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Ayurvedic herbal drugs with possible cytostatic activity
Abstract
Ayurveda is considered to be the traditional science of health in India and is based on the principle of subjectivity. All matter is composed of five basic elements, which can be perceived by the five sense organs. All food and drugs are classified according to their pharmacological properties, which are derived from these five elements. To investigate which Ayurvedic plants might have cytostatic activity, an Ayurvedic model for the pathogenesis of cancer was made. Based on this, selection criteria were formed, that were used to select plants from a list of Ayurvedic herbal drugs. Some of the selected species could be collected in India and Nepal. The dried material of 14 species was submitted to ethanol (70% v/v) extraction and the extracts were tested for cytotoxicity on COLO 320 tumour cells, using the microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The IC50-value, the concentration causing 50% growth inhibition of the tumour cells, was used as a parameter for cytotoxicity. Extracts of the flowers of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) and of the nuts of Semecarpus anacardium L.f. (Anacardiaceae) displayed the strongest cytotoxic effect with IC50-values of 1.4 micrograms/ml and 1.6 micrograms/ml, respectively. The extracts of several other plants did not show a cytotoxic effect up to 100 micrograms/ml, the highest concentration tested.
... Cancer-like diseases not only affect physical health but also affect mental health. Discordances between the mind and the body cause a variety of symptoms such as lethargy, anxiety, restlessness, and depression (20). When cancer strikes, it causes disorders in the body and affects the Tamas (it is the energy that holds all things together over time) and the Kapha. ...
... Cachexia is a tumor-induced metabolic alteration that triggers an immune response, for which several ayurvedic herbs are used. Ayurvedic medications may not only promote full recovery but also minimize adverse effects in cancer therapy (20). The first goal of Ayurvedic cancer therapy is to regulate and manage Tridosha [Vata (wind), Pitta (bile), and Kapha (phlegm), corresponding to the three elements of the universe: air, fire, and water] and Triguna (Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas -integral components of the mind). ...
... When this cellular replication mechanism becomes uncontrollable, a tumor develops. Cancer cells' aberrant expansion and division are triggered by DNA destruction in these cells (20). ...
Cancer is a prominent cause of mortality globally, and it becomes fatal and incurable if it is delayed in diagnosis. Chemotherapy is a type of treatment that is used to eliminate, diminish, or restrict tumor progression. Chemotherapeutic medicines are available in various formulations. Some tumors require just one type of chemotherapy medication, while others may require a combination of surgery and/or radiotherapy. Treatments might last from a few minutes to many hours to several days. Each medication has potential adverse effects associated with it. Researchers have recently become interested in the use of natural bioactive compounds in anticancer therapy. Some phytochemicals have effects on cellular processes and signaling pathways with potential antitumor properties. Beneficial anticancer effects of phytochemicals were observed in both in vivo and in vitro investigations. Encapsulating natural bioactive compounds in different drug delivery methods may improve their anticancer efficacy. Greater in vivo stability and bioavailability, as well as a reduction in undesirable effects and an enhancement in target-specific activity, will increase the effectiveness of bioactive compounds. This review work focuses on a novel drug delivery system that entraps natural bioactive substances. It also provides an idea of the bioavailability of phytochemicals, challenges and limitations of standard cancer therapy. It also encompasses recent patents on nanoparticle formulations containing a natural anti-cancer molecule.
... The free radical neutralizing properties of several plants have been screened by various researchers. Plants have been used in the prevention of cancer such as; Solanum nigrum [76] , Bauhinia Purpurea [101] , Sweet Myrrh [132] , Semecarpus Anacardium [133] as mentioned in table 3. ...
... Anacardiaceae anticancer and hepato-protective activity, protective role on deranged cell membrane in AFB1 induced hepato-carcinoma.(antioxidation and multi drug resistant) [133] 27. Sweet Myrrh Burseraceae antioxidant properties, apoptosis, antiproliferation in lung, pancreas, breast, prostate cancers (antioxidation,apoptoss and anti-proliferation) [132] 28. ...
... The maximum concentration examined, 100 micrograms/ml, was the limit at which the extracts of numerous other plants failed to exhibit cytotoxic effects. (53) ...
Vitex negundo is commonly referred to as Nirgundi, which is a small aromatic medicinal plant widely used by traditional as well as modern systems of medicine. In Ayurvedic medicine, Nirgundi is used because it has the ability to control the balance between vata and kapha doshas, as it possesses bitter, pungent, and astringent rasa (taste). Classical texts describe it as possessing sheeta (cooling) or ushna (warming) properties according to preparation, making it versatile in treating a wide range of diseases. Nirgundi has also been traditionally used for anxiety, pain, inflammation, and other disorders like respiration, or liver dysfunction etc. Its time-honoured uses have been validated by extensive pharmacological studies, confirming a broad range of bioactive effects. Vitex negundo shows strong analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardiotonic, antihistaminic, anti-asthmatic, anxiolytic, and hepatoprotective activities. Its bioactivities prove to be helpful for the treatment of arthritis, asthma, allergic conditions, cardiovascular disorders, and mental illness. The possibility of its hepatoprotective role underscores the protection of the liver from toxic and potential damage effects. Its anticancer potential is considerably of interest in research on oncology. Strong efficacy in both experimental and clinical studies by various applications, this herb finds legitimacy in the disciplines of integrative medicine. Its multifarious pharmacological profile and a very benign safety profile open opportunities for the creation of drugs and alternative health practices. This review focuses on the holistic health benefits of the Vitex negundo, highlighting its relevance in both traditional and modern healthcare systems. It has an elaborate pharmacological activity profile and is a highly important botanical resource for the betterment of health and well-being of humans, including animals.
... The maximum concentration examined, 100 micrograms/ml, was the limit at which the extracts of numerous other plants failed to exhibit cytotoxic effects. (53) ...
Vitex negundo is commonly referred to as Nirgundi, which is a small aromatic medicinal plant widely used by traditional as well as modern systems of medicine. In Ayurvedic medicine, Nirgundi is used because it has the ability to control the balance between vata and kapha doshas, as it possesses bitter, pungent, and astringent rasa (taste). Classical texts describe it as possessing sheeta (cooling) or ushna (warming) properties according to preparation, making it versatile in treating a wide range of diseases. Nirgundi has also been traditionally used for anxiety, pain, inflammation, and other disorders like respiration, or liver dysfunction etc. Its time-honoured uses have been validated by extensive pharmacological studies, confirming a broad range of bioactive effects. Vitex negundo shows strong analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardiotonic, antihistaminic, anti-asthmatic, anxiolytic, and hepatoprotective activities. Its bioactivities prove to be helpful for the treatment of arthritis, asthma, allergic conditions, cardiovascular disorders, and mental illness. The possibility of its hepatoprotective role underscores the protection of the liver from toxic and potential damage effects. Its anticancer potential is considerably of interest in research on oncology. Strong efficacy in both experimental and clinical studies by various applications, this herb finds legitimacy in the disciplines of integrative medicine. Its multifarious pharmacological profile and a very benign safety profile open opportunities for the creation of drugs and alternative health practices. This review focuses on the holistic health benefits of the Vitex negundo, highlighting its relevance in both traditional and modern healthcare systems. It has an elaborate pharmacological activity profile and is a highly important botanical resource for the betterment of health and well-being of humans, including animals.
... R. Br.) of Asclepiadaceae and of the nuts of Bhallataka (Semecarpus anacardium L. f.) of the Anacardiaceae family displayed cytotoxic effect with IC50 values of 1.4 µg/mL and 1.6 µg/mL, respectively. [31] Arka and Bhallataka thus can be considered the best cytotoxic herbs. Processed Bhallataka, in particular, is considered to be optimum for tumor size reduction. ...
The changing lifestyle, westernization of diet, and exposure to different types of carcinogens have resulted in the increasing burden of cancer over the globe. According to the National Institute of Cancer, the standard cancer treatment approaches include chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, surgery, gene-targeted therapy, and drug therapy. Considering the rising burden of cancer, the integrative and Ayurveda-based approach, especially in preventive and promotive aspects of health, is of utmost importance to manage the condition. Thus, an attempt has been made to review available information and to tap the advancements in the field of integrative oncology focusing on Ayurveda and cancer treatment. A search through PubMed has been done, and classical references, wherever applicable, were drawn from Ayurveda Samhita texts. Considering the obtained information from the literature search; different aspects such as risk factors, prevention, Ayurveda-based understanding, Ayurveda interventions in the field of oncology, cytotoxic herbs, nanomedicine in Ayurveda cancer care, and success stories, where Ayurvedic approaches have been provided cancer care, are discussed in detail. The review revealed that Ayurveda can address the newer approach to riskier areas such as cancer. With a more research-oriented approach, Ayurveda can provide evidence-based solutions in the management of malignancies.
... 4 However, studies also have reported the cytotoxic effect of SA and toxic at dose-dependent levels in animal studies. 10 Processing of medicinal ingredients used in Ayurveda to detoxify them is known as shodana. It not only reduces the toxic effects but also enhances the therapeutic effect of the drugs at times imparts additional qualities. ...
In this age, there is an urgent need to meticulously examine the present indisputable conclusion on traditional herbal medicines, which are used for a favourable outcome for various maladies. Therefore the current investigation aimed to formulate traditional Ayurvedic medicine Amrtabhallataka Ghrta. (ABG) and evaluate it for pharmacognostic, phytochemistry and acute toxicity on Wistar rats. The organoleptic and microscopical features of Semecarpus anacardium were studied. Further, Bhallantaka nut was evaluated for phytochemical constituents. After the Shodhana process, Amrtabhallataka Ghrita was prepared. Ghrita was analysed for its organoleptic, physicochemical features and screened its acute toxicity in Wistar rats. The progress in analytical methodologies could serve as a specific basis for examination in herbal drug technology, thereby, aid the Ayurvedic industry to lay down quality standards and parameters, for the establishment of therapeutic efficacy, safety and purity of herbal drugs.
... spices are rich sources of flavonoids, which can block carcinogenesis. For instance, the potential of turmeric (curcumin), red chilli (capsaicin), cloves (eugenol), ginger (zerumbone), garlic (diallyl sulphide), fennel (anethole), kokum (gambogic acid), fenugreek (diosgenin) and black cumin (thymoquinone) in cancer prevention has been established [3] . ...
... A variety of pharmacological properties have been reported and exhibited in A. vasica including; antimicrobial [8], hepatoprotective [9], anti-inflammatory [10], antitussive [11], thrombolytic [12], antioxidant activities and help in radio modulation and reproductive functions [13], cardiovascular and mutation protection [14]. Vitex negundo has demonstrated antimicrobial [15], antiinflammatory [16], anti-cancer [17], anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant activities [18]. Caesalpinia bonduc is a thorny shrub that is found all over the world, particularly in India and Sri Lanka. ...
Introduction: Adhatoda vasica Linn, Vitex negundo Linn, and Caesalpinia bonduc Linn are medicinal
plants belongs to Acanthaceae, Verbenaceae, and Caesalpiniaceae families respectively. This study
aimed to develop a herbal tea bag from a combination of the three medicinal plants and assess its
thrombolytic effect in vitro using the clot lysis assay. Methods: Phytochemical profiles of the selected
medicinal plants were determined. Aqueous extract (AE) of leaves of each plant was added (100 μL)
at concentrations ranging from (125-500 mg/mL) into microcentrifuge tubes containing pre-weighed
blood clots. After 90 minutes of incubation at 37 ºC, the supernatants containing disintegrated blood
clots were discarded. The tubes were weighed again, and the percentage of clot lysis was determined.
Streptokinase was utilized as the positive control, while distilled water as the negative control. The
thrombolytic effect of several plant combinations was investigated and the most effective combination
was formulated into a tea bag. Results: Alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, diterpenoids, cardiac
glycosides, phenolic compounds, proteins, amino acids, and carbohydrates were detected. AE of C.
bonduc, V. negundo and A. vasica leaves showed maximum thrombolytic activity of 33.32% (p= 0.001),
28.16% (p=0.007) at the concentration of 500mg/ mL, and 22.02 %, at the concentration of 125mg/ mL
respectively (p= 0.031). Streptokinase, the most effective combination (1:4:4) and the tea bag
demonstrated 88.50% (p=0.000), 31.01% (p=0.003) and 13.35% (p=0.04) of clot-dissolving activity
respectively. Conclusion: The presence of modest thrombolytic activity in the AE of A.vasica,
V.negundo, and C.bonduc leaves, both individually and in combination, was demonstrated in this study.
Stability testing and further development of the herbal tea bag are recommended in future studies.
... A variety of pharmacological properties have been reported and exhibited in A. vasica including; antimicrobial [8], hepatoprotective [9], anti-inflammatory [10], antitussive [11], thrombolytic [12], antioxidant activities and help in radio modulation and reproductive functions [13], cardiovascular and mutation protection [14]. Vitex negundo has demonstrated antimicrobial [15], antiinflammatory [16], anti-cancer [17], anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant activities [18]. Caesalpinia bonduc is a thorny shrub that is found all over the world, particularly in India and Sri Lanka. ...
Introduction: Adhatoda vasica Linn, Vitex negundo Linn, and Caesalpinia bonduc Linn are medicinal plants belongs to Acanthaceae, Verbenaceae, and Caesalpiniaceae families respectively. This study aimed to develop a herbal tea bag from a combination of the three medicinal plants and assess its thrombolytic effect in vitro using the clot lysis assay. Methods: Phytochemical profiles of the selected medicinal plants were determined. Aqueous extract (AE) of leaves of each plant was added (100 µL) at concentrations ranging from (125-500 mg/mL) into microcentrifuge tubes containing pre-weighed blood clots. After 90 minutes of incubation at 37 ºC, the supernatants containing disintegrated blood clots were discarded. The tubes were weighed again, and the percentage of clot lysis was determined. Streptokinase was utilized as the positive control, while distilled water as the negative control. The thrombolytic effect of several plant combinations was investigated and the most effective combination was formulated into a tea bag. Results: Alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, diterpenoids, cardiac glycosides, phenolic compounds, proteins, amino acids, and carbohydrates were detected. AE of C. bonduc, V. negundo and A. vasica leaves showed maximum thrombolytic activity of 33.32% (p= 0.001), 28.16% (p=0.007) at the concentration of 500mg/ mL, and 22.02 %, at the concentration of 125mg/ mL respectively (p= 0.031). Streptokinase, the most effective combination (1:4:4) and the tea bag demonstrated 88.50% (p=0.000), 31.01% (p=0.003) and 13.35% (p=0.04) of clot-dissolving activity respectively. Conclusion: The presence of modest thrombolytic activity in the AE of A.vasica, V.negundo, and C.bonduc leaves, both individually and in combination, was demonstrated in this study. Stability testing and further development of the herbal tea bag are recommended in future studies. Keywords: Clot lysis, Herbal tea bag, Thrombolytic activity, Adhatoda vasica Linn, Vitex negundo Linn, Caesalpinia bonduc Linn
... The hemi synthetic derivative of a cardenolide isolated from the root barks of C. procera showed a strong cytotoxic effect on several human cancer lines, a high in vivo tolerance to tumor growth and prolonged survival in the human xenograft models of nude mice [131]. ...
Calotropis procera contained many biological active chemical groups including, cardenolides, steroids, tannins, glycosides, phenols, terpenoids, sugars, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins. It exerted many pharmacological effects such as antimicrobial, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, anticancer, anti-angiogenic, immunological, antidiabetic, cardiovascular, hypolipidemic, gastroprotective, hepatic protective, renal protective, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, enhancement of wound healing, antifertility and smooth muscle relaxant effect. The present review will highlight the chemical constituents and the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Calotropis procera.
... Calendula officinalis inhibited the multiplication of L929 and HepG2, colon cancer, leukemia, melanoma, human skin fibroblast (HSF), human breast cancer cells (T47D), leukemias, melanomas, fibrosarcomas and cancers of breast, prostate, cervix, lung, pancreas, colorectal cells (in vitro) and Ando-2 melanoma cells (in vivo) (122)(123)(124)(125)(126) . Calotropis procera inhibited the growth of Hep2, Vero cell lines, COLO 320 tumor cells, HL-60, CEM (human leukemia), HCT-8 (human colon cancer), B-16/F10 (murine melanoma) and many other cell lines (127)(128)(129)(130)(131)(132)(133)(134)(135) . Canna indica showed cytotoxicity in brine shrimp toxicity test (136)(137) . ...
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. The alternative natural therapies are required as they considered to have less toxic side effects compared to current chemotherapy. In the current review Web Science, PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct, were searched to provide information about medicinal plants that have shown anticancer activity against various forms of cancer.
... 12 Semecarpus anacardium is medicinally very rich plant from the ancient time. 13,14 The nuts of plants are used in various ailments, specially alimentary tract and dermatologic conditions. It has beneficial effect on neurological disorders, cancer, blood pressure and respiration problems. ...
Semecarpus anacardium is a toxic nature plant and it belongs to family Anacardiaceae.It is well known for its use in ayurveda and siddha as a potent medicinal herb since ancient times. According to Ayurveda Semecarpus anacardium is also named as Bhallataka and Dhobi nut. Phytochemical and pharmacological analyses of Semecarpus anacardium nut extracts shows a variety of bioactive compounds such as bioflavonoids, bhilawanols, phenolic compounds, minerals and glycosides which shows various medicinal properties.The various extract of Semecarpus anacardium has been screened for phytochemicals and exhibit the presence of Phenols, Steriods, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Tanins and Phytosterols. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assayed by the agar well diffusion method and three concentration of plant extract were prepared in 10% DMSO. Each bacterial suspension was inoculated on Muller-Hinton agar plates. Disc of Streptomycin was used as positive control and 10% DMSO soaked filter paper disc was used as negative control. Plates were incubated for 18 hr at35±20C. After the incubation, the antibacterial activities of the extracts were determined by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone around the well that was filled with the extract. The highest antibacterial activity was exhibited by the acetone extract against Enterococcus faecalis (IZ=27mm) and chloroform extract against Proteus vulgaris (IZ=23mm). Methanolic extract of nuts showed significant activity against five human pathogenic bacteria.The results revealed that various extracts of S. anacardium nuts showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It provides preliminary information for further phytochemical and pharmacological analysis on the chemical constituency of the plant extracts. The results of the antimicrobial activity of various sequential extracts were in agreement with the uses of the extracts of Semecarpus anacardium in traditional medicine for the treatment of bacterial diseases.
... Calotropis procera, called giant milkweed, swallow-wort, and apple of Sodom is a wild growing plant of Asclepiadaceae family and well known for its medicinal properties and has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of leprosy, ulcers, tumors and diseases of skin, spleen, liver, and abdomen. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Furthermore, the plant is applied as an anthelmintic and expectorant. 13 Most of the published data on the therapeutic properties of C. procera are related to the latex and aerial parts of the plant in human medicine. ...
There has been a prevailing trend in the application of herbal medicine as cancer therapeutics. Calotropis procera is an ayurvedic plant applied to ameliorate various illnesses. There is no report on the anti-tumor effects of the root of the plant on canine tumors, although it has been used for the treatment of various diseases in human medicine. The objective of the present study was to investigate the antitumor potential of ethanolic root extract of C. procera against canine mammary tumor cell line (CF41-Mg). MTT, western blot, and flow cytometry assays were carried out to evaluate the possible cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction of the extract. MTT results showed that the extract had a potent cytotoxic activity in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 9.00 μg mL-1. Based on the results of flow cytometry and western blotting, IC50 concentration of the extract induced significant apoptosis in the studied cell line, possibly through down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression. The results of the present study clearly indicated that the root extract of C. procera had promising anti-cancer activity and could be considered as a candidate for the treatment of mammary tumors.
... The modern sciences has failed to unreveal the real mechanism of cancer and which was explained earlier by the ancient vedic scripture known as Ayurveda documented thousands years ago only how to suppress cancer and the modern sciences now a days behind this traditional vedic system to learn what is cancer management (Thatte et al.,1999 andSmit et al.,1995). ...
... The main problem with cancer is resistance and there is a very urgent need for the discovery of new anticancer phytochemical leads having multitarget actions (Singh et al., 2002;Balachandran and Govindrajan et al., 2005). The modern sciences have failed to unreveal the real mechanism of cancer and which was explained earlier by the ancient Vedic scripture known as Ayurveda (Thatte et al., 1999;Smit et al., 1995). According to Charaka and Sushruta Samhitas of Ayurveda, cancer is defined as a 'Granthi' (minor neoplasm) or 'Arbuda' (major neoplasm). ...
... Many compounds mainly sterols, phenolics,biflavonoids, bhilawanols, Anacardic acid, and glycosides are present in S. anacardium nut extract. Studies have also reported that the drug has anticancer, anthelmentic,anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, antifungal and antioxidative activity [2][3][4] . Organisms develops resistance to the existing antibiotics, therefore the development of bacterial resistance to the currently available antibiotics has necessitated the research for new antibacterial agents 5 ...
Semecarpus anacardium is a plant well known for its medicinal value in ayurvedic and siddha system of medicine. The Semecarpus anacardium is useful for various medicinal and pharmacological purposes in ayurvedic literature. The methanolic nut extract of Semecarpus anacardium was screened antioxidant and antibacterial property.
... In some pathological conditions, the liver may help in forming blood cells with red bone marrow. Actually, the function of Yakrit [6] is metabolism of fats, proteins, etc., or storage of certain vitamins, nutrients or glycogen and not coloring the chyle. On the whole, the term of Ranjakagni related to the liver is too difficult to match with any of the components present in the liver. ...
Ayurveda, the oldest Indian indigenous medicine system of plant drugs is known from very early times for preventing or suppressing various tumors using these natural drugs. And nowadays scientists are keener to researches on complementary and alternative medicine for the management of cancer. In Ayurvedic concept, according to ‘Charaka’ and ‘SushrutaSamhitas’ cancer is described as inflammatory or non-inflammatory swelling and mentioned either as ‘Granthi’ (minor neoplasm) or ‘Arbuda‘ (major neoplasm). The nervous system (Vata or air), the venous system (Pitta or fire) and the arterial system (Kapha or water) are three basics of Ayurveda and very important for normal body function. In malignant tumors all three systems get out of control (Tridoshas) and lose mutual coordination that causes tissue damage, resulting critical condition. Tridoshas cause excessive metabolic crisis resulting in proliferation. Key words: Cancer, Charaka, Arbuda, Herbal drugs, TCM.
... It causes a complete alteration in functions leading to the proliferation and metastasis of cancer (Balachandran and Govindarajan, 2005). The ayurvedic preparations used in the cancer treatment contains more than one plant product, which may represent multiple active compounds working on different biochemical pathways of cancer development or progression (Smit et al., 1995). This holistic approach considering all the vital systems of our body may be beneficial as cancer affects not only the organ in which it is present but other organs also. ...
... In Ayurveda various types of herbal preparations and also crude herbs are used for treatment. The advantage of this therapy is that there are no side effects and complications (Smith et al. 1995). Various anticancerous compounds have been isolated from plants, viz., vincristine, vinblastine, and taxol. ...
The application of nanotechnology in cancer management is being studied for specifically targeting cancer cells and destroying them with minimum damage to healthy tissues or using the nanoscale devices to detect cancer cells before they have formed tumors. Since the nanoparticles are much smaller than human cells, they easily move in and out of most cells just like large biomolecules of our body and can easily interact with other molecules on the surface as well as inside of the cells. Though the technology is not more than four decades old, it has produced substantial number of nanodiagnostic and nanotherapeutic agents with higher efficiency and safety. Nanotechnology has given a new insight for cancer treatment because of its potential to overcome the side effects of chemotherapeutic agents. An array of nanovehicle platforms can be designed which can specifically target the cancerous tissues, have high drug-loading capacities, and are favorable for endocytic intracellular uptake.
... In previous studies, they reported that the extracts of flowers, leaves, roots and latex of C. porcera exhibited potent cytotoxic activity (20,21). The cytotoxic activity of latex of C. ...
Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) is one of known important plant for its high medicinal properties. Aqueous latex extract of Calotropis procera was investigated for its cytotoxic and antibacterial activities. The onion bulbs (Allium cepa L.) were germinated for evaluating the cytotoxic activity with different concentrations of aqueous extract (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 %) for 72 hours in plastic laboratory tubes. The antibacterial activity of latex extract were tested against three bacterial species including (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using agar diffusion. The results showed that the mitotic index and root growth rate of onion were decreased in comparison to the control. The latex extract significantly inhibited the growth of roots and mitotic activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The EC50 value of latex extract was at 10% concentration after 48 hours and the mitotic index value was (11%) at the same concentration. The maximum antibacterial activity was observed in latex extract against Staphylococcus aureus at inhibition zone of about (14.3 ± 0.5 mm) at 15 mg concentration and minimum activity was observed in aqueous extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at inhibition zone of about (8 ± 1.2 mm) at 5 mg concentration.
Keywords: Calotropis procera, Pathogenic bacteria, latex extract, Cytotoxic effect and Antimicrobial activity.
... In previous studies, they reported that the extracts of flowers, leaves, roots and latex of C. porcera exhibited potent cytotoxic activity (20,21). The cytotoxic activity of latex of C. ...
Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) is one of known important plant for its high medicinal properties. Aqueous latex extract of Calotropis procera was investigated for its cytotoxic and antibacterial activities. The onion bulbs (Allium cepa L.) were germinated for evaluating the cytotoxic activity with different concentrations of aqueous extract (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 %) for 72 hours in plastic laboratory tubes. The antibacterial activity of latex extract were tested against three bacterial species including (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using agar diffusion. The results showed that the mitotic index and root growth rate of onion were decreased in comparison to the control. The latex extract significantly inhibited the growth of roots and mitotic activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The EC50 value of latex extract was at 10% concentration after 48 hours and the mitotic index value was (11%) at the same concentration. The maximum antibacterial activity was observed in latex extract against Staphylococcus aureus at inhibition zone of about (14.3 ± 0.5 mm) at 15 mg concentration and minimum activity was observed in aqueous extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at inhibition zone of about (8 ± 1.2 mm) at 5 mg concentration.
Keywords: Calotropis procera, Pathogenic bacteria, latex extract, Cytotoxic effect and Antimicrobial activity.
... It was studies revealed that when any other natural sources are compared with kokum, anthocyanins are present in highest concentration in rind of kokum (2.4 g/100 g of kokum fruit). The major pigment present in kokum are anthocyanins [11]. Iso garcinol and two poly iso prenylated phenolics garcinol are present in the outer rind. ...
Garcinia indica belongs to the Clusiaceae family commonly known as Kokum, is a tropical fruit native to India around 200 species are present. It does not require spraying, irrigation or fertilizers. The Garcinia indica tree has great health benefits that are from the fruits which is highly enriched in polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivatives such as Garcinol that a yellow, fat soluble pigment and contain isogarcinol which is its colorless isomer. Garcinol possess anti-oxidative, chelating, anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenging, anti-ulcer and anticancer activities. The fruit contains compounds including hydroxycitric acid lactones, citric acid and oxalic acid. Its oil can be freezed and used as butter. Kokum seed butter is non-greasy that's why used in many creams, cosmetics, soaps and conditioners. Amrut kokum is sugary syrup of kokum fruit, which is a strong soft drink to reduce thirst that is very popular throughout the summer season. Kokum is loaded with B complex, minerals and vitamins which help to control blood pressure and heart rate. This is versatile golden fruit helps to fight for health problems such as acidity, flatulence, constipation.
... Dried latex of Calotropis procera treatment of mice showed a complete protection against hepatocarcinogenesis [69]. The root extract of Calotropis procera has a strong cytotoxic effect [70]. Calotropin was one of compounds isolated from milkweeds reported to have anticancer activity [71,72]. ...
Natural products remain an important source of new drugs. Many natural materials are used for treatment of diseases. The diversity in natural compounds make it a rich source for discovering and studying the biological activities for overcoming of several diseases. Cancer is a leading reason of death all over the world. Many anticancer agents originate from plant sources occupies an important position in anticancer studies. The advances happened in chemical and clinical tools encourage many of researcher to rediscover many natural compounds and plants could not be studied in past. This chapter reviews the natural products from plant sources with anticancer activity. It represents the most effective natural products with anticancer activity. Their structures and chemical classifications with the plant sources are presented. The article focuses on the promising natural products and the ongoing trails to evaluate the plant wealth as anticancer phytochemicals. The natural compounds in the advanced stages of clinical development is discussed.
... There is evidence that much of the knowledge preserved by Oral traditions has been lost in the passage of time. Therefore, it is necessary to revisit Ayurveda and find proper applications of it for present times [16] Though India's first Prime Minister Pandit.Jawahar Lal Nehru [14] emphasized the need to initiate Research in Ayurveda with inputs from Modern Science, and the -Father of the Nation‖ Mahatma Gandhi [15] also pointed out the need to validate the practices of Ayurveda, it took a long time for independent India to establish organized and formal mechanisms for systematic Research in Ayurveda. Even today, much is still unprocessed in terms of the quality and direction of the Research initiatives in the field of Ayurveda. ...
The recent advances in the field of Ayurveda have motivated many researchers to look at the basic ailments used to explore the Ayurvedic field of research. As we know, now-a-days research is the prime need of contemporary Ayurveda. Ayurveda needs research designed to test and validate its fundamental concepts as well as its management approach. In this context, if Ayurveda is to be truly explored and validated in all its aspects, scientific inputs should confirm its principles and philosophy. Multiple researches have been done on Ayurvedic text regarding its textual concept, but in today scenario it is difficult to prove any concept without being validate. So, development of parameters to assess Panchmahabhoota, Tridosha, Agni, Dhatu, Ojas, Srotas, Ama, gunas, Shatkriyakala, Samprapti, Prakriti etc on a scientific basis is a need of time. For this purpose Ayurveda researchers should do their researches in collaboration with modern science. We cover in this short review, mainly some examples of Modern parametres which can be used in recent advancement of Ayurvedic researches.
creative commons attribution noncommercial License. This allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. ABSTRACT In classical Sanskrit literature, Ayurveda was called "the science of eight components" (Sanskrit aṣṭāṅga) a classification that became canonical for Ayurveda. In Ayurveda literature Upavisha are the group of drugs which were less toxic in nature and not so lethal but produce certain toxic symptoms on consumption or administrations. Our ancient Acharya suggests that the poison can become a very good medicine if it is administered properly. This review is a sincere attempt to summarize the information concerning about semi poisonous drugs described in Indian system of medicine in respect to their literary, pharmacological activity, their toxicological effect, fatal period, fatal dose, treatment, postmortem appearance and medicolegal aspect.
Nirgundi (Vitex negundo):
A Traditional Ayurvedic Herb for Pain Relief
and Healing
Background: In this article, the medicinal qualities of Solanum virginianum—a plant with strong pharmacological effects—will be examined. The Solanaceae family includes Solanum virginianum, often known as Kantakari or Yellow Berried Nightshade, which is indigenous to the desert regions of India. Its restorative qualities have been utilized historically, and new scientific studies have found a number of bioactive substances with potential therapeutic uses. Objective: To assess the pharmacological activity and phytochemical constituents of root extracts from Solanum virginianam L. Methods: Information for this review was compiled from library resources as well as databases such as Scifinder, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The results show that extracts of Solanum virginianum have strong antifungal activity against Curvularia and Alternaria species, as well as inhibitory effect against bacteria, especially Gram-positive strains. Furthermore, the plant has potent antioxidant qualities and efficiently scavenges DPPH and ABTS radicals. Additionally, the plant exhibits encouraging larvicidal activity, especially against larvae in their second instar.
The plant used for this study was Solanum xanthocarpum, a prickly diffuse, bright green perennial herb, locally known as enbuay. The aqueous extract of the fruit of the plant S. xanthocarpum is administered by some traditional healers for the treatment of tuberculosis, locally known as samba nekersa and other diseases. However, these traditional claims have not been supported by scientific research nor the active ingredients have been identified. This research attempted to investigate the phytochemical constituents of the fruits of S. xanthocarpum. The phytochemical tests of S. zanthocarpum fruits revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins and saponins in chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Of 170 gm. powdered fruit of S. xanthocarpum, when successively extracted, 1.1 gm, 0.8 gm, 0.6 gm and 17.6 crude extracts were obtained by petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents respectively. Then, isolation and purification of phytoconstituents from methanol extracts by column chromatography led to the isolation of a new compound. The new compound is a steroidal glycoside of furostane parent aglycone skeleton. The structures of this compound have been elucidated by interpretation of its UV-Vs, IR, and NMR spectral data and comparison of these spectral data with literatures.
This book provides a holistic view of natural products and remedies that have been used to treat cancer. The editors aim to educate readers about the importance of the translational role of natural products in cancer treatment by compiling 14 chapters. The book emphasizes an integrative approach to the topic by blending traditional knowledge that supports alternative therapies with the science of phytochemicals and drug discovery technologies as a means to manage the disease.
Key topics include alternative therapies (such as aromatherapy and immune boosting herbal medications), cytotoxic and anti-cancer phytochemicals, drug delivery and discovery technologies (including high-throughput screening) and some drug targets of interest for cancer treatment (such as topoisomerases and caspases). Readers will be able to learn about natural sources of ant-cancer compounds, and the methods used by research and development experts in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries to isolate and formulate these compounds.
This book will be a handy resource for a wide range of readers. This includes researchers, traditional medical practitioners, PG students, Ph.D. scholars and general readers to understand the role of natural products in cancer treatment.
key features
- Explains the importance of alternative therapies in the management of cancer
- Emphasizes the ethnopharmacological approaches to cancer
- Explores natural anticancer drug libraries
- Discusses the role of modern cancer targets and the importance of in-silico tools in anticancer drug discovery
- Addresses modern drug discovery tools and drug delivery technologies concerning their applications in cancer treatment.
- Includes references for further reading
Cancer is a condition in which aberrant cells continue to divide uncontrollably, causing tissue to be destroyed. Different cancer stages have been identi ed by researchers, suggesting that a number of gene alterations are involved in the etiology of cancer. Unusual cell proliferation is brought on by these gene alterations. A crucial role in the acceleration of cell proliferation is played by genetic diseases brought on by heredity or hereditary factors. Its diagnosis and treatment have historically been regarded as two of the most important and signi cant clinical concerns. Depending on the nature and stage of the tumor, numerous ways to its corrective therapy have been established. Numerous biomolecules derived from plants are crucial for the treatment of the disease. In this review, we focus on speci c aspects to give a brief overview of the major problems, including their etiology, therapies that are available, herbal alternates, available vaccines and relevant biomarkers. It was felt that much work needs to be done on combination therapy development and platform optimization.
Agricultural insects and pests cause damage to crops, livestock, or stored products. These pests include insects, mites, nematodes, rodents, birds, and plant pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, and viruses. They can cause a significant amount of damage to crops, resulting in lower yields and lower-quality produce. Insects are among the most damaging pests in agriculture. They can cause direct damage to crops by feeding on plant tissues or by transmitting plant diseases. Some of the most common insect pests in agriculture include aphids, caterpillars, beetles, and thrips. In addition to insects, mites can also cause damage to crops by feeding on plant tissues. Controlling pests in agriculture is important for maintaining healthy crops and ensuring high yields. Integrated pest management (IPM) is a sustainable approach for the control of insect pests that involves multiple control methods, including cultural practices and biological and chemical control, that involve the limited use of pesticides while maintaining effective pest control. IPM strategies may include crop rotation, use of resistant plant varieties, introduction of natural predators or parasites, and targeted use of pesticides when necessary. Biopesticides/botanical pesticides are a type of pesticide derived from natural sources such as plants, microbes, and other naturally occurring substances. They are used to control pests and diseases in agriculture, forestry, and public health. There are three main categories of biopesticides: microbial biopesticides (microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses), plant-derived biopesticides (these are derived from natural plant extracts or oils and are used to repel, deter, or kill pests), and biochemical biopesticides (naturally occurring substances such as pheromones, enzymes, and plant growth regulators). Biopesticides have several advantages over synthetic pesticides. They are generally less toxic to humans, wildlife, and the environment and have a shorter residual life. They are also more target specific, meaning that they have a lower impact on beneficial organisms such as friendly insects and pollinators (Salunke, 2006).
A cepa or onion is the most edible vegetable throughout the world. It also has diverse pharmacological properties. It is a fibrous perennial plant belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family. Onions contain vitamins such as folic acid and vitamin B6. It also contains minerals such as magnesium, calcium, potassium, and phosphorus. It shows diverse pharmacological properties such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticoagulant, antihypertensive and antidepressant and neuroprotective effects. It is believed to be a carminative and shows beneficial effects on circulatory and respiratory systems as well as the immune system.
Allium cepa finds its uses in cancer because of many stress conditions such as oxidative stress can be subsided by the Allium cepa extract and formulations. In this review, an attempt was made to formulate the medicated syrup of A. cepa. Four such formulations were made (F1, F2, F3, F4). The F4 formulation was optimized and was stable. The Formulation F4 can be adopted for preparation of A. cepa syrup on Industrial scale.
Calotropis gigantea also in Indian system known as Madar plant, the weed is also known as giant weed. Trees of the family Apocynaceae include latex-bearing trees and are mainly endemic to Indian Asian subcontinent countries. In recent decades C. Gigantea is extensively studied and found to possess many bioactive compounds. This plant has been reported for several pharmacological properties such as analgesic activity, antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, antipyretic activity, insecticidal activity, cytotoxic activity, and cytotoxic activity. Hepatoprotective, pregnancy-preventing, cleansing properties, procoagulant and curative activity. The study focused on the formulation and evaluation of herbal medicinal syrups from C. gigantea. Four herbal syrups have been prepared with an optimized F4 formulation and can be developed on a commercial scale.
Gastrointestinal cancer is one of the most prevalent causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. Recent research demonstrates that phytochemicals are critical in preventing and managing gastrointestinal cancer. The increased intake of phytochemicals could reduce the risk of cancer by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy, and suppressing angiogenesis as well as cancer cell metastasis. These mechanisms are also known to counter Helicobacter pylori infection and modulate gut microbiota. There is preliminary data suggesting that daily supplementation with high doses of certain vitamins combined with conventional therapeutic agents may enhance their growth inhibitory effects on tumor cells and protect normal tissues against some of their toxic effects. This book attempts to fill gaps on the role of phytonutrients in the treatment of cancer in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It discusses the action of individual vitamins on cellular and molecular parameters and describes how vitamins inhibit protein kinase C activity, increase the production of certain growth factors, and modulate the expression of a number of oncogenes. The book is divided into 2 parts. The first part summarizes the pathophysiology of GIT cancers and introduces readers to anticancer phytonutrients. A chapter on the status of FDA approved nutraceuticals rounds up this section. The second part of the book provides a systematic review on the different plant derived chemicals that can be used to treat GIT cancer. Each chapter in this section focuses on a specific type of phytochemical agent and its molecular mechanisms relevant to the disease. This book will give the reader a holistic view of gastrointestinal cancer treatment and the value of natural compounds in developing functional food and drugs for preventive medicine.
Hepatic coccidiosis is an infectious and mortal disease that causes global economic losses in rabbits. The research aimed to assess the efficacy of Calotropis procure leaf extracts on the inhibition of Eimeria stiedae oocysts and to determine the optimal dosage for suppressing the parasite’s infective phase. In this experiment, oocyst samples per milliliter were tested, and 6-well plates (2 mL) of 2.5% potassium dichromate solution containing 102 non-sporulated oocysts on Calotropis procera leaf extracts were exposed after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, and the treatments were as follows: a nontreated control, 25%, 50%, 100%, and 150% of C. procera for oocyst activities. In addition, amprolium was utilized as a reference drug. The Calotropis procera was analyzed by GC-Mass, and results showed that the botanical extract contained 9 chemical components that were able to inhibit the oocysts of E. stiedae at 100% and 150% concentrations by about 78% and 93%, respectively. In general, an increase in the incubation period and a greater dose resulted in a decrease in the inhibition rate. The results showed that C. procera has an effective ability, inhibitory potential, and protective effect on the coccidian oocyst sporulation of E. stiedae. It can be used in the disinfection and sterilization of poultry and rabbit houses to get rid of Eimeria oocysts.
Citation: Murshed, M.; Aljawdah, H.M.A.; Mares, M.; Al-Quraishy, S. In
Hepatic coccidiosis is an infectious and mortal disease that causes global economic losses in rabbits. The research aimed to assess the efficacy of Calotropis procure leaf extracts on the inhibition of Eimeria stiedae oocysts and to determine the optimal dosage for suppressing the parasite’s infective phase. In this experiment, oocyst samples per milliliter were tested, and 6-well plates (2 mL) of 2.5% potassium dichromate solution containing 102 non-sporulated oocysts on Calotropis procera leaf extracts were exposed after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, and the treatments were as follows: a nontreated control, 25%, 50%, 100%, and 150% of C. procera for oocyst activities. In addition, amprolium was utilized as a reference drug. The Calotropis procera was analyzed by GC-Mass, and results showed that the botanical extract contained 9 chemical components that were able to inhibit the oocysts of E. stiedae at 100% and 150% concentrations by about 78% and 93%, respectively. In general, an increase in the incubation period and a greater dose resulted in a decrease in the inhibition rate. The results showed that C. procera has an effective ability, inhibitory potential, and protective effect on the coccidian oocyst sporulation of E. stiedae. It can be used in the disinfection and sterilization of poultry and rabbit houses to get rid of Eimeria oocysts.
Citation: Murshed, M.; Aljawdah, H.M.A.; Mares, M.; Al-Quraishy, S. In
This datasheet on Calotropis procera covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Management, Genetics and Breeding, Economics, Further Information.
Schedule E1 is an important part of Drugs and Cosmetics Act (Government of India) that comprises the list of poisonous drugs from plant, animal and mineral origins to be consumed under medical supervision. Ayurveda, the world's oldest medicinal system has a list of drugs represented in schedule E1 that are used since thousands of years. This review reports the anti-cancer activities of fifteen toxic ayurvedic drugs from plant origin represented in Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. The information was collected from the various authentic sources, compiled and summarised. The plant extracts, formulations, phytoconstituents and other preparations of these drugs have shown effective activities against mammary carcinoma, neuroblastoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, lymphocytic leukaemia, colorectal adenocarcinoma, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, prostate adenocarcinoma, glioblastoma asterocytoma and other malignancies. They have various mechanisms of action including Bax upregulation, Bcl2 downregulation, induction of cell cycle arrest at S phase, G2/M phase, inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factors, inhibition of Akt/mTOR signalling etc. Certain traditional ayurvedic preparations containing these plants are reported beneficial and the possibilities of these drugs as the alternative and adjuvant therapeutic agents in the current cancer care have been discussed. The studies suggest that these drugs could be utilised in future for the critical care of malignancies.
Food sustains life. From time immemorial, all over the world, men and women used nutrition to fight against all kinds of ailments, including cancer and certainly it did work. Why? Because it kept them alive, and we are their lineage. Here a mathematical study has been done in this regard. Since fat fuels growth of cancer, we have added a section of this topic with a statistical analysis.
Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. leaves extract was prepared by maceration with using a ethanol as a solvent for seven days. The dried residue was dissolved in water and partitioned with n-butanol to obtained water and n-butanol fraction. The n-butanol fraction collected was subjected to column chromatography. Chloroform, chloroform:methanol (9:1), chloroform:methanol (7:1), chloroform:methanol (1:1) and methanol elutes of n-butanol fraction of ethanolic extract of Calotropis procera (Ait) R.Br. leaves were tested against human hepatoma cell line (HEPG2) by using SRB assay method of in vitro anticancer activity.
Undoubtedly, natural products with bioactive components such as fruits and berries from the Mediterranean areas are largely appreciated and highly consumed around the world due to their significance as possible novel therapeutical agents, with immense medicinal properties and a possible profound effect on health. According to epidemiological information, there were positive correlations of high consumption of fruits and berries with a low risk of various chronic diseases as these foods are rich sources of nutrients, and energy with a high content of vitamins, minerals, fiber, antioxidants, polyphenols, and numerous other classes of biological active compounds. Apart from the functional role of fruits and berries on health, they may contain components which in turn lead to toxicity on some occasions, inducing mild or severe symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, paralysis, coma, or even death) that vary based on various factors such as dose, sensitivity of the individual and the way of exposure. Considering the above data, this paper aims to review the recent literature about the biological activities and therapeutic potentials, toxicity, and toxic components of selected Mediterranean fruits and berries, evaluating on the one hand the potential beneficial role of these foods, and on the other hand their possible toxic health effects.
Cancer, one of the deadliest challenges spreading drastically in the twenty-first century, has now officially become the most dangerous killer in the world according to the World Health Organization. Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity throughout the world, thus representing a major public health problem. The modern diet and lifestyle (such as high meat consumption and excessive alcohol use, along with limited physical activity) has led to an increasing mortality rate for colorectal cancer worldwide. Although the incidence rate of CRC in native Indians has been rising slowly over decades, the CRC incidence rate in Central Asia, especially India, is comparatively lower than the Western world. In India the importance of food for healthy well-being is reiterated from a Siddha saying “Unave marunthu, marunthe unavu” meaning food is medicine and medicine is food. The concept in Indian tradition follows a prophylactic route in preventing many diseases. Each and every component of each recipe was well reported for their various biological activities. This chapter provides an extensive insight into Indian approach toward cancer prevention, molecular targets of selected Ayurvedic plants, role of spices and condiments, and dietary phytochemical in colon cancer prevention.
Toxic or poisonous plants have both intrigued and fascinated man throughout history. They have been, and are still, shrouded in mystery and secrecy in many societies, forming the mainstay of religion and superstition. Knowledge on poisonous plants has been the preserve of a select few, such as hunters and herbalists. The historical use of toxic plants has mainly had a dark past involving their use in murder, suicide, capital punishment, and hunting. However, they were also widely used in hunting game, fishing, warfare, medicine, and religious and recreational purposes. Modern scientific techniques have led to the discovery of many fascinating drugs and therapies still in use today. This chapter provides a historical overview of the various uses of poisonous plants such as in hunting, fishing, and as a means of dispensing justice. A detailed discussion on the applications of toxic plants in modern medicine and drug discovery is also provided. Other important applications of toxic plant species such as traditional medicinal uses, biopesticides, recreational purposes, and food additives have been highlighted.
Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases of the 20th century and
spreading further with continuance and increasing incidence in 21st century
and additionally is set to become a major cause of morbidity and mortality
in the coming decades in every region of the world. Moreover, cancer is a
complex disease involving numerous tempospatial changes in cell
physiology, which ultimately lead to malignant tumors. Abnormal cell
growth (neoplasia) invasion of surrounding tissues and distant organs is the
primary cause of morbidity and mortality for most cancer patients. It is a
fatal disease caused mainly by environmental factors that mutate genes
encoding critical cell-regulatory proteins. The resultant aberrant cell
behavior leads to expansive masses of abnormal cells that destroy
surrounding normal tissue and can spread to vital organs resulting in
disseminated disease. The cancer-causing agents (carcinogens) can be
present in food and water, in the air, and in chemicals and sunlight that
people are exposed to. In this chapter we summarize the basic knowledge's
in cancer definition, history, etiology, diagnosis, classifications and
epidemiology.
La production des plantes médicinales n'est pas très développée actuellement, qu'il s' agisse d'espèces spontanées ou d'espèces cultivées. L'Algérie importe des plantes médicinales d'origine tropicales, des extraits de plantes médicinales et des principes actifs, destinés à l'industrie pharmaceutique ou cosmétique. La plupart des ces produits, parmi lesquels les huiles essentielles, pourrait être produit localement. Après extraction des huiles essentielles des feuilles chez les 2 espèces, par la méthode d'hydrodistillation, nous avons procédé à l'analyse par chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Les résultats ont montré la présence de 29 produits contenus dans l'huile essentielle de Melissa officinalis. Parmi les 20 produits identifiés, 7 constituants se sont révélés majoritaires. Chez Mentha pulegium L, parmi les 33 produits contenus dans l'huile essentielle, 21 ont été identifiés dont 5 sont majoritaires.
Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. and Wendl (Fam. – Solanaceae) is an annual herb and grows as a wild plant in several states of India. In Ayurvedic medicine, it is used as anti‐fertility, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐allergic agents. Various researchers have investigated the antiasthmatic, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and insect repellent properties of S. xanthocarpum. The aerial parts of this plant species are recommended for treatment of asthma, cough, fever, enlargement of liver, spleen, controlling stones in bladder, and pain in chest. The cell cultures of Solanum dulcamara were established for enhancing the commercial production of glycoalkaloids by supplementing the culture medium by growth hormones. The maximum production of solasodine and cell biomass was achieved by the feeding of 6‐benzylaminopurine and 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in cell cultures of Solanum hainanense.
Objective
To investigate the enhancement of alcohol metabolism by two ginseng berry (GB) extracts and their two types of mixed herbal beverages through in vitro and in vivo experiments.
Methods
Two GB extract solutions and their two herbal beverages were evaluated as enhancers of alcohol metabolism in normal human embryonic liver cells (CL-48 cell line) through assays of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. Cytotoxicity was also assessed in the same cell line using an MTT assay. Effects on alcohol metabolism were also observed in vivo through measurement of serum alcohol, acetaldehyde, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in alcohol treated rats. Blood samples were serially collected at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 hrs after a single ethanol (EtOH) treatment. A single treatment with the test samples was administered orally 30 minutes after EtOH treatment.
Results
GB extract solutions effectively elevated the ADH and ALDH activity observed in vitro, while no treatment- related cytotoxic effects were found with test samples t concentrations up to 100 mg/mL. Significantly lower (p<0.01 or p<0.05) serum alcohol and acetaldehyde content was observed in samples from treated rats than in those from control rats (EtOH only) 1 or 2 hrs after EtOH treatment. In addition, noticeable decreases were observed in serum AST and ALT levels in treated samples 8 hrs after EtOH administration. HM40, an herbal mixture containing GB extract (40 mg/75 mL of ginsenoside Re), showed betters enhancement of alcohol metabolism through ADH/ALDH activation, as well as related hepatoprotective effects.
Results
GB extracts effectively enhanced alcohol metabolism without cytotoxicity while also providing possible hepatoprotective effects that could serve as a functional ingredient in anti-hangover alternative therapies. These extracts are expected to be more effective when made into herbal mixture beverages.
Benzoyllineolone and benzoylisolineolone were isolated from the root bark of C. procera R.Br. Saponification gave lineolone and isolineolone. Analysis of the mass spectra of the isomers was used to obtain the conformation of the side-chain at C17.
Aslepin has been shown to he 3’-0-acetylcalotropin using various chemical and physical methods.
The NMR data of all the Calotropis glycosides have been analysed in conjunction with that of asclepin, certain anomalies have been pointed out and revised structures have been proposed for the acetylated glycosides.
Drug sensitivity assays were performed using a variation of a colorimetric [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)] assay on V79, CHO-AuxB1, CHRC5, NCI-H460, and NCI-H249 cell lines following optimization of experimental conditions for each cell line. Results from this assay were compared with data assimilated simultaneously by clonogenic assay and by dye exclusion assay. Good correlation was observed using the CHO-AuxB1 cell line and the pleiotropic drug-resistant mutant CHRC5, with similar degrees of relative resistance observed with both the MTT and clonogenic assays. Good correlation was observed between the clonogenic and MTT assays for 1-h drug exposures, although the MTT assay was more sensitive to vinblastine. In general, the clonogenic assay was more sensitive when continuous drug exposures were utilized, although this was primarily related to the increased drug exposure time. While the use of the MTT assay in drug sensitivity testing of primary tumor samples is limited, since contaminating normal cells may also reduce the tetrazolium, the MTT assay can be semiautomated, and therefore it offers a valid, simple method of assessing chemosensitivity in established cell lines.
Bhilawanol, isolated from bhilawan nut shell liquid, was shown by chromatography, NMR and IR to comprise 30–32% 1,2-dihydroxy-3-pentadecenylbenzene and 68–70% of the corresponding diene analogue.
Jeediflavanone was dehydrogenated with I2-KOAc in HOAc to the corresponding, relatively more stable biflavone designated SA5. The solvent induced methoxy shift data of SA5 heptamethyl ether confirmed the structure as well as the interflavonoid linkage of jeediflavanone.
A new biflavanone, semecarpetin, has been recently isolated from the nut shells of Semecarpus anacardium. Its structure has been characterized on the basis of spectral and chemical data as 7″-hydroxy-7,3‴,4′,4‴-tetramethoxybi(8″,3′) flavanone.
A new biflavonoid, semecarpuflavanone, has been isolated from the nut shells of Semecarpus anacardium. Its structure has been assigned on the basis of chemical spectroscopic evidence.
A new biflavanone, galluflavanone, has been isolated from the alcoholic extract of the nut shells of Semecarpus anacardium. It has been characteriz
GLC-MS analysis of methylated bhilawanol from S. anacardium nuts and its oxidation product, the methyl ester of an aromatic carboxylic acid, conclusively proved that it contains more than seven closely related compounds. Two of them are major components which were isolated and shown to be 1-pentadec-Δ5′-enyl-2,3-dimethoxybenzene (I) and 1-pent biflavanoids A, B and C have been also isolated from defatted nuts of S. anacardium. The first of these has been characterized as its methyl ethers. A1 and A2, for which biflavanone structures (VI) and (VII) are suggested on the basis of chemical and spectral evidence. The biflavanones B and C have been also characterized as their methyl ethers. Suggested structures are O-methyl derivatives of a IB-3′, IIA-8-binaringenin (XIV) for the former and IB-3′, IIA-8-biliquiritigenin (XV) for the latter.
Coroglaucigenin, which is known to be a 3β, 14β, 19-trihydroxy-5α-card-20: 22-enolid, was transformed into 2α, 3β, 19-triacetoxy-14β-hydroxy-5α-card-20 : 22-enolid. The latter was identical with the known tri-O-acetyl-19-dihydro-calotropagenin. The structure of calotropagenin (1) is thus established through an independent way.
A new biflavonoid, jeediflavanone, has been isolated recently from the alcoholic extract of the nut shells of Semecarpus anacardium. It was dehydrogenated with iodine and potassium acetate in acetic acid to the corresponding, relatively more stable biflavone SA5. The solvent induced methoxy shift studies of SA5 heptamethyl ether confirmed the interflavonoid linkage as well as the structure of jeediflavanone. Chemical, 1H NMR and mass spectroscopic evidence are presented in support of the structures of both jeediflavanone and SA5.
Reduction of uscharidin (19) with NaBH4 gave a crystalline product C29H42O9 which we formulate as β-tetrahydro-uscharidin (12), it was characterised as a crystalline tri-O-acetyl-derivative 14. The same compound 12 was obtained from calactin (18) and calotropin (18A), thus confirming earlier results of HESSEet al. about the close interrelationship of the three compounds. New formulae are suggested for the 7 Calotropis glycosides: calactin (18), calotropin (18A), uscharidin (19), calotoxin (20), procerosid (21), uscharin (31), and voruscharin (32). These formulae are consistent with the chemical reactions and spectra of the mentioned compounds. They are constructed in analogy to the formula of gomphoside (11) advanced by WATSONet al. with only an additional oxo group at C-19.
The cardenolide content of the latex and leaves of seven Asclepias species and Calotropis procera was examined quantitatively by spectroassay a
beta-Sitosterol (SI-0), beta-sitosterol glucoside (SI-1), dioscin (SI-2), methyl protoprosapogenin A of dioscin (SI-3), methyl protodioscin (SI-4) and protodioscin (SI-5) were isolated and characterized from the whole plant of Solanum indicum L. (Solanaceae). Except for beta-sitosterol, these compounds have not been previously isolated from Solanum indicum L. Both CHCl3 soluble (SI-IV) and insoluble (SI-V) fractions of the ethanolic extract (SI-I) showed cytotoxicity on seven cancer cell lines: Colo-205 (colon), KB (nasopharynx), HeLa (uterine cervix), HA22T (hepatoma), Hep-2 (laryngeal epidermoid), GBM8401/TSGH (glioma) and H1477 (melanoma). The purified constituents, SI-2 and SI-4 showed more potent effects by DEA and MTT assay. SI-2,3,4 and 5 also demonstrated cytotoxicity on cultured C6 glioma cells by PRE assay, ans SI-3,4 and 5 showed a tumor inhibitory effect in vivo in C6 glioma cells. In addition, SI-2 had an inhibitory effect on the DNA synthesis of C6 glioma cells at 10 micrograms/ml.
An alcoholic extract of Asclepias curassavica L., a plant widely used in folk medicine for treating cancer and warts, shows cytotoxic activity when tested in vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of the nasopharynx. Systematic fractionation of the extract has led to isolation and characterization of calotropin as a cytotoxic principle. Calotropin is similar in structure to two cardiac glycosides recently shown to be responsible for the cytotoxicity of Apocynum cannabinum L.
Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany
- S K Jain
Jain, S.K. (1991) Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and
Ethnobotany. Deep Publications, New Delhi, India.
Cancer in ~,yurveda. In: Anonymous Workshop on Putrunoi (Cancer) Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha
- Chaukhambha Orientalia
- India Varanasi
- P V Sharma
Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, India. Sharma, P.V. (1986) Cancer in ~,yurveda. In: Anonymous Workshop on Putrunoi (Cancer). Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, India, pp. 92-95.
Fundamental and Plastic Surgery Considerations in Ancient Indian Surgery
- Singhal
Singhal, G.D., Tripathi, S.N. and Chaturvedi, G.N. (1981)
Fundamental and Plastic Surgery Considerations in Ancient
Indian Surgery. G.D. Singhal, Varanasi, India, p. 375.
Dhanvantari Nighantu: with Hindi Translation and Commentary. Department of Dravyaguna, Institute of Medical Sciences Concept of Ja.thar-dgni and Dh-dtvagni in Ayurveda: with Special Reference to Malabsorption
- J Ojha
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