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Three-Year Follow-up Clinical Implications of Mindfulness Meditation-Based Stress Reduction Intervention in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Abstract
A previous study of 22 medical patients with DSM-III-R-defined anxiety disorders showed clinically and statistically significant improvements in subjective and objective symptoms of anxiety and panic following an 8-week outpatient physician-referred group stress reduction intervention based on mindfulness meditation. Twenty subjects demonstrated significant reductions in Hamilton and Beck Anxiety and Depression scores postintervention and at 3-month follow-up. In this study, 3-year follow-up data were obtained and analyzed on 18 of the original 22 subjects to probe long-term effects. Repeated measures analysis showed maintenance of the gains obtained in the original study on the Hamilton [F(2,32) = 13.22; p < 0.001] and Beck [F(2,32) = 9.83; p < 0.001] anxiety scales as well as on their respective depression scales, on the Hamilton panic score, the number and severity of panic attacks, and on the Mobility Index-Accompanied and the Fear Survey. A 3-year follow-up comparison of this cohort with a larger group of subjects from the intervention who had met criteria for screening for the original study suggests generalizability of the results obtained with the smaller, more intensively studied cohort. Ongoing compliance with the meditation practice was also demonstrated in the majority of subjects at 3 years. We conclude that an intensive but time-limited group stress reduction intervention based on mindfulness meditation can have long-term beneficial effects in the treatment of people diagnosed with anxiety disorders.
... Some previous studies on the relationship between hope, grit [6], mindfulness [7], and happiness have been conducted fragmentarily, but no research conducts these variables in an integrated manner. In other words, there are virtually no studies on the effect of agency thinking on happiness, studies on the moderation of the relationship between agency thinking and mindfulness, or studies on the moderated mediation of the path of agency thinking → mindfulness → happiness. ...
... Next, this study reviewed previous studies on the effect of mindfulness on happiness. Mindfulness not only directly affects subjective well-being, but also indirectly improves individual well-being by reducing depression and anxiety [7]. Seear and Vella-Brodrick [38] conducted a study to verify the effectiveness of positive psychology interventions to increase well-being and explored the role of dispositional mindfulness. ...
Introduction. The common ultimate goal of all human beings in the world is to achieve happiness. Middle and high school students in their adolescence are no exception. Many studies have been conducted to promote happiness in various age groups, but some studies have been conducted on the relationship between each variable of hope, grit, mindfulness, and happiness, but no other studies have been conducted to integrate these variables. Therefore, this study aims to confirm whether the agency thinking of hope moderates and mediates the path to happiness through mindfulness and to suggest ways to promote happiness in middle and high school students using these variables. Study participants and methods. The study subjects were 612 middle and high school students living in Chungcheongnam province, South Korea, selected using stratified and purposeful sampling methods. The subjects were 58.9% male and 41.1% female, 49.0% middle school students, and 31.1% high school students. Religion was 69.7% non-religious, 17.9% Christian, 5.7% Buddhist, and 4.4% Catholic. 80.7% lived in small and medium-sized cities, 17.2% in rural areas, and 2.1% in large cities. 84.8% of the families consisted of parents and their children, and 7.5% consisted of a single parent and their children. 46.7% of the respondents said their household income was average, and 35.7% said it was sufficient. 63.5% of the parents were dual- income families, and 36.5% were non-dual-income families. Results. First, the results of the correlation analysis showed that agency thinking had a significant positive correlation with grit, mindfulness, and happiness. In addition, grit, mindfulness, and happiness showed a significant positive correlation. Among the correlation coefficients, agency thinking and mindfulness showed the highest correlation (r=.550, p<.01). Second, grit moderated and mediated the path from agency thinking to mindfulness and happiness. Specifically, agency thinking had a significant positive effect on mindfulness (B=.2647, p<.001), and mindfulness had a significant positive effect on happiness (B=.2985, p<.001). Therefore, mindfulness mediated the relationship between agency thinking and happiness. Next, the interaction term of agency thinking and grit had a significant positive effect on mindfulness (B=.1106, p<.001). Therefore, grit moderated the relationship between agency thinking and mindfulness. Finally, the conditional indirect effect according to grit was significant when grit was M–SD, M, and M+SD, verifying the moderating mediating effect of grit. Practical significance. The results of this study can be used as a model to promote happiness in middle and high school students by utilizing agency thinking, mindfulness, and grit.
... Because cognition and consciousness are inherent in human beings (Nicoll, 2012;Topçular, 2014;Weinstein, Brown & Ryan, 2009). The main purpose of education is to gain insight from the experiences of the individual, to reveal his/her creative power, and to strengthen his/her potential (Beghetto & Kaufman, 2010;Greason & Cashwell, 2009;Miller et al., 1995). Mindfulness is the state of being aware of what is happening around us and being open to experiences (McKee, Johnston, & Massimilian, 2006). ...
... For the reasons mentioned above, this study aims to examine the relationship between teachers' creative thinking and reflective thinking and the regulatory role of mindfulness in this relationship with both quantitative and qualitative methods. The rationale of the research shows that studies on creative thinking, reflective thinking, and mindfulness variables are largely concentrated in fields such as business, economics, psychology and health (Brown et al, 2007;Brown & Ryan, 2003;Greason & Cashwell, 2009;Hayes & Shenk, 2004;Isaksen et al., 1993;Kabat-Zinn, 2003;Larsen et al., 2016;Mckee et al., 2006;Miller et al., 1995;Rhodes, 1961;Seidel et al., 2010;Şahin, 2011;Weinstein et al., 2009;Weinstein et al., 2009;Woodman & Mohr, 2017). Research on teachers working in educational institutions is quite limited (Aşkın Tekkol & Bozdemir, 2018;Baysal & Demirbaş, 2012;Çelik & Dikmenli, 2021;Demir, 2015;Ersözlü & Arslan, 2009;Erol et al., 2019;Mackinnon, 1978). ...
This research, which aims to determine the regulatory role of mindfulness in the relationship between creative thinking and reflective thinking, is a mixed method research in which quantitative and qualitative research methods are used together. The research was designed in a mixed-method convergent parallel design. The quantitative part was conducted with a descriptive survey model and the qualitative part was conducted with a case study design. The quantitative sample of the research was selected by cluster and simple random sampling method from classroom teachers working in the central districts of Konya province. The qualitative sample was selected from teachers who had at least one study on creative, reflective thinking, and mindfulness; had completed postgraduate education, and had ten years or more of professional seniority with the criterion sampling method from the teachers in the quantitative sample. In the quantitative part of the study, "creative thinking, reflective thinking, and mindfulness" measurement tools were used after obtaining the necessary permissions. Confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis were performed separately for these measurement tools. In the qualitative part of the study, interviews were conducted with a semi-structured interview form. When the quantitative and qualitative findings of the study were evaluated together, it was concluded that mindfulness has a regulatory role in the relationship between creative thinking and reflective thinking.
... Cognitive behavioral therapies transform the information processing process of individuals into a clearer and more objective situation and aim to provide psychological well-being. Conscious awareness also enables the individual to focus on the present moment through his senses and, in this way, to regulate his emotions more effectively without being judgmental (Miller et al., 1995). In parallel with the approach in Buddhist psychology, the humanistic approach also emphasizes the ability of the individual to functionalize their capacity, to live in the present, to be aware of emotions and experiences, and to accept decisions responsibly (Shahrokh & Hales, 2003). ...
The aim of this study is to reveal the relationships between the leader's mindfulness level (LML), transformational leadership style (TLS), resilience and employee well-being (EWB). Another aim of the research is to investigate the moderator effect of fear of Covid-19 on the relationship between the LML, TLS, resilience and EWB. There is limited research in the literature on leader mindfulness, which is a new leadership perspective. In addition, research on Covid-19 mostly examines the physiological state and health factors of individuals. The study differs from other studies in the literature from these aspects. The universe of the study consists of employees of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in the manufacturing sector in Adana. Surveys consisting of LML, TLS, resilience and EWB scales were applied to 406 employees. Simple random sampling method was used in the study. During the research, coinciding with the Covid-19 pandemic and collecting data in the cross-sectional time period in terms of the time it covers are among the limitations of the study. As a result of the analyzes, it was found that LML, TLS and its sub-dimensions had a significant effect on EWB an its sub-dimensions. It was found that LML, TLS and its sub-dimensions had no significant effect on resilience. In addition, it was found that fear of Covid-19 did not have a modulating effect between LML and resilience, LML and EWB, TLS and resilience and TLS and EWB.
... We suggest that the nature of MBSIs may also alleviate some of the environmental stressors such as stigmas associated with mental health support. Given that there is no requirement for a mental health professional for effective delivery and it is financially low-cost, MBSIs may have high acceptability, flexibility, and feasibility with marginalized youth (Miller et al., 1995). Indeed, there have been several guidelines for adapting mindfulness with marginalized youth that we refer readers for specific implementation guidelines . ...
The application of mindfulness practices in schools has gained significant attention as a tool for helping students develop self-regulation skills. This chapter explores the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions in educational settings, while addressing key challenges such as the religious origins of mindfulness and potential concerns about its integration into diverse school environments. Additionally, it highlights opportunities for incorporating mindfulness practices that respect and center cultural contexts, as well as the origins of the practice itself. Through a case example utilizing a relational framework, the chapter demonstrates how mindfulness can be adapted and implemented in schools to promote emotional well-being and resilience among students. The discussion emphasizes the importance of aligning mindfulness interventions with both the developmental needs of students and the broader social and cultural dynamics of the school community.
... 2 It is well-known that, independently from the clinical or theoretical approach to this psychopathological area, a relevant number of PD manifestations belong to the realm of the so-called "mindbody connection". [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Given that, mindfulness-based interventions, supporting time-limited states of mindfulness, have been proposed as treatments for subjects with panic symptoms. [15][16][17][18][19] However, the response was rather heterogeneous across studies for a number of reasons, including the different "dispositional mindfulness" (DM) of involved subjects. ...
Objective
To investigate dispositional mindfulness (DM), interoceptive awareness (AI), and the occurrence of panic-agoraphobic spectrum signs and symptoms in a non-clinical population.
Methods
The study involved a general population sample ( n = 141), aged between 18 and 40, evaluated with the Panic-Agoraphobic Spectrum Self-Report Lifetime Version (PAS-SR-LT), the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), and the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA). Instruments were administered with an online procedure (Microsoft Forms). The Bioethics Committee of the University of Pisa approved the study (protocol #0105635/2023).
Results
Panic-agoraphobic spectrum was detected in more than 50% of our sample (PAS-SR Total Score ≥ 35). According to the MAIA assessment, subjects who scored above the PAS-SR threshold were more afraid and less able to distract attention from their bodily sensations. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate if MAIA and MAAS dimensions were able to predict the presence of a more severe panic-spectrum symptomatology. The PAS-SR cut-off score <35 versus ≥35 was adopted as the dependent variable. “Age” and “gender” (categorical), MAAS, and MAIA scores were inserted as covariates. MAAS “Total Score” (OR = .955; CI = .924–.988; p = .007), and MAIA “Not worrying” (OR = .826; CI = .707–.964; p = .016) predicted for a less relevant panic-agoraphobic spectrum phenomenology, resulting as “protective” factors.
Conclusions
Progression from interoceptive processing to mindful abilities to resilience against panic catastrophizing of bodily sensation is far from being clarified. However, our study provides information on a panic-agoraphobic spectrum phenotype characterized by low levels of mindful attitudes and less interoceptive abilities.
... and care based practices can emphatically affect the body from various perspectives, including assisting with controlling blood glucose levels and keeping the cardiovascular framework sound. It additionally has been appeared to have significant mental advantages, as the act of yoga can assist with expanding readiness and positive emotions, and reduction negative sentiments of forcefulness, sorrow and tension (Miller et al., 1995;Yadav et al., 2015;Klainin et al., 2015;Amaranath et al., 2016;DeBruin et al., 2017;Danhauer et al., 2017). Some social insurance suppliers are reacting to these positive discoveries-just as the developing patient interest for an elective way to deal with health that is normal, low-tech, moderately reasonable and for the most part protected-by joining clinical yoga into their practices. ...
Yoga is a complete science, a complete lifestyle, a complete medical practice and a complete spiritual education. The secret of the popularity of yoga is that it has never distinction from the narrowness of gender, caste, class, community, region and language. Any seeker, thinker, recluse, practitioner, brahmachari, householder can get benefited by attaining the same. It has proved useful not only in the creation and upliftment of the individual but also in the all-round development of the family, society, nation and the world. Yoga is the solution to the stress, disturbance, terrorism, lack and ignorance of modern human society. Yoga is a wonderful technique to bring man on the paved path of positive thinking which was invented by the intelligent sages of India, millions of years ago. Maharhi Patanjali performed it in the form of Ashtanga Yoga, disciplined, edited and executed. A healthy person and a happy society can only be created by going in the condition of yoga. Yoga is not only the discipline of ascetics, recluse and yogis who live in cave, but it is also very much needed for the general householder. It is a matter of surprise that we are ready to exploit our financial, physical and mental by falling into a two-hundred-year-old allopathic medical system. For millions of years, we remain indifferent to old yoga, remain ignorant, which is not only authentic but also teaches free treatment.
... In order to alleviate academic pressure, recent researches have shown that mindfulness can offer potential solution. Mindfulness is the consciousness that occurs via purposely paying attention to the present moment, non-judgmentally which generates a sense of stability and nonreactive awareness within an individual (Kabat-Zinn et al., 1995). For the past years, mindfulness is continuously gaining acknowledgement for its practicality in treating stress and anxiety. ...
This research delves into the link between academic stress and mindfulness among undergraduate university students in Peshawar. The study involved 200 students from various universities in Peshawar (selected sample universities were aged 18 to 25, and chosen through a multi-stage random sampling method with age and gender stratification. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) gauged how situations impact emotions and disrupt academics, while the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) measured mindfulness levels alongside demographic data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was utilized for data analysis, encompassing descriptive and inferential stats, psychometric properties, Pearson correlation coefficient, and independent sample t-test. Findings revealed a significant negative correlation between mindfulness and academic stress, affirming both hypotheses, indicating that higher mindfulness related to lower academic stress among undergraduate university students at university level.
... Indeed, our Study 3 found that participants' feelings toward uncertain situations could be affected by a short, one-time mindfulness meditation training, which resulted in lower arousal and more neutral perceptions of uncertain events, although lower arousal and neutral perceptions of uncertain events appeared to be unrelated to one another. Future research should examine whether longer term mindfulness training can mitigate the empirically supported consequences of intolerance of uncertainty described previously, namely belief in conspiracy theories and support for authoritarian leaders , in addition to clinical anxiety disorders, which have already been found to be treated effectively using mindfulness meditation (Boettcher et al., 2014;Miller, Fletcher, & Kabat-Zinn, 1995). Notably, mindfulness meditation training has also been found to increase resilience among individuals with high numbers of adverse childhood experiences (Bethell et al., 2016), a relationship which is demonstrated in the present research to be critical to the negative perception of uncertain situations. ...
Abstract
Decades of research on uncertainty have assumed that uncertainty is inherently threatening. However, individuals’ subjective experience of uncertainty can vary widely—some even feel excited about uncertainty while others feel more indifferent and detached from possible outcomes. In the current research, we propose that attitudes towards uncertainty are driven by a projection process where individuals form expectations of the positive and negative outcomes in uncertain situations based on their past positive and negative experiences. In Study 1 (N = 400), we found that individuals who had adverse childhood experiences reported higher intolerance of uncertainty and more negative affective reactions to imagined uncertain situations, while individuals who has more positive past experiences with parents exhibited lower intolerance of uncertainty and more positive affective reactions to uncertain situations. In Study 2 (N = 495), we further showed that the lower general optimism mediated the association between past life experiences (including adverse childhood experiences and past experiences with parents) and reactions towards uncertainty (including intolerance of uncertainty and affective reactions towards uncertain situations). In Study 3 (N = 401), participants who were induced to be more mindful reacted more neutrally to uncertain situations, compared to participants in the control group, showing that reactions to uncertainty further depend on personal attachment to positive and negative outcomes inherent in uncertain situations. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Keywords: Uncertainty, Optimism, Mindfulness, Affect
... Mindfulness is characterized as a state of mind in which an individual focuses on experience in the current moment in a non-judgmental manner (Miller et al., 1995). The concept of mindfulness originated from Buddhist practice (Van Gordon et al., 2016). ...
Mothers of a newborn face a lot of physical and psychological challenges and early maladaptive schemas play a significant part in determining long-term negative consequences such as post-partum depressive symptoms. This research proposed that mindfulness could play a positive role between the early schemas and post-partum depressive symptoms among new mothers. Data was collected from a sample of 170 mothers who gave birth from February 2020 to August 2020. The young schema questionnaire-SF, Edinburgh postnatal depression scale, and the Kentucky inventory for mindfulness scale were administered. Study findings show mindfulness mediates the association between five sub-domains of maladaptive schemas namely impaired autonomy, impaired limits, disconnection, over-vigilance, other-directedness, and post-partum depression. Findings indicate that mindfulness could be a contributing factor against postpartum symptoms and play significant role in mother and infant’s well-being during the challenging time of transition.
... During the past decade and a half, mindfulness meditation, a practice grounded in ancient Eastern philosophy, has found a secure home within contemporary Western psychology and counselling (Ivtzan & Lomas, 2016;Shapiro & Carlson, 2017). Entire therapeutic modalities have been formed around this practice (Hayes & Lillis, 2012;Weiss, Johanson, & Monda, 2015), and mindfulness has been found to be effective in supporting the treatment of a variety of conditions related to mental health (Bowen et al., 2009;Desrosiers, Vine, Klemanski, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2013;King et al., 2013;Langer, Cangas, Salcedo, & Fuentes, 2012;Miller, Fletcher, & Kabat-Zinn, 1995;Wanden-Berghe, Sanz-Valero, & Wanden-Berghe, 2010), as well as other life challenges which may lead people to seek counselling support. Such research generally focuses on the direct effect of mindfulness training for those experiencing difficulties in coping, supporting a case for counsellors to familiarise themselves with mindfulness meditation so that they are equipped to offer appropriate referral or training to their clients (Dobson & Dobson, 2009;Dunkley & Stanton, 2014). ...
The purpose of this review was to gather evidence about the influence of mindfulness meditation on a counsellor's professional practice when approached as self-care. Relevant literature was searched and critically analysed, guided by an assessment of levels of evidence and an appraisal framework. Results indicated that as a self-care approach, mindful meditation may enhance professional practice by reducing stress and anxiety, yet increasing selfcompassion and personal confidence. The findings further revealed that the practice of mindfulness meditation has been associated with core counselling attributes such as clearer thinking, increased capacity for reflection, empathy, and compassion. Overall, however, the results do not provide conclusive evidence of a direct causal relationship between mindfulness meditation and enhancement of professional practice. Implications based on the evidence gathered are provided for individual practitioners and organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of New Zealand Journal of Counselling is the property of New Zealand Association of Counsellors and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
... It helps individuals see their natural deficiencies in thoughts and behavior and uses somatic awareness to help them gradually learn to accept and adapt to the situations surrounding circumstances. It is also cost-effective as patients spend little money acquiring the resources needed for mindfulness practice (Miller et al., 1995). Parsons et al. (2022)suggested that including mindfulness-based programs in the curriculum is a solid recommendation to help all students manage stress and anxiety as they pursue a tertiary education with all its demands. ...
The pursuit of a Ph.D. is a demanding journey that requires doctoral students to prioritize their well-being and be mindful of their response to pressure. Mindfulness practice has shown to be effective in reducing stress and enhancing overall well-being. The current study explores the impact of an 8-week mindfulness program on the well-being of Ph.D. students in early childhood education. Four participants engaged in daily mindfulness sessions and meditations using the Healthy Minds Program application. Results indicate that mindfulness practice had a positive impact on participants’ awareness and attention, emotional intelligence and regulation, stress and anxiety levels, and compassion levels. The findings suggest that mindfulness practice can be a valuable tool for doctoral students in managing the challenges of their program and supporting their emotional well-being. While this study yields promising results, it is important to acknowledge its limitations such as small sample size and mixed outcomes, which may limit our understanding.
... DBT merupakan sebuah intervensi yang awalnya diformulasikan untuk membantu individu yang memiliki masalah dalam meregulasi emosinya, dan dampak lanjutan yang tercipta setelahnya . Mindfulness, sebagai salah satu komponen dalam DBT, telah banyak diteliti sebagai penanganan berbagai gangguan mental, seperti depresi dan kekambuhan depresi (Teasdale et al., 2000); generalized anxiety disorder (Kutz et al., 1985;Miller et al., 1995); dan gangguan panik (Kabat-Zinn et al.,1992). ...
Various interventions have been researched that are capable of reducing symptoms of mood disorders, including DBT (Goldstein et al., 2015; Van Dijk et al., 2013). In addition to individual interventions, group therapy interventions have also been widely used and proven to be effective in reducing symptoms of Bipolar disorder in participants (Costa et al., 2012; Rebeca et al., 2020). This study aims to examine the effectiveness of group therapy using a DBT approach on the emotional regulation and self-control of individuals with mood disorders. Group therapy was conducted on ten individuals with mood disorders. The Brief Self-Control Scale and Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale were used as tools for quantitative data collection.Meanwhile, observation and interviews were conducted to assess group therapy's effectiveness qualitatively. The hypothesis testing results indicate no significant correlation between the two variables. These findings are helpful for the development of psychological interventions for individuals with mood disorders in Indonesia.
... The steroid hormone and glucocorticoid cortisol is the end-product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and a key player in stress regulation (for reviews see e.g., Chrousos, 2009;Sapolsky, 2000a). Moreover, cortisol is considered an important mediator of the relation between chronic stress and stress-related disease (Adam et al., 2006;Miller et al., 1995). Previous research suggests an association between hippocampal structural integrity and stress-related cortisol activity (McEwen et al., 2016;McEwen, 1999), although findings are inconclusive. ...
The hippocampus is a central modulator of the HPA-axis, impacting the regulation of stress on brain structure, function, and behavior. The current study assessed whether three different types of 3 months mental Training Modules geared towards nurturing (a) attention-based mindfulness, (b) socio-affective, or (c) socio-cognitive skills may impact hippocampal organization by reducing stress. We evaluated mental training-induced changes in hippocampal subfield volume and intrinsic functional connectivity, by combining longitudinal structural and resting-state fMRI connectivity analysis in 332 healthy adults. We related these changes to changes in diurnal and chronic cortisol levels. We observed increases in bilateral cornu ammonis volume (CA1-3) following the 3 months compassion-based module targeting socio-affective skills ( Affect module), as compared to socio-cognitive skills ( Perspective module) or a waitlist cohort with no training intervention. Structural changes were paralleled by relative increases in functional connectivity of CA1-3 when fostering socio-affective as compared to socio-cognitive skills. Furthermore, training-induced changes in CA1-3 structure and function consistently correlated with reductions in cortisol output. Notably, using a multivariate approach, we found that other subfields that did not show group-level changes also contributed to changes in cortisol levels. Overall, we provide a link between a socio-emotional behavioural intervention, changes in hippocampal subfield structure and function, and reductions in cortisol in healthy adults.
... The significant reduction in anxiety at three months is consistent with other MBIs, 41,42 but given the small clinical change warrants further evaluation in studies with larger samples. Previously reported sustained effects on anxiety have not correlated with levels of mindfulness at follow-up 42 suggesting other mediating factors. ...
Background/Objective
Few Spanish mindfulness interventions have been evaluated in Latinx patients with cancer. We culturally adapted a mindfulness intervention for Spanish speaking Latinx patients. The objective was to measure feasibility and acceptability as primary outcomes, with changes in anxiety, depression, and sleep as secondary outcomes.
Method
Spanish-speaking Latinx patients with breast cancer (n = 31) were randomized, between April 2021 and May 2022 to either intervention or wait-list control groups. The mindfulness intervention consisted of 6-weekly 1.5-hour sessions remotely delivered by a novice facilitator. Cultural adaptations included language, metaphor, goal, concept, trauma informed, and acknowledgement of spirituality. Feasibility was benchmarked as 75% of participants attending their first session, 75% of participants completing 4 of 6 sessions, and scoring ≥ 4 on a 5-point Likert feasability scale measuring ability to implement changes after 6-weeks. Acceptability was measured as scoring ≥ 4 on a 5-point Likert scale measuring usefulness and relevance of the mindfulness intervention for each session. An intention-to-treat, linear mixed model with repeated measures analysis examined changes in anxiety, depression, and sleep at week 6 and 18 (3 months post intervention).
Results
All three feasibility benchmarks were met with 75% of first session attendance, 96% of participants completing 4 of 6 sessions, and 94% scoring ≥ 4, on the feasibility scale (Mean (SD) = 4.3 (0.6)). Acceptability scores for both usefulness and relevance questions were ≥ 4 across all 6 sessions. Anxiety was significantly reduced at 3 months (−3.6 (CI -6.9, −0.2), P = .04), but is of unclear clinical significance given the small change. Depression scores declined, but not significantly, and there were no changes in sleep.
Conclusion
This culturally adapted, remotely delivered mindfulness intervention using a novice facilitator was acceptable and feasible and demonstrated associated reductions in anxiety amongst Spanish speaking Latinx patients with breast cancer.
Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov ID# NCT04834154.
... The mental focus on breathing and exercise-related bodily sensations during all exercises was a key ingredient of this integrative program to provide an embodied sense of mental centeredness and concentration. Mindful breathing is the cornerstone of mindfulness-based intervention for anxiety and depression [41][42][43]. ...
There are no reported randomized trials testing exercise versus an active comparator for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This randomized clinical trial assessed the effectiveness of group exercise versus psychoeducation to improve quality of life and reduces symptomatic severity in Veterans with PTSD. Veterans who met criteria for current PTSD (DSM-5) and/or endorsed moderate levels of PTSD symptoms (CAPS 5 score ≥ 23) were randomly assigned to treatment. Integrative Exercise (IE) combines fitness exercises (aerobics, resistance training, stretching) with mindful body/breath awareness versus Recovery Class (REC) psychoeducation control condition. A total of 84 participants were enrolled of which 41 participants were randomized to IE and 43 participants to REC. There were no significant pre-post differences in change in the WHOQOL Psychological Domain in either group. There was a modest reduction in the total CAPS-5 score in both groups (IE: -8.2 (9.9), p < .001: REC: -7.8 (2.0), p < .001) but no differences across the two conditions. In the IE subsample that was remote, there was a greater improvement in PTSD symptom severity (F[1, 50] = 4.62, p = .036) and in in the WHOQOL Psychological Domain (F(1, 47) = 6.46, p = .014) in those who attended more sessions.
Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02856412 (registration date: February 27, 2017)
... Given that many MBIs are comprised of packages of simple, portable exercises (e.g., mindful breathing and body scan), we further suggest that the very nature of this approach to intervention may help reduce the stigma associated with mental health support -by not necessarily requiring a mental health professional nor a formal mental health treatment setting for effective delivery -thereby increasing acceptability among Y-REM. Furthermore, MBIs are financially low-cost (Miller et al., 1995) and mindfulness exercises, once learned, can be practiced anytime and anywhere, making them a flexible and feasible approach with Y-REM and for school-based consultants working with meager resources. ...
Youth who are racially and ethnically marginalized in the United States are placed at risk for mental health disparities and inequities. We propose that promoting social-emotional competencies through universal school-based service delivery is one potential solution for improving the accessibility and quality of support for
these youth. We further propose that mindfulness-based school interventions may be especially useful as universal supports for promoting social-emotional competencies, as they are broadly effective, low-cost, scalable, and flexible. This work unpacks the empirical and logical proposition driving this proposal, and then
provides guidelines to help school-based consultants (e.g., school psychologists, counselors, social workers, and other mental health professionals in schools) translate this proposition into practice. Our guidelines have two emphases: first, we offer recommendations for consultants to support implementers in tailoring mindfulness-based school interventions to engage the student population; second, we discuss strategies for consultants to support implementers themselves as they engage with the process of implementing mindfulness-based interventions in schools.
... Regarding the intervention time, further research can be conducted on continuous intervention of MBSR, ACT, and PFM-GT for more than eight weeks or GOALS for more than five weeks to verify whether the effect will be better [46]. Follow-up between 1 and 3 years after the 8-week MBSR showed potential long-term benefits of mindfulness interventions in diverse patient populations [47][48][49][50][51][52]. We suggest that researchers follow up with participants for a more extended period and increase the follow-up time to 6 or 12 months to evaluate the long-term impact of the intervention on mTBI patients and explore the duration of the effect. ...
Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are emerging non-pharmacological treatments for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). In this systematic review, the authors aimed to evaluate the potential efficacy of MBIs to provide recommendations for treating patients with mTBI. We searched of the English literature on MBIs for patients with mTBI as of 01 September, 2023, using the PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases. One author performed data extraction and quality scoring of the included literature according to the proposed protocol, and another conducted the review. The review was not registered. A total of 11 studies met the final inclusion criteria, 5 of which involved military personnel (veterans). MBIs covered in this review include goal-oriented attention self-regulation (GOALS), mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and so on. Research shows that MBSR mainly reduces mental fatigue symptoms in mTBI patients, and GOALS tend to improve their cognitive function. The effect of MBIs on psychological symptoms needs further exploration. Other studies, such as mindfulness-based group therapy and intervention studies targeting mTBI military personnel, are relatively sparse. MBIs have specific effects on mental fatigue and cognitive dysfunction in patients with mTBI. However, the effect on psychological distress and the sustained effectiveness across all symptoms still need further exploration. Considering the particularity of military personnel suffering from mTBI, researchers need to do more intervention studies targeting mTBI military personnel. Therefore, the design of future MBIs trials for mTBI patients’ needs to take into account all the factors, such as different populations and severity of traumatic brain injury, to verify the effectiveness of MBIs in alleviating mTBI symptoms and explore the mechanism of intervention.
... Similarly, Mindfulness meditation is acknowledged to stabilize attention, identifying digressive sensory events as 'momentary' and 'releasing' them without affective reaction (Gunaratana, 2002;Lutz et al., 2008). A study conducted by Kabat-Zinn et al., (1992), Miller et al., (1995), Goldin and Gross, (2010) resulted in significant reduction of anxiety in clinical and experimental settings (Zeidan et al., 2010a, b) as a result of training in mindfulness meditation. This establishes a premise that meditative practice can potentially lead to better management of anxiety and related symptoms, enabling a conducive state of mind for tackling competitive examinations. ...
The research paper “Skill Compass:
Navigating Career Paths Through Online
Assessment” emphasizes the importance of
assessing skills in today’s economy. The Skill
Compass tool evaluates individuals across
dimensions such as verbal ability, mathematical
reasoning, and spatial ability to identify strengths
and areas for improvement. By aligning with
national initiatives like Skill India, the tool aims
to bridge the gap between education and industry
needs. The assessment provides valuable insights
for career planning, skill development, and
educational choices. With sections scored
independently, the Skill Compass offers a
comprehensive evaluation of an individual’s
abilities. Overall, the Skill Compass serves as a
catalyst for personal and professional growth,
empowering individuals to thrive in the
competitive job market and make informed
decisions about their career paths.
... The steroid hormone and glucocorticoid cortisol is the end-product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and a key player in stress regulation (for reviews see e.g., (14,15)). Moreover, cortisol is considered an important mediator of the relation between chronic stress and stress-related disease (16,17). ...
The hippocampus is a central modulator of the HPA-axis, impacting the regulation of stress on brain structure, function, and behavior. The current study assessed whether three different types of 3-months mental Training Modules geared towards nurturing a) attention-based mindfulness, b) socio-affective or c) socio-cognitive skills may impact hippocampal organization by reducing stress. We evaluated mental training-induced changes in hippocampal subfield volume and intrinsic functional connectivity, by combining longitudinal structural and resting-state fMRI connectivity analysis in 332 healthy adults. We related these changes to changes in diurnal and chronic cortisol levels. We observed increases in bilateral cornu ammonis volume (CA1-3) following the 3-months compassion-based module targeting socio-affective skills ( Affect module), as compared to socio-cognitive skills ( Perspective module) or a waitlist cohort with no training intervention. Structural changes were paralleled by relative increases in functional connectivity of CA1-3 when fostering socio-affective as compared to socio-cognitive skills. Furthermore, training-induced changes in CA1-3 structure and function consistently correlated with reductions in cortisol output. Notably, using a multivariate approach, we found that other subfields that did not show group-level changes also contributed to changes in cortisol levels, suggesting that circuit-level changes within the hippocampal formation are linked to diurnal stress markers. Overall, we provide a link between a socio-emotional behavioural intervention, changes in hippocampal subfield structure and function, and reductions in cortisol in healthy adults.
... As rehearsing the mindfulness can help in expanding the empathic concern and leads to a superior connection between individuals (Reb et al., 2014). The timing of mindfulness reflection begins by making aim as it takes into consideration the needs to stay in present oriented scenario for reducing the perceived stress, conflict and social undermining (Tan, 2012;Baer 2014;Miller et al. 1995). ...
Interpersonal disagreement among employees at the workplace is an important predictor of perceived stress in general and for virtual and digitally connected workplace in particular. Such perceived stress may potentially lead the employees towards social undermining. This study was a quantitative study and data was collected from different organizations which were primarily based on information and communication technology (ICT) based systems for testing a serial mediation model containing task conflict and relationship conflict as serial mediators. Statistical analysis had shown a significant indirect effect on outcome variable of social undermining by the serial mediators. Discussion has been made with reference to contextual factors such as those in the context of mindfulness theory and other factors that might have impacted this relationship of variables. Such a relationship of variables has not been tested on employees working in virtual and digital setup where psychological contract also plays a part towards conflict generation and its handling leading associated with job stress. Finally, this paper recommends useful future research direction for the contemporary researchers.
... Researchers (Chinmayananda, 1984;Nagendra & Nagarathna, 1997) suggested that the practice of yoga interspersed with relaxation while supine, so as to have a combination of "activating" and "pacifying" practices, may help reach mental equilibrium. Other studies have also reported that yoga provides a flexible approach to a wide variety of physical and psychological problems with surprisingly favorable results in the relief of anxiety, stress, fatigue, and irritability (Miller, Fletcher, & Kabat-Zinn, 1995;Sakai, 1997;Khasky & Smith, 1999;Takeichi & Sato, 2000;Stetter & Kupper, 2002;Shenbagavalli & Divya, 2010). This study also suggests that yogic practices had a facilitating role in enhancing positive self-concept. ...
The present study examines the effects of yoga nidra on the physical and psychological health of middle-aged individuals. Y oga nidra is a powerful relaxation and meditation technique derived from traditional yoga . A group of 100 male participants aged 35-45 years from Varanasi City were recruited for this study. They were examined with physical and psychological health measures, and they were then introduced to a training program for practicing yoga nidra . The training program was scheduled for 12 weeks, 5 days a week. The training program was introduced to the participants over approximately 60 minutes in the morning for three months. The process of yoga nidra was taught by a yoga expert. The participants were divided into two groups: experimental and control. Both groups were given pre- and post-tests. Results indicated positive effects of yoga nidra on the physical and psychological health of middle-aged participants as a result of this three-month-long training program.
... Mindfulness training's effectiveness has been investigated for the treatment of pain (Kabat-Zinn, 1982;Kabat-Zinn, Lipworth, & Burney, 1985), anxiety disorders (Evans et al., 2008;Kabat-Zinn et al., 1992;Miller, Fletcher, & Kabat-Zinn, 1995;Roemer & Orsillo, 2002), and depression (Ma & Teasdale, 2004;Teasdale et al., 2000), among other medical conditions, although the methodological quality of early studies was at times suboptimal (Ospina et al., 2008;reviewed in Baer, 2003;Grossman, Niemann, Schmidt, & Walach, 2004;Toneatto & Nguyen, 2007). A recent meta-analysis reported effect sizes of .95 and .97 ...
Humans suffer heavily from substance use disorders and other addictions. Despite much effort that has been put into understanding the mechanisms of the addictive process, treatment strategies have remained suboptimal over the past several decades. Mindfulness training, which is based on ancient Buddhist models of human suffering, has recently shown preliminary efficacy in treating addictions. These early models show remarkable similarity to current models of the addictive process, especially in their overlap with operant conditioning (positive and negative reinforcement). Further, they may provide explanatory power for the mechanisms of mindfulness training, including its effects on core addictive elements, such as craving, and the underlying neurobiological processes that may be active therein. In this review, using smoking as an example, we will highlight similarities between ancient and modern views of the addictive process, review studies of mindfulness training for addictions and their effects on craving and other components of this process, and discuss recent neuroimaging findings that may inform our understanding of the neural mechanisms of mindfulness training.
... Practicing mindfulness has been found to improve psychological wellbeing through beneficial effects on cognitive and emotional processes, such as improvements in working memory [2][3][4], attention [5][6][7] and emotion regulation [2,[8][9][10]. Furthermore, mindfulness training has been found to be effective in the treatment of psychological disorders such as depression [11][12][13], anxiety [12,[14][15][16], stress [17][18][19], and insomnia [20][21][22]. In particular, the prevalence of sleep disturbances has often been reported to increase in the elderly [for reviews, see refs. ...
Mindfulness-based interventions are showing increasing promise as a treatment for psychological disorders, with improvements in cognition and emotion regulation after intervention. Understanding the changes in functional brain activity and neural plasticity that underlie these benefits from mindfulness interventions is thus of interest in current neuroimaging research. Previous studies have found functional brain changes during resting and task states to be associated with mindfulness both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, particularly in the executive control, default mode and salience networks. However, limited research has combined information from rest and task to study mindfulness-related functional changes in the brain, particularly in the context of intervention studies with active controls. Recent work has found that the reconfiguration efficiency of brain activity patterns between rest and task states is behaviorally relevant in healthy young adults. Thus, we applied this measure to investigate how mindfulness intervention changed functional reconfiguration between rest and a breath-counting task in elderly participants with self-reported sleep difficulties. Improving on previous longitudinal designs, we compared the intervention effects of a mindfulness-based therapy to an active control (sleep hygiene) intervention. We found that mindfulness intervention improved self-reported mindfulness measures and brain functional reconfiguration efficiency in the executive control, default mode and salience networks, though the brain and behavioral changes were not associated with each other. Our findings suggest that neuroplasticity may be induced through regular mindfulness practice, thus bringing the intrinsic functional configuration in participants’ brains closer to a state required for mindful awareness.
... There is a large variation in recommendations for duration of a single session of meditation practice. For example, mindfulness based stress reduction programme as designed by Kabat-Zinn recommends 45 min to one hour of meditation every day (Santorelli et al., 2017) while transcendental meditation (based on mantra repetition) recommends 15-20 min twice a day (Miller et al., 1995;Samuelson et al., 2007;Wallace, 1970). While a positive relationship between meditation time and health benefits have been established for longterm practice (Goyal et al., 2014), duration of multiple yoga sessions was between 35 and 90 min (Chong et al., 2011;Pascoe & Bauer, 2015). ...
This systematic review synthesises the evidence for the effectiveness of a single session of yoga or its components including meditation and breathing techniques in reducing acute stress reactivity in healthy adults. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we searched Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, CINAHL, and PsycINFO on 30th July 2023 for randomised controlled or crossover trials of yoga components and reporting physiological and/or psychological outcome measure(s) related to stress reactivity. Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using the Cochrane ROB 2 tool. Data were synthesised narratively. Twenty‐one out of 28 eligible studies ( n = 2574) relating to 31 interventions (meditation [ n = 22], breathing [ n = 4] and yoga [ n = 5]) reported outcomes in favour of the intervention. Stress reactivity was reported to be reduced by 71% of studies measuring physiological outcomes and 65% of studies measuring psychological outcomes. These studies show that a single session of yoga components is effective in reducing acute stress reactivity in adults and could be recommended for stress management. Future studies with larger populations and a more equal representation of genders and age groups are warranted.
... Yoga has been found to offer a unique combination of elements that complement the processes of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) (Simon et al., 2021), such as activating actions and disputing thoughts (Harrison et al., 2016). Other experimental studies have shown its beneficial effects on subjective depression and anxiety (Miller et al., 1995;Sahasi et al., 1989). ...
PURPOSE This study aimed to analyze core keywords of knowledge structure to explore the research trend of Yoga therapy, so as to understand the interaction between sub-areas research in Yoga therapy. METHOD This study searched the journal articles on the Web of Science to identify research trends related to Yoga therapy. To achieve this goal, keyword network analysis was performed for 226 papers related to the studies of Yoga therapy, which were published between 1992 and 2022. The Netminer was used to conduct the keyword network analysis. RESULT The analysis result showed that the keywords concerning patient, treatment, effect, intervention, health, quality, and anxiety have continuously occurred in the past 30 years; thus, they can be considered the main concepts symbolizing the research in Yoga therapy. In addition, a few keywords only
appeared in a certain period; for example, intensity and posture appeared before 2011, but team, education, increase, interaction, and methodology evolved only in the 2020s, which perhaps implies that a new research field related to Yoga therapy has sprung-up. Finally, based on the results of the cohesion group analysis, five sub-research domains were identified as follows: Group 1, comprising 12 keywords with a focus on 'therapist' and 'strategy'; Group 2, made up of 13 keywords with emphasis on 'technique' and 'survivor'; Group 3, consisting of 20 keywords centered around 'well-being' and 'symptom'; Group 4, incorporating 19 keywords with a concentration on 'woman' and 'treatment'; and Group 5, encompassing 17 keywords centered on 'weight' and 'system'. CONCLUSION Keyword network analysis is employed to investigate the research trend in Yoga therapy. These keywords contribute to the formation of an intellectual structure, playing a vital role in facilitating more detailed exploration of sub-research areas related to Yoga therapy in the future
... The steroid hormone and glucocorticoid cortisol acts as the end-product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and is key to stress regulation (for reviews, see (12,13)). Cortisol is considered an important mediator of the relation between chronic stress and stress-related disease (14,15). Previous research suggests an important association between hippocampal integrity and stress related cortisol activity (16,17), although findings are inconclusive. ...
The hippocampus forms a central modulator of the HPA-axis, impacting the regulation of stress on brain structure, function, and behavior. The current study assessed whether three different types of 3-months mental training modules geared towards nurturing a) attention-based mindfulness, b) socio-affective skills, or c) socio-cognitive abilities may impact hippocampal integrity by reducing stress. We evaluated mental training-induced changes in hippocampal subfield volume and intrinsic functional connectivity, based on resting-state fMRI connectivity analysis in a group of healthy adults (N=332). We then related these changes to changes in diurnal and chronic cortisol levels. We observed increases in bilateral cornu ammonis volume (CA1-3) following the 3-months compassion-based module targeting socio-affective skills (Affect module), as compared to socio-cognitive skills (Perspective module) or a waitlist cohort that did not undergo an intervention. Structural changes were paralleled by increases in functional connectivity of CA1-3 when fostering socio-affective as compared to socio-cognitive skills. Moreover, training-related changes in CA1-3 structure and function consistently correlated with reduction in cortisol output. In sum, we provide a link between socio-emotional behavioral intervention, CA1-3 structure and function, and cortisol reductions in healthy adults.
... The steroid hormone and glucocorticoid cortisol acts as the end-product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and is key to stress regulation (for reviews, see (12,13)). Cortisol is considered an important mediator of the relation between chronic stress and stress-related disease (14,15). Previous research suggests an important association between hippocampal integrity and stress related cortisol activity (16,17), although findings are inconclusive. ...
The hippocampus forms a central modulator of the HPA-axis, impacting the regulation of stress on brain structure, function, and behavior. The current study assessed whether three different types of 3-months mental training modules geared towards nurturing a) attention-based mindfulness, b) socio-affective skills, or c) socio-cognitive abilities may impact hippocampal integrity by reducing stress. We evaluated mental training-induced changes in hippocampal subfield volume and intrinsic functional connectivity, based on resting-state fMRI connectivity analysis in a group of healthy adults (N=332). We then related these changes to changes in diurnal and chronic cortisol levels. We observed increases in bilateral cornu ammonis volume (CA1-3) following the 3-months compassion-based module targeting socio-affective skills (Affect module), as compared to socio-cognitive skills (Perspective module) or a waitlist cohort that did not undergo an intervention. Structural changes were paralleled by increases in functional connectivity of CA1-3 when fostering socio-affective as compared to socio-cognitive skills. Moreover, training-related changes in CA1-3 structure and function consistently correlated with reduction in cortisol output. In sum, we provide a link between socio-emotional behavioral intervention, CA1-3 structure and function, and cortisol reductions in healthy adults.
There are no reported randomized trials testing exercise versus an active comparator for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This randomized clinical trial assessed the effectiveness of group exercise versus psychoeducation to improve quality of life and reduces symptomatic severity in Veterans with PTSD. Veterans who met criteria for current PTSD (DSM-5) and/or endorsed moderate levels of PTSD symptoms (CAPS 5 score ≥ 23) were randomly assigned to treatment. Integrative Exercise (IE) combines fitness exercises (aerobics, resistance training, stretching) with mindful body/breath awareness versus Recovery Class (REC) psychoeducation control condition. A total of 84 participants were enrolled of which 41 participants were randomized to IE and 43 participants to REC. There were no significant pre-post differences in change in the WHOQOL Psychological Domain in either group. There was a modest reduction in the total CAPS-5 score in both groups (IE: -8.2 (9.9), p < .001: REC: -7.8 (2.0), p < .001) but no differences across the two conditions. In the IE subsample that was remote, there was a greater improvement in PTSD symptom severity (F[1, 50] = 4.62, p = .036) and in in the WHOQOL Psychological Domain (F(1, 47) = 6.46, p = .014) in those who attended more sessions.
Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02856412 (registration date: February 27, 2017).
Čuječnost je konstrukt, ki je čedalje pogosteje predmet raziskav v klinični in zdravstveni psihologiji. Opredeliti ga je mogoče kot nepresojajoče, sprejemajoče zavedanje dogajanja v sedanjem trenutku. Čuječnostne intervence so izkazale obetavne rezultate na širokem spektru kliničnih in nekliničnih problemov, od stresa, različnih psihiatričnih motenj do telesnih simptomov. Učinek čuječnosti izhaja predvsem iz treh glavnih mehanizmov delovanja: sprejemanja, decentrirane perspektive in samoregulacije. Pri prakticiranju čuječnosti posameznik opazuje svoje misli, čustva ter druge kognitivne, emocionalne in telesne pojave s položaja nepristranskega opazovalca, brez poskusov, da bi jih spremenil ali se jim izognil. Kljub metodološkim pomanjkljivostim v dosedanjih raziskavah ter številnim odprtim vprašanjem obstoječe ugotovitve močno podpirajo nadaljnje proučevanje čuječnosti.
This mixed-methods study explores the interconnected influence of growth mindset, mindfulness, and second language (L2) self-efficacy on language achievement in intermediate English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. Quantitative data ( n = 411) analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews ( n = 19) reveal significant positive associations between all three factors and L2 achievement. SEM further clarifies the direct and indirect pathways through which these psychological elements impact learning outcomes. Qualitative findings enrich this understanding by showcasing learners’ lived experiences and the transformative power of these variables in fostering a supportive learning environment. Collectively, the results emphasize the importance of integrating growth-oriented beliefs, nurturing self-efficacy, and employing mindfulness practices in language education to optimize learning. This research offers notable insights for second language acquisition and educational psychology, informing educators, policymakers, and practitioners about effective strategies for promoting successful language learning journeys.
Traditional CBT engages the individual to emphasize discrepancy-based processing, whereas mindfulness-based therapy focuses on 'accepting' and 'allowing what is' mode, without any kind of immediate emotional stress to change. Mindfulness-based psychotherapies work on a deeper level, instead of clarifying each event into positive and negative, it allows to enhance the individual abilities to learn and observe their anxiety with kindness, and curiosity and become relaxed with being anxious. Ten individuals diagnosed with coronavirus phobia were taken from OPD of CIIMHANS, Dewada, Chhattisgarh. Amongst these, five individuals were randomly distributed in the experimental group (MBCT group) and control group (TAU group). The nature of the sample was purposive sampling. Outcome variables were measured by four scales, i.e., Fear of COVID-19, Perceived Vulnerability to Disease, HAM-A, and PGWBS. MBCT group was provided with the MBCBT therapy program. The therapeutic program consisted of approximately 16-22 sessions. Improvements were found after post-treatment in fear intensity, perceived vulnerability to infectibility and germ aversion, anxiety level, and psychological general well-being measures. Significantly reduced fear intensity, perceived vulnerability, anxiety level, and positive general well-being were also evident over time from pre- to follow. In conclusion, the present study suggests that MBCT helps people with coronavirus phobia develop higher anxiety tolerance, and emotional regulatory competencies to regulate irrational anxiety.
Emotions are an integral aspect of the performance process. Individual athletes frequently go through emotional experiences, which can have a significant impact on their performance. The coaches also have a big impact on how well players perform based on their emotions. Effective emotion regulation has impact on athletes' overall well-being as well as lets them to perform at their best, even in difficult situations. Here, we outline how coaches influence athletes' emotional states. To manage their emotions and the emotions of their players, coaches are advised to use an array of emotional management techniques. A strong grasp of emotion theory may assist coaches and players in performing at their peak, especially when it counts most. Coping mechanisms are an effective tool for helping players handle their emotional range, perform to their highest potential, and better address the emotion-performance relationship. This is especially true in youth sports. Coaches can encourage athletes to do better in the future by aiding them to acquire more accurate and positive reflected evaluations that in fact highlight the positives and convey an effective emotional message: they will ultimately succeed.
A pioneering experiment by Hayes et al. (1986) demonstrated the influence of instructional control and rule-governed behaviour on sensitivity to alternating reinforcement schedules. Hassoulas et al. (2017) replicated the same experimental design in a sample of participants exhibiting obsessive-compulsive behavioural (OCB) traits, supporting the results reported by the original study but also providing further insights into the maintenance of rigid rule following in OCB. The current pilot study replicated the same experimental design and procedure once again, however in considering whether a brief mindfulness-based intervention would facilitate contact with schedule contingencies in a group of participants exhibiting OCB traits. A total of 78 participants were recruited, 38 of whom exhibited OCB traits as measured using the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). The results revealed a significant difference in sensitivity to changing schedules between the group of participants exhibiting OCB traits and those with few such traits (n=40), dependent on the degree of instructional accuracy they were provided with. The findings of the current study provide insights into the proposed concomitant administration of mindfulness-based interventions, alongside traditional first-line therapeutic modalities currently administered in the management of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
The improvements in attention by mindfulness training have been proved. However, the effects of mindfulness training on attention to emotional stimuli were mixed. We employed a randomized, controlled design to investigate the effects of mindfulness training on attention to emotional expressions, and investigated whether baseline levels of dispositional mindfulness and emotional intelligence would moderate the intervention effects. Forty participants received 8‐week mindfulness training, and another forty participants attended two lectures about mindfulness. All participants completed the visual search task, the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, and the Emotional Intelligence Scale at both pre‐training and post‐training. The results showed that the improvements in search efficiencies were larger in the mindfulness group than those in the control group for sad and angry faces, but not for happy faces. In addition, baseline emotional intelligence but not dispositional mindfulness played a significant moderating role in the relationship between mindfulness training and emotional attention to sadness and anger. The search efficiencies of negative emotions (i.e., anger and sadness) but not positive emotions (i.e., happiness) were significantly improved by mindfulness training. Individuals with a high level of baseline emotional intelligence showed significant improvement in search efficiencies relative to those with a low level of emotional intelligence.
A BSTRACT
This article reviews the present research regarding the practice of mindfulness as a treatment for obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD) which has been an area of growing interest for more than a decade. Mindfulness has been practiced in the treatment of OCD as mindfulness-based stress reduction, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in other different forms. This article aims to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness as an independent intervention and integrative treatments incorporating mindfulness. There is satisfactory evidence to support mindfulness in the treatment of OCD, specifically for those who have not benefited from traditional innervations. It can be used with other forms of psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure and response prevention (ERP), which might help in the prevention of relapse and espousing the individual to the stimulus during ERP. However, there is no sufficient evidence for it to be believed a stand-alone treatment. The current literature recommends that mindfulness may be best considered as adjunctive treatment within an existing treatment framework, but further research is required to further examine its effect and clarify its contribution toward change. Further, this review suggested a wide-ranged extensive review of the effectiveness of mindfulness in OCD by ruling out the existent limitations.
Neuroelectric and imaging studies of meditation are reviewed. Electroencephalographic measures indicate an overall slowing subsequent to meditation, with theta and alpha activation related to proficiency of practice. Sensory evoked potential assessment of concentrative meditation yields amplitude and latency changes for some components and practices. Cognitive event-related potential evaluation of meditation implies that practice changes attentional allocation. Neuroimaging studies indicate increased regional cerebral blood flow measures during meditation. Taken together, meditation appears to reflect changes in anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal areas. Neurophysiological meditative state and trait effects are variable but are beginning to demonstrate consistent outcomes for research and clinical applications. Psychological and clinical effects of meditation are summarized, integrated, and discussed with respect to neuroimaging data.
Objectives
To (1) characterize complementary and alternative medicine studies for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, (2) evaluate the quality of these studies, and (3) systematically grade the scientific evidence for individual CAM modalities for posttraumatic stress disorder.
Design
Systematic review. Eight data sources were searched. Selection criteria included any study design assessing posttraumatic stress disorder outcomes and any complementary and alternative medicine intervention. The body of evidence for each modality was assessed with the Natural Standard evidence-based, validated grading rationale.
Results and Conclusions
Thirty-three studies (n = 1329) were reviewed. Scientific evidence of benefit for posttraumatic stress disorder was strong for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and good for acupuncture, hypnotherapy, meditation, and visualization. Evidence was unclear or conflicting for biofeedback, relaxation, Emotional Freedom and Thought Field therapies, yoga, and natural products. Considerations for clinical applications and future research recommendations are discussed.
The Attention Restoration Theory (ART) indicates interacting with nature (animals) is restorative to directed attention, via activation of involuntary attention (Kaplan, 1995). Dogs specifically have been linked to promoting exercise and stress reduction (Wells, 2009; Wohlfarth et al., 2013). The application of ART to the expenditure of physical effort was currently explored, hypothesizing that live dog interaction may increase effects of ART during an isometric hold. Sixty participants randomly assigned to an interaction group (dog, robot or toy) completed two isometric holds at maximal effort (before and after interaction) while reporting ratings of perceived effort (RPE) and stress. Results show no significant differences between conditions for duration of holds or RPE. However, ratings of stress were lower for dog interaction than other conditions, implying the presence of dogs help alleviate stress, without affecting performance. Further studies are needed to determine whether ART impacts executive control (directed attention) or affect.
Thirty volunteers who met criteria for generalized anxiety disorder received 12 sessions of training in progressive muscular relaxation. Sixteen of the clients also were given cognitive therapy during 10 of those sessions, and the remaining 14 received nondirective therapy. Therapy was provided by 16 graduate student clinicians. The group as a whole showed substantial reductions in anxiety as measured by psychiatric assessor ratings, questionnaires, and daily self-monitoring, although relaxation plus cognitive therapy produced significantly greater improvement than relaxation plus nondirective therapy on several pretherapy-posttherapy questionnaires. Relaxation-induced anxiety, as measured by a questionnaire after each relaxation session, was significantly related to improvement in the total group: Clients who became anxious during relaxation training showed the least improvement.
Meditation is increasingly being practiced as a therapeutic technique. The effects of practice on psychometrically assessed anxiety levels have been extensively researched. Prospective meditators tend to report above average levels of anxiety. In general, high anxiety levels predict a subsequent low frequency of practice. However, the evidence suggests that those who practice regularly tend to show significant decreases in anxiety. Meditation does not appear to be more effective than comparative interventions in reducing anxiety. There is evidence to suggest that hypnotizability and expectancy may both play a role in reported anxiety decrements. Certain individuals, with a capacity to engage in autonomous self-absorbed relaxation, may benefit most from meditation.
This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of a group stress reduction program based on mindfulness meditation for patients with anxiety disorders.
The 22 study participants were screened with a structured clinical interview and found to meet the DSM-III-R criteria for generalized anxiety disorder or panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Assessments, including self-ratings and therapists' ratings, were obtained weekly before and during the meditation-based stress reduction and relaxation program and monthly during the 3-month follow-up period.
Repeated measures analyses of variance documented significant reductions in anxiety and depression scores after treatment for 20 of the subjects--changes that were maintained at follow-up. The number of subjects experiencing panic symptoms was also substantially reduced. A comparison of the study subjects with a group of nonstudy participants in the program who met the initial screening criteria for entry into the study showed that both groups achieved similar reductions in anxiety scores on the SCL-90-R and on the Medical Symptom Checklist, suggesting generalizability of the study findings.
A group mindfulness meditation training program can effectively reduce symptoms of anxiety and panic and can help maintain these reductions in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, or panic disorder with agoraphobia.
The present study compared the efficacy of nondirective therapy, coping desensitization, and cognitive therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. All clients received 12 sessions of progressive relaxation training in addition to one of these three treatments. Pretherapy and posttherapy assessments, as well as 6-month and 12-month follow-up measurements, indicated that the group as a whole showed significant and continued improvement on a variety of self-report questionnaire, daily diary, and psychiatric assessor instruments. No differences were found between the three conditions. As was found in a previous investigation, the degree to which clients experienced relaxation-induced anxiety during relaxation training sessions predicted poorer outcome. The outcome results are compared with those of previous investigations of these anxiety disorders, and directions for further research are discussed.
Thirty volunteers who met criteria for generalized anxiety disorder received 12 sessions of training in progressive muscular relaxation. Sixteen of the clients also were given cognitive therapy during 10 of those sessions, and the remaining 14 received nondirective therapy. Therapy was provided by 16 graduate student clinicians. The group as a whole showed substantial reductions in anxiety as measured by psychiatric assessor ratings, questionnaires, and daily self-monitoring, although relaxation plus cognitive therapy produced significantly greater improvement than relaxation plus nondirective therapy on several pretherapy-posttherapy questionnaires. Relaxation-induced anxiety, as measured by a questionnaire after each relaxation session, was significantly related to improvement in the total group: Clients who became anxious during relaxation training showed the least improvement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The difficulties inherent in obtaining consistent and adequate diagnoses for the purposes of research and therapy have been pointed out by a number of authors. Pasamanick12 in a recent article viewed the low interclinician agreement on diagnosis as an indictment of the present state of psychiatry and called for "the development of objective, measurable and verifiable criteria of classification based not on personal or parochial considerations, but on behavioral and other objectively measurable manifestations."Attempts by other investigators to subject clinical observations and judgments to objective measurement have resulted in a wide variety of psychiatric rating scales.4,15 These have been well summarized in a review article by Lorr11 on "Rating Scales and Check Lists for the Evaluation of Psychopathology." In the area of psychological testing, a variety of paper-and-pencil tests have been devised for the purpose of measuring specific
The effect of a 10-week meditation program on 20 patients who were undergoing long-term individual explorative psychotherapy was studied. Change in the psychological well-being of the patients and the impact of the program on the process of their psychotherapy was evaluated. Results obtained from the patients’ self-ratings and the therapists’ objective ratings demonstrated a significant and substantial improvement in most measures of psychological well-being.
Two hundred twenty-five chronic pain patients were studied following training in mindfulness meditation. Large and significant overall improvements were recorded post-intervention in physical and psychological status. These gains were maintained at follow-up in the majority of subjects. Follow-up times ranged from 2.5-48 months. Status on the McUill Melzack Fain Rating Index (PRI). however, tended to revert to preintervention levels following the intervention. Most subjects reported a high degree of adherence with the meditation techniques, maintenance of improved status over time, and a high degree of importance attributed to the training program. We conclude that such training can have long-term benefit for chronic pain patients.
(C) Lippincott-Raven Publishers.
Two hundred twenty-five chronic pain patients were studied following training in mindfulness meditation. Large and significant overall improvements were recorded post-intervention in physical and psychological status. These gains were maintained at follow-up in the majority of subjects. Follow-up times ranged from 2.5-48 months. Status on the McGill Melzack Pain Rating Index (PRI), however, tended to revert to preintervention levels following the intervention. Most subjects reported a high degree of adherence with the meditation techniques, maintenance of improved status over time, and a high degree of importance attributed to the training program. We conclude that such training can have long-term benefit for chronic pain patients.
We have investigated prospectively the efficacy of two nonpharmacologic relaxation techniques in the therapy of anxiety. A simple, meditational relaxation technique (MT) that elicits the changes of decreased sympathetic nervous system activity was compared to a self-hypnosis technique (HT) in which relaxation, with or without altered perceptions, was suggested. 32 patients with anxiety neurosis were divided into 2 groups on the basis of their responsivity to hypnosis: moderate-high and low responsivity. The MT or HT was then randomly assigned separately to each member of the two responsivity groups. Thus, 4 treatment groups were studied: moderate-high responsivity MT; low responsivity MT; moderate-high responsivity HT; and low responsivity HT. The low responsivity HT group, by definition largely incapable of achieving the altered perceptions essential to hypnosis, was designed as the control group. Patients were instructed to practice the assigned technique daily for 8 weeks. Change in anxiety was determined by three types of evaluation: psychiatric assessment; physiologic testing; and self-assessment. There was essentially no difference between the two techniques in therapeutic efficacy according to these evaluations. Psychiatric assessment revealed overall improvement in 34% of the patients and the self-rating assessment indicated improvement in 63% of the population. Patients who had moderate-high hypnotic responsivity, independent of the technique used, significantly improved on psychiatric assessment (p = 0.05) and decreased average systolic blood pressure from 126.1 to 122.5 mm Hg over the 8-week period (p = 0.048). The responsivity scores at the higher end of the hypnotic responsivity spectrum were proportionately correlated to greater decreases in systolic blood pressure (p = 0.075) and to improvement by psychiatric assessment (p = 0.003). There was, however, no consistent relation between hypnotic responsivity and the other assessments made, such as diastolic blood pressure, oxygen consumption, heart rate and the self-rating questionnaires. The meditational and self-hypnosis techniques employed in this investigation are simple to use and effective in the therapy of anxiety.
The rate at which medical patients physician-referred to an 8-week stress reduction program completed the prescribed intervention was measured and predictors of compliance sought. Seven hundred eighty-four consecutive patients who enrolled in the program over a 2-year period were studied. Of these, 598 (76%) completed the program and 186 (24%) did not. Multiple regression analysis showed that (1) among chronic pain patients, only sex discriminated between completers and noncompleters, with females more than twice as likely to complete the program as males (odds ratio = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.2, 4.4); (2) among patients with stress-related disorders, only the OC scores of the SCL-90-R discriminated between completers and noncompleters (odds ratio = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.2, 3.4). Completion rates for specific diagnoses are reported and discussed. The high rate of completion observed for this intensive program in health behavior change is discussed in terms of the design features and therapeutic modalities of the intervention.
This field study compared 5 years of medical insurance utilization statistics of approximately 2000 regular participants in the Transcendental Meditation (TM) program with a normative data base of approximately 600,000 members of the same insurance carrier. The benefits, deductible, coinsurance terms, and distribution by gender of the TM group were very similar to the norm, yet the TM group had lower medical utilization rates in all categories. Inpatient days per 1000 by age category were 50.2% fewer than the norm for children (0-18), 50.1% fewer for young adults (19-39), and 69.4% fewer for older adults (40+). Outpatient visits per 1000 for the same age categories were, respectively, 46.8%, 54.7%, and 73.7% fewer. When compared with five other health insurance groups of similar size and professional membership, the TM group had 53.3% fewer inpatient admissions per 1000 and 44.4% fewer outpatient visits per 1000. Admissions per 1000 were lower for the TM group than the norm for all of 17 major medical treatment categories, including -55.4% for benign and malignant tumors -87.3% for heart disease, -30.4% for all infectious diseases, -30.6% for all mental disorders, and -87.3% for diseases of the nervous system. However, the TM group's admission rates for childbirth were similar to the norm. The issue of self-selection is addressed in terms of previous medical research in this area.
The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) is the most widely used scale for patient selection and follow-up in research studies of treatments of depression. Despite extensive study of the reliability and validity of the total scale score, the psychometric characteristics of the individual items have not been well studied. In the only reliability study to report agreement on individual items using a test-retest interview method, most of the items had only fair or poor agreement. Because this is due in part to variability in the way the information is obtained to make the various rating distinctions, the Structured Interview Guide for the HDRS (SIGH-D) was developed to standardize the manner of administration of the scale. A test-retest reliability study conducted on a series of psychiatric inpatients demonstrated that the use of the SIGH-D results in a substantially improved level of agreement for most of the HDRS items.
Data from 74 patients with panic disorder were evaluated to determine the comparative efficacy of imipramine, alprazolam, and trazodone. All patients were treated with placebo for 3 weeks and were then blindly switched to active treatment for 8 weeks. Both imipramine and alprazolam were highly effective in reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety, the frequency of panic attacks, and phobic avoidance. However, the time course of these effects differed; alprazolam demonstrated therapeutic properties during the first week, whereas the therapeutic efficacy of imipramine was not clearly apparent until the fourth week of treatment. Relative to imipramine and alprazolam, trazodone was not an effective treatment for panic disorder and was poorly tolerated; only 17 trazodone-treated patients completed at least 4 weeks of treatment, and only 2 patients were considered good or complete responders. These findings support the hypotheses that drugs that are efficacious in the treatment of panic disorders act by altering noradrenergic function and that drugs with primary actions on serotonin function are likely to be less effective treatments. The different time courses of therapeutic action of imipramine and alprazolam indicate that these drugs ameliorate panic anxiety via different mechanisms. The possible therapeutic applications of this observation are discussed.
Using two distinct methods of confirmatory analysis (factor invariance), phobic dimensions as measured by the Wolpe and Lang (1964) Fear Survey Schedule—III (“Social Fears”, “Agoraphobic Fears”, “Fears of Bodily Injury, Death and Illness”, “Fears of Sexual and Aggressive Scenes” and “Harmless Animals Fears”), identified in a previous study (Arrindell, 1980), were found to generalize from a non-institutionalized phobic (predominantly agoraphobic) sample to a heterogeneous psychiatric inpatient sample, irrespective of the method of analysis. Psychometric properties of the corresponding scales (inter-subscale correlations and reliability data) were encouraging and very similar to those obtained previously (Arrindell, 1980; Arrindell, Emmelkamp and van der Ende, 1984). The use of confirmatory techniques in determining the factorial validity of fear measures or their stability or generalizability across important S parameters is emphasized. It is argued that there is invariance of an Agoraphobic factor across multisamples and its importance is briefly pinpointed.
A framework for the integration of meditation and psychotherapy is presented through a consideration of the psychobiological nature of meditation (the relaxation response) and discussion of a traditional meditation practice (mindfulness meditation) as an effective cognitive technique for the development of self-awareness. The mechanisms by which the emotional and cognitive changes of meditation can be of therapeutic value are explored and the synergistic advantages of the combination of psychotherapy and meditation are discussed.
The effect of a 10-week meditation program on 20 patients who were undergoing long-term individual explorative psychotherapy was studied. Change in the psychological well-being of the patients and the impact of the program on the process of their psychotherapy was evaluated. Results obtained from the patients' self-ratings and the therapists' objective ratings demonstrated a significant and substantial improvement in most measures of psychological well-being.
Ninety chronic pain patients were trained in mindfulness meditation in a 10-week Stress Reduction and Relaxation Program. Statistically significant reductions were observed in measures of present-moment pain, negative body image, inhibition of activity by pain, symptoms, mood disturbance, and psychological symptomatology, including anxiety and depression. Pain-related drug utilization decreased and activity levels and feelings of self-esteem increased. Improvement appeared to be independent of gender, source of referral, and type of pain. A comparison group of pain patients did not show significant improvement on these measures after traditional treatment protocols. At follow-up, the improvements observed during the meditation training were maintained up to 15 months post-meditation training for all measures except present-moment pain. The majority of subjects reported continued high compliance with the meditation practice as part of their daily lives. The relationship of mindfulness meditation to other psychological methods for chronic pain control is discussed.
The development of the Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia (MI), a 27-item inventory for the measurement of self-reported agoraphobic avoidance behavior and frequency of panic attacks, is described. On this instrument, 26 situations are rated for avoidance both when clients are accompanied and when they are alone. These two conditions were found to be only moderately correlated and are thus analyzed separately, as is the item on frequency of panic attacks. Studies are reported which support the reliability and the concurrent and construct validity of these three measures, using comparison samples of agoraphobic, socially phobic and normal Ss. The MI appears to be a sound instrument, with which a broad range of situations troublesome to agoraphobic clients can be surveyed, and should prove useful for treatment planning and research.
Patients with anxiety and depressive states were divided into 4 groups: those with panic attacks only, those with panic disorder and secondary depression, those with depression and secondary panic attacks, and those with depression only. Clinical and familial differences between the groups are described. Patients with both depression and panic attacks had the poorest outcome, and were most likely to be chronically depressed.
Self-regulatory therapies such as relaxation, biofeedback, and meditation have attracted increasing interest as primary or adjunctive treatments for anxiety. In addition to a clinical perspective, this review provides the medical practitioner with the underlying theory and methodologic issues involved in assessing the efficacy of self-regulation.
The practice of mindfulness meditation was used in a 10-week Stress Reduction and Relaxation Program to train chronic pain patients in self-regulation. The meditation facilitates an attentional stance towards proprioception known as detached observation. This appears to cause an "uncoupling " of the sensory dimension of the pain experience from the affective/evaluative alarm reaction and reduce the experience of suffering via cognitive reappraisal. Data are presented on 51 chronic pain patients who had not improved with traditional medical care. The dominant pain categories were low back, neck and shoulder, and headache. Facial pain, angina pectoris, noncoronary chest pain, and GI pain were also represented. At 10 weeks, 65% of the patients showed a reduction of greater than or equal to 33% in the mean total Pain Rating Index (Melzack) and 50% showed a reduction of greater than or equal to 50%. Similar decreases were recorded on other pain indices and in the number of medical symptoms reported. Large and significant reductions in mood disturbance and psychiatric symptomatology accompanied these changes and were relatively stable on follow-up. These improvements were independent of the pain category. We conclude that this form of meditation can be used as the basis for an effective behavioral program in self-regulation for chronic pain patients. Key features of the program structure, and the limitations of the present uncontrolled study are discussed.
There is encouraging evidence that structured psychological treatments for depression, in particular cognitive therapy, can reduce subsequent relapse after the period of initial treatment has been completed. However, there is a continuing need for prophylactic psychological approaches that can be administered to recovered patients in euthymic mood. An information-processing analysis of depressive maintenance and relapse is used to define the requirements for effective prevention, and to propose mechanisms through which cognitive therapy achieves its prophylactic effects. This analysis suggests that similar effects can be achieved using techniques of stress-reduction based on the skills of attentional control taught in mindfulness meditation. An information-processing analysis is presented of mindfulness and mindlessness, and of their relevance to preventing depressive relapse. This analysis provides the basis for the development of Attentional Control Training, a new approach to preventing relapse that integrates features of cognitive therapy and mindfulness training and is applicable to recovered depressed patients.
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