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Nostalgia: A Psychological Perspective
Abstract
A survey was designed to assess nostalgia for 20 aspects of experience as well as relative judgments of the world past, present, and future. Surveys were completed by 648 respondents, 268 males and 380 females, ranging in age from 4 to 80 years old. Split-half reliability was .78. Test-retest reliability over a 1-wk. interval on a separate sample of 50 respondents was .84. Nostalgia was related to the judgment of the past relative to the present. Gender differences were not significant, but significant differences across age groups were obtained for most items. The intensity of nostalgic sentiment varied across objects, situations, aspects of society, and people. Factor analysis suggested that nostalgia is comprised of a number of factors reflecting different spheres and levels of experience. For nostalgia, conceptualized as a multifaceted, composite construct, results were discussed with respect to four approaches--generational, developmental, personality, and transient mood state. Suggestions were made for further development of the survey and for research exploring relationships among nostalgia, motivation, emotion, and behavior.
... To address these questions, we review four established scales for assessing trait nostalgia. In chronological order of development, these are the Nostalgia Inventory [1], the Southampton Nostalgia Scale [2,3], the Nostalgia Prototype Scale [4], and the Personal Inventory of Nostalgic Experiences [5]. We assess their convergent validity by re-analyzing data from a previously published study, in which all four scales were administered to participants from the U.S. and China [6]. ...
... p < .01) reliability [1]. ...
... An alternative approach would be to test whether these scales are unidimensional by modelling each as a latent variable in a hierarchical factor model, with a superordinate nostalgia factor. We chose not to do so because at least one of the scales, the NI, is not unidimensional [1] and examining the factor structure of each scale is beyond the scope of this article. We present the basic factor-analytic model in Figure 1. ...
We review four established scales for measuring individual differences in trait-level nostalgia: the Nostalgia Inventory, the Southampton Nostalgia Scale, the Nostalgia Prototype Scale, and the Personal Inventory of Nostalgic Experiences. To examine their convergent validity, we re-analyzed data from a published study in which all four scales were administered simultaneously. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that a one-factor model accurately described the interrelations among the four scales, and supported full metric and partial scalar invariance across U.S. and Chinese samples. When measuring trait nostalgia, we recommend that researchers also consider potential confounders. Specifically, we discuss the importance of controlling for other ways in which individuals habitually reflect on their past, including brooding rumination and upward self-referent counterfactual thinking.
... various objects from their past (e.g., "vacations I went on"; Batcho, 1995). We hypothesized and found that, compared with self-continuity, negative self-discontinuity (but not positive self-discontinuity) significantly increased nostalgia. ...
... To manipulate thermoregulatory discomfort, we randomly assigned participants to a cold, neutral, or warm room (Study 2). After completing a 5-min filler task, participants rated how nostalgic they felt for various objects from their past (Batcho, 1995). Participants in the cold room were significantly more nostalgic than those in the neutral and warm rooms, who did not differ significantly from each other. ...
... In the control condition, participants listed five ordinary, likely future events. Then, participants rated how nostalgic they felt for various objects from their past (Batcho, 1995). Finally, they responded to a measure of approach motivation (e.g., "I go out of my way to get things I want"; Carver & White, 1994). ...
We organize the literature on triggers and functions of nostalgia by advancing a regulatory model in which the emotion serves as a homeostatic corrective (i.e., a process that establishes and maintains a relatively stable psychological equilibrium) that countervails the negative effects of psychological perturbations and adverse environmental conditions. We illustrate complementary approaches to testing this model as it applies to transient, or state-level, nostalgia and show how the model can be generalized to different levels of analysis, including chronic, or trait-level, nostalgia and collective nostalgia. We then formulate a proposal for future research inspired by recent developments in causal mediation analysis and conclude with a discussion of the model’s potential boundary conditions.
... As such, nostalgia is bittersweet (Leunissen et al., 2021;Turner & Stanley, 2021), although more sweet than bitter. In particular, nostalgia entails warmth, tenderness, contentment, and joy, but also a measure of yearning and sadness for the irredeemable passing of valued moments (Batcho, 1995;Hepper et al., 2012;. The emotion occurs frequently (i.e., several times a week; Hepper et al., 2021;Wildschut et al., 2006) and across cultures (Hepper et al., 2014;Wildschut et al., 2019) as well as ages (Juhl et al., 2020;Madoglou et al., 2017). ...
... Although its construct validity has been supported in past research (for a review, see Wildschut & Sedikides, 2022a), some authors have expressed concerns about this measure (Newman et al., 2020). To address this issue, we used three additional nostalgia measures: (1) the Nostalgia Inventory (NI; Batcho, 1995), (2) the Nostalgia Prototype Scale (NPS; Cheung et al., 2020), and (3) the Personal Inventory of Nostalgic Experiences (PINE; Newman et al., 2020). We assessed authenticity with the Southampton Authenticity Scale (SAS), developed for this research, and the Authentic Living subscale of Wood et al.'s (2008) Authenticity Scale. ...
... Nostalgia Inventory. The NI (Batcho, 1995) 2 asks participants to rate how nostalgic they feel about 18 objects, such as persons (e.g., family, friends), situations (e.g., the way society was), or events (e.g., vacations), from their past (1 = not at all nostalgic, 7 = very nostalgic; M = 4.79, SD = 1.01, α = 0.90). ...
Nostalgia, a sentimental longing for one's past, predicts or augments psychological wellbeing (PWB). We hypothesized that it does so—at least in part—via authenticity, a sense of alignment with one's true self. We obtained support for this hypothesis in four studies. Using a measurement-of-mediation design, across a Western (United States) and East-Asian (China) culture, we found that nostalgia is associated with both authenticity and PWB, and that the nostalgia-PWB link is mediated by authenticity (Study 1, N = 611). Using an experimental-causal-chain design, we showed that nostalgia increases authenticity across U.S. and Chinese samples (Study 2, N = 777). We then demonstrated that authenticity increases PWB on a domain-general measure (Study 3, N = 596, U.S. sample). Finally, we clarified that the benefits authenticity confers on PWB are domain general rather than domain specific (Study 4, N = 414, U.K. sample). This research represents the first attempt to address systematically the path from nostalgia to PWB via authenticity. We discuss implications for the broader literature.
... This approach has also been used in personal-nostalgia scale construction. For example, Batcho's (1995) Nostalgia Inventory assesses the extent to which people bring to mind 20 nostalgic objects from their past (e.g. family, friends, TV shows, pets). ...
... 'Please rate the extent to which you feel nostalgic about each of the following aspects of your past' -e.g. 'my childhood toys', 'my pets'; Batcho, 1995; M = 4.51, SD = 1.09, α = 0.93). We deter-mined discriminant validity in three ways (Shaffer et al., 2016). ...
Organizational nostalgia – a sentimental longing for past events in, and aspects of, one's organizational life – is a commonly experienced but poorly understood emotion. Qualitative research has explored how it helps employees cope with threat. Here, we examine its motivational properties. Building on the job demands–resources model, we hypothesized that organizational nostalgia – assessed with a newly developed and validated scale – predicts (in‐role and extra‐role) job performance, creativity and support for organizational change. Study 1 showcased the development of the Organizational Nostalgia Scale. We proceeded to hypothesize that work engagement, via need satisfaction, mediates the above‐mentioned positive relations, and tested these hypotheses in three additional studies. In Study 2, a multi‐source design with leader–follower dyads, leader organizational nostalgia was associated with increased leader organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB), as rated by followers. In Study 3, a lagged correlational design with employees, organizational nostalgia positively predicted OCB via work engagement. Finally, in Study 4, a lagged correlational design, organizational nostalgia predicted increased in‐role performance, creativity and support for organizational change. These associations were serially mediated by need satisfaction and work engagement. We conclude that organizational nostalgia has motivational implications. Our research affords a theoretical framework for the emotion and the means (i.e. a scale) to study it.
... To the best of our knowledge, to date, this understanding of nostalgia and melancholia has not been employed in research. Most scales focused only on specific aspects of nostalgia and melancholia, using one-dimensional measures (e.g., Barrett et al., 2010) or reflective indicators (e.g., Batcho, 1995). In this study, we hence adopt a novel theoretical and empirical approach in order to find out which affects and cognitions determine and, literally, form nostalgia and melancholia. ...
... Nostalgia Inventory. We collected the Nostalgia Inventory (Batcho, 1995), which assesses the degree to which individuals currently miss specific aspects from their past. It is supposed to measure personal as opposed to historical nostalgia. ...
Listening to music can cause experiences of nostalgia and melancholia. Although both concepts are theoretically related, to date they have not been analyzed together regarding their emotional and cognitive profiles. In this study, we identify their theoretical underpinnings and determine how they can be measured empirically. We analyze how listening to music causes nostalgia and melancholia, and whether both experiences are related to different behavioral intentions. To this end, we conducted an online experiment with 359 participants who listened to music they considered either nostalgic, melancholic, or neutral. Afterward, participants answered 122 questionnaire items related to nostalgia and melancholia. Using Structural Equation Modeling, and more specifically Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes Modeling, we first developed two new scales: the Formative Nostalgia Scale and the Formative Melancholia Scale. Both scales consist of five items each. Results showed that listening to music indeed increased nostalgia and melancholia. Although considerably different, the concepts are related. Listening to nostalgic music increases melancholia, whereas listening to melancholic music does not increase nostalgia. Also, both experiences are related to different behavioral intentions. Whereas experiencing nostalgia was associated with a stronger intention to share the music and to listen to it again, experiencing melancholia revealed the exact opposite relation.
... At the trait level, nostalgia refers to habitually rekindling fond memories, such as those involving one's childhood or close relationships (Batcho, 1995;Hepper et al., 2012Hepper et al., , 2014. These memories refer to personally meaningful and shared events (e.g., vacations, picnics, anniversaries, birth of a child, family gatherings). ...
... The SNS-albeit predominantly its 7-item version-is commonly used for measuring trait nostalgia and has shown high convergence with alternative measures of nostalgia as well as music-evoked and scent-evoked nostalgia (Wildschut & Sedikides, 2022c). Zhou et al. (2008) translated the 5-item version of SNS used in the current study into Chinese and documented its high internal consistency and convergence with the Chinese version of Batcho's (1995) Nostalgia Inventory. Using confirmatory factor analysis and tests of measurement invariance, we further validated the 5-item SNS for measuring trait nostalgia in Chinese samples. ...
Objective:
We were concerned with the relation between distress and nostalgia. At the state level, extensive research has established that momentary nostalgia is evoked by (experimentally manipulated) distress. However, at the trait level, the directionality of this relation is unclear. We conducted a longitudinal study to clarify the directional relation between these two constructs.
Method:
We surveyed first-year university students (N = 3,167) twice across six months. We assessed nostalgia, psychological distress (depression) and physical distress (somatization) at both timepoints. We also assessed Big Five personality at the first timepoint.
Results:
Initial distress prospectively predicted increased nostalgia, and initial nostalgia prospectively predicted reduced distress, six months later and independently of the Big Five.
Conclusions:
Habitual nostalgia follows rather than precedes naturalistically occurring distress, and serves to relieve it.
... Nostalgia, a unique finding in this Study, was reported as a motivational driver to participation in research twice as many times by female participants ≤22 years of age in this Study. Nostalgia is known to increase a person's state of openness to engaging in experience(s) (38), and this openness tends to rise during young adulthood (39,40). Additionally, no significant gender differences in nostalgia have been reported literature (39). ...
... Nostalgia is known to increase a person's state of openness to engaging in experience(s) (38), and this openness tends to rise during young adulthood (39,40). Additionally, no significant gender differences in nostalgia have been reported literature (39). It is well established in the diabetes literature that many persons with diabetes struggle with transition from pediatric to adults care (41) with worsening of diabetes control and treatment satisfaction (42). ...
Understanding motivational drivers and barriers to patient participation in diabetes research are important to ensure research is relevant and valuable. Young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) completed a 31-question qualitative survey evaluating participant experience, understanding, and motivators and barriers to research involvement. A total of 35 participants, 19–28 years of age, 60% female, completed the survey. Motivating factors included personal benefit, relationship with the study team, curiosity, financial compensation, altruism, and nostalgia. Older participants (>22 years) reported higher levels of trust in the study team (p = 0.02) and their relationship with the study team positively influenced their decision to participate (p = 0.03). Financial compensation was a strong motivator for participants with higher education (p = 0.02). Age, sex, education level, and trust in the study team influenced participants’ understanding. Barriers included logistics and lack of familial support. Important motivational drivers and barriers to participation in research by young adults with T1D must be considered to increase research engagement and facilitate the discovery of new knowledge.
... holidays, anniversaries, cultural rituals), and objects (e.g. keepsakes; Abeyta et al., 2015;Batcho, 1995;Wildschut et al., 2006). Although the yearning involved in nostalgia can create a bittersweet experience (Wildschut & Sedikides, 2022a), the memories reflected upon and the emotions elicited are predominantly positive (Leunissen et al., 2021;Van Tilburg et al., 2019;Wildschut et al., 2006). ...
... "vacations I went on", "my family house", "my friends"; 1 = not at all nostalgic, 5 = very nostalgic; α = .92; Batcho, 1995). Demographic questions concluded the study. ...
In three studies, we examined food as an elicitor of nostalgia. Study 1 participants visualised eating either a nostalgic or regularly consumed food. Study 2 participants visualised consuming 12 foods. Study 3 participants consumed 12 flavour samples. Following their food experiences, all participants responded to questions regarding the profile of food-evoked nostalgia (i.e. autobiographical relevance, arousal, familiarity, positive and negative emotions) and several psychological functions (i.e. positive affect, self-esteem, social connectedness, meaning in life). Study 2 and 3 participants also reported their state nostalgia. Results revealed that food is a powerful elicitor of nostalgia. Food-evoked nostalgia has a similar contextual profile to previously examined elicitors, but is a predominantly positive emotional experience. Food-evoked nostalgia served multiple psychological functions and predicted greater state nostalgia.
... Consumer nostalgia is often favored by young people (Holbrook and Schindler, 1991;Shields and Johnson, 2016). As for measuring nostalgic feelings, the scales of nostalgic feeling made by Holbrook (1993); Batcho (1995), and Smeekes et al. (2021) were widely cited, and some Chinese scholars including Lu (2008), , He (2010), and also dedicated to the development of nostalgia scales. Nostalgia proneness was mainly related to the living environment, personality, life accident, insecurity, past experience, and loneliness (Ford and Merchant, 2010;Wang et al., 2011;Juhl et al., 2020). ...
... The scale modified and used by Sargeant et al. (2006) was used to measure the intensity of relations and friends, with three items in total. Nostalgia proneness adopts the scale designed by Batcho (1995), Lu (2008); He (2010), Merchant and Ford (2008), Ford and Merchant (2010), and Cheung et al. (2017), with 12 items in total. The measurement of insecurity adopts the scale modified and used in the article by Collins and Read (1990) and Wang (2010), with a total of four items. ...
The rapid outbreak of COVID-19 wreaked havoc and brought a pause to the normal lives, and the labor market and human livelihoods were strongly negatively affected because of it. The emergence of groups that were unable to withstand various pressures has increased the appeal of donation behavior to a certain extent. Therefore, under the impetus of COVID-19 and digital background, online donation represented by Waterdrop financing has become popular. In the common difficult period, how to improve an individual’s willingness to donate online has become an urgent problem to be solved. To address this issue, on the basis of previous literature, we proposed a research hypothesis and a theoretical model of “nostalgia-relationship variables-donation”. After that, we determined the measurement scale, conducted a large sample survey, and finally conducted hypothesis testing through confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling analysis. Through the above analyses, the study reached the following conclusions: the main influence factors of personal nostalgic proneness are insecurity, past experience, loneliness, and recovery from grief, among others. There is a positive causal link between nostalgia proneness and familial utility intensity and emotional utility intensity. The greater the degree of the nostalgia intensity of the donor, the more the trust placed in charitable organizations. The donors’ relationship commitment to charitable organizations significantly influences their online donation willingness. The main source of relationship commitment consists of emotional intensity, followed by trust, and finally, familial intensity.
... In other words, nostalgia connotes sentimental longing for past memories. Reisenwitz, (2004) found that People often experience a sense of nostalgia about their positive past experiences and nostalgia is an individual emotion evoked by stimulating past experience Nonetheless, according to Batcho, K. I. (1995), nostalgia is a personal emotion that can only be evoked from the actual well of lived experience. Goulding, C. (2001), mentioned that nostalgia was either an integral aspect of the visit or a result of an aesthetic conceptualization of history. ...
... They try to remember the experiences that they have gathered during their past visits to destinations after some period of time. Nostalgia is more than just memory, it is a complex emotion with different causes and different manifestations (Batcho, 1995;Davis, 1979). Generally, when a consumer has nostalgia about a past experience, he/she tends to feel positive emotions such as warmth and joy. ...
Nostalgia is a past memory, a type of dream about the past or past experiences that have direct connection to the present travel decisions. Nostalgic Tourism is a particular type of authentic travel which focuses on a time sufficiently ongoing to be recollected by individuals who are as yet alive today. Tourists seek emotional comfort from a familiar past, so that they are more likely to prefer tourism products that are reminiscent of past moments. Thereby, individuals desire to purchase tourism products that can arouse their feelings of nostalgia, which will eventually lead them to a strong intention for repurchasing the same tourism product in the future. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between nostalgic experiences and revisit intention of domestic tourists with special reference to Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka. The study mainly depends on the primary data that has been collected by through self -administered questionnaires and the convenience sampling method was used as a sampling technique to collect data from the 100 domestic tourists. Quantitative data analytical method was employed in analyzing the data using multiple regression. Findings reflect that nostalgic attributes has the highest impact of revisit intention of tourists Sri Lanka while nostalgic values being the least. Moreover, nostalgic characteristics too play a considerable role in impacting the revisit intention of tourists through nostalgic experiences. Mediating role of nostalgic triggers can be measured in future researches.
... 877). These days, the homesickness literature focuses on adjustment difficulties (e.g., separation anxiety) associated with transitions away from home (Kerns et al., 2008;Thurber & Walton, 2007), whereas the nostalgia literature focuses on the sentimental yearning for positive aspects of one's past, a yearning that may include but is not limited to one's home (Batcho, 1995;Sedikides et al., 2008a). Furthermore, nostalgia's psychological profile is distinct, and far more positive, than those of rumination and counterfactual thinking (Cheung et al., 2018;Jiang et al., 2021). ...
... A key variable is dispositional nostalgia, addressed by Batcho (2007). Participants completed the Nostalgia Inventory (Batcho, 1995), indicating the extent to which they missed 20 objects (e.g., TV shows, movies, my family house, vacations I went on, the way society was) from their youth. Then they rated six sets of lyrics on a variety of dimensions. ...
We provide a narrative review of the nascent literature on the psychological benefits of music-evoked nostalgia. Music is a prevalent and influential source of nostalgia. Music-evoked nostalgia confers approach-oriented psychological benefits in the social domain (by fostering social connectedness), self-oriented domain (by raising self-esteem, instilling a sense of youthfulness, elevating optimism, and enhancing inspiration), and existential domain (by strengthening meaning in life and augmenting self-continuity). Music-evoked nostalgia also confers psychological benefits indirectly. For example, it elevates optimisms by fostering sequentially social connectedness and self-esteem. Also, by fostering social connectedness, it enhances inspiration, strengthens meaning in life, and augments self-continuity. Furthermore, music-evoked nostalgia serves to buffer individuals against discomforting states, such as sadness. We conclude by discussing music-evoked nostalgia in people with dementia, contemplating the role of individual differences and context, considering the possibility that music-evoked nostalgia serves physiological functions, and asking whether familiarity with the music is necessary for the evocation of nostalgia and its ensuing benefits.
... Nostalgia is defined as 'a yearning for the past, or a fondness for tangible or intangible possessions and activities linked with the past' and is often experienced when individuals feel 'separated from an era to which they are attached' (Davis, 1979;Holbrook, 1993). Recent work on nostalgia has shown that individuals generally associate more positive than negative feelings with the past when asked about nostalgia (Batcho, 1995;Holbrook & Schindler, 2003). Also, consuming nostalgic products or brands allow consumers to reconnect with the past as well as the social communities that consumed those products together (Brown et al., 2003). ...
... In a sports context, when a team's performance is currently unsatisfactory, fans may yearn for products that remind them of the 'good old days' when the team had a good reputation. Also, given that the contents of nostalgic thoughts are generally positive (Batcho, 1995;Holbrook & Schindler, 2003), and are perceived as better than the present (Basset, 2006;Batcho, 1998), nostalgic thoughts of fans of teams that do not have a history of success (e.g. Memphis Grizzlies) should also have the same effect as it has on fans of teams that had once had immense success (e.g. ...
Despite the popularity of throwback apparel, few extant studies have investigated factors that differentially affect throwback and current apparel preferences. In this study, we suggest that the negative effects of poor team performance are especially relevant to low power distance belief fans and that throwback apparel is more resilient to these negative effects due to its nostalgic nature. Thus, the current study investigated the interplay between sport team ranking and power distance belief in shaping NBA fans’ preferences for current and throwback apparel. This study utilized a moderated moderation analysis of team ranking, product type (throwback vs. current team apparel), and power distance belief on purchase intentions. Data was collected from 401 NBA fans via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Findings suggest that, first, team ranking significantly influenced fans’ purchase intentions in general (i.e. both throwback and current apparel). Second, there was a significant interaction effect between team ranking and product type such that lower team rankings negatively influenced only current apparel and not throwback apparel. Third, high power distance belief was positively associated with purchase intentions of both throwback and current apparel. Finally, the three-way interaction effect was significant. Specifically, the two-way interaction between team ranking and product type was found to be significant only for low power distance belief fans and not high power distance belief fans.
... Nostalgia was viewed a sort of psychological disorder often related to homesickness until the 20th century. Currently, nostalgia is viewed as a feeling or emotion, mostly associated with "longing for the past" (Batcho, 1995(Batcho, , 2013. This emotion is now viewed as a common one that is experienced by individuals across demographics (Boym, 2001;Zhou et al., 2008). ...
Purpose
The authors sought to examine how nostalgic feelings influenced purchase intentions of sport fans towards branded merchandise. Additionally, the goal was to test the childhood brand nostalgia (CBN) scale to see if it was an effective measure in this context. This was an important early step in understanding the way nostalgia may influence sport fan's merchandise preferences.
Design/methodology/approach
Surveys were completed by 601 fans of two professional sport teams in the USA. These consumers were targeted geographically through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and half given a modern branded t-shirt and the other half a retro branded t-shirt. To examine brand nostalgia in this context, the CBN measure was evaluated and examined to see its impact on each group, using hierarchical regressions.
Findings
The results demonstrated that CBN positively impacted consumers purchase intentions in the retro logoed t-shirt group. However, in the modern logoed t-shirt group, CBN did not significantly influence purchase intentions.
Practical implications
The findings of this study suggest that retro merchandise is working as expected, as it is attractive to those who feel nostalgic about their team. Secondarily, this study's findings suggest it may be vital for marketers to be conscious that their retro materials are connecting to the past.
Originality/value
This study was an early examination of a measure of nostalgia and its impact on purchase intentions in sport. The findings suggested that this CBN instrument may be appropriate in retro marketing research, especially regarding sport merchandise. Further, the findings suggest that nostalgic feelings may be influential toward retro merchandise, but not modern merchandise.
... Angesichts dieser von Hochschulseite wahrgenommenen negativen Trendentwicklung im Leistungsniveau in Mathematik stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit es empirische Evidenz für diese Einschätzung gibt oder ob diese Einschätzungen einer verzerrten Wahrnehmung entspringen. So kann beim Menschen die Trendwahrnehmung vom Phänomen der Nostalgie (Batcho 1995;Leboe und Ansons 2006) geprägt sein, welches zuweilen mit dem Bonmot "Nostalgia is like a grammar lesson: you find the present tense and the past perfect" charakterisiert wird. Beispielsweise zeigte sich, dass der Trend bezüglich globaler Themen wie Wohlstand, Gesundheit und Kriminalität von Menschen negativer eingeschätzt wird, als er in Wirklichkeit ist (Pinker 2018;Rosling et al. 2018). ...
Zusammenfassung:
Gemäß der Wahrnehmung insbesondere von Hochschullehrenden verringern sich die Fähigkeiten der Abiturientinnen und Abiturienten im Fach Mathematik seit Jahrzehnten beständig. Allerdings liegen bisher kaum empirische Untersuchungen zur Trendentwicklung der Mathematikleistungen in der gymnasialen Oberstufe vor. Um der Frage nachzugehen, ob sich die vermutete negative Trendentwicklung empirisch nachweisen lässt, wurden die Mathematikleistungen von Abiturienten und Abiturienten in Hessen und Schleswig-Holstein untersucht. Dazu wurde eine Sekundäranalyse der Daten aus der First International Mathematics Study (FIMS) von 1964 und der Third International Science and Mathematics Study (TIMSS) von 1996 vorgenommen. Dabei wurden die Daten aus FIMS und TIMSS mit Hilfe der Item-Response-Theorie neu skaliert und anhand der neun Trenditems über ein Mean-Mean-Linking verbunden. Anschließend wurden die Mathematikleistungen von 1964 und 1996 durch ein Equipercentile-Equating in die TIMSS-Metrik überführt und in das TIMSS-Kompetenzstufenmodell eingeordnet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass sich die Mathematikleistungen der Abiturientinnen und Abiturienten von 1964 und 1996 in den beiden Bundesländern Hessen und Schleswig-Holstein nicht signifikant unterschieden und sich die vermutete negative Trendentwicklung für diese beiden Bundesländer empirisch nicht belegen lässt.
... We relied on three sources. The first one was the Nostalgia Inventory (Batcho, 1995) on which participants rate the extent to which they feel nostalgic for 20 objects (e.g., "vacations I went on," "heroes/heroines," "past TV shows, movies"). We excluded stop words, refined the 20 object labels (e.g., by using "vacations" instead of "vacations I went on"), and expanded on them (e.g., we broke down "past TV shows, movies" into four separate words). ...
Nostalgia is a prevalent emotion that confers psychological benefits and influences consumer behavior. We developed and validated the 98‐word Nostalgia Dictionary to automatize the assessment of nostalgicity in narratives (e.g., customer reviews, social media). First, we created an initial wordlist by identifying the most frequently used words in nostalgia narratives and by relying on the nostalgia literature. Second, we finalized the dictionary by testing experimentally the expanded wordlist for its capacity to differentiate nostalgia from related emotions. Third, we validated the dictionary by demonstrating that it corresponds to self‐reports and coder‐ratings of nostalgia, produces result patterns expected by theory, and predicts favorability ratings of books and consumer experiences, even after adjusting for positive emotion words. We discuss the potential of the Nostalgia Dictionary to advance research and practice.
... Besides, the correlation coefficient between nostalgic proneness and purchase intention at the level of 0.01 is 0.504, and the coefficient of hypothesis 1 at the level of 0.001 is 0.835, indicating that nostalgic proneness has a positive impact on purchase intention. It's consistent with the former research that nostalgia creates a sense of authenticity, gives legitimacy to our lifestyle, and influences consumer behavior [1,15]. Finally, the coefficient of hypothesis 3 at the level of 0.05 is 0.424, compared to the relationship between nostalgic proneness and purchase intention, nostalgic proneness's effect on brand recognition is a bit lower. ...
As the economic environment and social culture change dramatically, nowadays there are numerous opportunities for the nostalgic brand in China to regain competitive advantages. Grounded on the affective, behavior, and cognition (ABC) model of attitude, this paper aims to clarify the relationship between customers nostalgic proneness, purchase intention, and brand cognition to explain the mechanism of nostalgic consumption. Taking the big white rabbit brand as an example, a structural equation model was used after the constructs were empirically confirmed by reliability and validity tests. Customers nostalgic proneness is found to be positively correlated with their brand cognition and the nostalgic brand is advised to fully exert its potential.
... Hofer's interpretation of nostalgia has been questioned due to his philosophical assumptions holding a strong case for medical nosology, which is applicable in psychiatry, but not entirely in psychology (Batcho, 2013;Illbruck, 2012). There was a shift in interest in nostalgia in psychology, where nostalgia was linked to depression due to being homesick (Batcho, 1995). Homesickness has often been examined in relation to nostalgia because it implies psychological distance and irretrievable loss (Sedikides et al., 2004). ...
For most of the past 300 years, the concept of nostalgia has been regarded as a medical condition. However, since the 1980s, it has become heavily associated with the ‘heritage industry’ and the creation of consumer experiences, especially in a tourism and leisure context. This special issue on nostalgia and tourism aims to encourage and advance the scholarly conversation about the relationship between nostalgia and contemporary heritage tourism. The collection of articles in this special issue provides theoretical, conceptual and empirical research on nostalgia and heritage tourism in different contexts. Hence, this editorial addresses the historical development of the term ‘nostalgia’ and examines the key themes in research on nostalgia and heritage tourism.
... Demographic characteristic of participantsThis study used a questionnaire that consisted of questions used and veri ed through previous studies. The questions for measuring the nostalgia of DFAP's were based on the scale developed by Batcho[43] and reused by Hyun & Jun[44] were modi ed and supplemented to match the purpose and subject of this research. The detailed measurement questions consisted of four items about SA, four items about ME, three items about SI. ...
Background: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of participants' nostalgia for the before COVID-19 DFA experience on their future participation continuation intention. To achieve this purpose, nostalgia, cognitive emotion regulation (CER), coping flexibility (CF), resilience, and participation continuance intention (PCI) were set as major variables and the structural influence relationship between them was explored.
Methods: A survey was con-ducted on 557 “dance for all” participants (DFAP’s) who joined public sports facilities, academies, and clubs in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province in South Korea. Data analysis was performed on Windows PC/SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0 ver. frequency analysis, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the survey results.
Results: First, all sub-factors of the nostalgia of DFAP’s has a statistically significant effect on CER. Second, CER of DFAP's has a statistically significant effect on CF. Third, CER of DFAP's does not have a statistically significant effect on resilience. Fourth, CF and resilience of DFAP's has a statistically significant effect on PCI.
Conclusions: Therefore, this study’s novelty is that it provides practical implications for the application of nostalgia as an alternative to satisfying the desire to participate in physical activities such as DFA during the “post COVID-19”era.
... It is worth highlighting the two primary approaches to studying nostalgia. Correlational studies typically focus on dispositional nostalgia measures such as the Southampton Nostalgia Scale (SNS; [22]) or Batcho Nostalgia Inventory (BNI; [23]). Although these studies capture patterns of naturally-occurring nostalgia, cross-sectional associations are ambiguous. ...
We review recent evidence of nostalgia’s ability to enhance and buffer different types of wellbeing. Nostalgia has been associated with increased hedonic wellbeing (e.g., life satisfaction, happiness) in various contexts. Nostalgia is triggered by and can mitigate against threats to hedonic wellbeing. Nostalgia also increases eudaimonic wellbeing (e.g., perceptions of vitality, environmental mastery, positive relationships) and mitigates threats to eudaimonic wellbeing through varying mechanisms. Two applications of these wellbeing benefits are being explored in recent research: nostalgia can help understand how people buffer negative psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic; and is being harnessed for wellbeing interventions. More experimental and longitudinal research is needed to establish and maximize the potential of nostalgia for bolstering resilience.
... Denna ansats kan på så vis också knytas till hur nostalgibegreppet använts i tidigare studier inom en rad olika humanistiska och samhällsvetenskapligt orienterade områden och discipliner för att hantera de värden som nostalgin riktar sig mot, men också för att uppmärksamma en rörelse från och till något (se exv. Batcho, 1995;Howard, 2012;Nadkarni & Shevchenko, 2004). Som sociologiskt redskap möjliggör begreppet analyser av hur känslor utgör en specifik form av meningsskapande kopplat till människans identitet och livets kontinuitet (se Wilson, 2015). ...
For Swedish folk high schools that traditionally value the interpersonal meeting, restrictions invoked during the Covid-19 pandemic actualizes interesting tensions between practical dimensions of the transition to online and distance education on the one hand, and its educational implications on the other. The aim of this article is therefore to analyze rhetorical dimensions of the perceived uniqueness of Swedish folk high school in relation to folk high school teachers’ educational experiences during the pandemic. The empirical material derives from an online survey and subsequent focus group interviews with folk high school teachers. The concept of nostalgia constitutes the analytical lens and results are presented in the following themes; The journey as metaphor and meaning-making practice, A pedagogy for life and A (folk high school) historical meeting. Together these themes indicate that although the pandemic gave rise to educational unclarities during a new temporary reality, this unclarity surrounded both understandings of the past, as well as perceptions of the present.
... Nostalgia was measured using Batcho's Nostalgia Inventory (Batcho, 1995), which has been widely employed in different contexts (Batcho, 2007;Wildschut et al., 2006), including in research that examined nostalgia in the context of COVID-19 (e.g., Faul & De Brigard, 2022). To assess nostalgia associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, participants were asked to think about their daily lives during the most recent COVID-19 lockdown and indicate the degree to which they missed different aspects of their lives, such as "having someone to depend on," "not having to worry," and "the way society was" (five-point Likert-type scale, α = .90, ...
Drastic lifestyle changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have made many people undergo a nostalgic longing for the past, pre-COVID-19 days. In this study, drawing on the regulatory model of nostalgia, we built a research model to examine the dualistic effects of nostalgia on subjective wellbeing, with self-continuity as a mediator and social media use as a moderator. The findings, based on an online survey (N=373), indicated that when nostalgia leads to a enhanced sense of self-continuity, it had a positive indirect effect on subjective wellbeing. In contrast, when not mediated by such a restorative function, nostalgia had a negative direct impact on subjective wellbeing. Both the (negative) direct and (positive) indirect effects were moderated by social media usage, suggesting that social media use is a crucial communication-related boundary condition that reinforces or mitigates the dualistic nostalgia effects. This study offers contributions to the literature by uncovering distinct pathways through which nostalgia carries differing implications for subjective wellbeing in times of crisis as well as by identifying social media use as a boundary condition under which such dualistic effects of nostalgia are manifested.
... It should be noted that nostalgia can be facilitated through mobile media practices, such as TikTok (Özkul & Humphreys, 2015). Batcho's (1995) argument that the presence and intensity of nostalgia greatly depends on the pleasantness of the present compared to the past may also support the conduct of such creative activity to intergenerational families on TikTok considering COVID-19 being an unpleasant moment to many. Furthermore, nostalgia may also be part of the emotions elucidated in the construct of affectional solidarity espoused by Bengtson and Robert (1991) in Intergenerational Solidarity that bound the family even better during the lockdown. ...
With limited activities to conduct at home during the pandemic lockdowns, families worldwide have turned to social media to socialize and cope with the impacts of isolation. Likewise, online content-sharing sites has been seen as a promising avenue for family units to conduct creative activities together as a form of bonding and coping during the COVID-19 lockdown. As such, this investigation was undertaken to understand the landscape of intergenerational families’ creative activities showcased on digital content-sharing platforms, such as YouTube and TikTok. The analysis of the surface characteristics of collected YouTube (n = 50) and Tiktok (n = 446) videos in this study revealed that April 2020 (YouTube = 28%; Tiktok = 28.97%) was the month were most videos featuring creative activities by intergenerational families were uploaded. Interestingly, most of the videos uploaded came from North American countries (YouTube = 54%; Tiktok = 52.91%). Vlogging (52%) was found to be the most practiced creative activities by intergenerational families on YouTube during the COVID-19 lockdown months while for Tiktok, recreation of family photos (13.84%) was preponderant. The implications the study’s findings, limitations and recommendations were also discussed.
... Nostalgia may be triggered by "fears, discontents, anxieties, or uncertainties" that can be construed as being pessimistic about social change (Richards et al. 2020:75;Turner 1987). Critically, the sense of loss for times bygone is also accompanied by a feeling that the past is better than the present (e.g., Batcho 1995;Davis 1979;Duyvendank 2011;Sedikidis et al. 2008). ...
This article contributes to the analysis of the politics of nostalgia by focusing on its content, conditions, and mechanisms. Frame theory is used to understand the contested nature of nostalgia through the central framing of the past. We explore ways in which nostalgia relates to ethnic nationalism and populism and its close relationship to the rhetoric of the populist radical right. Components of nostalgia that stand out as particularly significant is the history of decline and loss. Whereas nostalgia is utilized by proponents of both civic and ethnic nationalism, we are particularly occupied with the ethnic substance of nationalist nostalgia. Nationalist nostalgia capitalizes on loss, idealization, and resentment and its contested nature may be brought out through diagnostic and anti‐migrant frames. A central mechanism is the juxtaposition and unfavorable comparison between an idealized glorious past, a decaying present, and the creation of a utopian future, that in many ways resemble Christian narratives of fall and redemption. We therefore expect an increasing appeal of nostalgia as an orienting mechanism during unsettling times, rapid changes, and uncertain conditions. We draw upon critical cases of the radical right in Europe, and case studies from the Balkans, Lebanon, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and the United States.
... We measured nostalgia with two scales: Southampton Nostalgia Scale (SNS; Barrett et al., 2010;Routledge et al., 2008) and Nostalgia Inventory (NI; Batcho, 1995). We applied the logic of multiple convergent operations to prevent the drawback of single operationalizations (Campbell & Fiske, 1959;Cook & Campbell, 1979). ...
We investigated the relation between nostalgia and spirituality. We hypothesized that nostalgia is linked to greater spirituality through self-continuity and, in turn, meaning in life. In Study 1, we measured nostalgia and spirituality. Nostalgia predicted greater spirituality. In Study 2, we tested this relation in a nationally representative sample. Nostalgia again predicted greater spirituality, and this relation remained significant after controlling for key demographic variables and core personality traits. In Study 3, we manipulated nostalgia and measured self-continuity, meaning in life, and spirituality. Nostalgia predicted spirituality serially via self-continuity and meaning in life.
... The Holbrook's Nostalgia Index is the most popular nostalgia proneness measurement scale, based on a definition of nostalgia as a preference for objects from the past, not as an emotion (Holbrook & Schindler, 1991). The Southampton Nostalgia Scale assesses proneness to nostalgia (Cheung, Sedikides, & Wildschut, 2017;, correlating positively with the Meaning in Life Scales (McGregor & Little, 1998;Routledge et al., 2011;Steger, Frazier, Oishi, & Kaler, 2006); and the Dispositional Nostalgia Scale (Batcho, 1995). ...
In recent years many mining historical heritage sites with geological, mining, and esthetic curiosities alike have been transformed into tourist attractions. This study investigates the staged authenticity and types of nostalgia either as experiences or as motivators to influence revisit intention in the context of the Jiayang Mining Geopark in China, an exemplified transnational industrial heritage from European countries. Survey data collected from 280 Chinese mining tourists revealed that the transnational feature of the mining town, such as the Soviet and British architectures, either staged or portrayed, can be highly pursued by mining tourists. Types of nostalgic responses were identified, especially the historical one, regardless of their social and historical connection to the site. The staged authentic experiences and personal nostalgia possessed qualities of travel motivation but were somewhat limited in their motive potentials for revisit intention. The results acknowledge that the staged mining historical heritage in China plays multiple and selfreflexive roles to enrich authentic and nostalgic values throughout the trip, which can help evaluate marketing strategies from the tourist gaze.
... Assessment of nostalgia followed. Participants completed a state version of the Nostalgia Inventory (Batcho, 1995), which measures level of nostalgia for 20 objects from one's past (e.g., "my family," "toys," "the way people were," "having someone to depend on"). Participants in the high loneliness condition reported feeling more nostalgic than those in the low loneliness condition. ...
Nostalgia, a sentimental longing for one's past, has been garnering keen empirical attention in the psychological literature over the last two decades. After providing a historical overview, we place the emotion in cross-cultural context. Laypeople in many cultures conceptualize nostalgia similarly: as a past-oriented, social, self-relevant, and bittersweet emotion, but more sweet (positively toned) than bitter (negatively toned). That is, the nostalgizer reflects on a fond and personally important event—often their childhood or valued relationships—relives the event through rose-colored glasses, yearns for that time or relationship, and may even wish to return briefly to the past. Also, triggers of nostalgia (e.g., adverts, food, cold temperatures, loneliness) are similar across cultures. Moreover, across cultures nostalgia serves three key functions: it elevates social connectedness (a sense of belongingness or acceptance), meaning in life (a sense that one's life is significant, purposeful, and coherent), and self-continuity (a sense of connection between one's past and present self). Further, nostalgia acts as a buffer against discomforting psychological states (e.g., loneliness) similarly in varied cultural contexts. For example, (1) loneliness is positively related to, or intensifies, nostalgia; (2) loneliness is related to, or intensifies, adverse outcomes such as unhappiness or perceived lack of social support; and (3) nostalgia suppresses the relation between loneliness and adverse outcomes. Additionally, nostalgia facilitates one's acculturation to a host culture. Specifically, (1) nostalgia (vs. control) elicits a positive acculturation orientation toward a host culture; (2) nostalgia (vs. control) amplifies bicultural identity integration; and (3) positive acculturation orientation mediates the effect of host-culture nostalgia on bicultural identity integration. We conclude by identifying lacunae in the literature and calling for follow-up research.
... Personal and collective nostalgia. We then measured personal nostalgia with the Individual Nostalgia Scale (Batcho, 1995). Participants answered on a 7-point scale how much they miss 20 stimuli about when they were younger (e.g., family; music; places; friends; 1 = Do not miss at all, 7 = Miss it very much; α = .91). ...
Populist movements typically endorse a pessimistic view that blames the “elites” for societal problems. Why is this populist worldview so appealing to many citizens? We propose that populism is associated with nostalgia: A bittersweet feeling defined as a sentimental longing for a better past. We tested this idea in three preregistered studies. Study 1 revealed that both personal and collective nostalgia (i.e., referring to either personal memories, or a shared national history) were associated with populist attitudes. Moreover, the nostalgia measures mediated a link between collective angst and populist attitudes. Studies 2 and 3, then, were experiments designed to investigate the causal order between nostalgia and populist attitudes. In Study 2, a manipulation of nostalgia could not establish a causal effect on populist attitudes; however, a measure of nostalgia was again correlated with populist attitudes. In Study 3, we tested the reverse causal order by exposing participants to either a populist or pluralist speech. Results revealed that exposure to the populist speech increased both personal and collective nostalgia. In all studies, these effects emerged independent of political orientation. Apparently, feelings of nostalgia are closely associated with populist attitudes, and may help explain why citizens find a populist worldview appealing.
... Individual differences in nostalgia, such as nostalgia proneness (Barrett et al., 2010;Batcho, 1995;Holbrook, 1993) and the extent of nostalgia functions (Wildschut et al., 2006), have long been the main issue of nostalgia research. The assumption of a working self might clarify these issues by providing a mechanism that defines which information is remembered from the autobiographical knowledge base and how the retrieved information is evaluated at the time of remembering. ...
Nostalgia, a sentimental longing for the past, has attracted attention in the fields of psychology and marketing in recent years. Although these studies have identified what nostalgia is, including its triggers and functions, the question of how nostalgia is induced remains unanswered. In this article, we review existing psychological models and recent neuroimaging studies that have investigated the neural correlates of nostalgia and propose a provisional framework of nostalgia induction. The multilevel memory-reward coactivation framework expects that different types of autobiographical memory (AM), such as episodic AM and semantic AM, activate the associated meso-limbic reward system. This framework also assumes a working self, a complex set of active goals, and associated self-images, which enables us to explain individual differences in nostalgia experience by influencing what is remembered and how the retrieved information is evaluated. This framework is advantageous in that it can integrate existing psychological models into one model and can explain individual differences in nostalgia that are important for the use of nostalgia, especially in clinical situations.
... Participants completed two measures of trait nostalgia. The Nostalgia Inventory (NI; Batcho, 1995) asks participants to rate how nostalgic they feel about items from their past, including people (e.g., "someone I loved," "my friends") and objects (e.g., "my childhood toys," "my family house"). The 7-item Southampton Nostalgia Scale (SNS; Barrett et al., 2010) assesses the frequency ("How often do you experience nostalgia?") ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered and exacerbated psychological distress, and exposed psychological vulnerabilities, in large swathes of the population. Under challenging circumstances, nostalgia may convey tangible psychological and physical health benefits. We review recent evidence for nostalgia’s utility in vulnerable populations, including sojourners and immigrants, civil war refugees, people suffering bereavement, people facing a limited time horizon, and people living with dementia. Having raised the prospect of a positive role for nostalgia in responding to adversity, we next present findings from a series of randomised nostalgia interventions and their impact over time in the workplace, during the COVID-19 pandemic, and at university, respectively. We conclude by offering evidence-based recommendations for future interventions, highlighting the importance of optimal person-activity fit, diversity of content, and accessibility of delivery mechanisms.
... Kişiliği şekillendiren bir faktör olan nostaljiyi (Davis, 1979), her birey farklı bir şekilde deneyimlemektedir ve bireylerin nostalji eğilimleri farklı düzeyde olmaktadır (Holbrook ve Schindler, 1991). Dolayısıyla, nostalji vurgusu yapan pazarlama faaliyetlerine tüketicilerin tepkileri aynı olmamakta; tüketicilerin nostaljiye olan tepkileri bireyden bireye farklılıklar gösterebilmektedir (Batcho, 1995;Vess v.d, 2012;Singh, Sharma ve Kumar, 2020). Benlik kurgusu, bireylerin kendilerini bağımsız hissetmelerine ve kişilerarası ilişkilere önem vermelerine göre farklılık gösterdiği (Markus ve Kitayama, 1991) için bireylerin sahip oldukları benlik kurgusunun nostalji düzeylerine ve nostaljiye atfettikleri değere paralel olarak birbirinden ayrışacağı söylenebilir. ...
Positive emotions play an essential role in consumers' relationships with brands. Since brand nostalgia and personal nostalgia evoke pleasant feelings in consumers, it is important to examine their relational consumer brand interaction role. While nostalgia has been frequently studied in various consumer behavior contexts and marketing communication activities such as advertisements, limited studies examine brand-consumer interaction in relational contexts. In light of the importance of relational marketing in today's marketing strategies, it is crucial to investigate the relationships between brand nostalgia, brand engagement, and brand happiness. The present study examines these relationships in the context of nostalgic brands. A total of 397 individuals participated in the study. Regression analysis was conducted for testing the study’s model. As a result of the study's findings, active brand engagement mediates the relationships between personal nostalgia, brand nostalgia, and brand happiness. In addition, self-construal moderates these relations.
... In simple terms, nostalgia refers to a sentimental longing for a past that is forever gone. It is often identified as an emotional response brought on by a dissatisfaction or detachment in the present, and an anxiety for the future (Batcho, 1995;Boym, 2008;Davis, 1979). As a result, a seemingly superior, familiar, and stable past is sought that is comprised of happier times which may generate mixed feelings of both joy and loss. ...
... First, future research on time-honored restaurants might use t-tests to explore whether various demographic variables affect consumers' perceptions of nostalgia. Second, as older consumers may be more prone to nostalgic feelings for the past than their younger counterparts (Batcho, 1995), the perceptions of and feelings of nostalgia toward time-honored restaurants of consumers over 40 years of age might be investigated in the future. Third, our results for nostalgia triggers and nostalgic experiences should be replicated in other areas in China and other cultural contexts to extend their generalizability. ...
With a long history and strong culinary heritage, time-honored restaurants are often associated with the phenomenon of nostalgia. However, research on nostalgia and nostalgic experiences in time-honored restaurants is largely absent. This study built a framework for nostalgic experiences to understand nostalgia triggers as antecedents and consumers’ revisit intention as the outcome. A survey of 366 residents in Beijing and Shanghai, China, revealed that nostalgia triggered by food and service staff significantly evoked consumers’ memories, and the food and restaurant environment stimulated the communitas component of nostalgic experiences. Memory had a positive effect on both communitas and positive emotions, while communitas had a positive effect on positive emotions. Finally, positive emotions resulted in significantly increased revisit intention.
Recent research suggests that emotions are a central motivation for radical right voting. One emotion that has gained particular interest is nostalgia: Radical right politicians use nostalgic rhetoric, and feeling nostalgic is associated with radical right support. However, while nostalgia is widely and frequently experienced, previous work differentiates personal contents of nostalgia (e.g., childhood) from group-based contents (e.g., traditions) and suggests that only the latter is related to the radical right. But why does nostalgia, and specifically its group-based content, matter? In the present paper, I argue that nostalgia evokes implicit comparisons between the past and the present. Using relative deprivation theory, I posit that group-based nostalgia makes people subjectively evaluate society's present as worse than its past. In turn, this temporal group-based relative deprivation is associated with attempts to restore the past through radical right voting. Personal nostalgia, instead, does not evoke equivalent experiences of personal relative deprivation and is, therefore, unrelated to radical right support. In preregistered analyses of representative panel data from the Netherlands, I show that group-based nostalgia is more consistently related to radical right support than personal nostalgia. In subsequent exploratory analyses, I test the relative deprivation argument and find that group-based relative deprivation does indeed mediate the relationship between group-based nostalgia and radical right voting: People who long for the group-based past are more likely to feel dissatisfied with the government and, in turn, consider voting for the radical right. In studying this mechanism, I connect recent work on emotional and relative deprivation explanations to radical right voting. © 2023 The Authors. European Journal of Political Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Consortium for Political Research.
Sexual satisfaction contributes significantly to one's quality of life and offers a variety of mental and physical health benefits. Consequently, numerous studies have examined ways to improve sexual satisfaction. However, no research has investigated how sexual nostalgia (i.e., "the sentimental longing for or wistful reflection on past sexual memories," p. 1539) with one's current partner impacts sexual satisfaction. Thus, this program of research was designed to develop the Sexual Nostalgia Inventory, assess the relationship between sexual nostalgia and sexual satisfaction, and to examine the moderating role of romantic attachment. The results of Study One (N = 227) indicated that the content of sexual memories can be conceptualized into one factor. The results from Study Two (N = 619) revealed that sexual nostalgia was positively related to sexual satisfaction and that romantic attachment moderated these relationships. In particular, the positive association between sexual nostalgia and satisfaction was greatest for those insecurely attached (i.e., those high in anxious and avoidant attachment). These findings have important implications for researchers looking to establish the causal link between nostalgia and satisfaction and clinicians working with couples experiencing low sexual desire and/or unmet sexual needs.
We examined the change and stability of nostalgia in emerging adulthood. We followed 327 students through their 4 university years with six assessments. Nostalgia demonstrated moderate rank stability (r = .25-.79). A Trait-State-Occasion model analysis indicated that the stable trait component, slowing-change trait component, and state component explained 37% to 43%, 10% to 27%, and 29% to 49% of variation in nostalgia on specific occasions, respectively. Longitudinal multilevel analysis revealed that the mean nostalgia level declined across university years. Greater intensity of negative life events at the start of university was associated with higher initial nostalgia and slower decline of it, while the emotion intensified when experiencing more negative life events. Nostalgia in emerging adulthood displays moderate stability, with negative life events contributing to the shape of its trajectory.
This edited book is a collection of selected research papers presented at the 2022 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education Technology (AIET 2022), held in Wuhan, China, on July 1–3, 2022. AIET establishes a platform for AI in education researchers to present research, exchange innovative ideas, propose new models, as well as demonstrate advanced methodologies and novel systems.
The book is divided into five main sections – 1) AI in Education in the Post-COVID New Norm, 2) Emerging AI Technologies, Methods, Systems and Infrastructure, 3) Innovative Practices of Teaching and Assessment Driven by AI and Education Technologies, 4) Curriculum, Teacher Professional Development and Policy for AI in Education, and 5) Issues and Discussions on AI In Education and Future Development. Through these sections, the book provides a comprehensive picture of the current status, emerging trends, innovations, theory, applications, challenges and opportunities of current AI in education research.
This timely publication is well aligned with UNESCO’s Beijing Consensus on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Education. It is committed to exploring how AI may play a role in bringing more innovative practices, transforming education in the post-pandemic new norm and triggering an exponential leap toward the achievement of the Education 2030 Agenda. Providing broad coverage of recent technology-driven advances and addressing a number of learning-centric themes, the book is an informative and useful resource for researchers, practitioners, education leaders and policy-makers who are involved or interested in AI and education.
Objective: In order to explore the multiple chain mediating effects of positive affect and self-esteem between nostalgia and life satisfaction in college students. Methods: 477 college students were investigated with Southampton Nostalgia Scale, Positive Affect Scale, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Life Satisfaction Scale. Results: ① Nostalgia was significantly and positively correlated with positive emotion (r = 0.12, p < 0.01) and life satisfaction (r = 0.13, p < 0.01), also, significant positive correlations exists among other key variables. ② Structural equation models showed that, nostalgia could exert effects on life satisfaction (β = 0.14, P < 0.05), and also indirectly through the independent mediating effect of positive affect, the chain mediating effect of positive affect and self-esteem (β = 0.10, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Nostalgia could affect life satisfaction, not only through direct path, but also through the indirect path of multiple mediating effects of positive affect and self-esteem.
Faced with the challenge of online teaching-learning, university teachers continued with the responsibility of developing their learning sessions, innovating teaching material and methodology during this process, changing the way of generating learning in health sciences students, through the application of videos, summary readings and practices carried out with family members who acted as patients, in order to achieve the planned competition. The importance of letting students know their achievements in relation to what is evaluated, helps them to understand their way of learning, assess their learning result and self-regulate. This is how feedback motivates the student to rethink their learning strategies. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of feedback on the online learning outcome of health sciences university students, in a non-experimental research, descriptive-correlational level, with a sample of 294 students. The results obtained showed that feedback in university students of Health Sciences in virtual environments is effective when applied in a timely manner and can be planned, based on the evidence of the learning outcome. To achieve this, they must be previously trained, from the first semesters of study, in feedback literacy, making it part of the self-regulation of their learning.
As the cliché has it, nostalgia ain’t what it used to be. Except this cliché is true: nostalgia hasn’t always been the relatively benign, comforting longing for a lost time which we know today; it used to be a dangerous disease, a deadly form of homesickness. This article traces the surprising history of nostalgia from its origins in the late Seventeenth Century to the present. It both sketches the different ways in which nostalgia has been experienced over the past three centuries, and reviews existing literature that has sought to grasp this protean emotion across the disciplines. As the article shows, contrary to our presentist common sense, when it comes to our affective lives, history matters.
This research investigates how reminiscing a society's past can encourage risk taking for the society. In one field study and four experiments, we show that encountering objects or appeals linked to their society’s past can lead individuals to become more risk taking and to choose less certain but potentially better options in decisions for society. This effect is mitigated when the reminiscence concerns one’s personal past and when the decisions concern personal welfare. It can also be mitigated by heightening or suppressing the belief that society has progressed. Our findings validate belief in progress as a novel explanation, suggesting that the thoughts evoked in reminiscence supplement their emotional counterparts such as nostalgic and upbeat feelings in altering how decisions are made. This investigation has pragmatic implications for designing past-linked appeals in advertising and branding as well as in advocacy for social change or innovation.
While modern tourists rely heavily on social media content, extant literature does not clarify what kind of travel experiences activate sharing behavior on social media. In the context of cultural heritage tourism, this study aims to examine the structural relationships among authenticity (i.e. objective, constructive, and existential), nostalgia (i.e. personal and historical), and travel experience sharing behavior on social media. For this, the data obtained based on 442 responses from domestic heritage tourists in South Korea were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results indicated the significant roles of existential authenticity and personal nostalgia in predicting heritage tourists’ sharing behavior.
The initial waves of the coronavirus pandemic amplified feelings of depression, psychological fatigue and pessimism for the future. Past research suggests that nostalgia helps to repair negative moods by boosting current and future-oriented positive affect, thereby strengthening psychological resilience. Accordingly, the present study investigated whether nostalgia moderated the relationship between pandemic experience and individual differences in mood and optimism. Across two studies we assessed psychosocial self-report data from a total of 293 online participants (22-72 years old; mean age 38; 109 females, 184 males) during the first two waves of the pandemic. Participants completed comprehensive questionnaires that probed state and trait characteristics related to mood and memory, such as the Profile of Mood States, Nostalgia Inventory and State Optimism Measure. Our findings indicate that during the initial wave of coronavirus cases, higher levels of nostalgia buffered against deteriorating mood states associated with concern over the pandemic. Nostalgia also boosted optimism for participants experiencing negative mood, and optimism predicted subjective mood improvement one week later. This shielding effect of nostalgia on optimism was replicated during the second wave of coronavirus cases. The present findings support the role of nostalgia in promoting emotional homeostasis and resilience during periods of psychological distress.
The article examines the differences in the thematic content of nostalgic memories of townspeople in different age groups, as well as the imaginative content constituting nostalgic memories. The presented study is based on the assumption that the thematic content of significant nostalgic memories is associated with existential goals that need to be solved at a certain stage of life. Regardless of their thematic content, nostalgic memories of respondents of all age groups are constituted by images associated with nature. The data was collected through online survey (n=174). The Nostalgia Inventory questionnaire (K. Batcho) has been modified; the themes related to nature were included in the questionnaire and had shown its relevance especially for middle and older age. The results of the study showed that for youth nostalgic memories become a supportive and formative resource, for middle age people a source of critical self-reflection, a challenge to authenticity, for the elderly a way of "gathering" life together. Thus, memories become an experience – the work that provide life direction and meaningfulness. The assumption that, regardless of its thematic content, nostalgic memories of respondents of all age groups are constituted by images associated with nature has been confirmed. Our findings allow to conclude that the beneficial effect of nostalgic memories on the psychological well-being of a person is associated with the existence of the images of nature that constitute nostalgic memories.
O estudo tem por objetivo identificar a estrutura da produção científica que fornece a base teórica para estudos sobre a nostalgia afim de demostrar a interlocução destas produções no processo de geração de novos conhecimentos. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos, trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, centrando-se nas técnicas bibliométricas, especificamente a análise de cocitação. Os dados para as análises são provenientes de artigos científicos, recuperados na base de dados Web of Science. Os resultados da Análise Fatorial Exploratória, cuja variância total explicada foi de 78,20%, revelaram que as publicações que fornecem a base científica para estudos sobre a nostalgia podem ser agrupadas em cinco dimensões que foram nominadas: Efeitos positivos da nostalgia nos indivíduos; Nostalgia no comportamento do consumidor; Dimensões filosóficas e históricas da nostalgia; Nostalgia normal e patológica e, Nostalgia e significado das posses materiais. Na análise das cocitações, a pesquisa revelou que a quantidade de produções científicas envolvendo o tema nostalgia, nos últimos anos, vem aumentando gradativamente e nestas publicações as duas obras mais citadas foram, respectivamente, Future Nostalgia (Boym, 2001) e Yearning Yesterday (Davis, 1979). Os autores mais profícuos dentre os 289 artigos foram: Sedikides, Wildschut e Routledge. Este artigo abre perspectivas para novos estudos em outras bases científicas, além de servir de apoio para estudos empíricos, contribuindo para ampliar o conhecimento da área.
The Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests and the COVID‐19 pandemic are two distinct forces that have introduced cultural change around the world by respectively challenging or amplifying the status quo. Past research demonstrates that cultural change can be perceived as threatening. Thus, the change brought upon by the BLM movement and the pandemic may be reducing support toward the BLM movement and reducing support for creating a new normal following the pandemic (i.e., creating new social norms). Based on the Cultural Inertia Model, we predicted that highlighting the BLM protests and the COVID‐19 pandemic as agents of change would hinder support toward each agent of change. In essence, two agents of change might be too much change. We also hypothesized that national nostalgia and prostalgia would serve as psychological anchors or propellers that hinder or facilitate support toward each agent of change. Our findings demonstrated that highlighting the BLM protests and the pandemic as agents of change did not cause differences in support toward the BLM movement or creating a new normal. However, national nostalgia and prostalgia served as individual difference measures that respectively reduced and facilitated support toward the BLM movement and the creation of new social norms.
Nostalgic memories can be pleasant, albeit bittersweet, and have been found beneficial for well-being. This study demonstrated that for individuals who habitually worry, nostalgia may not be such a nourishing experience. Nostalgia was experimentally induced using a visual imagery task and resulted in positive affect. Although this was also the case for participants who habitually worry, these individuals subsequently showed more signs of anxiety and depression than habitual worriers in a control condition. The findings fit within a control theoretical perspective; as habitual worriers’ actual chronic state of anxiety contrasts with nostalgic memories of a carefree past, this may instigate further rumination leading to distress. A more present-oriented time perspective, such as mindfulness, is discussed as being beneficial for habitual worriers.
Nostalgia is defined as the remembrance of prior experiences that are self-relevant, involve close others, and carry a predominantly positive affective tone (Wildschut et al. in J Pers Soc Psychol 91:975–993, 2006).
Given nostalgia’s palliative function for coping with negative affect and self-threats (Sedikides et al. in Curr Dir Psychol Sci 17:304–307, 2008), the present research explores a psychological construct related to greater experience of nostalgia: regulatory mode. According to regulatory mode theory (Kruglanski et al. in J Pers Soc Psychol 79:793–815, 2000; Higgins et al. in Adv exp soc psychol 35:293–344, 2003), assessment is the aspect of self-regulation focused on evaluation, whereas locomotion is focused on goal progress. We hypothesized that emphasis of the assessment mode on evaluation would promote nostalgia, while emphasis of the locomotion mode on progress would prevent it. These predictions were corroborated in two studies that assessed regulatory modes as individual difference factors (Study 1) and induced them experimentally (Study 2). Implications of these findings for the self regulation process are considered.
a b s t r a c t Three studies tested and supported the proposition that nostalgia buffers existential threat. All studies measured nostalgia proneness and manipulated death awareness (mortality salience; MS). In Study 1, at low, but not high, levels of nostalgia proneness, participants in the MS condition responded less pos-itively to an identity threat than participants in the control condition. In Study 2, at low, but not high, levels of nostalgia proneness, participants in the MS condition evidenced greater levels of death anxiety than participants in the control condition. In Study 3, at high, but not low, levels of nostalgia proneness, participants in the MS condition indicated greater feelings of state nostalgia than participants in the con-trol condition.
The purposes of this study were to (1) examine the triggers of patrons’ nostalgia and (2) examine how the nostalgia triggers induce patrons’ emotional responses, thus influencing revisit intentions. Based on a literature review, 20 triggers that induce nostalgia were derived. The empirical data utilized in this study was collected from 438 luxury restaurant patrons who had visited a luxury restaurant more than 60 days prior to responding to the survey. The initial responses were then examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The EFA results indicated that patrons’ nostalgia is induced by four factors: ‘food’, ‘event’, ‘environment’, and ‘staff’. Subsequent data analysis revealed that all four triggers of personal nostalgia bear a significant impact on inducing patrons’ pleasurable responses. Moreover, it was revealed that hiatus plays a significant moderating role in the relationship between nostalgia and patron's pleasurable responses. In other words, as time elapses following a restaurant visit, nostalgia triggers leads to higher levels of pleasurable responses regarding their experiences in the restaurant. Finally, such pleasurable responses lead to revisit intentions. Based on these findings, possible interpretations and managerial implications are suggested in the latter part of the study.
The relationship between nostalgia and coping during difficult times was explored in 2 empirical studies. In the first, 80 undergraduates, 60 women and 20 men, completed the Nostalgia Inventory, a measure of nostalgia proneness, the COPE Inventory, a dispositional measure of strategies for coping with stressful events, and the Childhood Survey, a survey of impressions of childhood experiences. Nostalgia proneness correlated with use of adaptive coping, including emotional social support, expressing emotions, turning to religion, and suppressing competing activities, and did not correlate with escapist or avoidance strategies, including denial, behavioral disengagement, and substance abuse. Nostalgia proneness was related positively to favorable emotional and behavioral childhood experiences and did not correlate with adverse experiences. Favorable impressions of childhood correlated positively with adaptive coping strategies and inversely with dysfunctional ones, whereas unfavorable childhood experiences correlated positively with dysfunctional coping. Regression analyses suggested that the relationship between nostalgia proneness and certain coping strategies may be mediated in part by childhood experiences. In a second study, 100 undergraduates, 86 women and 14 men, completed the Nostalgia Inventory, recalled autobiographical memories that illustrated how childhood is either special or similar to their present life, and rated their likely use of strategies in dealing with 2 hypothetical problems. Nostalgia proneness correlated with emotional and instrumental social coping and with the goal-directed strategies of planning, taking action, and positive reframing. Further research is recommended to explore the role of childhood memories in coping and to identify mechanisms that mediate the relationship between nostalgia and coping.
This research conducts five studies and uses 1185 respondents to develop and validate a six-item, seven-point Likert scale capable of measuring a personal nostalgia response to an advertisement. Traditional forms of scale development and a variety of experimental conditions are undertaken to develop and validate the scale. Statistical techniques include t-tests, correlation, regression, confirmatory factor analysis and a multitrait–multimethod matrix. This research fulfils a significant gap in the current knowledge as the current scales neither distinguish between the distinct types of nostalgia nor measure personal nostalgia as a response to advertising independently of other reactions. This is despite personal nostalgia being considered as a distinct form of nostalgia with a suggested differing influence on a number of important consumer behaviour responses. The scale has implications for researchers undertaking future studies exploring personal nostalgia's influence on consumer behaviour reactions. Nostalgia is also a commonly used and has effective advertising appeal, and this research provides practitioners with a parsimonious instrument to measure the level of personal nostalgia experienced as a result of advertising exposure. This assists in ensuring accuracy when predicting consumer reactions.
This study examined the content of adults' stereotypes about sex differences in both the experience and the expression of emotions and investigated how these beliefs vary with the age of the target person. Four hundred college students (200 men and 200 women) judged the frequency with which they believed males or females in one of five age groups (infants, preschoolers, elementary schoolers, adolescents, and adults) typically feel and express 25 different emotions. It was found that adults' gender-emotion stereotypes held for both basic and nonbasic emotions and appear to be based on a deficit model of male emotional expressiveness (i.e., a belief that males do not express the emotions they feel). Moreover, these beliefs about sex differences in emotionality refer primarily to adolescents and adults. It was concluded that gender-emotion stereotypes are complex and that there may be an age-of-target bias in the evaluation of others' emotions.
a b s t r a c t Two functions of nostalgia are consistently documented in the literature: self-positivity and social con-nectedness. These reflect agency and communion, respectively. Such dimensions are polarized no more than in narcissists, who are high in agency and low in communion. In three studies we tested whether high and low narcissists differ in the content of nostalgic recollections, whether they become nostalgic about different objects, and whether nostalgia serves different functions for them. High (versus low) nar-cissists made more agentic references in their narratives and manifested nostalgic proclivity toward agentic objects. Furthermore, nostalgia served a self-positivity function, but not a social connectedness function, for high (versus low) narcissists. Findings highlight the relevance of personality—narcissism, in particular—for the experience of nostalgia.
Tested a hypothesis based on F. Davis's (1979) argument that nostalgia helps individuals construct identity continuity. Davis predicted that people whose lives feature discontinuity will be more likely to become nostalgic—in particular, that males will be more nostalgic than females. The present study developed analogous hypotheses for race and geographic and occupational mobility and tested them through a secondary analysis of 4 national sample surveys: The National Senior Citizens Survey (1968), a National Council on Aging study (1974), a mental health survey (1976), and the General Social Survey (1980). Results do not support the discontinuity hypothesis. Nonwhites were more nostalgic than Whites, but otherwise discontinuity did not have the predicted effects. It is concluded that while analysis of survey results cannot provide a conclusive test of Davis's hypothesis, it calls the argument into question. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Personal nostalgia provides an emotionally engaging means for bonding a donor to a nonprofit organization. Yet, little is known about the relationship between personal nostalgia and charitable giving; this research seeks to fill this gap. A review of the extant literature is integrated with the findings from thirteen focus groups (Study 1) to develop a conceptual model. This model is tested in Studies 2 (using 457 older public television donors) and 3 (with a broader sample of 502 donors) using structural equations modeling. The findings indicate that discontinuity, recovery from grief, and loneliness, along with previous life experiences influence the level of personal nostalgia felt by a donor and associated with a charitable organization. This personal nostalgia provides emotional and familial utility to the donor. The research establishes that the effect of personal nostalgia on the donor's commitment is mediated by the emotional and familial utility that the nostalgia generates.
According to terror management theory, people turn to meaning-providing structures to cope with the knowledge of inevitable mortality. Recent theory and research suggest that nostalgia is a meaning-providing resource and thus may serve such an existential function. The current research tests and supports this idea. In Experiments 1 and 2, nostalgia proneness was measured and mortality salience manipulated. In Experiment 1, when mortality was salient, the more prone to nostalgia participants were, the more they perceived life to be meaningful. In Experiment 2, when mortality was salient, the more prone to nostalgia participants were, the less death thoughts were accessible. In Experiment 3, nostalgia and mortality salience were manipulated. It was found that nostalgia buffered the effects of mortality salience on death-thought accessibility.
This research examines the differences in emotional responses of 806 respondents experiencing Personal or Historical Nostalgic reactions to advertising appeals using an experimental research design. Five emotions common to both conditions are revealed and significant changes in intensity of these emotions are examined. As hypothesized, Upbeat / Elation, Loss / Regret, and Warm / Tender related emotions are significantly more intense under the Personal Nostalgic condition compared to the Historical. However, Negative / Irritation and Serenity / Calm related emotions did not significantly alter. This research highlights the need to treat Nostalgia as two separate appeals and provides insight useful to practitioners about consumer’s reactions to each specific appeal. It also suggests the need for future research into Personal and Historical Nostalgia’s effect on various other consumer behavior responses.
Over the past decade, there has been growing interest in nostalgia and consumption experiences on the part of a small group of consumer researchers. This article offers an insight into the nostalgic experiences gained through consuming history at a contemporary British living museum. The findings of the research focus on two types of nostalgic behavior, which are identified as existential and aesthetic. Differences in the nostalgic reaction are conceptualized in relation to such factors as the quantity and quality of the individual's role repertoire, the experience of alienation in the present, and the extent and quality of social contact. The article aims to offer a perspective that draws upon both existing work in related fields and the findings of the research in order to contextualize nostalgia as an experiential factor behind the consumption of recreated history in the living interactive museum. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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A blast from the past: The terror management function of nostalgia Romancing the past: Heritage visiting and the nostalgic consumer
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Clay Routledge, Jamie Arndt, Constantine Sedikides, Tim Wildschut. 2008. A blast from the past: The terror management function of nostalgia. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 44:1, 132-140. [CrossRef] 11. Christina Goulding. 2001. Romancing the past: Heritage visiting and the nostalgic consumer. Psychology and Marketing 18:6, 565-592. [CrossRef]
13th generation: abort, retry, ignore, fail?
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HOWE, N., & STRAUSS, B. (1993) 13th generation: abort, retry, ignore, fail? New York: Vintage
Books.
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STMUSS, W., & HOW, N. (1991) Generations. New York: Quill, William Morrow.
generation: abort, retry, ignore, fail
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HOWE, N., & STRAUSS, B. (1993) 13th generation: abort, retry, ignore, fail? New York: Vintage
Books.
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STMUSS, W., & HOW, N. (1991) Generations. New York: Quill, William Morrow.
The Merriam-Webster dictionary. (1974) New York: Pocket Books.
BMDP statistical so/tware manual
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DLXON, W. J. (Ed.) (1992) BMDP statistical so/tware manual. Vol. 1 (Release 7). 4M factor analysis. Los Angeles, CA: Univer. of California Press.
A generation of seekers
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ROOF, W. C. (1993) A generation of seekers. San Francisco, CA: Harper.