No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Anti-inflammatory activities of Emblica officinalis Gaertn leaf extracts
Abstract
Emblica officinalis Gaertn, a tree growing in subtropical and tropical parts of China, India, Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula, has been used for anti-inflammatory and antipyretic treatments of rural populations in these areas. In the present study, we examined the effects of Emblica officinalis extracts on carrageenan- and dextran-induced rat hind paw oedema. Anti-inflammatory activity was found in the water fraction of methanol extract of the plant leaves. The effects of the same fraction were tested on the synthesis of mediators of inflammation such as leukotriene B4 (LTB4), platelet-activating factor (PAF) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2), and on LTB4- and N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP)-induced migration of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) in-vitro. The water fraction of the methanol extract inhibited migration of human PMNs in relatively low concentrations. It did not inhibit LTB4 or PAF synthesis in human PMNs or TXB2 synthesis in human platelets during clotting, suggesting that the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action found in the rat paw model does not involve inhibition of the synthesis of the measured lipid mediators.
... To prepare the target protein for docking, water molecules and bound ligands were detached from the structure, missing residues and polar hydrogens were added to it (Fig. 1). Among several phytocompounds present in the seed extract of E.officinalis [22,23] we selected a few compounds, whose 3D structures were downloaded from the PubChem database. These structures were prepared for docking by converting the downloaded sdf files into pdb files using Open Babel GUI. ...
... Most of the time, the presence of reductions, which break the free radical chain by giving away a hydrogen atom, is linked to the reducing ability. The extract showed a reductive ability that grew when the concentration of the extract was raised[23]. An antimicrobial activity screening of plant extracts revealed that higher plants are a potential source of new anti-infectives. ...
There is a shred of evidence to suggest that Emblica officinalis Gaertn, the botanical name for amla seeds, has greater medicinal potential than amla fruit. We conducted this work to assess the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant capacities of E. officinalis seed extracts. The bioactive components from the seeds were fractionated using chloroform, hexane, methanol, and diethyl ether, according to the polarity of the solvents. The total amount of phenolic and flavonoid was estimated. Both the reducing power and antioxidant capacities of the extracts were evaluated using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) technique. 15-lipoxygenase (LOX) was inhibited by seed extracts at doses ranging from 5 to 25 micrograms. In silico docking was employed to assess the results. Some human pathogenic microorganisms were tested for their antibacterial activity using the agar disc diffusion method. Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Klebsiella pneumonia were inhibited by a methanolic extract with an IC50 value of 58g, making it the most common organic solvent extract. Methanolic extracts also showed good antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Our investigation led us to discover that amla seeds have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects.
... 19 Treatment with HPLF-111624 decreased the relative rectal weight, gross lesion and histopathological score in the UP model. The treatment also showed a significant decrease in the inflammatory markers, which maybe because of the potent anti-inflammatory activity of the herbs present in the formulation such as Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Phyllanthus emblica L., Terminalia chebula Retz., Berberis aristata DC., and Bauhinia variegata L. [23][24][25][26][27] In case of AF, treatment with HPLF-111624 significantly decreased the inflammatory cell infiltration and ulcer formation. This can be attributed to the anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity of the herbal constituents of the formulation. ...
... This can be attributed to the anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity of the herbal constituents of the formulation. [23][24][25][26][27] ...
Background
Although ulcerative proctitis (UP) and anal fissure (AF) are common anorectal diseases, there are no appropriate experimental models to screen the drugs intended for these conditions. In this context, existing experimental models mimicking these diseases were modified and the polyherbal formulation, HPLF-111624 was evaluated in these models.
Objective
To establish animal model for UP and AF and to evaluate polyherbal formulation, HPLF-111624 in these disease models.
Methods
An experimental model of UP was selected based on the modification of the ulcerative colitis model using different concentrations of acetic acid. The concentration used for induction were 2.5%, 5% and 10% v/v and different weights used to induce AF were 25 g, 50 g and 100 g, which were selected based on the severity of inflammation, fecal score, gross pathology, and histopathological evaluation. Furthermore, these animal models were used to evaluate the efficacy of HPLF-111624, a polyherbal formulation known to be beneficial in anal diseases.
Results
Acetic acid at 5% produced typical pathological changes that resembled UP, with a significant increase in the fecal score, gross lesion, and histopathological changes. Similarly, among the three weights, physical injury with a 100 g weight produced significant changes in the histopathological score in the model of AF. Intervention with HPLF-111624 at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt., showed a reduction in the inflammatory cytokines and a significant improvement in the histopathological findings in both the conditions.
Conclusion
The results showed that the modified experimental models for UP and AF resemble the human pathological conditions and are simple, versatile and may be used for screening drugs intended for these conditions. Intervention with HPLF-111624 was found to be effective in improving the pathological state of UP and AF.
... Both extracts inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing response in mice (Perianayagam et al., 2004). Asmawi et al. (1993) examined the anti-inflammatory potential of the aqueous fraction from the methanolic extract of FPE against carrageenan and dextran-induced hind paw edema in rats. The effect of the same fraction was also tested on the synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as platelet-activating factor (PAF), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and thromboxane B2 (TXB2). ...
... Its effect was also tested on LTB4 and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-l-phenylalanine (FMLP) mediated migration of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (human-PMNs). The aqueous fraction of P. emblica suppressed human PMNs and inhibited the synthesis of inflammatory mediators including PAF and LTB4, but TXB4 remained unaffected during blood clotting indicating that the anti-inflammatory activity of the fraction does not require the inhibition of lipid mediator synthesis (Asmawi et al., 1993). Fatima et al. (2014), in a randomized open-label crossover clinical trial conducted on 10 type-II diabetic patients, reported a significant reduction in platelet aggregation in single and multiple doses of FPE (500 mg/day). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance
The fruits of Phyllanthus emblica Linn or Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Phyllanthaceae), (FPE) commonly known as Indian gooseberry or Amla, gained immense importance in indigenous traditional medicinal systems, including Ayurveda, for its medicinal and nutritional benefits. It is used to cure several diseases such as common cold, fever, cough, asthma, bronchitis, diabetes, cephalalgia, ophthalmopathy, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, hyperacidity, peptic ulcer, erysipelas, skin diseases, leprosy, hematogenesis, inflammation, anemia, emaciation, hepatopathy, jaundice, diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhages, leucorrhea, menorrhagia, cardiac disorders, and premature greying of hair.
Aim of the study
In the present review, we presented a comprehensive analysis of the ethnopharmacology, bioactive composition, and toxicity of P. emblica to identify the gap between research and the current applications and to help explore the trends and perspectives for future studies.
Materials and methods
We collected the literature published before April 2021 on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of FPE. Literature in English from scientific databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, Springer, and Google Scholar, books. These reports were analyzed and summarized to prepare this review. The plant taxonomy was verified by “The Plant List” database (http://www.theplantlist.org).
Results and conclusion
s: FPE have been used as a rich source of vitamin C, minerals, and amino acids. Several bioactive molecules were isolated and identified from FPE such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, ascorbic acid etc. The in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on FPE revealed its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anticancer, radioprotective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, anti-venom, wound healing, HIV-reverse transcriptase effect. Toxicological studies on fruits indicated the absence of any adverse effect even at a high dose after oral administration.
Conclusions
Although FPE showed remarkable therapeutic activities against several diseases such as diabetes, cancer, inflammation, hepatitis B virus, and malaria, there were several drawbacks in some previous reports including the lack of information on the drug dose, standards, controls, and mechanism of action of the extract. Further in-depth studies are required to explain the mechanism of action of the extracts to reveal the role of the bioactive compounds in the reported activities.
... Aonla fruit is reported to have hypolipidemic (Anila and Vijayalakshmi, 2000) [5]; (Jacob et al., 1988) [27] , (Mathur et al., 1996) [41] , (Thakur et al., 1988) [78] and hypoglycemic activities (Abesundara et al., 2004) [1] , (Anila and Vijayalakshmi, 2000) [4] and acts as an important constituent of many hepatoprotective formulations available (Antarkar et al., 1980) [7] , (De et al., 1993) [18] ; (Pnada and Kar, 2003). It is also used as antimicrobial agent; (Godbole and Pendse, 1960) [25] , (Rani and Khullar, 2004) [55] , anticancer (Jeena et al., 2001) [30] ; (Zhang et al., 2004) [92] , and anti-inflammatory agent (Asmawi et al., 1993) [9] ; [49] , and can improve the metal induced clastogenic effects (Biswas et al., 1999) [14] ; (Dhir et al.,1990) [20] . Free radicals play an important role in some pathogenesis of serious diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, cataracts, diabetes and inflammation (Aruoma, 1998) [8] . ...
... Aonla fruit is reported to have hypolipidemic (Anila and Vijayalakshmi, 2000) [5]; (Jacob et al., 1988) [27] , (Mathur et al., 1996) [41] , (Thakur et al., 1988) [78] and hypoglycemic activities (Abesundara et al., 2004) [1] , (Anila and Vijayalakshmi, 2000) [4] and acts as an important constituent of many hepatoprotective formulations available (Antarkar et al., 1980) [7] , (De et al., 1993) [18] ; (Pnada and Kar, 2003). It is also used as antimicrobial agent; (Godbole and Pendse, 1960) [25] , (Rani and Khullar, 2004) [55] , anticancer (Jeena et al., 2001) [30] ; (Zhang et al., 2004) [92] , and anti-inflammatory agent (Asmawi et al., 1993) [9] ; [49] , and can improve the metal induced clastogenic effects (Biswas et al., 1999) [14] ; (Dhir et al.,1990) [20] . Free radicals play an important role in some pathogenesis of serious diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, cataracts, diabetes and inflammation (Aruoma, 1998) [8] . ...
Research in medicinal plants has gained a renewed focus recently. The prime reason is that other system of medicine although effective come with a number of side effects that often lead to serious complications. Plant based system of medicine being natural does not pose any serious problems. Aonla is one of the oldest oriental medicines mentioned in Ayurveda as potential remedy for various ailments. The fruit is rich in quercetin, phyllaemblic compounds, gallic acid, tannins, flavonoids, pectin, and vitamin C and also contains various polyphenolic compounds. A wide range of phytochemical components including terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins have been shown to possess useful biological activities. In this review, we have focused our interest on phytochemistry, traditional uses, cancer chemo-preventive, anti-microbial and antimutagenicity activities activity of aonla. It is having a strong memory enhancing property, in lowering cholesterol level applicable in ophthalmic disorder, antimicrobial action and in neutralizing snake venom.
... The paste was found to cure eczema. Amalki posses anti inflammatory (62), immune modulator (63), anti oxidant (64) and free radical scavenger properties and it improves skin elasticity (65). Aragvadha (Cassia fistula) is having significant effect in ameliorating the skin diseases due to pitta origin and is safe drug of choice of purgation therapy (66). ...
... Research has shown that the polyphenols found in amla leaves have anti-oxidant, anticarcinogenic, and anti-diabetic effects. Nain et al., (2012)a, Asmawi et al., (1993), Moilanen (1997), and Nain (2012)b all found that these phytochemicals significantly inhibited oxidative stress. In comparison to the other leaf extracts tested, the hydro-ethanolic Emblica officinalis extract showed the greatest antioxidant capacity. ...
The study assesses the efficacy of medicinal plant extracts in mitigating the toxicity induced by cisplatin. A widely used cancer treatment, cisplatin is associated with severe adverse effects. Investigate the preventative properties of extracts derived from medicinal plants against these adverse effects. Assays will be conducted in vitro and potentially in vivo to determine whether or not these plant extracts can mitigate the toxicity induced by cisplatin in cells and animals. Organ function, cell viability, and oxidative stress indicators may be utilized to assess the protective effects of plant extracts. This research may aid in the development of supplementary medications that reduce the toxicity induced by cisplatin, thereby enhancing the efficacy and acceptability of cancer therapy. Bioactive component extraction from the leaves of medicinal plants, Emblica officinalis. The aim of this research is to investigate the protective effect of medicinal plants originating in the Chhattisgarh region against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Anti-cancer properties have been empirically demonstrated in these plants.
... Emblica officinalis is found to possess significant antiinflammatory 10 , cytoprotective 11 , antimutagenic 7 , hypolipidaemic 12 and gastroprotective 13 activity. Aqueous extract of E. officinalis was found to be a potent inhibitor of lipid peroxide formation and as a scavenger of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in vitro 10 . Similarly, Terminalia chebula is potent antibacterial 14 , anticaries 15 , anticancer 16 , antimutagenic 17 agent and also inhibits occurrence of local anaphylaxis 18 . ...
The use of herbal medicines for the betterment of mankind is well practiced from centuries. Triphala is a well known Rasayana drug used in Indian systems of medicine. Due to its wide spread usage in herbal medicine it drives the attention of regulatory bodies for its safety and efficacy and hence quality become major concern. In the present study we have standardized herbs by Pharmacognostical evaluation and selected chemical markers as part of quality control tool. Gallic acid and total tannins are selected as stability indicating assay for triphala caplet. The drug was subjected to short time accelerated stability study (40 0 C/75%RH) as per ICH guidelines. Presence of stone cells, starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals are noted for differentiate along with the xylem elements (fibers and vessels) based on their structure. The content of these active constituents were monitored throughout the study and were found to be stable (Gallic acid: 3.72 to 5.24 %w/w, Total tannins: (17.16%w/w to 23.49%w/w). The HPTLC chromatographic fingerprint was also found to be complying with ICH guidelines. The drug product was found to be safe and stable for the prescribed shelf life. The results suggest that the methods can be appropriate emphasis as quality part to ensure the potency of any herbal formulation.
... (27,28) Amalaki helps in the absorption of iron from the stomach and has antioxidant properties. It could also serve as an important dietary source of vitamin C. (29) Amalaki is an herb that has a significant Karma (action) as Rasayana (Rejuvenator), which means that it corrects the body's production of the food's essence after consumption. (30) Haritaki (Terminalia Chebula Retz.) possesses purgative properties. ...
Introduction: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is considered as Beeja-Dustijanya and Pitta Dosha pradhan Vyadhi, which is counter with a drug-diet plan to alleviate the Crisis and symptoms of SCD, as the genetic origin of the disease makes it non-curable. A diet made with herbs having antioxidant, rejuvenating properties is core for the treatment of disease, and "Guducyadi Krushra" is one among them. In the present study, a 12-year-old female child (diagnosed case of Sickle Cell Disease) was treated for 30 days with the Guducyadi Krushara as add-on dietetic management along with conventional therapy with hydroxyurea and folic acid. Methods: In this study, Guduci is taken as the primary Immunomodulator, processed to form Krushra made up of rice and green gram, and prescribed as a diet regimen for patients with Sickle Cell anemia. Results: There is significant relief in the symptoms of crisis, pain, fatigue, and loss of appetite in the patient treated with Guducyadi Krushra as Pathya Aahara. which was not observed with conventional therapy alone. Discussion: The antioxidant, Anti-sickling, and rejuvenating properties of Guduci help to alleviate the symptoms of SCD and help to maintain the Quality of life of the patient. It promotes the healthy RBCs and prevents the sickling. Additionally, Krushara (Gruel) is easy to digest and has nutritive value and is accepted in different ethnic populations of India and hence easy to administer with good acceptance by children. It helps to maintain adherence and compliance to the therapy, which yields results. Conclusion: The use of Ayurveda herbs with diet as a regime will help to improve the clinical outcome and integration approach to reduce the burden of diseases like childhood SCD.
... It has been already reported that several coumarin derivatives have significantly antiinflammatory property. [10] For example, Cedrecoumarin A is a compound found in african plant Cedrelopsis longibracteata (Ptaeroxylaceae) has an antiinflammatory property. 6-Hydroxy-7-methoxy coumarin or scopoletin is a compound produces by Scaphopeta lumthonneri (Sterculiaceae) and A. majusL. ...
Inflammation is pathologic condition that includes variety of diseases throughout the world. Natural products have shown their effectiveness consistently in medicinal and cosmetic field. According to World Health Organization (WHO) still about 80% of the world population rely mainly on plant-based drugs. In Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani, utilizing a large number of medicinal plants were used for the treatment of human diseases. Herbal natural sources have ability to synthesize a wide range of phytochemical compounds which shows anti-inflammatory activity. Secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, coumarins, terpenoids and essential oils have clinically and experimentally shown anti-inflammory properties over the years. With the emerging developments in natural products, the marine environment has been shown to be the source of a great diversity of chemical structures with promising biological activities. Marine organisms and microorganisms have provided a large proportion of the natural anti-inflammatory products over the years. Marine sources includes bioactive compounds from micro-organisms, such as algae, bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi and small invertebrates, such as sponges, mollusks, tunicates, echinoderms and phytoplankton’s. Algal anti-inflammatory phytochemicals have the potential to be used as therapeutics or in the synthesis of structural analogs with profound anti-inflammatory activity with reduced side effects. This review describes anti-inflammatory activity of some secondary metabolites discovered from herbal and marine sources. Key words: Anti-inflammatory, Phytochemical, secondary metabolites, Herbal, Marine
... In addition, the pulp of the fruit is smeared on the head to alleviate headache and dizziness. [13] Recently, amla extract has been tested for various pharmacological activities. The fruit extract was reported to have hypolipidemic, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities and inhibits retroviruses such as HIV-1, tumor development, and gastric ulcer. ...
Aim: Anti-inflammatory activity of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles prepared using amla fruit. Objective: Preparation of ZnO nanoparticles using amla fruit extract and its anti inflammatory activity. Materials and Methods: Collection and preparation of amla fruit extract, synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using amla fruit extract, collection of NPs using centrifugation, antiinflammatory activity of ZnO nanoparticle using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and inhibition of albumin denaturation assay were used. Results: Aspirin, diclofenac, and ibuprofen are the most commonly used drugs for the inflammation which belongs to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory group of drug. These drugs result in adverse side effects and damage the human biological system such as liver and gastrointestinal tract and may also cardiovascular system. According to the research, ZnO particles produced from amla fruit showed the anti-inflammatory activity and thus can be considered as a potential candidate as an anti-inflammatory agent, thus reducing the major health problems. Conclusion: The ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized from the amla fruit. All these data with results show that ZnO nanoparticle produced from amla fruit potent antiinflammatory property. The present study shows that ZnO nanoparticle can be used for various medicinal purposes. Further investigations are required for the development of new classes of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs from amla fruit.
... In the past decade, the aqueous fruit extract of Emblica officinalis has been tested for various pharmacological activities. Some of these activities include antioxidant properties, and it has also been reported that the aqueous fruit extract of Emblica officinalis is a potent inhibitor of lipid peroxide formation and a scavenger of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in vitro [6,7] . The present study includes a comparative assessment of the anti-hyperglycaemic potential of the methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis fruits and a commonly used antidiabetic drug to hyperglycaemic Swiss Albino Mice. ...
Emblica officinalis locally known as ‘Amloki’ has medicinal properties and used in the formulation of different Unani and Ayurvedic Medicine. Major bioactive constituents of E. officinalis are gallic acid, ascorbic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, quercetin, and catechol. It has a good reputation in Bangladesh, India and many other countries of the world as folk medicine for the treatment of a variety of diseases.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and eventually the failure of organs. Synthetic antidiabetic agents can produce serious side effects. In view of the adverse effects associated with the synthetic drugs and as plants are safer, cheaper and much effective, conventional antidiabetic plants can be explored. Furthermore, after the recommendation made by WHO on diabetes mellitus, investigations on hypoglycaemic agents from medicinal plants have become more important. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate anti-hyperglycaemic effect of those plants with different doses. The anti-hyperglycaemic properties of methanolic extract of the Emblica officinalis fruits was evaluated in Swiss albino mice in order to scientifically validate its traditional therapeutic use with the different doses as per body weight.
In this experiment, among all the doses, the methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis fruit decrease the blood sugar level. The low dose (50 mg/kg body weight) decrease the glucose level but not as much as standard value. Oral administration of methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis fruit doses equivalent to 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight produce significant anti-hyperglycaemic effects respectively.
... The effect of fraction on the releases of inflammatory mediators as leukotriene B4, thromboxane and platelet activating factor was studied. At low doses, the aquas fraction of methanol extract reduced human PMN migration (Asmawi et al., 1993). ...
Inflammation considered as a healthy phenomenon of the body immune system's reaction. Inflammation is characterised by four key symptoms: pain, redness, heat or warmth, and swelling. Herbal remedies are important therapies for a wide range of ailments all over the world. There are around 7500 species of medicinal plants, including representatives from over 17,000 flowering plant species. Even when synthetic chemistry has evolved out their expectations, the use of natural ingredients in the manufacture of drugs used in contemporary medicine is unparalleled. Several nonsteroidal antiinlamma-tory drugs have been shown to reduce inflammation and pain by decreasing the isoform of the cyclooxygenase enzyme's digestion of arachidonic acid, hence lowering prostaglandin production. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have harmful effects. There are, however, medicinal herbs with antiinflammatory pharmacological properties that have few or no negative effects.This review contains data about medicinal herbs' having anti-inflammatory effects, and it will be helpful for new researchers and practitioners to find anti-inflammatory herbs.
... Vitamin C, minerals, various tannins, amino acids, fixed oils, rutin, and quercetin are abundant in the fruits of the Emblica officinalis plant. Antibacterial, antiulcerogenic, antioxidant, antimutagenic, antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, antipyretic, and analgesic treatments are among its uses in traditional medicine [11][12][13][14]. We looked at whether Emblica officinalis Gaertn (aqFE), a high source of vitamin C, may act as a possible antioxidant and enhance the anti-hyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemic, and antioxidant action of linagliptin in comparison to monotherapy. ...
Objectives: Diabetes is a complex chronic metabolic disorder. Today, many diabetes patients are known to supplement their standard therapies with herbal medications that have antidiabetic characteristics. The purpose of the study was to examine the fixed dose combination of linagliptin and Emblica officinalis Gaertn (aq FE) for its hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant properties. Methods: Streptozotocin (45 mg/kg b.w.) was administered intraperitoneally to Wister albino rats to cause diabetes. Linagliptin (5 mg/ 70kg b.w), aqueous fruit extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (200 mg/kg b.w.) and fixed dose combination therapy of linagliptin (2.5 mg /70kg b.w) with aqueous fruit extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (100 mg/kg b.w) were administered orally once daily for four weeks. After that fasting blood glucose level (FBG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were measured in serum with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Typical procedures were used to measure the antioxidant activity by the estimation of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Results: The combination therapy significantly (p<0.05) reduced the FBG, TC, TG, LDL level in compared to the diabetic control group (p<0.05). Significant (p<0.05) increased of HDL was also observed. The antioxidant activity significantly increased after the administration of fixed dose combination therapy in compared to diabetic control group. These alterations were vastly superior to those of linagliptin with Emblica officinalis Gaertn (aqFE) monotherapy. Conclusion: This study suggests that the fixed dose combination therapy of linagliptin and Emblica officinalis Gaertn (aq FE) might be potent on antihyperglycemic antidyslipidemic and antioxidative effect.
... [152][153][154] It is also used as an antimicrobial, [155][156][157] and anti-inflammatory agent. [158][159][160] P. emblica fruit is used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparations. The fruit contains numerous phytoconstituents such as, the higher amount of polyphenols such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, and flavonoids such as rutin and quercetin. ...
The Western Ghats is a mountain range western coast of the Indian peninsula that covers an area of 160,000 km 2. It is one of the eight biodiversity hotspots in the world. It contains a very large proportion of the country's flora and fauna, many of which are endemic to this region. According to a survey, the Western Ghats are older than the Himalayas and home to many wild edible fruits that are rarely eaten and are traditionally being used as medicine for several ailments. These wild edible fruits provide a variety of nutrients, vitamins and secondary metabolites. Hence, this review, we documented 28 important wild edible fruiting plants from Western Ghat. The most species of wild edible fruit plants belong to the families of Anacardiaceae, Clusiaceae, Malvaceae, Myrtaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Moraceae, Rutaceae, etc. Conventionally, tribal and rural people often rely on wild edible fruits for their food, which could provide primary dietary constituents and natural bioactive compounds. In this study, we have precisely recorded the medicinal importance, nutritional constituents, occurrence, and the biological activities of wild edible fruits prevalent to Western Ghat.
... India, Pakistan, China, South East Asia and Iran (Vasudevan and Parle, 2007). Amla has an important role in ayurvedic medicine for treatment of anxiety and other problems related to digestion and skin, improves, anemic conditions, improve functioning of liver and has a positive effect on cardio-vascular system of body (Asmawi, 1992). Presence of polyphenols, Vitamin-C amino acids, minerals and other bioactive compounds makes the amla fruit a natural source of anti-oxidant. ...
... Although the major emphasis of phytochemical research has been on cancer prevention, several products of plant origin are being used and/or under study for a variety of gastrointestinal problems [57]. Phyllanthus emblica, besides its food value, can be used as a gastroprotective agent in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastropathy. ...
Emblica officinalis or Phyllanthus emblica Linn, commonly known as Indian gooseberry or Amla, is perhaps the most important medicinal plant in the Indian traditional system of medicine, the Ayurveda. Several parts of the plant are used to treat a variety of diseases, but the most important is the fruit. Many ailments are treated by the fruit which is used either alone or in combination with other plants. These include common cold and fever; as a diuretic, laxative, liver tonic, refrigerant, stomachic, restorative, alterative, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, hair tonic; to prevent peptic ulcer and dyspepsia, and as a digestive..This review summarizes the results related to these properties and also emphasizes the aspects that warrant future research establishing its activity and utility as a cancer preventive and therapeutic drug in humansneuroprotective properties as demonstrated in numerous preclinical studies.
... It is reported to have hepatoprotective formulations available (Antarkar et al., 1980), (De et al., 1993), (Pnada and Kar, 2003), hypoglycemic activities (Abesundara et al., 2004) [1], hypolipidemic activities (Anila and Vijayalakshmi, 2000), (Jacob et al., 1988) (Mathur et al., 1996), (Thakur et al., 1988). It is also used as an anticancer (Jeena et al., 2001); (Zhang et al., 2004) and anti-inflammatory (Asmawi et al., 1993) and antimicrobial agent; (Godbole and Pendse, 1960), (Rani and Khullar, 2004) and . ...
... [18]. Other studies have reported anti-inflammatory [19,20] antidiabetic [21] activity and nephroprotective activity against cisplatin nephrotoxicity in Amla leaves [22]. ...
... Asmawi et al. demonstrated that relatively low concentrations of P. emblica leaf extract inhibited migration of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) In Vitro. However, the extract did not inhibit leukotriene B4 (LTB 4 ) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) synthesis in the rat paw model, suggesting that lipid mediators were not involved in the anti-inflammatory mechanism (46). Similarly, P. emblica reduced edema and the protein content of the peritoneal exudates in two different acute models (carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and acetic acid-induced peritonitis in mice) of inflammation (47). ...
Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn or Phyllanthus emblica Linn; family Phyllanthaceae) has a recognized history in Indian traditional medicine (Ayurveda). Various therapeutic properties have been attributed to gooseberry as a dietary supplement. Many parts of the plant (fruits, seed, leaves, root, bark, and flowers) possess various activities and are used to treat a range of diseases. This review focuses on the evidence for the cancer-preventive properties of gooseberry, its extracts, and its principal phytochemicals based on studies In Vitro and In Vivo. Most importantly, in multiple rodent models of cancer, treatment with P. emblica was found to prevent tumor incidence, number, and volume at various organ sites. The mechanism(s) implicated in gooseberry-mediated cancer inhibition are diverse and include antioxidants, Phase I and II enzyme modifications, anti-inflammatory action, regulation of the cell cycle, and modulation of oncogenic signaling genes. Studies in humans also indicate that P. emblica can offer various health benefits and synergize with other treatments. This review provides detailed information on the potential use of gooseberry extract as an anticarcinogenic in humans, illuminates the therapeutic applications, and discusses clinical trials.
... The effects of fraction were tested on the synthesis of mediators of inflammation such as leukotriene B4, platelet activating factor (PAF) and thromboxane. The water fraction of methanol extract inhibited migration of human PMNs in relatively low concentrations [16] . ...
Inflammation is part of the body's immune response. There can be four primary indicators of inflammation: pain, redness, heat or warmness and swelling. Plants have the ability to synthesize a wide verity of phytochemical compounds as secondary metabolites which shows anti-inflammatory activity. In the present review an attempt has been made to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of some medicinal plants.
... This suggested that Oral administration of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of P. emblica fruits for 28 days had shown protection against gout in dose -dependent manner in rats [30] . Anti -inflammatory activity was found in the water fraction of methanol extract of the plant leaves of Phyllanthus emblica [ 31] . ...
Hyperuricemia is a clinical condition characterized with excess of uric acid in the blood. It develops either by overproduction of uric acid caused by a metabolic disorder or due to under excretion of blood uric acid due to abnormal renal urate transport activity. Gout is a chronic progressive rheumatic disease in which elevated serum urate levels lead to the precipitation of monosodium urate crystals within the joints and other tissues. Medicinal plants have been used to treat various ailments since ancient times; hence, ethnobotanical investigations play an important role in pharmacological studies. This article provide a comprehensive review ofsome Evidence based In-silico, In-vitro, In-vivo and Clinical studies to support the scientific use of Ayurveda herbal medicine for hyperuricemia and and Gout. Ayurvedic Medicinal plants with Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Anti-hyperuricemic, Anti-oxidant property along with Mūtrarōgahara, Śōthahara, Vātahara, Āmavātahara properties are expected to have effect in Hyperuricemia and Gout. The purpose of this review is to collect and document information of the Ayurveda herbal medicine with anti-hyperuricemic and anti-gout potential.
... This plant of Euphorbiaceae has been used in treatment and management of arthritic pain as it inhibits the synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes, platelet activating factor, and thromboxane. [15] 13. Ficus bengalensis Linn. ...
Rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune inflammatory disorder is characterized by progressive cartilage erosion leading to joint destruction, pain, stiffness, and swelling. Although the etiology of the disease is unknown, genetic changes due to factors such as environmental agents, immune response towards infectious agents influence rheumatoid arthritis. Earlier NSAIDs were the first choice of drugs for the treatment of disease but due to having certain side effects and limitations, herbal therapies which possess higher efficacy and safety are now in demand. There are hundreds of plants that have phytoconstituents that exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. A combination of plants is used to make polyherbal formulations that act synergistically to give anti-arthritic activity. The review is about the botanicals and traditional formulations which have been clinically tested for the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis.
... No negative side effects or studies reporting warnings were found, although it may be drying to skin and hair. The active chemical constituents of Phyllanthus emblicus are proteins, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin c nicotinic acid, carotene, D-glucose, trigallayl glucose, D-fructose, riboflavin, myoinositol, darabinosyl, lrhamnosyl, G-glycosyl, D-xylosyl, dmanosyl, D-galactosyl, mucic, Phyllambic acid, phellembin, punigluconin, embicol, emblicanin-A, emblicanin-B, fatty acid, procyanidin, 3-Ogallated prodelphindin, leucodelphinidine, ellagic acid, gallic acid, 3 ethylgallic acid, methyl gallate, 1-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose, 3,6-di-O-galloyl-Dglucose, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, tannins, oleanolic acid, lupeol and pectin [3,4]. ...
Cisplatin is a cytotoxic drug which induced the hepatotoxicity in the albino mice when intra-peritoneally administered at the dose of 10 mg/kg. Administration of cisplatin raised the level of LFT's enzymes and also reduced the level of antioxidant enzymes in the liver of the mice. Administration of Phyllanthus emblica extract and silymarin remarkably showed the hepatoprotective effect in the rat. Administration of P. emblica and silymarin decreased the level of ALT, AST, and ALP along with increasing the level of Total protein content. It also increased the level of antioxidant enzymes in the liver of rat showing its hepatoprotective activity.
... While, chronic inflammation means prolonged inflammatory reaction that involves some progressive change in the type of cells present in the inflammation site, showing damage to the same. Arthritis is one of the most distressing and disabling syndromes encountered in medical practice (Asmawi et al., 1993). The common form of chronic inflammatory joint disease is represented rheumatoid arthritis (Nuki et al., 1993). ...
... It is a deciduous tree found in dry and moist deciduous forests, throughout the tropics of Kerala [13] . Pharmacologically reported activities are antioxidant [180] , anticancer [181] , antigenotoxic [182] , anti-inflammatory [183] , antidiabetic [184] , antidepressant [185] , antiulcerogenic [186] , wound healing activities [187] , eye disorders [188] , cardiovascular diseases [189] and neurodegenerative diseases [190] . ...
... So, the replenishment of new energy causing by Amalaki is considered as a natural refresher. Numerous experimental evidences has shown that Amalaki fruit posses Antioxidants [3] , Hepatoprotective [4] , Hypocholesterolemic [5] and Anti-inflammatory activities [6] . Amalaki is a good absorption agent of iron. ...
Ageing is the natural process of decaying continuously and this manifest in the form of various degenerative changes. Ayurveda has two aims i.e. prevention and maintenance of health from diseases and cure from disease. Everyone wants to give the impressing of being young forever and increase life span by staying healthy. As various cells and tissues of the body undergo changes as age advances Rasayana claims that it retards the process of ageing. The word Rasayana connotes a specific meaning Rasyana means by which body get excellence of Rasa which nourishes the body. It basically boosts the Oja and the immune system. It helps the person to maintain good health and longevity. Rasayana drugs acts as antioxidants and neuroendocrine immunomodulators and Amalaki is one of them. Oxidative damage to cells is important phenomenon in ageing process. Charak and Vaghbat has admired Amalaki as the drug of choice for Vayasthapana karma (to stop ageing). Charak has also mentioned it as Ayushya, Deepaniya (appetizer) and Pachniya (digestive). Amalaki is the great Rasayana that helps to protect from disease and reduced the possibilities of pre mature ageing. It acts on Rakta Dhatu Main constituents of Amalaki are Vit. C, carotene and riboflavin. It is having a role in cellular oxidation reduction. They also play a role in collagen fibrin formation, helps in production of fibrin, and iron absorption.
... A total number of 28 plant species belonging to 27 genera and 20 families were reported in this present investigation for the treatment of a number of otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic medical conditions such as cough and cold (14 uses), eye diseases (sore eye, red eye, eye inflammation and conjunctivitis: 8 uses), ear diseases (earache and pus in ears: 4 uses), nosebleed (2 uses) and throat infection (1 use) ( Table 1). The detailed information (Asmawi et al. 1993) Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. ...
Purulia, the land of distinctive geological and archaeological features, abundant natural resources and a home to a number of aboriginals, has been studied widely to apprehend the role of ethnic remedies against myriad of diseases. Availability of natural remedies and practice of traditional knowledge have popularized the use of medicinal plants among local communities. The objective of the study is to elucidate the use of folk medicine against common otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic medical conditions, by various ethnic groups of Purulia district, West Bengal, India. A completely randomized ethnobotanical approach was carried out during a number of field visits conducted to interview 55 traditional healers (THs) residing across the 20 blocks of district Purulia via semi-structured open-ended questionnaire. The similarity of usage of plants for different diseases was calculated by the informant consensus factor (Fic), whereas fidelity level indicated the plants mostly cited by the informants. The correlative importance of the usage of the plants was measured by the use value (UV). A total number of 28 plant species belonging to 27 genera and 20 families are reported in this present study in the treatment of a number of otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic ailments such as cough and cold, eye diseases (sore eye, red eye, eye inflammation and conjunctivitis), ear diseases (earache and pus in ears), nosebleed and throat infection. The highest value for informant’s consensus factor (Fic) was observed in cough and cold (0.87) that indicates most of the plants possess analgesic and antipyretic potential, whereas the lowest value (0.33) was shown by sore eye that denotes least number of plants have been applied for eye cure. Mostly, leaf part (41.4%) is utilized to cure selected otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic disorders where most of the herbal formulations were applied as leaf juices (60.7%). Most significant plant species were Piper nigrum L., Ocimum sanctum L. and Zingiber officinale Roscoe according to their highest UV (1.80), followed by Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees (1.79) and Justicia adhatoda L. (1.66). The present work represents first quantitative ethnobotanical study against some tropical otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic disorders in remote areas of Purulia district where acute poverty, underprivileged livelihood, illiteracy, unavailability of conventional health care as well as age-old trust on THs have popularized the use of natural resources (i.e. medicinal plants). Many of the reported ethnomedicinal properties of some plants have been backed up by clinical data also. Aboriginal people also showed keen interest and knowledge regarding conservation of endangered medicinal plants and on sustainable utilization of botanical resources. Proper documentation of traditional knowledge and potential preclinical and clinical studies based on the ethnobotanical data procured may be suggested for safe and efficacious use of herbal medicine against otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic disorders.
... Moreover, this plant is used as a pickle in India and famous culinary herb for making pickles and murabba. It is also used in triphala churna of Ayurveda and for anti-inflammatory activity [26]. ...
Nowadays, leukotriene antagonistic agents are playing an important role in the management of asthma, rhinitis and other inflammatory diseases of the lower respiratory tract. Leukotriene antagonistic agents available in the market are montelukast, pranulukast, zafirlukast, iralukast, cinalukast, zileuton, verlukst and so on. However, due to several side effects of above allopathic medicines, the bioactive compounds of plant origin are playing a very important role as secondary metabolites. These bioactive compounds are still being used by the human beings since time immemorial in the form of herbal preparations for the treatment of various ailments as mentioned in Ayurvedic system of medicine (ASM). Many researches have been reported related to the anti-inflammatory properties of plants in the traditional medicines, which are capable of suppressing, reducing and relieving pain as well as in reducing inflammation. Therefore, there is a need to highlights some plant species and their by-products possessing anti-inflammatory and leukotriene antagonistic properties
... e difference between all the rat groups was found to Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9 be statistically significant. Our work was colinear with the previously reported work of Asmawi, which asserted that Emblica officinalis extract has an anti-inflammatory effect in carrageenan-induced arthritic rat models [40]. us, the change in the WBC count and its restoration can be explained in the way that induction of arthritis in the experimental rats was identified as a foreign body, leading to a cascade of reaction resulting in production of more WBCs to counteract the assault. ...
Background:
According to previous studies, oral administration of curcumin elucidates anti-inflammatory effect irrespective of its poor bioavailability. This study aims to measure the efficacy of lyophilized curcumin extracts with iontophoresis in arthritic rat models.
Methods:
Lyophilization and characterization of curcumin using the standard HPTLC method was carried out followed by induction of inflammatory arthritis in male albino rats. The animals were then treated with curcumin in three different forms, i.e., oral curcumin (OCU), oral curcumin with topical application (OCU + TOCU), and oral curcumin along with iontophoretically applied curcumin (OCU + IOCU). Various objective variables including body weight, paw edema, arthritic scores, and hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as histopathological examinations were conducted.
Results:
All the curcumin-treated groups showed significant alleviation of arthritic condition (p
∗
< 0.05) when compared with arthritic controls. Group V (OCU + IOCU) demonstrated maximum therapeutic effect by restoring the body weight, decreasing the paw edema, and normalizing the Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and leukocyte count, when compared with other experimental rat groups (p
∗∗
< 0.01).
Conclusions:
Iontophoretic administration of curcumin may ameliorate arthritic symptoms significantly, and the effect is assumed to be due to better penetration and enhanced bioavailability. Geriatrics patients are supposed to be benefited fairly by this technique.
... Ikan gabus Channa striata, termasuk ikan karnivora dan baru berhasil didomestikasi. Habitat ikan gabus pada umum di perairan sekitar waduk dan sungai-sungai yang aliran airnya tenang (Asmawi 1993). Ikan gabus termasuk ikan yang aktif malam hari (nokturnal), pada siang hari bersembunyi di semaksemak atau gulma air (Makmur 2006). ...
... E. officinalis is a rich source of vitamin C, iron, essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and several polyphenols (Pandey and Pandey, 2011). Its fruit extract has been reported to have hypolipidaemic (Anila and Vijayalakshmi, 2002), antidiabetic (Sabu and Kuttan, 2002), anti-inflammatory (Asmawi et al., 1993) and antioxidant properties (Anila and Vijayalakshmi, 2003). It has potential for restoration of liver function, kidney function and lipid profile in poisoned rats (Maiti et al., 2014).Thus, the present study was undertaken to study the effects of high ambient temperature and supplementation of E. officinalis on biochemical and enzymatic profile of rabbit. ...
... DAR is a herbo-mineral formulation consisting of herbally processed mercury, sulfur, multiplant extracts from T. chebula, T. bellirica, E. officinalis, P. zeylanica, C. mukul, and R. communis. Similar to our study results, treatment of CA-induced inflammation in rat models with E. officinalis extracts has exhibited anti-inflammatory properties through a reduction in paw edema ( Asmawi et al., 1993;Penolazzi et al., 2008;Sumantran et al., 2008). Likewise, other components of the DAR such as T. chebula, T. bellirica, and P. zeylanica have also been found to modulate the inflammatory and oxidative damage processes at both the cellular and biochemical levels. ...
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is defined as a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder that causes damage to limb joints and progressive injuries to secondary organs. Medical practitioners prescribe Methotrexate (MTX) as standard care medicine for treating RA. However, the long-term application of MTX has shown to have adverse health-related effects. Divya Amvatari Ras (DAR), an Indian Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation, has been described in ancient texts to provide relief from RA inflammation associated distress. Therefore, in the present study, we explored the biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic efficacy of DAR using in vivo and in vitro disease models. Using carrageenan (CA)-stimulated Wistar rat paw edema model, we showed a reduction in inflammation-induced paw edema at human equivalent dose of DAR. Anti-rheumatic efficacy of DAR was studied using collagen-antibody cocktail (C-Ab) Induced Arthritis (CAIA) mouse model. The onset of RA in the CAIA mice was determined using parameters such as the increase in arthritis score, and induction of disease associated lesions in the ankle and knee joints, and increase in mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. Treatment of CAIA animals with a human equivalent dose of DAR significantly reversed the RA-associated pathogenesis. These effects were comparable with the standard of care RA drug, MTX. DAR acted at multiple levels of inflammation associated with RA to reduce progressive pathogenesis. Animal serum biochemistry showed DAR was capable of ameliorating RA induced increase in liver enzyme Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6). In the lipopolysaccharide stimulated THP-1 cells, DAR was found to inhibit the release of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and upstream inflammatory gene regulatory protein, NFκB. The study endorsed the anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory activity of the Indian Traditional herbo-mineral medicine, DAR. These results also confirm that DAR was highly biocompatible and would show minimal health-related side effects than those associated with standard of care MTX. Taken together, we show that the DAR could be utilized as a promising alternative or complementary therapy for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
... P. emblica fruit is used in Ayurveda and also clinical medicine. P. emblica fruit has been reported as an agent with antimicrobial [57,58], anti-inflammatory [59,60], and anticancerous properties [61,62]. It has been reported that it contains phenolic compounds that enthrall intense antioxidant activity and can protect the cells from the oxidative damage caused by free radicals [63]. ...
Weed management is one of the significant challenges of field crops since weeds pose aremarkable threat to crop productivity in South Asian countries, including Bangladesh. Allelopathy,a phenomenon whereby secondary metabolites produced and released by one plant species influencethe growth and development of other species can be exploited in sustainable management. The focusof this study was to evaluate potential allelopathic plant species which can be further exploredas alternatives to synthetic herbicides or incorporated as part of integrated weed management insustainable agriculture. Two hundred fifty-two plant samples from 70 families were collected fromBangladesh and evaluated with the sandwich bioassay. Thirty-one percent of the samples showedsignificant allelopathic potential on lettuce radicle elongation. Among the species that showedsubstantial inhibition, more than 7% of the samples showed higher inhibition (HI) and 25% showedmoderate inhibition (MI) on lettuce radicle. Fruit pulps ofCouroupita guianensis(95.4%),fruits ofPhyllanthus emblica(95.4%),andAcacia concinna(95.4%) showed the highest inhibition on lettuceradicle elongation. In contrast, the leaf ofBombax insignehad growth promoting activity by stimulatingradicle (23%) and hypocotyl (80%) elongation of lettuce seedlings. This result suggested that thespecies with significant plant growth inhibitory potential may play a vital role as an alternative to theincreasing use of synthetic herbicides for sustainable weed management in agricultural land.
An important field of research in the fight against chemotherapy's negative side effects is the assessment of medicinal plant extracts for their protective benefits against cisplatin-induced toxicity. Many different types of cancer are treated with cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic drug based on platinum. The significant adverse effects of cisplatin, including nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and ototoxicity, frequently restrict its clinical utility, despite its efficiency. Damage to non-target tissues, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, causes these harmful effects. So, finding preventive medicines that can reduce these side effects of cisplatin without reducing its anticancer effectiveness is an urgent requirement. There is a wealth of bioactive substances found in medicinal plants that may have medicinal uses; these plants have a long history of use in traditional medical systems around the world. The established antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective activities of these plants form the basis for their research as protective agents against cisplatin toxicity. The primary goals of this research are to determine which medicinal plant extracts are most effective at reducing cisplatin-induced toxicity and, secondarily, to determine the mechanisms of action and possible therapeutic uses of these extracts.
Phyllanthus emblica, popularly mentioned as amla or Indian gooseberry, has attracted a lot of interest lately because of its varied phytochemical makeup and related pharmacological properties. The phytochemistry, historical applications, bioactive makeup, and pharmacological properties of Phyllanthus emblica fruits are all summarised in this paper. This review emphasises the rich phytochemical profile of Phyllanthus emblica, which contains flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and polyphenolic chemicals, through a thorough assessment of the literature. Furthermore, the historical value of Phyllanthus emblica as a therapeutic agent for a variety of health issues is shown by its traditional applications in numerous indigenous medical systems. The bioactive makeup of Phyllanthus emblica fruits, especially its high polyphenol and vitamin C content, is responsible for its hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory qualities. Moreover, new pharmacological research has clarified its potential for the cure of neurological illnesses, tumor, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. In order to shed light on the pharmacological properties of Phyllanthus emblica fruits and suggest future avenues for study, this review compiles the body of scientific data that is already accessible. All things considered, Phyllanthus Emblica shows great promise as a natural resource with significant applications in complementary and alternative medicine and pharmacological research.
From the ethyl acetate extract of the stem bark of Phyllanthus emblica , a mixture of triterpene glycosides ( 1 ) and six compounds ( 2‐7 ) were isolated. The structure of these compounds were established as 3‐ O ‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyloleanolic acid ( 1a ), 3‐ O ‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosylursolic acid ( 1b ), 16‐dehydropregnenolone ( 2 ), periplogenin ( 3 ), betulin ( 4 ), phyllanthol ( 5 ), gallic acid ( 6 ) and methyl gallate ( 7 ) by 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopies, and high resolution ESI‐MS analysis, as well as comparison with those reported in the literature . The compounds ( 1a ), ( 1b ), ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) were found for the first time from this genus.
Triphala is traditional indian medicine and it is made up of two words TRI+PHALA which means three fruits that are Indian gooseberry {Emblica officinalis} member of family Euphorbiaceae, Black myrobalan {Terminalia chebula} member of family combertaceae Haritaki {Terminalia chebulia] member of family combertaceae. It is a polyphenolic compounds under tannins category and its chemical constituents are Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Chebulinic acid, Chebulagic acid, Terflavin-A, Corilagin. It balances and rejenuvates the ‘Tridosha Rasayan ’,i.e, Vatta,Pitta and kapaha.The pharmacological action of Triphala is to potentiate therpeutic and preventive illness including cancer, cardiovascular disease ,neurodegenerative disorderand in aging. There is folk in India as no Mother it means as long as you have Trifala do not worry it can take care of body internal organ just like a mother take care of her offspring. The purpose of the research is to involve prediction of ADMET [Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Toxicity] properties of triphala by SWISS ADME,ADME2.0 ,SCHODRINGER software and determine its drug-likeness using Lipinski Rule
Globally, high death rates and poor quality of life are caused mainly by inflammatory diseases. Corticosteroids, which may have systemic side effects and would enhance the risk of infection, are the common forms of therapy. The field of nanomedicine has created composite nanoparticles that carry a pharmacological carrier and target ligands for distribution to sites of inflammation with less systemic toxicity. However, their relatively large size often causes systemic clearance. An interesting approach is metal-based nanoparticles that naturally reduce inflammation. They are made not only to be small enough to pass through biological barriers but also to allow label-free monitoring of their interactions with cells. The following literature review discusses the mechanistic analysis of the anti-inflammatory properties of several metal-based nanoparticles, including gold, silver, titanium dioxide, selenium, and zinc oxide. Current research focuses on the mechanisms by which nanoparticles infiltrate cells and the anti-inflammatory techniques using herbal extracts-based nanoparticles. Additionally, it provides a brief overview of the literature on many environmentally friendly sources employed in nanoparticle production and the mechanisms of action of various nanoparticles.
PHYTOCHEMISTRY & PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA
This review presents updated information gathered on scientifically proved medicinal plants used for anti-inflammatory activity. This study provides the information on botanical name, family, parts used and their solvents used in plants. In spite of rapid progress and spread of modern medicine and surgery, faith in and popularity of traditional method has not decreased. There are a large number of studies which supports the anti-inflammatory effects of traditional herbal medicines. The aim of this review is to highlight the work on anti-inflammatory of plant origin. The present paper also involves various plant drugs and their bioactive extracts involved in anti-inflammatory mechanism. This article may help investigators to identify medicinal plants responsible for anti-inflammatory activity.
Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) (EO), holds a prominent place as a multipurpose medicine in a traditional medical system of India –
‘Ayurveda’. Amalaki, commonly known as Phyllanthus emblica or Indian gooseberry, is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family.
Amalaki is thought to be the first tree ever made in the universe. Amalaki is a native of India, although it also grows in Pakistan,
Uzbekistan, Sri Lanka, South East Asia, China, and Malaysia in tropical and subtropical climates. The fruits of Amalaki are frequently
used in Ayurvedic preparations because they boost immunity to illnesses. It plays a positive function in the treatment of degenerative
conditions like cancer, diabetes, liver disease, ulcers, anaemia, eye conditions, and heart problems. It is also a key ingredient in
hepatoprotective and rejuvenating formulae.
Amalaki has been extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani, and Homoeopathic medicine and has become a cynosure of modern medicine.
It is referred to as Amrit Phal and is prominently included in ancient Indian mythological literatures such as the Vedas, Shivpuran,
Skandhapuran, Padmapuran, Ramayana, Kadambari, Charak Samhita, Sushrut Samhita, etc. because of its great medicinal and
nutritional benefits (life giving fruit). Among anti-aging medications, "Amalaki" holds the top spot. It is the greatest herb for tissue
regeneration.
The purpose of this paper is to compile the work of Indian medicine in association with modern research to understand the biological
and pharmacological activities and the effects of this herb.
Keywords: Ayurveda, Pharmacology, Pain, Rheumatism, Rejuvenation, Immunity Booster.
Phyllanthus emblica or Indian gooseberry is an integrated part of Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese Medicines. For several decades, the well-known ancient herb has been extensively utilized in traditional medicine to cure diseases like fever, diabetes, constipation, jaundice, ulcers, biliousness, anemia, anorexia, and dyspepsia. In the traditional system, Indian gooseberry has various ethnomedicinal applications. In the Ayurvedic system, different methods of administration (anupan) have shown different ethnomedicinal properties of Indian gooseberry. Seventy well-known chemical components in Indian gooseberry have been identified through phytochemical evaluation, among which the flavonoids and phenols are most prominent. From the toxicity perspective, it is considered a safe herb in India, and is taken as a food supplement in European countries. The wide-spectrum pharmacological activities of the crude extracts and isolates of Indian gooseberry are attributed to the predominance of phenols and flavonoids. Thus, it is important to study the exact mechanism of the activity of the phytochemicals in Indian gooseberry, especially in anti-cancer activities. Extract of Indian gooseberry enhances proliferation in several cancer cells in vitro, including stem cells like ovarian cancer (OC) cells, and also has been observed to possess anti-proliferative characteristics in vivo. This review intends to explore the therapeutic potential of Indian gooseberry based on scientific reports and attempts to find the gaps for future research.
Ayurvedic Medicine, or Ayurveda, is a traditional Indian health care system. Research into the medicinal plants utilised in Ayurveda is becoming a global endeavour, and large pharmaceutical companies are investing in novel drug discovery from Ayurvedic sources as a number of clinical studies have demonstrated efficacy of natural products from Ayurvedic plant extracts against common ailments such as arthritis and diabetes.
Ayurvedic medicine and its components have been well described in the past, but this book represents a comprehensive source on the biochemistry and mechanisms of the pharmacological effects of natural products from Ayurvedic sources.
This book is a valuable resource for researchers in natural products and alternative sources of bioactive compounds in drug discovery, as well as pharmaceutical experts and those in industry.
Clinical decision is often difficult with chlorhexidine mouthwash. The use of antioxidant mouthwashes for the treatment of periodontal disease is in practise. Therefore, it is of interest to collect gleaned information on Antioxidant mouthwashes as periodontal therapy from known literature. Improvement in treatment using antioxidant mouthwashes is reported in several studies. The mouthwash with antioxidants has similar anti-gingivitis, antiplaque and antimicrobial effects as that of chlorhexidine mouthwash.
Inflammation is a salubrious process resulting from a number of perturbances. It plays a protective role in our body and in some conditions engenders some negative effects such conditions include the inflammatory disorders rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, retinitis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and atherosclerosis. For surmounting this quandary, the search for more incipient drugs is very requisite and obligatory, and there are many of phytochemical constituents present in plants which are playing a very paramount role in the treatment of inflammation. The present chapter shows some plant phytochemicals which are having anti-inflammatory activity that has been tested in inflammatory models utilizing the modern scientific techniques. In this chapter, the inflammatory activity of different species of medicinal plants are explained which mainly include Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Berberidaceae, Burseraceae, Caesalpinaceae, Capparidaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Combretaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Moringaceae, Myricaceae, Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, Papaveraceae, Pinaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Thymelaeceae, and Verbenaceae. The major chemical constituents present in these anti-inflammatory plant species include azadiradione, flavonol, gallic acid, gentisic acid, kaempferol, nimbin, 3-o-galloyl-(-)-epicatechin-4-benzylthioether, pinene, ricinoleic acid, thujone, and several other important bioactive compounds. These compounds play a significant role in current research and help a lot in developing new formulations for herbal botanicals and ongoing current pharmacological research.
Amla known as Indian gooseberry trees, Phyllanthus emblica (Synonym: Emblica officinalis) play a significant role in diseases cure and management and its role has been documented since ancient time. It is a rich of various ingredients including tannins, alkaloids, gallic acid, fiber, carbohydrate, vitamin C and rich source of antioxidant. Fruits of amla are commonly used to treat various diseases due to its antioxidant potentiality. Based on in vivo and in vitro study, Amla (Emblica officinalis) shows a significant role in the decrease lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species and increase the levels of various types antioxidant and finally inhibit the pathogenesis. It role in health management has been proven as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, cardioprotective as well as immunomodulatory activity. Moreover, its role in cancer management has been proven through various studies. This review systematically encapsulates the role of Amla (Emblica officinalis) in diseases cure and management through reviewing the in vivo and in vitro study.
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder which causes bone loss in course of time leading to increasing the fracture risk. The disease is often silent and known only when fractures occur. Both men and women are equally affected. But women are more susceptible to osteoporosis. The main cause of fragility fractures in women is due to the estrogen deficiency. For the treatment of Osteoporosis the potential biological use of traditional medicines have been exposed to logical assessment since synthetic medications are considered to have a wide range of side effects and they lack efficacy. Hence broad research is to be done to examine the therapeutic plants to be utilized as an option for the treatment of Osteoporosis. The present survey work demonstrates the data on medicinal plants with their common name, phytochemical constituents, reported pharmacological activities and their Osteoporotic action.
An unstable [t1/2 at 37 degrees = 32 +/- 2 (SD) sec] intermediate, thromboxane A2, was detected in the conversion of prostaglandin G2 into 8-(1-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl)-9,12L-dihydroxy-5,10-heptadecadienoic acid (thromboxane B2) in platelets. The intermediate was trapped by addition of methanol, ethanol, or sodium azide to suspensions of washed human platelets incubated for 30 sec with arachidonic acid or prostaglandin G2. The structures of the resulting derivatives demonstrated that the intermediate possessed an oxane ring as in thromboxane B2 but lacked its hemiacetal hydroxyl group. Additional experiments using 18O2 or [2H8]arachidonic acid in the formation of thromboxane B2 and CH3O2H for the trapping of thromboxane A2, together with information on the t1/2 of the intermediate, indicated the presence of an oxetane structure in thromboxane A2. Incubation of arachidonic acid or prostaglandin G2 with washed platelets led to formation of an unstable factor that induced irreversible platelet aggregation and caused release of [14C]serotonin from platelets that had been incubated with [14C]serotonin. The properties and the mode of formation of this factor indicated that it was identical with thromboxane A2. Furthermore, evidence is presented that the more unstable and major component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS) formed in platelets and guinea pig lung is also thromboxane A2.
The effects of 1 gold salt, of betamethasone, and of acetylsalicylate on the chemotaxis of human neutrophils were compared in normal volunteers by means of a modified Boyden chamber. The gold salt inhibited chemotaxis by reducing both cell migration capacity and the capacity of plasma to attract the cell. Betamethasone reduced cell migration capacity, but not the chemoattractant capacity of plasma. Acetylsalicylate had no effect on these functions.
Pain and hyperalgesia are common features of the inflammatory process. Some pain arises as an immediate sensation after tissue injury, due to direct stimulation of sensory nerve endings. Another component arises with the inflammation which ensues after injury; the pain which then develops is a combination of mechanical and chemical stimulation due to the vascular changes inherent to the inflammatory process and due to direct chemical stimulation by the pain producing substances released.
Platelet activating factor (Paf-acether, AGEPC) is a family of ether-linked phospholipids known to be released from a range of inflammatory cell types. In vitro and in experimental animals, it seems to be a mediator of inflammation, and intradermal injection of Paf-acether in man elicits a biphasic inflammatory response, reminiscent of the dual response to allergen in sensitized individuals. In the present study, cutaneous histology was assessed in sequential skin biopsies from six normal volunteers after intradermal injection of 200 or 800 pmol Paf-acether. Paf-acether (200 pmol) induced intravascular accumulation of neutrophils, accompanied by a p erivascular mixed cellular infiltrate which was composed predominantly of neutrophils at 4 and 12 hours, and lymphocytes and histiocytes at 24 hours. Control injections of lyso-Paf and normal saline induced no noteworthy histological changes. Paf-acether (800 pmol) resulted in vessel destruction, gross endothelial swelling and a perivascular infiltrate of mononuclear cells and neutrophils, accompanied by occasional evidence of leucocytoclasis. By virtue of its ability to induce inflammatory cell accumulation in human skin, Paf-acether should be considered as a potential mediator of inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis.
1.
By employing the Tillmans-Harris technique, the ascorbic acid content of a number of indigenous plant materials has been determined.
2.
Capsicum frutescens, chilli, approachesCapsicum annuum in its ascorbic acid content:
3.
Among the citrus fruits tried, theSautgur orange, a special variety ofCitrus aurantium and the pumelo (both the albedo and juice) are rich sources of ascorbic acid.
4.
The leaves ofSesbania grandiflora and the leaves and pods ofMoringa pterygosperma possesses about 2 mg. of ascorbic acid per g. of the fresh material. The absence of interfering substances in these materials,
especially in the latter, suggests the possibility of their use for the preparation of ascorbic acid and as a standard for
titrating indicator solutions.
5.
The Indian gooseberry gives the highest reducing value among the materials tried. The presence, therein, of reducing substances
other than ascorbic acid is, however, indicated.
6.
Juices of the Indian gooseberry and the cashew apple exhibit great stability suggesting the existence in them of a mechanism
protecting ascorbic acid from oxidation.
7.
Ascorbic acid content of other plant materials are tabulated.
Thirty-six fluids from non-keratinizing jaw cysts have been examined together with autologous sera by immunoelectrophoresis and double diffusion in agar or agrose gels. Except for one cyst fluid which contained electrophoretically homogeneous ("monoclonal") IgG of the kappa type together with free kappa chains, IgG of cyst fluid was electrophoretically heterogeneous. For the most, IgA of cyst fluid migrated more slowly than IgA of serum, whereas the IgM migrated similarly. The three immunoglobulins showed reactions of antigenic identity with the corresponding Ig classes of serum when examined with rabbit antisera against human IgG, IgA, and IgM. Fluid from the median palatine cyst contained secretory component, which showed a reaction of identity with free secretory component isolated from human saliva, and probably also IgA of the secretory type. Two cyst fluids also precipitated a component in rabbit serum.
This paper presents the standard procedure for isolating lymphocytes and granulocytes from blood, using the Isopaque-Ficoll technique. A procedure for isolating granulocytes and macrophages from peritoneal fluid is also described.
Inhibition of prostanoid synthesis is usually regarded as the mode of action of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In addition, some NSAIDs have been reported to have prostanoid-independent inhibitory effects on neutrophil functions. In the present study, we examined the effects of acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac, indomethacin, ketoprofen, piroxicam and tolfenamic acid on leukotriene B4 (LTB4)-induced chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in vitro. Tolfenamic acid inhibited LTB4-induced chemotaxis (IC50 59 microM), whereas the other compounds were ineffective. Tolfenamic acid inhibited also FMLP-induced chemotaxis at the same concentration range (IC50 46 microM). About 25% reduction in the chemotactic response was achieved with therapeutic concentrations of tolfenamic acid. We suggest that the inhibition of PMN chemotaxis is an additional mechanism in the antiinflammatory action of tolfenamic acid and that this action is not ligand specific.
The granulocyte plays a major role in inflammatory processes by its capability to produce and release proinflammatory mediators such as the leukotrienes. This class of mediators exerts multiple functions in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. The interdependent interaction among the various mediator cascades, the inflammatory cells as well as the neuroendocrine system are areas of current interest. Appropriate stimuli (immunological, non immunological) by their defined pattern of signal transduction are responsible for priming, cellular activation and deactivation of granulocytes as it is shown for microbial infection. Thus the mediators may provide the prerequisites for a balanced homeostasis during host defense. It is clear that among the complexity of mediators not a single factor but the interaction of multiple mediator cascades reflect the final outcome of the disease process. In this regard the actual concentrations at local sites are obviously more relevant as those in whole body fluids.
We investigated the possibility that the inflammatory reaction in primary acquired cold urticaria might be associated with the release of platelet-activating factor. Six patients with the disease and five normal controls were subjected to cold-water challenges during which blood samples were obtained for measurement of the release of possible mediators: i.e., histamine, neutrophilic chemotactic activity, and platelet-activating factor-like lipid (PAF-LL). Four of the patients had pronounced experimentally induced cold urticaria with angioedema and release of mediators. Levels of the three mediators were not elevated in five normal controls or in two patients in whom cold challenges induced only mild urticaria and angioedema. The effective suppression of cold-induced urticaria in three patients treated with doxepin correlated with inhibition of PAF-LL release but not inhibition of histamine or neutrophilic chemotactic activity release. These data suggest a positive correlation between PAF-LL release and cold urticaria, although the exact relation between PAF-LL and cutaneous lesions of primary acquired cold urticaria has not yet been established.
A mixture of tannins (hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable) obtained from the bark of Anacardium occidentale L., on i.p. injection, demonstrated apparent anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan- and dextran-induced rat paw oedemas, cotton pellet granuloma test and adjuvant-induced polyarthritis in rats. At higher doses orally administered tannins also had activity in carrageenan paw oedema and adjuvant arthritis experiments. The tannins i.p. also inhibited acetic acid-induced "writhing responses" in mice and were found to antagonise the permeability-increasing effects in rats of certain mediators of inflammation and to inhibit the migration of leucocytes to an inflammatory site. While not appearing to act by the release of adrenal hormones, tannins may produce effects in a non-specific manner by their astringent properties on cell membranes thus affecting cell functions. The above results should be considered while studying the anti-inflammatory actions of plant extracts which contain tannins.
In mammalian species and in the oldest of multicellular animal forms, NSAIDs inhibit cell activation, apparently in the absence of effects on PG biosynthesis. Thus, an alternative hypothesis can be proposed to account for the antiinflammatory effects of these drugs. Clearly, at low doses aspirin and most of the newer NSAIDs inhibit the biosynthesis of PGs from arachidonic acid, and stable PGs have been shown to mediate fever, hyperalgesia, vasodilation (edema), and several interleukin-1-dependent responses. At high doses, however, aspirin, sodium salicylate, and the newer NSAIDs (at antiinflammatory doses) inhibit non-PG-dependent processes, such as the activity of a variety of enzymes, proteoglycan synthesis by chondrocytes, transmembrane ion fluxes, and chemoattractant binding. These effects are most likely due to the capacity of aspirin-like drugs to insert into the lipid bilayer of plasma membranes, where they disrupt normal signaling events and protein-protein interactions. The ability of NSAIDs to thereby inhibit the activation of inflammatory cells such as the neutrophil may contribute to the antiinflammatory properties of this class of drugs.
The effects of D-penicillamine, sodium aurothiomalate, indomethacin, timegadine and tolfenamic acid on the lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism were studied in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in vitro. In short-term incubations, D-penicillamine and aurothiomalate did not affect leukotriene B4 (LTB4), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or thromboxane B2 (TXB2) production. Each of the three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used were potent inhibitors of prostanoid synthesis. In higher concentrations they also reduced LTB4 production; timegadine and tolfenamic acid were effective in concentrations comparable to those measured in plasma during drug therapy, whereas indomethacin was needed in ten times higher concentrations. The different effects of NSAIDs on 5-lipoxygenase activity may be of importance in their therapeutic actions as well as in the appearance of some side-effects, e.g. gastric irritation and "aspirin-induced" asthma.
Within 20 min after intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin in rats, blood platelet-activating factor (PAF) increased from 4.3 +/- 1.3 to 13.7 +/- 2.0 ng/ml (P less than 0.01) and lung PAF from 32.3 +/- 4.9 to 312.3 +/- 19.6 ng (P less than 0.01), but not lung lavage PAF. We tested the effect of PAF receptor antagonists, CV 3988 and SRI 63-441, on endotoxin-induced hemodynamic changes and lung vascular injury. Pretreatment with CV 3988 attenuated systemic hypotension, preserved hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, and prolonged survival of awake catheter-implanted endotoxin-treated (20 mg/kg) rats. Pretreatment with SRI 63-441 prevented the depressed hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction after low dose (2 mg/kg) endotoxin. Both CV 3988 and SRI 63-441 blocked the increased extravascular accumulation of 125I-albumin and water in perfused lungs isolated from endotoxin-treated rats. We conclude that PAF is produced in the lung during endotoxemia and may be an important mediator of the systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic changes as well as the acute lung vascular injury after endotoxemia.
Platelet activating factor (Paf-acether, AGEPC) is a family of ether-linked phospholipids known to be released from a range of inflammatory cell types. In vitro and in experimental animals, it seems to be a mediator of inflammation, and intradermal injection of Paf-acether in man elicits a biphasic inflammatory response, reminiscent of the dual response to allergen in sensitized individuals. In the present study, cutaneous histology was assessed in sequential skin biopsies from six normal volunteers after intradermal injection of 200 or 800 pmol Paf-acether. Paf-acether (200 pmol) induced intravascular accumulation of neutrophils, accompanied by a perivascular mixed cellular infiltrate which was composed predominantly of neutrophils at 4 and 12 hours, and lymphocytes and histiocytes at 24 hours. Control injections of lyso-Paf and normal saline induced no noteworthy histological changes. Paf-acether (800 pmol) resulted in vessel destruction, gross endothelial swelling and a perivascular infiltrate of mononuclear cells and neutrophils, accompanied by occasional evidence of leucocytoclasis. By virtue of its ability to induce inflammatory cell accumulation in human skin, Paf-acether should be considered as a potential mediator of inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis.
A radioassay of granulocyte chemotaxis employing chromium-51 labeled cells and a double micropore filter system is presented. In comparison to the conventional Boyden chamber technique, this method offers significant advantages including: a) elimination of tedious filter staining and microscope counting resulting in a considerable saving in laboratory time, b) elimination of observer subjectivity, c) excellent sensitivity over a wide range of cell responses with no increase in variability, d) ability to monitor cellular events in all compartments of the chemotaxis chamber and e) a means for standardization of neutrophil chemotaxis among different laboratories.
Non-ionic resins such as XAD-2 have been widely used as part of routine procedures in the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determinations of prostaglandins from aqueous solutions. However, there are reports that XAD-2 cannot be used in connection with radioimmunoassay (RIA), because the column constantly leaks a polymer which almost completely inhibits the antigen-antibody binding. It seems, however, possible to overcome these difficulties by modifying the procedure. The present method can be used with RIA and in combination with further chromatographic purifications for GC-MS determinations.
In two groups of medical students (group A n=13, group B n=9, aged 23 to 28 years) we estimated the levels of PGE, PGF2 alpha, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and thromboxane(TX)B2 by means of radioimmunoassay in the peripheral venous blood immediately before (BES) and 15-30 min after (AES) examination stress and compared these to control levels. Furthermore we determined the circulating platelet aggregates, the heart rate and blood pressure changes. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure increased in the BES period expressing a stressful situation. In BES the plasma level of PGE increased from 84 to 249 pg/ml (p less than 0.001), whereas PGF2 alpha was unchanged. The increase of PGE level seems to be an expression of the increased sympathetic nervous activity existing in the stressful situation. The level of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, the stable metabolite of prostacyclin, behaved differently in the two groups. In group A there was a statistically significant increase (p less than 0.05), whereas in group B the 6-keto-PGF1 alpha level was unchanged. In AES the TXB2 level increased from 113 to 167 pg/ml (p less than 0.01), whereas under BES conditions the TXB2 level was not changed. Simultaneously with the increased TXB2 level the circulating platelet aggregates were increased. The increase in TXB2 level occurring only after the end of the examination may offer a possible explanation of the frequent appearance of heart attacks after stressful situations.
The effect of synthetic 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-acetyl-sn-glycero-30-phosphocholine (PAF-acether) and of 1-O-octadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lyso-PAF-acether) on human neutrophil migration was studied in modified Boyden chambers, with the following results: (1) By checkerboard analysis and deactivation experiments, the factors are chemokinetic at low (10(-8) M) and chemotactic at higher concentrations (10(-6) M), with lyso-PAF-acether being less potent at all concentrations. (2) Cross-deactivation occurs between the two PAF compounds, but not with two other chemotactic factors, suggesting a specific, common receptor for the PAFs on the neutrophil membrane. (3) Other chemotactic substances may act as potentiating or additive factors to the PAF compounds. (4) Inhibition of arachidonic acid turnover during chemotaxis by compound BW 755 C enhances leukocyte chemotaxis towards the PAF compounds and towards other chemotactic factors. The data suggest that PAF and its lyso-derivate may contribute in a unique and potent fashion to leukocyte accumulation at inflammatory sites.
A method is presented for measuring the edema induced by injection of 0.05 ml of 1% solution of carrageenin, an extract of Chondrus, into the plantar tissues of the hind paw of the rat. Peak edema develops within the first 3 to 4 hours, and is inhibited by pretreatment of the animals by single oral doses of antiinflammatory agents, steroid or non-steroid. Log dose responses to drugs are linear and parallel, and yield potency ratios with relatively narrow confidence limits. The potency ratios obtained for aspirin, phenylbutazone and hydrocortisone are fairly close to the ratios of their respective daily doses in the treatment of rheumatic disease. A potent antihistaminic-antiserotonin compound, cyproheptadine, is without effect on carrageenin-induced edema.
Studies on biosynthesis of tannins in indigenous plants: Part XII. Occurrence of different polyphenols in amla (Phyllanthus emblica Linn)
- Theresa
Studies on biosynthesis of tannins in indigenous plants. Part XIII. Occurrence of a new gallotannin amlaic acid in amla leaves (Phyllanthus emblica)
- Theresa
Antiinflammatory drugs and the inhibition of arachidonate lipoxygenase
- Higgs
In vitro immune responses
- Mishell