within five subclusters. However, C. newsteadi shows relatively deep intraspecific divergence using COI sequences.
Bluetongue virus serotype 2 (BTV-2) appeared in North Africa in December 1999 and caused a total of 14 775 clinical cases and 1 286 deaths in sheep. This arthropod-borne viral disease was first reported by the Tunisian veterinary services in 1999 followed by the Algerian authorities in 2000 and has been described in adult sheep only. The overall morbidity and mortality rates were 9% and 3.5%, respectively. Following the initial incursion of BTV-2 in December 1999, Tunisia reported an epidemic in 2000 and a few outbreaks in 2002. Neither Morocco nor Libya has reported any clinical cases of bluetongue in recent years, despite surveillance programmes being carried out. In Tunisia, the control strategy was based on mass vaccination of sheep using a live-attenuated monovalent type 2 vaccine, while in Algeria, it was based on vector control. Vector surveillance has proven the presence of Culicoides imicola in Morocco but there are no data available for either Tunisia or Algeria.
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