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Medicinal plants used in the promotion of animal health in Tanzania
Abstract
Plants with curative properties enjoy the highest consideration in indigenous systems of medicine throughout the world. This is especially true in the developing countries, where imported drugs are very expensive and are therefore inaccessible to the vast majority of the population. The author presents the results of an ethnobotanical study conducted in three main areas, namely the Arusha, Kilimanjaro and Mbeya regions of Tanzania. Special attention was paid to the use of plants for veterinary purposes. A total of 103 plant species within 48 families are collected for their curative properties in the field of veterinary medicine. The family which provided the greatest number of species was Compositae (13 species), followed by Euphorbiaceae (11 species) and Papillionaceae (9 species). A total of 38 different pathological states are treated, the most frequent being gastrointestinal disorders, followed by helminthosis, wounds and urethral infections.
... Leaves Tanzania and Uganda [21,22] Foot and mouth Leaves mixed with those of Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq., Indigofera arrecta A. Rich. and Solanum nigrum L. ...
... Tanzania [21] Quart [16]. It is, therefore, within this context that the current study was undertaken aimed at documenting the pharmacological properties, phytochemistry and medicinal uses of A. gummifera. ...
... Major medicinal applications of A. gummifera that have been recorded in three countries and supported by at least three literature records include the use of the species as an emetic and a protective charm and, as a traditional medicine for infertility, sexually transmitted infections, gastro-intestinal infections, leprosy, respiratory infections, malaria and menstrual problems (Table 1; Figure 1). Other medicinal applications of A. gummifera recorded in at least two countries include the use of the species as cosmetic [12,17,18], to induce labour [19,20], and ethnoveterinary medicine [21,22], and a traditional medicine for anaemia [14,23], biliousness [2,12,17,18,[23][24][25], epilepsy [2,26,27], rheumatism [15,26], snake bite [12,14] and wounds [9,19,28]. ...
Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms is a climber or liane widely used as traditional medicine throughout its distributional range in tropical Africa. Adenia gummifera occurs naturally in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. This study is aimed at providing a critical review of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of A. gummifera. Documented information on the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of A. gummifera was collected from several online sources, which included Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct. Additional information was gathered from pre-electronic sources such as book chapters, books, journal articles and scientific publications sourced from the university library. This study showed that the species is widely used as an emetic and a protective charm, and, as traditional medicine for infertility, sexually transmitted infections, gastro-intestinal infections, leprosy, respiratory infections, malaria and menstrual problems. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include polyacetylenic diepoxide, alkaloids, flavonoids, flavonol, modeccin, proanthocyanidins, tetraphyllin, phenolics, polyphenol and tannins. Pharmacological research revealed that A. gummifera extracts and compounds isolated from the species have antibacterial, antifungal, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AChEI), anaesthetic, antioxidant, antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity activities. Future research on A. gummifera should focus on detailed phytochemical evaluations including toxicological, in vivo and clinical studies to corroborate the traditional medical applications of the species.
... This provides for the feasibility of controlling livestock ticks in Africa with plants and their products as components of an integrated tick control and management programme. This feasibility is justified by numerous scientific and socioanthropological reports of surveys and laboratory studies on African plants with effects on livestock ticks [104,126,127,129,149,151,165,166,199,[204][205][206][207][208][209][210]. A number of plants that have been conventionally examined for acaricidal properties include Melinis minutiflora [119,211], Commiphora erythraea and C. myrrh [116], Ocimum suave [179], Margaritaria discoidea [174], Tephrosia vogelii [199], Azadirachta indica [46,141,142,212], Nicotiana tabacum [43], Gynandropsis gynandra [44,109,120], Euphorbia candelabrum [140], and Ageratum houstonianum [126]. ...
... A number of plants that have been conventionally examined for acaricidal properties include Melinis minutiflora [119,211], Commiphora erythraea and C. myrrh [116], Ocimum suave [179], Margaritaria discoidea [174], Tephrosia vogelii [199], Azadirachta indica [46,141,142,212], Nicotiana tabacum [43], Gynandropsis gynandra [44,109,120], Euphorbia candelabrum [140], and Ageratum houstonianum [126]. Other many African plant species with potential for use in tick control and management programmes have been documented and recorded during the many ethnoveterinary survey studies conducted in local African communities [47,67,104,117,127,151,153,165,166,198,199,208]. These surveys play a key role in providing a common ground for conventionally trained researchers and ethnopractitioners (rural resource-poor livestock farmers) to meet and interact 8 ...
Antitick plants and related ethnoknowledge/ethnopractices with potential for integrated tick control and management strategies to improve livestock production are reviewed. About 231 plants reviewed showed a variety of bioactive properties, namely, being toxic, repellent, antifeedant, and antiovipositant and ability to immobilize target tick species.These ethnobotanical substances are potentially useful in developing sustainable, efficient, and effective antitick agents suitable for rural livestock farmers. Majority of these plants are holistic in action, economically affordable, user friendly, easily adaptable and accessible, and environmentally friendly and help develop community-driven tick control interventions well suited to local conditions and specific to different livestock communities. Such a multipurpose intervention best fits the recent ascendancy of individual livestock owners as the key players in tick control programmes, particularly following the withdrawal of subsidies accorded to tick control programmes by most African government agencies since mid-1980s. However, scientific validation of antitick ethnobotanicals on their efficacy and
formulation of packages easily handled by local communities is necessary to achieve a significantly increased use of such remedies. It is envisaged that the results of validation may lead to the discovery of effective and affordable antitick products.The effectiveness of these “best bets” ethnopractices can be greatest, if they are appropriately blended with conventional technologies.
... This provides for the feasibility of controlling livestock ticks in Africa with plants and their products as components of an integrated tick control and management programme. This feasibility is justified by numerous scientific and socioanthropological reports of surveys and laboratory studies on African plants with effects on livestock ticks [104,126,127,129,149,151,165,166,199,[204][205][206][207][208][209][210]. A number of plants that have been conventionally examined for acaricidal properties include Melinis minutiflora [119,211], Commiphora erythraea and C. myrrh [116], Ocimum suave [179], Margaritaria discoidea [174], Tephrosia vogelii [199], Azadirachta indica [46,141,142,212], Nicotiana tabacum [43], Gynandropsis gynandra [44,109,120], Euphorbia candelabrum [140], and Ageratum houstonianum [126]. ...
... A number of plants that have been conventionally examined for acaricidal properties include Melinis minutiflora [119,211], Commiphora erythraea and C. myrrh [116], Ocimum suave [179], Margaritaria discoidea [174], Tephrosia vogelii [199], Azadirachta indica [46,141,142,212], Nicotiana tabacum [43], Gynandropsis gynandra [44,109,120], Euphorbia candelabrum [140], and Ageratum houstonianum [126]. Other many African plant species with potential for use in tick control and management programmes have been documented and recorded during the many ethnoveterinary survey studies conducted in local African communities [47,67,104,117,127,151,153,165,166,198,199,208]. These surveys play a key role in providing a common ground for conventionally trained researchers and ethnopractitioners (rural resource-poor livestock farmers) to meet and interact 8 ...
Anti-tick plants and related ethnoknowledge/ethnopractices with potential for integrated tick control and management strategies to improve livestock production are reviewed. About 231 plants reviewed, showed a variety of bioactive properties viz toxic, repellent, antifeedant, antiovipositant and ability to immobilize target tick species. These ethnobotanical substances, are potentially useful in developing sustainable, efficient and effective anti-tick agents suitable for rural livestock farmers. Majority of these plants are holistic in action, economically affordable, user friendly, easily adaptable and accessible, environmentally friendly and help develop community-driven tick control interventions well suited to local conditions and specific to different livestock communities. Such a multipurpose intervention best fits the recent ascendancy of individual livestock owners as the key players in tick control programmes, particularly following the withdrawal of subsidies accorded to tick control programmes by most African government agencies since mid 1980s. However, scientific validation of anti-tick ethnobotanicals on their efficacy and formulation of packages easily handled by local communities is necessary to achieve a significantly increased use of such remedies. It’s envisaged that the results of validation may lead to the discovery of effective and affordable anti-tick products. The effectiveness of these ‛best bets’ ethnopractices can be greatest if appropriately blended with conventional technologies.
... In Kenya, a leaf or root extract is taken as remedy for inflammation and malaria [11,13] , while in Uganda, leaf decoction is herbal medicine for hypermenorrhea or heavy menstrual bleeding [16] . In Tanzania, leaf extract is used as herbal medicine for cancer and malaria [12,17,18] , leaf juice is used as drops for ear infections [19] and roots are used as poultices for boils [12]. In South Africa, bark, leaf or root decoction is used as herbal medicine for abdominal disorders, dropsical swellings, febrile, fever, indigestion, internal inflammation, intestinal disorders, pleurisy, rheumatism and uterine disorders [8,[20][21][22][23] . ...
... Abdominal disorders Bark decoction taken orally South Africa [21] Bleeding gums Charred, powdered bark taken orally South Africa [25] Body swelling due to kwashiorkor or tuberculosis Body washed by leaf or root decoction Kenya, Tanzania [11][12][13] Boils Roots used as poultices Tanzania [12] Cancer Leaf decoction taken orally Tanzania [17,18] Chest complaints Bark decoction taken orally South Africa [25,27] Dropsical swellings Bark decoction taken orally South Africa [21] Ear infections Leaf juice used as drops Tanzania [19] Elephantiasis Wood shavings rubbed onto affected feet DRC [15] Excessive menstrual bleeding (hypermenorrhea) ...
Croton sylvaticus (C. sylvaticus) is widely used as herbal medicine by the indigenous people of tropical Africa. The potential of C. sylvaticus as herbal medicine, the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of its parts used as herbal medicines are reviewed. The extensive literature survey revealed that C. sylvaticus is traditionally used to treat or manage at least 24 human and animal diseases and ailments. The species is used as herbal medicine for diseases and ailments such as abdominal pains, boils, fever, inflammation, malaria, rheumatism, swellings and tuberculosis and as ethnoveterinary medicine. Multiple classes of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, essential oils, flavonoids, lignan, phenolics, sterols, tannins and terpenoids have been isolated from the species. Scientific studies on C. sylvaticus indicate that it has a wide range of pharmacological activities which include antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, larvicidal and effects on the central nervous system. Although studies have confirmed that C. sylvaticus has a wide range of bioactives, further research on the exact bioactive molecules and mechanisms of action are required.
... The people who use plant-derived foods in great amounts such as vegetables, fruits and soybeans have less chances of cancer [53]. Although documentation was limited but it was observed experimentally that the preparations of certain plants may cure many diseases [54]. Stem parts of Euphorbia candelabrum plant has been used against Newcastle Disease (ND) in poultry while the leaves of Iboza multiflora in combination with Capsicum annuum fruits have been used to cure ND as well [54]. ...
... Although documentation was limited but it was observed experimentally that the preparations of certain plants may cure many diseases [54]. Stem parts of Euphorbia candelabrum plant has been used against Newcastle Disease (ND) in poultry while the leaves of Iboza multiflora in combination with Capsicum annuum fruits have been used to cure ND as well [54]. Mtambo et al. [55] reported that in a local preparation in Northern Tanzania consisting of three plants, namely Capsicum frutescens, Citrus limon and Opuntia vulgaris possess a therapeutic efficiency against ND in commercial chickens. ...
Humans have relied on nature throughout their ages to cater for their basic needs including medicines to cure
a wide spectrum of diseases. Plants have formed the basis for sophisticated systems of traditional medicines.
For therapeutic agents many of the presently known lead compounds are natural products or their derivatives.
Ethnomedicinal studies play a vital role to discover new drugs from indigenous medicinal plants. Green
pharmaceuticals are getting popularity and extraordinary importance because vast opportunities for new drug
discoveries are provided by the unmatched availability of chemical diversity and natural products either as pure
compounds or as homogenous plant extracts. Therefore, in recent years the demand for herbal medicines and
several natural products from a variety of plant species is consistently increasing. In spite of being an agricultural
country and having different ecological regions, the medicinal plants of Pakistan have not been explored for their
secondary metabolites which are responsible for treating different diseases. Although, huge importance of different
extracts of medicinal plants from Pakistan have been reported for their different activities such as antimicrobial,
anti-cancerouse, antiviral and antioxidant but complete biochemical profiling of these medicinal plants is lacking.
LC-MS and GC-MS techniques have been applied in the field of drug discovery from medicinal plants but in Pakistan
its success rate is very low in the subject of biochemical profiling. Therefore, such techniques should be used in
Pakistan to explore active constituents from medicinal plants which could be used as medicines in future.
... The targeted smallholder poor rural livestock farmers constitute the majority of the livestock farming communities on the African continent (Kariuki 1996), hence the need to develop new novel methods and approaches suitable for local and native conditions and smallholder poor rural livestock farmers (Pegram et al 2000, Eisler et al 2003. Under these circumstances therefore, the local communities' anti-tick ethnoknowledge is envisaged to provide a basis for identifying and applying potentially useful, community-driven and specific tick control and management interventions that minimize tick resistance problem, are wholistic in action, environmentally friendly, economically affordable, easily accessible and safe when handling and the local end user livestock farmer is the expert personnel (Minja 1994). The anti-tick ethno knowledge and related technologies may indeed offer a more lasting and locally suited ethno strategic alternative in sustainable control and management of livestock ticks in tickprone areas (Marx 1984, Mathias-Mundy and McCorkle 1989, Matzigkeit 1990, Mathias et al 1998, Martin et al 2001. ...
... Since pre-historic times, the traditional folklore did not only have medicines for human treatment, but also for managing animal health (Minja 1994), although lagging behind (Kofi-Tsekpo and Kioy 1998). From the survey study involving 272 key respondents, showed that the Bukusu community had well developed ethno strategies for control of livestock ticks and management of tick-borne diseases and general animal health, which comprised a traditionally integrated system, equivalent of modern integrated tick control and animal health management (Mathias-Mundy and McCorkle 1989). ...
Livestock industry is a integral to rural livelihoods and cultural life of Bukusu community in western Kenya. External parasites mainly ticks adversely affect the development of this industry in Africa. The study aimed at comparing traditional and conventional approaches to livestock ticks control and management of animal ethno health in Bukusu community. This approach was hypothesized to provide a basis for further research on efficacy of comparable ethno products that may lead to discovery of useful ethno pharmacological agents. As praxis socio-anthropological research, non-alienating, multi-strategic, dialogic, comparative literature review, participatory action research (PAR) and participatory rural appraisal (PRA) approaches involving 272 women and men aged between 18 and 118 years old from Bukusu community were analytically surveyed. This set of triangulation approaches were considered suitable due to considerable intra- and inter-cultural variability, rather than cultural homogeneity in studied population and highly individualized nature of animal health ethno knowledge. Approaches utilized are essential in non-experimental validation process of ethno knowledge. Both traditional and conventional methods for animal health management are still being used alongside each other. Ethno veterinary knowledge was acquired, is used and practiced in the context of community's beliefs and taboos and comprised integrated tick control and animal health management ethno strategies. 27% of respondents recognized ethno knowledge application on livestock ticks control and animal ethno health management on subjects other than livestock (73%). Of 99% respondents motivated to practice ethno veterinary medicines, 63% were driven by socio-economic gains while 36% offered it free of charge to the community. By the end of the survey, community ethno practitioners had started regaining confidence in their ethno veterinary knowledge albeit existence of unresolved issues of bio piracy, spiritualism, bio prospecting, legislation, oathing, witchcraft and ritualism. Studies showed that the Bukusu community is a repository of ethno veterinary knowledge for livestock health management and both conventional and traditional knowledge systems may complement one another. Integrating anti-tick ethno practices/agents in tick control may locally improve livestock industry, thus giving the already impoverished livestock-dependent rural economy a fresh impetus largely following elucidation of scientific rationale of these ethnopractices/agents and deployment of some of them.
... Traditionally, the stem bark is pounded and the infusion used for treating influenza, sore throat, colds, arthritis, rheumatism and to relieve inflammation (Dalziel, 1937, Orwa et al., 2009). In Tanzania, it is also used to stimulate lactation (Minja, 1994) and in Mali and Senegal, to treat respiratory diseases such as emphysema (Prelude medicinal plants database, 2011). Further down, in Central Africa, Congo Brazaville, the bark is used for treating diarrhoea, cysts, skin diseases and ulcers (Teklehaymanot and Gidday, 2007). ...
... The LD 50 of extracts administered orally was shown to be above 3000 mg/kg body weight. Animals showed 100% mortality after intraperitoneal administration of 600 mg/kg body weight of the same extracts and the LD 50 intraperitoneally was reported to be 584 mg/kg. In another acute toxicity test, the median lethal dose of ethyl acetate leaf extracts of Ficus thonningii administered orally was shown to be above 5000 mg/kg body weight in adult Wistar rats (Ahur et al., 2010). ...
The common wild fig, Ficus thonningii, is extensively used in African ethnomedicine for treating a number of disease conditions which include diarrhoea, urinary tract infections, diabetes mellitus, gonorrhoea, respiratory infections, and mental illnesses. This review aims to present a logical analysis of the nutritional, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of F. thonningii in relation to its therapeutic applications. A bibliographic analysis of the uses, phytochemical constituents and phytophamacological properties of Ficus thonningii was carried out using published papers, medicinal plant databases and various ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological books. Ficus thonningii contains various bioactive compounds which include alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins and active proteins, all of which contribute to its curative properties. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies revealed that F. thonningii possesses antimicrobial, antidiarrhoeal, antihelmintic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies have shown that Ficus thonningii is non-toxic if administered orally in low doses. Scientific research has validated the ethnomedicinal claims that Ficus thonningii is useful in disease management. However, there is need to continue identifying, isolating and quantifying the active principles and possibly determine the mechanisms underlying its curative properties.
... In numerous literature surveys on EVM from various parts of the world, there is only anecdotal evidence for the usage of plants as anthelmintics in animals (Than et al., 1993; Anonymous, 1994; Minja, 1994; Anonymous, 1996; Catley & Mohammed, 1996; Wanyama, 1997a, b; Lans & Brown, 1998; Namanda, 1998; Danø & Bøgh, 1999; Minja, 1999; Vieira et al., 1999; Tamboura et al., 2000; Nfi et al., 2001; Uncini Manganelli, Camangi & Tomei, 2001; Waller et al., 2001; Alawa, Jokthan & Akut, 2002). In such a survey in Asia, 23 plants were identified as potential anthelmintics (Anonymous, 1994). ...
... The Pokot in Kenya (Beentje, 1994), and various communities in Ethiopia (Desta, 1995), were reported to use an infusion of bark decoction as an emetic against cestodes. Bark decoction was also reported to be a popular treatment for intestinal parasites amongst the Samburu of Kenya (McCorkle, Mathias & Veen, 1996), and in many parts of East Africa, in both humans and livestock (Galal et al., 1991b, a; Minja, 1994; Grade & Longok, 2000; Koko, Galal & Khalid, 2000). The bark of this plant was collected from three districts in Kenya. ...
Parasitic nematodes, especially Haemonchus contortus, are among the most common and economically important causes of infectious diseases of sheep and goats owned by pastoralists and small holder farmers in East Africa. In Kenya, control of these infections mainly relies on the use of anthelmintic drugs. However, ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) preparations are widely used by pastoralists and small holder farmers (SHF) for treatment of their livestock against helminth parasites.
This thesis covers the evaluation of the anthelmintic efficacy of some EVM preparations used by pastoralists and SHF in Kenya. The plant species selected, and prepared for animal dosing with the help of traditional healers (THs) were: Aframomum sanguineum, Albizia anthelmintica, Ananas comosus, Annona squamosa, Azadirachta indica, Dodonaea angustifolia, Hagenia abyssinica, Hildebrandtia sepalosa, Myrsine africana, Olea europaea var. africana, and Rapanea melanophloeos. Evaluation was carried out in two in vivo infection models, namely H. contortus in sheep and Heligmosomoides polygyrus in mice. The anthelmintic efficacy of the EVM preparations was monitored through faecal egg count (FEC) reduction, at regular intervals for a period of 2 – 3 weeks post treatment in sheep. Monitoring in mice was done through FEC and total worm counts (TWC) one week after treatment. An a priori cut-off value of 70% reduction of FEC and TWC, to denote useful anthelmintic efficacy, was used for both sheep and mice.
Of the ten plant species tested in sheep, the largest decrease of 34% in FEC was measured from a bark preparation of A. anthelmintica collected from the Samburu District. None of the other plant species had a significant effect on FEC.
Similarly, the seven plant species and some of their related active constituents evaluated in mice did not significantly reduce FEC or remove parasites. Preparations of A. anthelmintica at doses above 0.5 g per mouse were toxic.
In conclusion, no reduction of FEC or TWC greater than the a priori value of 70% was observed in sheep or in mice. Therefore, the plants evaluated were ineffective as anthelmintics in the preparations and forms that were used.
... In many literature surveys on EVM from various parts of the world, there is only anecdotal evidence for the usage of plants as anthelmintics in animals ( Than et al., 1993;Anonymous, 1994Anonymous, , 1996Minja 1994Minja , 1999Catley and Mohammed, 1996;Namanda, 1998;Danø and Bøgh, 1999;Vieira et al., 1999;Lans et al., 2000;Tamboura et al., 2000;Nfi et al., 2001;Uncini Manganelli et al., 2001;Waller et al., 2001;Alawa et al., 2002;Keyyu et al., 2003). In such a survey in Asia, 23 plants were identified as potential anthelmintics (Anonymous, 1994). ...
... Some plants, such as Areca catechu, were claimed to have an effect on parasites of all host species (Anonymous, 1994). In Tanzania, Minja (1994) classified seven plants as having anthelmintic properties and, in Nigeria, 18 plants were identified to have anthelmintic effects, although no target animal host species was indicated ( Ibrahim et al., 1984). Recently, in northern Nigeria, four plants were identified as being active against helminth infections of livestock ( Alawa et al., 2002). ...
Ethnomedicine is an integral part of traditional medical practices in many countries of the developing world. A large proportion of the population uses this form of treatment for primary health care and for the treatment of ailments in their livestock. Livestock is a major asset for resource-poor smallholder farmers and pastoralists throughout the world and internal parasites are recognized by these communities as having an impact on livestock health. Parasitic infections are among those infections that traditional healers confidently treat and against which an enormous variety of remedies exist. Many of these are based on the use of plant preparations. Although various methods have been used for the validation of traditional phytomedical preparations, there is a lack of standardization of these procedures. The present study is aimed at providing an overview of ethnoveterinary deworming preparations, the various methods that have been used in their validation and the future prospects for their use against helminth parasites of ruminant livestock in developing countries, with an emphasis on nematode parasites. Recommendations are made on the procedures that should be followed to conduct in vivo and in vitro assays. Fostering better interaction between traditional healers and scientists is advocated to prevent harmful overexploitation, both of local knowledge and of plant species that may have effects against nematode parasites.
... Our aim of study is to understand the proper management and utilization of the plant resources for the best benefit of animal kingdom, in terms of animal health and nutrition. For this study parts of Andhra Pradesh rich in plant diversity, animal husbandary and varied geographical conditions were selected [3]. These people used traditional plant use art for disease treatment to animals. ...
Svante Arrhenius, Swedish scientist predicted as early as 1896 that human activity would interfere with the way sun interferes with the earth- leading to global warming, climatic change and loss of biodiversity. Environmental change has affected most biological systems on our planet, mostly negatively. This is becoming an increased concern for the well-being and survival of many species. The effect of environment encompasses endocrine disruptions, sex ratio changes and decreased reproductive parameters, also include physiological, genotoxic, tetrogenic, immune suppressing effect, that lead to disease directly or increase of acquiring disease. Utilization of plants has been in vogue from time immemorial for various needs. Plants with medicinal properties enjoy the highest considerations in indigenous systems of medicine. Knowledge of the curative properties of specific plants is an accomplished art which is passed on from one generation to the next. Healthy animals are more likely to result in safer food supplies, higher production, reduced environmental impacts, improved animal well-being and most importantly reduced use of antibiotics. Plants are nature’s doctors, so plants when used for correction of animal health problems, reduce the disease management expenditure by nearly 40%. More plant utilization with re cropping will bring down the negative impacts of the environmental issues. Very easily available neighbourhood wild plants happen to be solutions for great health problems of animals. Utilization of this plant treasure can work the wonder wand for a better environment free of Global environment concerns.
... Other medicinal uses of the leaves reported include treatment of bone movement disorders, ringworm, thrush, scabies and athlete's foot. The latex has been traditionally used for treating fever, tooth decay and ringworm cataract in the eye [27], also as a vermifuge. Traditionally, the stem bark is pounded and the infusion used for treating influenza, sore throat, colds, arthritis, rheumatism and to relieve inflammation [28]. ...
Green synthesis of nanoparticles known as the synthesis of nanoparticles using biosynthetic methods involving naturally reducing agents such as polysaccharides, biological microorganism such as bacteria and fungus or plants extract. The synthesis of nanoparticles by the use of biological methods have reached a colossal signification above physical and chemical procedures, this is due to the use of innocuous, biocompatible, and ecologically-sound substrates and remarkably uncomplicated synthetic processes at encompassing conditions. In this research, the synthesis, characterization and the determination of the antibacterial activity of Zinc oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was ascertained using stem bark extract of Ficus thonningii (Blume) as a stabilizing agent. However, the anti-diabetic activity and some biochemical changes caused by the synthesized ZnO NPs on alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar Rats were also determined. ZnO NPs were synthesized using biological method at different concentrations of ZnO solution (1mM, 2mM, 3mM and 4mM), these NPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR and SEM. Wistar rats weight 185 ± 5g were grouped into nine (9) groups (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and I). Group A served as normal control which was given only feed and water, group B, C, D and E, were induce and treated with 1mM, 2mM, 3mM and 4mM ZnONPs respectively, then F and G were induced and treated with aqueous extract and ethanolic extract while H was induced and treated with Glibenclamide (standard drug for diabetes) by gavage method and finally I was induced and untreated which served as diabetic control. The results showed that ZnO NPs were synthesized with the indication of the change in colour from yellow to dark brown colour. The UV-visible spectroscopy was taken at range between 200nm to 700nm which displayed different peaks at the range of 209nm to 383nm. However, the FTIR showed the existence of various functional groups such as C=C stretch, C≡C stretch and Alcohol OH stretch representing the bioactive compounds such as phenol, amine and many others. The Nanoparticles were analyzed with SEM to examine the morphology of the Nanoparticles. The diabetic induced rats revealed significant decrease in fasting blood glucose after treatment compared with the diabetic untreated rats, the doses were effective when compared with Glibenclamide treated rats. The levels of serum Alkaline phosphatase, Alanine Amino transferase, Albumin, Globulin, Bilirubin, Total Protein, Urea, Creatinine and Electrolytes concentrations displayed no significant increase relative to diabetic control (p < 0.05; n ≥ 5).
... Of these, Prunus africana which is reported in this study to treat pneumonia, has also been reported in Ethiopia to treat similar ailment (Tadesse et al. 2014;Hassen et al. 2021). Also, Nuxia congesta reported to treat pneumonia has also been reported elsewhere (Minja 1994;Lulekal et al. 2014) to treat similar ailments. Polyscias fulva has been reported to treat minor bleeding in livestock (Lulekal et al. 2014). ...
Cattle rearing is the main means of livelihood for the Fulani people in the highlands of Gashaka Gumti National Park in Nigeria, however the remote location and inaccessible terrain prevent access to modern veterinary care. This puts both livestock and their keepers at risk. To survive, the inhabitants of this area rely on traditional methods to heal their animals. Regrettably, the Ethno-veterinary Medicine (EVM) knowledge in this region is jeopardized by the locals changing their preferences due to rapid socio-economic, environmental and technological
changes taking place all over the world. Therefore, documenting the therapeutic knowledge of the medicinal plant is imperative to prevent it from being lost. We conducted repeated field surveys and data were collected from sixty community members using semi-structured questionnaires through participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and rapid rural appraisal (RRA) approach. A total of eighty-eight (88) plant species belonging to 73 genera and 37 families, were recorded for the
treatment of 24 cattle diseases. The most represented families were Fabaceae (17 species) and Asteraceae (7 species). Trees were the dominant plants recorded (49 species). Pterocarpus erinaceous was the most widely used therapeutic plant species. Leaves (27%) were the most widely used plant parts, followed by the whole plant (22%),
stem bark (14%), and others. The most frequent route of medicinal administration was oral, followed by topical application. Out of the 24 ailments recorded, Bovine tuberculosis was the most reported ailments followed by Pneumonia.
Together, these data show that the Fulani people in the study area have a vast knowledge of medicinal plants useful for effective treatment of cattle illness where traditional veterinary care is unavailable. It is pertinent
to say that our study has made an important contribution towards the preservation of EVM knowledge of the study area. Therefore, subjecting the most utilized species to a phytochemical and pharmacological investigation is imperative for possible novel discovery and the production of cheap drugs.
... Ethiopia and Tanzania [67,[72][73][74][75] uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of C. mucronata so as to provide baseline data required in evaluating the therapeutic potential of the species. ...
Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich. is a perennial climber widely used as traditional medicine in tropical Africa. This study is aimed at providing a critical review of medicinal uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of C. mucronata. Documented information on medicinal uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of C. mucronata was collected from several online sources such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as book chapters, books, journal articles and scientific publications obtained from the University library. The articles published between 1962 and 2020 were used in this study. This study revealed that leaves, rhizome, roots and stems, and whole plant parts of C. mucronata are mainly used as traditional medicines for sexually transmitted infections, fever, swellings, headache, respiratory problems, snakebite, malaria, pregnancy problems and gastro-intestinal problems. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, glycerine, glycosides, phenolics, reducing sugars, resin, saponins, steroids, tannins and triterpenes. Pharmacological research revealed that C. mucronata extracts and alkaloids isolated from the species have antibacterial, anti-mycobacterial, antifungal, antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal, anti-ulcer, anti-androgenic, anti-steroidogenic, enzyme tyrosine kinase p56 inhibitory, hypoglycemic, larvicidal, molluscicidal, sedative, tocolytic, uterine relaxant and cytotoxicity activities. There is need for extensive toxicological evaluations of crude extracts and compounds isolated from the species since C. mucronata contains potentially toxic compounds
... In Kenya, the leaves are roasted and mucilage is used to reduce swellings (Kokwaro, 1976), the latex is used for headaches (Pakia et al., 2003a) kilifiensis -1942 -For the occurrence near Kilifi, in Kenya (Figueiredo and Smith, 2010 (Abihudi et al., 2019;Hamza et al., 2006;Moshi, 2005), inflammations, expulsion of retained placenta (Minja, 1994), anaemia (Neuwinger, 1996), burns, cough, diarrhoea, eye infection, allergy, neutralize poison in eyes, malaria, pneumonia, ring worms, skin disorders, sleeping sickness, pimples, chicken diseases in Kenya , diseases of the respiratory, nervous, ophthalmic, dermatological, cardiovascular systems, and against parasites (Amir et al., 2019;Njoroge and Bussmann, 2006), pneumonia and malaria in Kenya (Kareji, 2013;Omara et al., 2020), elephantiasis (Kamau, 2018). ...
Introduction
There is widespread use of Aloe species in traditional healing practices in East Africa for a variety of diseases. Unfortunately, there is a tendency of mistakenly referring to all species of the genus Aloe as Aloe vera, despite the diversity of aloes in the region. The names for the different Aloe species in local languages are usually the same for the different species.
Aim
The aim of this review was to assess the medicinal uses of the indigenous little-known and other popular Aloe species in East Africa.
Methods
Relevant articles, books, theses, dissertations, patents, and other English-only reports on the ethnobotany, traditional medicinal uses, pharmacological or biological activity, toxicity, phytochemistry, trade, conservation, etymology, and distribution of aloe species in East Africa (Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, and Burundi) were reviewed. Databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and search engines such as Google Scholar, were searched between May and September 2020. Scientific names and synonyms of the aloe species were verified and resolved using Plants of the World Online (POWO, http://powo.science.kew.org/).
Results
Forty-nine of the over 180 Aloe species known in East Africa, are traditionally used for treating various ailments. Most of the Aloe species (85.7%) had direct references to their use in traditional medicine. Thirty-six species (73.5%) had some form of phytochemical analysis performed on them. Most of the Aloe species (67.3%) have never been investigated for any biological activity. The distinctive constituents in aloe leaves are phenolic compounds including chromone, anthraquinone or anthrone derivatives. Aloe aageodonta, A. ballyi, and A. christianii are known to be poisonous to humans when used in high doses, despite being used in traditional medicine. Aloe elgonica, A. ferox, and A. lateritia are all highly toxic to brine shrimp, whereas A. macrosiphon, A. vera, and A. volkensii cause a wide range of toxic side effects, such as bloody diarrhoea, dehydration, kidney damage, miscarriage, nausea and vomiting, hepatotoxicity, and acute renal failure, when used for long periods and in high doses.
Conclusion
Several Aloe species are used in East Africa for treating various ailments. However, most of the local Aloe species have not been scientifically investigated for their biological activity, as well as their toxicity.
... Like in these countries, a few qualitative studies have shown that most small-scale farmers in Tanzania rely on traditional remedies for treating livestock ailments [3,15,16]. In rural areas where most small-scale farmers are found, veterinary services are limited due to a shortage of synthetic drugs, lack of skilled veterinarians, and insufficient financial capacity of farmers to pay for modern veterinary services. ...
Background: Despite the increasing use of modern veterinary services to cater for livestock healthcare needs, traditional remedy remains a prominent complementary medical practice yet inadequately documented. This is especially so in areas of rural Tanzania where livestock diseases are rampant and modern veterinary services are insufficiently provided. This study, therefore, aims to understand and document the indigenous knowledge associated with the use ethnoveterinary plants in curing livestock ailments in the northern Tanzania.
Methods: Ethnobotanical data from livestock keepers were collected through structured and semi structured interviews. A total of 161 informants were selected from Hai, Moshi, Siha and Meru districts in northern Tanzania using snowball sampling technique. The fidelity level, frequency index, and informant consensus factor ere estimated from the data.
Results: We found a total of 54 ethnoveterinary plants belonging to 51 genera and 35 families used to treat 34 kinds of livestock ailments. About 59% of all medicinal plants examined during this study were extracted from the leaves, mainly prepared in crushed form – infusions (29%) and administered orally (77%). Further results show that 77.1% of the formulations were prepared by plant materials obtained from a single species while 22.9% were prepared from different species. Aloe vera (L.) Burm, and Aloe volkensii Engl. scored the highest frequency indices (40.5 each) for 2 treating Newcastle in poultry, and anti-diarrhoea in cattle, respectively. The highest fidelity levels were found in Capsicum frutescens L. (100) and Kigelia Africana L. (100) both responsible for treating Newcastle in Chicken, and Ficus sycomorus (Lam.) Benth (100) for relieving birth complications in cattle. Newcastle and respiratory ailment categories had the highest informant consensus factor value of 0.92 with 103 use-reports, referring to the use of nine plant species.
Conclusions: The high use of such ethnoveterinary plant in treating livestock ailments highlights their veterinary importance and the need for government support for initiatives aimed at preserving this knowledge as an alternative healthcare practice for livestock in rural Tanzania.
... Plants in this genus are usually referred to as "coral trees" due to their red flowers and branches that resemble the shape of sea coral [7]. Erythrina abyssinica is a deciduous leguminous tree native to East Africa but also found in Central and South Africa [8,9]. Tropical Asia and Central America have E. abyssinica as an exotic species. ...
Background. Many studies have been undertaken on the medicinal values of Erythrina abyssinica Lam. ex DC. (Fabaceae). The details, however, are highly fragmented in different journals, libraries, and other publication media. This study was therefore conducted to provide a comprehensive report on its ethnobotany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemicals, and the available pharmacological evidence supporting its efficacy and safety in traditional medicine. Method. We collected data using a PROSPERO registered systematic review protocol on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and ethnopharmacology of Erythrina abyssinica from 132 reports that were retrieved from electronic databases. Documented local names, morphology, growth habit and habitat, ethnomedicinal and nonmedicinal uses, diseases treated, parts used, method of preparation and administration, extraction and chemical identity of isolated compounds, and efficacy and toxicity of extracts and isolated compounds were captured. Numerical data were summarized into means, percentages, and frequencies and presented as graphs and tables. Results. Erythrina abyssinica is harvested by traditional herbal medicine practitioners in East, Central, and South African communities to prepare herbal remedies for various human and livestock ailments. These include bacterial and fungal infections, tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, diarrhea, cancer, meningitis, inflammatory diseases, urinary tract infections, wounds, diabetes mellitus, and skin and soft tissue injuries. Different extracts and phytochemicals from parts of E. abyssinica have been scientifically proven to possess anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiplasmodial, antiproliferative, antifungal, antimycobacterial, antidiarrheal, anti-HIV 1, antidiabetic, and antiobesity activities. This versatile pharmacological activity is due to the abundant flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids present in its different parts. Conclusion. Erythrina abyssinica is an important ethnomedicinal plant in Africa harboring useful pharmacologically active phytochemicals against various diseases with significant efficacies and minimal toxicity to mammalian cells. Therefore, this plant should be conserved and its potential to provide novel molecules against diseases be explored further. Clinical trials that evaluate the efficacy and safety of extracts and isolated compounds from E. abyssinica are recommended.
1. Introduction
Erythrina abyssinica Lam. ex DC. (Fabaceae) is an important medicinal plant as evidenced by the existence of its names in various local languages and high frequency of citation in ethnobotanical surveys [1–4]. The genus Erythrina derives from the Greek word “erythros,” translated to mean red (a reflection of the showy red flowers of its various species). The epithet ‘‘abyssinica’’ means ‘‘from Ethiopia’’ [5]. The Erythrina genus houses at least 120 species distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical zones [6]. Plants in this genus are usually referred to as “coral trees” due to their red flowers and branches that resemble the shape of sea coral [7]. Erythrina abyssinica is a deciduous leguminous tree native to East Africa but also found in Central and South Africa [8, 9]. Tropical Asia and Central America have E. abyssinica as an exotic species. The common English names of E. abyssinica are coral tree, Uganda coral, kaffir boom, erythrina, flame tree, red-hot-poker tree, and lucky-bean tree [10]. Some of the local names used across indigenous communities are summarized in Table 1.
Folk name (local language)
Country
Authors
Ejjirikiti (Luganda), Murinzi, Kiko Omoko/Echuko (Rutoro, Rukonzo), Oluo (Lugbara), Kisoro, Lochoro, Oding, Loting (Acholi), Kikiri (Kwamba), Engosorot (Ateso), Olawu (Madi), Koli (Jopadhola), Owila kot (Lango), Muyirikiti, Ekilama (Lusoga), Cheroguru, Muragolo (Lugishu), Mutembetembe (Lugwe), Bwiko (Lukiga), Kaborte (Sebei), Kiko, Muko (Lunyangkore, Lutoro), Mudongodongo, Mukobe (Lunyuli)
Uganda
[2, 3, 10–15]
Omotembe (Kisii), Muhuti (Kikuyu), Ekirikiti or Ol-Goroshe (Maasai), Muuti (Meru), Kivuti or Muvuti (Kamba), Mulungu (Taita), Mwamba ngoma, Mbamba ngoma, Muhuti, Mjafari or Mwamba (Kiswahili), Kumurembei (Luhya)
Kenya
[10, 16–19]
Qanqari (Iraqw), Mriri (Chagga), Muhemi (Hehe), and Muungu (Pare), Kisebhe (Rungwe)
Tanzania
[20–22]
Kuara, Korra, Korch (Amharic)
Ethiopia
[10]
Umuko (Lunyarwanda)
Rwanda
[23–26]
Dus (Arabic), Hab al Arous
Sudan, South Sudan
[10, 27, 28]
Chisunga (Lunda)
Democratic Republic of Congo
[10]
Mulunku (Chokwe)
Angola
[4]
Mulunguti, Mwale (Nyanja)
Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi
[10]
Mulunguti (Bemba, Tongan)
Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe
[5, 10]
Mutiti (Shona)
Zimbabwe
[5]
Suwawue, Soaueh (Tigrigna)
Eritrea, Ethiopia
[10, 29]
... as herbal medicine for bilharzia [54,55]. The leaves of L. edulis are also used as ethnoveterinary medicine in Tanzania [56]. ...
Lannea edulis is a fruit plant widely used as herbal medicine throughout its distributional range in tropical Africa. This study was aimed at providing a critical review of the biological activities, phytochemistry, and medicinal uses of L. edulis. Documented information on the botany, biological activities, medicinal uses, and phytochemistry of L. edulis was collected from several online sources which included BMC, Scopus, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Elsevier, PubMed, and Web of Science. Additional information on the botany, biological activities, phytochemistry, and medicinal uses of L. edulis was gathered from pre-electronic sources such as book chapters, books, journal articles, and scientific publications sourced from the University library. This study showed that the bark, leaves, rootbark, and roots of L. edulis are used as antiabortifacient and herbal medicine to dilate birth canal, dizziness, sore eyes, sexually transmitted diseases, amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea, malaria, bilharzia, and gastrointestinal problems. Ethnopharmacological research revealed that L. edulis extracts and compounds have anthelmintic, anti-human immunodeficiency virus, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities. Future studies should focus on conducting detailed phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological evaluations of L. edulis crude extracts as well as compounds isolated from the species.
... Knowledge of medicinal plants for both livestock and humans is an important asset for the livelihood of the indigent people in the developing countries of the world. The dependence on medicinal plants is higher, where pharmaceutical drugs are imported and many times inaccessible due to their high costs (Minja 1994;Rajpar et al. 2011). Similarly, in most of the remote and far-flung areas and/or islands where animal health facilities are often very limited and involve travelling long distances to nearest dispensaries, the use of available plant resources as medicine becomes important. ...
The South Pacific island countries (SPIC) are among the most vulnerable countries in the world to economic shocks, climate change and natural disasters. Agriculture including livestock production makes important contribution to socio-economic development in the region. However, the livestock sector is marred by many livestock diseases, which are crippling the economies as well as threatening the food security of the island nations, most of which have high dependence on imports. Limited veterinary medical facilities, high cost of conventional medicine and remoteness of some rural farming communities make it difficult for farmers to treat their diseased animals. Nevertheless, the island nations are endowed with vast reserves of medicinal plants in diverse ecosystems including mangroves, rainforests and tropical dry forests. Despite the ubiquity of traditional medicine systems, most of the plant species have been used to treat human aliments in the SPIC and very few farmers utilise herbal medicine to treat their animals. This review highlights the common diseases affecting livestock production in the SPIC, threats to ethno-veterinary knowledge, and potential plant species and their efficacies to treat animal diseases and parasites. It also discusses the common methods of preparation of veterinary herbal medicine and possible ways of making the medicine available in the formal and informal markets in the region. It is envisaged that the review will stimulate further ethno-veterinary research among livestock disease management practices in the SPIC.
... In other studies, indigenous trees and shrubs leaf meals were used to replace conventional supplements like SFC and were shown to have high growth rates in goats (21 g/day) compared to 7 g/day for goats fed SFC [32]. Indigenous plants have also been shown to possess medicinal effects in the animals [33]. ...
... La flore africaine réputée pour sa richesse comprend des milliers d'espèces végétales parmi lesquelles certaines ont fait l'objet d'études scientifiques. On peut citer dans la gamme des plantes utilisées comme anthelminthiques dans la pharmacopée vétérinaire Cissampelos muccromata, Senecio lyratipartitus, Croton macrostachys (Minja, 1994), Berlina grandiflora (Enwerem, 2001), Chenopodium ambrosioides, (Ketzis et al., 2006), Vernonia amydgdalina, Annona senegalensis, (Alawa et al., 2003), Newbouldia laevis, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloïdes, Morindia lucida, Momordica balsamina, Carica papaya (Hounzangbé-Adoté, 2004), Leucaena leucocephala (Ademola and Idowu, 2006). Newbouldia laevis de la famille des Bignoniaceae et Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloïdes de la famille des Rutaceae sont deux espèces de plantes répandues un peu partout dans les régions tropicales dont le Bénin. ...
Les effets anthelminthiques de la poudre de feuilles de Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides et de Newbouldia laevis ont ete evalues in vivo sur Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis et Oesophagostomum columbianum chez les chevreaux Djallonke âges de 4 a 5 mois. Les doses de 3,2 et 4,8 g/kg poids vif ont ete administrees par voie orale pendant trois jours consecutifs. Le taux de reduction de l’excretion fecale est respectivement passe, entre une et trois semaines apres traitement de 55% a 84% pour Z. zanthoxyloides et de 82% a 97% pour N. laevis. Les poudres de Z. zanthoxyloides et de N. laevis ont significativement (p < 0,05) reduit l’excretion des oeufs des strongles sans effet-dose mais avec une efficacite plus marquee pour N. laevis. Au bilan parasitaire, les deux plantes se sont montrees efficaces sur la viabilite des vers adultes de H. contortus sans effet-dose pour Z. zanthoxyloides mais dose dependante pour N. laevis. Elles sont sans effets sur le nombre des vers adultes de T. colubriformis et de O. columbianum. Chez H. contortus, la poudre de Z. zanthoxyloides a reduit de facon significative (p < 0,05) et sans effet-dose le nombre d’oeufs par ver femelle (prolificite) contrairement a N. laevis.
... is a flora that belongs to the family Leguminosae-mimosoideae, found in Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Transvaal (Thulin et al., 2008). Research elsewhere showed Acacia stuhlmannii root powder promotes animal health and is repellant to snakes (Minja, 1994). In Kenya, A. stuhlmannii commonly known as Msaro among the Giriama community of the Kenyan Coast is valuable in treatment of pneumonia, malaria, syphilis, sterility and stomach aches. ...
Abstract Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt in tomato and other important crops with significant losses in the Agriculture sector. Unfortunately this disease has no known cure to date. This study intended to screen crude extracts from Acacia stuhlmannii against this soil pathogen using disc diffusion techniques. Crude extracts were obtained from about 1 kg of powder by single solvent maceration with polar (ethanol) moderately polar (ethyl acetate) and non-polar (hexane) solvents that yielded 7.94, 4.90 and 3.27%, respectively. Disc diffusion tests were used to evaluate bioactivity of the phytochemical against Ralstonia solanacearum. Growth inhibition zones were measured in mm to reflect the bioactivity of extracts. Hexane extracts were the most potent fraction with bioactivity range of 13.1–23.8 mm compared to 11.4–19.1 mm and 10.3–10.8 for ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts, respectively. These findings therefore suggest that crude extracts from A. stuhlmannii root barks are a potential biocontrol agent in the management of Ralstonia solanacearum. Keywords: Bioactivity, Acacia stuhlmannii, Ralstonia solanacearum
... T Kaaya et al. (1995), ICIPE Annual Report (1998/99), Regassaa (2000) F Tredgold (1990), Hines and Eckman (1993), Asfaw and Tadesse Eckman (1993) B Harjula (1980), Politz and Lekeleley (1988), Minja (1989), Gachathi (1989), ICRAF (1992), Hines and Eckman (1993), Kokwaro (1993), Minja (1994), Masinde (1996), ITDG and IIRR (1996), Schmidt (2003b) F Hines and Eckman (1993) C Hines and Eckman (1993) T Kaaya et al. (1995), ICIPE Annual Report (1998/99), Regassaa (2000) Ricinus communis L. A van Rijn and Tanigoshi (1999), Mitchell and Ahmad (2006) B Getahun (1976), Duke and Wain (1981), Core (1981), Fernandes et al. (1985), Toyang et al. (1995), UWMG Wehmeyer (1966), Fox and Norwood-Young (1982), Taylor (1986), Saka and Msonthi (1994), Phillipson (1995), Mizrahi et al. (2002), Kristensen and Lykke (2003) Hibiscus calyphyllus Cav. ...
... 2. The leaf juice is used as an anthelmintic [11]. It is also used to cure strangury, amenorrhea, bronchitis, leprosy, eczema, asthma and as an antipyretic. ...
Aim of the study is to investigate the Nephroprotective activity of ethanolic extract taken from Melia azadirachta leaves, against APAP (Acetaminophen) induced nephrotoxicity. The phytochemical screening was carried out on the leaf extracts of Melia azadirachta, revealed the presence of active ingredients such as Phytol, Squalene, Oleic Acid, 2-Piperidinone, N-[4-bromo-n-butyl]. Leaves of Melia Azadirachta (MA) were successively extracted with ethanol and dried in powder form. The present study was conducted on group of male albino Wister rats. On the rats with APAP induced Nephrotoxicity, different concentration of MA powder extract such as, 250, 500, 750 mg/kg of body weight of rats administered orally. Significant changes were noticed in biochemical parameters (increases in serum urea, creatinine except uric acid) in APAP induced male albino Wister rats, which were restored towards normalization in Melia Azadirachta treated animals. Thus the present study ascertains that the leaf extract of Melia azadirachta possesses significant Nephroprotective activity.
... The leaves are used for the treatment of diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, diabetes, jaundice, scabies, wounds, bronchitis, urinary tract infections, urinary schistosomiasis, gastric ulcers and colitis (Njoronge and Kibunga, 2007;Cousins and Huffman, 2002;Bah et al., 2006, Nwude and Ibrahim, 1980, Alawa et al., 2002. The stem bark is used for treating colds, arthritis, inflammation, pneumonia, bronchitis, diarrhoea, constipation, bowel disorders and to stimulate lactation (Prelude medicinal plant database, 2011; Teklehaymanot and Gidday, 2007;Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;Gelfand et al., 1985, Minja, 1994. F. thonningii roots are used for treating malaria, fever, hepatitis; for preventing miscarriages and for stopping bleeding (Gelfand et al., 1985, Prelude medicinal plant database, 2011). ...
Ficus thonningii is commonly used in traditional medicine across the African continent. We investigated the effects of crude Ficus thonningii extracts on growth, morphology and morphometry of the abdominal viscera and clinical biochemistry of neonatal rats.
Forty, 6-day old Sprague Dawley rat pups were orally gavaged once daily with either low (50 mg.kg(-1) b.w) or high (500 mg.kg(-1) b.w) doses of aqueous or methanolic F. thonningii leaf extracts while the control received distilled water. After 7 days of treatment, the pups were euthanased and gross morphometric measurements of the abdominal visceral organs were recorded. Samples of the liver, caecum and proximal small intestine were processed for histology. Plasma biochemical parameters were analysed colorimetrically.
High methanolic doses of F. thonningii extracts exhibited trophic effects on the stomach while both aqueous and methanolic extracts had trophic effects on the ceacal mucosa of rats. No significant growth-promoting effects were observed in other visceral organs. Histological analysis revealed no mucosal damage or necrosis. Clinical biochemistry parameters were not abnormally altered. There was a significant decrease (p<0.05, ANOVA) in the plasma concentration of non-fasting glucose in the high methanolic group but triglycerides and cholesterol were unaltered.
The findings suggest that at low doses, F. thonningii extracts can be safely used without the risk of any disruption in the structural integrity of the neonatal rat GIT and function of the liver and kidneys.
... The inaccessibility of synthetic acaricides at affordable prices, and theircontraindications to life of non targeted organismshas prompted the use of biopesticides which are ecofriendly (Gupta and Dikshit, 2010). Most of poor farmers in developing countries use plant concortions for the management of ticks ( Zimmerman et al., 1984;Minja., 1994;Mwangi et al., 1995;Minja, 1999;Katosh et al;Kaaya, 2000;Chenyambuga et al., 2010;Habeeb, 2010;Swai et al., 2005), however only few plant species has been scientifically evaluated for acaricidal activities. One of such ...
The Commiphora swynnertonii (Burtt) stem bark petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts were evaluated for acaricidal activity against adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma variegatum using the contact method. The extracts were tested at concentrations of 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 mg/mL. All extracts exhibited acaricidal activities which were concentration and time dependent. The Commiphora swynnertonii (Burtt) stem bark petroleum ether extract exhibited relatively high acaricidal activity with 50% lethal concentration value (LC50) of 72.31 and 71.67 mg/mL resulting mortality of 100% against Amblyomma variegatum and 87% against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus respectively after 156hours of exposure to treatments. These findings validate traditional use of Commiphora swynnertonii for control of tick.
Keywords: acaricidal activity, Amblyomma variegatum, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, plant extracts, concentration.
... This observation was intriguing because animals generally avoid browsing the bitter leaves of A. anthelmintica. East Africans widely use A. anthelmintica to control helminth parasites in human and animal medicine in Sudan (Koko, Galal & Khalid, 2000), Ethiopia (Desta, 1995) and Tanzania (Minja, 1994). ...
Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the anthelmintic effectiveness of Albizia anthelmintica, as a first step in investigating the hypothesis that livestock self-medicate. In July 2006, an observational study was conducted with 56 young female lambs, to validate A. anthelmintica efficacy. Faecal egg per gram for Coccidia, Strongyle-type, Monezia, Strongyloides and Dicrocoelia eggs were counted and analysed. Results indicate that A. anthelmintica is effective in controlling infection with a variety of internal parasites in lambs, Monezia was the most sensitive. Furthermore, treatment of Strongyle-type worms requires a biweekly dose of A. anthelmintica as an effective deworming protocol.
... The abusive and indiscriminate use of antibiotic agents in both medical and veterinarian practice have a bottom-up effectiveness regarding the resistance of drugs arising and maintenance (Van Wamel et al., 1995; Gillespie & Mchugh, 1997). Plants with therapeutic properties have a great relevance in medicine throughout the world (Minja, 1994; Almeida et al., 2001; Silva et al., 2003; Rocha et al., 2005; Bezerra et al., 2006; Funke & Melzig, 200617 15 13 12 00 00 302U 33 31 29 26 22 19 16 13 11 00 303U 29 27 26 23 21 19 16 13 11 00 304L 27 23 19 17 15 13 12 00 00 00 308U 22 21 18 16 14 11 00 00 00 00 309U 25 22 18 16 15 15 15 12 11 00 310U 36 32 31 26 23 22 19 15 12 11 311FN 29 27 24 22 20 20 19 15 12 00 311L 25 22 20 19 16 14 12 00 00 00 311U 25 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 00 00 313U 27 23 22 20 19 18 15 12 00 00 311FN 29 27 24 22 20 20 19 15 12 00 313FN 30 28 26 25 23 17 14 11 00 00 314FN 30 27 25 24 22 19 14 12 00 00 316U 29 25 24 23 21 18 16 14 12 00 319U 29 28 26 23 20 19 16 15 12 Leitão et al., 2006; Lima et al., 2006; Rocha et al., 2007). Punica granatum Linn. ...
Human and veterinary medicines have not been so well succeeded in order to achieving their goals concerning the treatment of infections for long term caused by Staphylococcus aureus linked to resistance development against antibiotic agents. The antibiotic activity of the Punica granatum Linn. fresh fruit pericarp extract was evaluated by the agar diffusion method on 38 S. aureus strains, isolated from apparently healthy lactating cows in farms situated in counties of the semi-arid region of the State of Paraiba, Brazil to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Twenty-two of the thirty-eight strains are penicillin-resistant (PRSA). The extract of R granatum presented potential anti biotic action over all the assayed strains, forming 10 to 36 mm diameter inhibition zones. This paper's results claim the effectiveness of the extract. of P. granatum as a potential antibacterial agent, on S. aureus, and display the significance of evaluating new substances with antimicrobial potential, which can contribute to alternative therapeutics for veterinary and medicine.
... T Kaaya et al. (1995), ICIPE Annual Report (1998/99), Regassaa (2000) F Tredgold (1990), Hines and Eckman (1993), Asfaw and Tadesse Eckman (1993) B Harjula (1980), Politz and Lekeleley (1988), Minja (1989), Gachathi (1989), ICRAF (1992), Hines and Eckman (1993), Kokwaro (1993), Minja (1994), Masinde (1996), ITDG and IIRR (1996), Schmidt (2003b) F Hines and Eckman (1993) C Hines and Eckman (1993) T Kaaya et al. (1995), ICIPE Annual Report (1998/99), Regassaa (2000) Ricinus communis L. A van Rijn and Tanigoshi (1999), Mitchell and Ahmad (2006) B Getahun (1976), Duke and Wain (1981), Core (1981), Fernandes et al. (1985), Toyang et al. (1995), UWMG Wehmeyer (1966), Fox and Norwood-Young (1982), Taylor (1986), Saka and Msonthi (1994), Phillipson (1995), Mizrahi et al. (2002), Kristensen and Lykke (2003) Hibiscus calyphyllus Cav. ...
To date, nomadic communities in Africa have been the primary focus of ethnoveterinary research. The Bukusu of western Kenya have an interesting history, with nomadic lifestyle in the past before settling down to either arable or mixed arable/pastoral farming systems. Their collective and accumulative ethnoveterinary knowledge is likely to be just as rich and worth documenting.
The aim of the present study was to document indigenous knowledge of the Bukusu on the effect of livestock ticks and ethnopractices associated with their management. It was envisaged that this would provide a basis for further research on the efficacy of these practices that could also lead to the discovery of useful tick-control agents.
Non-alienating, dialogic, participatory action research (PAR) and participatory rural appraisal (PRA) approaches involving 272 women and men aged between 18 and 118 years from the Bukusu community were used.
Ticks are traditionally classified and identified by colour, size, host range, on-host feeding sites, and habitat preference. Tick-associated problems recognised include kamabumba (local reference to East Coast fever, Anaplasmosis or Heartwater diseases transmitted by different species of livestock ticks) and general poor performance of livestock. Traditional methods of controlling ticks include handpicking, on-host use of ethnobotanical suspensions (prepared from one or more of over 150 documented plants) to kill the ticks and prevent re-infestation, fumigation of infested cattle with smoke derived from burning ethnobotanical products, burning pastures, rotational grazing ethnopractices, and livestock quarantine.
The study confirms that the Bukusu have preserved rich ethnoveterinary knowledge and practices. It provides some groundwork for elucidating the efficacy of some of these ethnopractices in protecting livestock from tick disease vectors, particularly those involving the use of ethnobotanicals, which may lead to the discovery of useful ant-tick agents.
The use of medicinal plants in the management of microbial infections is significant to the health of the indigenous people in many Angolan communities. The present study provides a comprehensive overview of medicinal plants used for the management of microbial infections in Angola. Relevant information was extracted from research articles published and associated with the use of medicinal plants in the management of microbial infections in Angola (from January 1976 to November 2023). Data or information were gathered from the literature sourced from Wiley Online, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, BMC, Elsevier, SpringerLink, PubMed, books, journals and published M.Sc. and Ph.D. thesis. A total of 27 plant species, representing 19 families, were recorded in this study. Hypericaceae (11%), Lamiaceae (11%), Malvaceae (11%), Phyllanthaceae (11%), Fabaceae (16%) and Rubiaceae (16%) were the most predominant families. The leaves are the most used parts (96%), followed by bark (74%) and root (70%). The data revealed that medicinal plants continue to play significant roles in the management of microbial infections in Angola. In order to explore the benefits of the therapeutic potential of indigenous medicinal plants for diseases related to infections; further scientific research studies are important to produce data on their effectiveness using appropriate test models. This approach might assist with the continuing drive regarding the integration of Angolan traditional medicine within mainstream healthcare systems.
The use of plant resources by the Bapedi people in the Limpopo province in South Africa is regarded as part of their tradition and culture. This study was aimed at documenting ethnoveterinary uses of plants in Ga-Mphahlele region in the Limpopo province, South Africa. Information was gathered through semi-structured questionnaires supplemented by field observations from 30 randomly selected Pedi speaking people in Ga-Mphahlele region of the Limpopo province. A total of 52 plant species from 32 plant families were used for 18 ethnoveterinary purposes. The majority of the species (21.2%) were used as fodder, followed by ethnoveterinary medicinal applications against wounds (19.2%), diarrhoea (17.3%), ticks (13.5%) and worms (11.5%) in domestic animals such as cattle, chickens, dogs, donkeys, doves, goats and sheep. The species with frequency of citation (RFC) higher than 0.70 included Citrullus lanatus (fodder), Vachellia karroo (ethnoveterinary medicine and fodder), Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra (fodder), Aloe ferox (ethnoveterinary medicine), Drimia sanguinea (ethnoveterinary medicine), Sarcostemma viminale subsp. viminale (ethnoveterinary medicine) and Sorghum bicolor (fodder). The traditional knowledge about forage and ethnoveterinary medicines demonstrated by the Bapedi people enable extension officers and policy makers to appreciate how local communities perceive and utilize plant resources around them.
El uso de las plantas en Medicina Veterinaria está comenzando a ganar en importancia mundialmente, debido a que pueden ser una alternativa sostenible para los países tropicales. Se realiza una revisión del uso actual de los tratamientos antiparasitarios con plantas, las investigaciones realizadas hasta el presente, las limitaciones actuales para el uso de las mismas, su efectividad, la producción de plantas antiparasitarias con técnicas avanzadas y las estrategias para su desarrollo. Se presta atención a la carencia de datos científicos sobre la efectividad, los requisitos que se deben cumplir en las investigaciones de efectividad, el uso sostenible y ambientalmente aceptable de las plantas antiparasitarias, la doble función de alimentación y tratamiento y su importancia para los países tropicales
Nowadays, the use of traditional herbal remedies in Veterinary medicine is very small in Europe, mainly due to the shift to the synthetic pharmaceutical compounds. In spite of the fact that these traditional practices persist in the Mediterranean area, they have been not much studied. In this paper, the authors study for the first time the natural remedies that are still used in the central zone of Sardinia (Nuorese region) as dietary supplements for livestock, in order to ameliorate the quality of the ovine, bovine and porcine meat, as well as the quality of the milk of ovine and bovine livestock. Key words Ethnoveterinary, folk knowledge, Sardinia, traditional livestock farming. Resumen En la actualidad la aplicación de remedios tradi-cionales en veterinaria es muy poco frecuente en Europa, al haber sido desplazada por los productos farmacéuticos de síntesis. A pesar de que estas prácticas perduran en el entorno mediterráneo, han sido poco estudiadas. En este artículo se analizan por primera vez los remedios naturales que se siguen utilizando en el centro de Cerdeña (región del Nuorese) como complemento de la dieta de animales para mejorar la calidad de la carne ovina, bovina y porcina, así como de la leche de ovinos y bovi-nos. Palabras clave Etnoveterinaria, conocimiento popular, Cerdeña, ganadería tradicional. Plantas usadas en la práctica etnoveterinaria en el Nuorese (Cerdeña, Italia) FIGURA 1. Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris Brot. Foto: Giovanni Marras.
Vernacular names Orelha de rato (Po). Kishiki cha buga (Sw). Origin and geographic distribution Cissampelos mucronata is distributed throughout tropical Africa, except the most humid areas, from Senegal east to Ethiopia and south to South Africa. Uses Cissampelos mucronata, Cissampelos owariensis P.Beauv. ex DC. and Cissampelos pareira L. have often been confused; as they are also similarly used, it is often impossible to correlate uses unambiguously with a particular species. Cissampelos mucronata has many medicinal uses, and throughout Africa people take an infusion of the bitter rhizome, and sometimes of leaves and stems, or fruit juice, to cure gastro-intestinal complaints such as diarrhoea, dysentery, colic, intestinal worms and digestive complaints, and also urogenital problems such as menstrual problems, venereal diseases, infertility, azoospermia, to induce contraction of the uterus to start labour or abortion and to expel the placenta. In eastern DR Congo a leaf decoction is taken as a vermifuge against tapeworm. In Senegal the rhizome enters into preparations to treat catarrh, whereas in Togo the rhizome is chewed to treat sore throat, cough and lung problems. In decoction the rhizome is given against oedema. In Tanzania and Madagascar a rhizome decoction is taken to diminish fever caused by malaria or jaundice. Rhizome sap is used as ear drops to treat earache. Bushmen of the Kalahari take a warm rhizome decoction to treat coughs and for general wellness. In the Okavango delta in Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe a rhizome decoction is drunk to treat headache, neck pain and back pain. In Namibia the Damara people apply the powdered rhizome to open wounds for quick healing. In Zimbabwe rhizomes are used to treat bilharzia. Throughout West Africa and in Uganda, fresh leaves, heated leaves or pulped leaves are applied to wounds, ulcers, conjunctivitis and syphilis sores, and a poultice of leaves mixed with natron is applied to swellings, ulcers and Guinea worm sores. In Ghana leaf pulp is taken internally or applied to the affected area as an antidote for snake venom. In Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso fresh leaf pulp is applied to relieve severe headache and is eaten mixed with clay to stop stomatitis. The vapour of a leaf decoction is inhaled to induce vomiting. In southern Senegal an infusion of leafy stems is used as emmenagogue. In Togo the whole plant is used in preparations to treat intercostal pain. In Nigeria ash from the plant enters into a medicine against arthritis, which is rubbed into scarifications. In DR Congo and eastern Tanzania the pounded plant is applied to snakebites. In Rwanda the plant is used to treat diseases affecting the spine. In Benin, Uganda and other parts of Africa the roots are used in medical rituals to treat mental problems such as psychoses. In Nigeria the rhizome is sometimes used in the preparation of arrow poison. In Kenya crushed rhizomes are applied to the skin of goats to remove insect parasites. The stems of Cissampelos mucronata are commonly used for tying and binding and in wickerwork; in DR Congo stems are used to make fishing lines. Production and international trade Cissampelos mucronata is mainly traded in local markets. It may enter wider markets by the name 'pareira brava'. True 'pareira brava' however is made from the South American Chondrodendron tomentosum Ruiz & Pav.; in some
This book describes the results of a study to assess the effect of ethnobotanical products on the behaviour of the brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, the main vector of East Coast fever in sub-Saharan Africa. Ethnoknowledge of the Bukusu people in western Kenya on tick control and management was evaluated to identify plants that affect livestock ticks, using participatory action research approaches. More than 150 plant species spread over 110 genera and 51 families were identified and documented. From these, eight plants were selected and their essential oils extracted and used for screening in the laboratory on their behavioural effects on ticks. From these, the plants Tagetes minuta and Tithonia diversifolia were chosen for further studies. The essential oils of these two plants were further extracted and used in laboratory and field bioassays. From the laboratory assay, using a dual-choice apparatus, it was found that essential oils of both T. minuta and T. diversifolia affect tick climbing behaviour, representing a repellent response. Dose response effects were observed. On steers, differential effects to the essential oils were observed with R. appendiculatus, which prefer to feed mainly inside the ears of the host animal. It was found that treatment of the ear region with the essential oils of both T. minuta and T. diversifolia significantly deterred ticks from reaching the ear. The essential oils of T. minuta and T. diversifolia were evaluated in the field and significantly shown to affect R. appendiculatus and other ticks naturally attached to the host animals. The essential oil of T. minuta affects R. appendiculatus and other ticks more than the essential oil of T. diversifolia. The results suggest the potential for essential oils to be incorporated in the on-host "push" and "push-pull" strategy for the control and management of R. appendiculatus, other affected livestock ticks and associated tick-borne diseases among the resource-limited livestock farming community in tropical Africa.
Hammond, J.A., Fielding, D. and Bishop, S.C., 1997. Prospects for plant anthelmintics in tropical veterinary medicine. Veterinary Research Communications, 21 (3), 213-228
The current use of anthelmintic plants in tropical veterinary medicine is reviewed and attention is drawn to the lack of scientific evidence for the effectiveness of many now in use. The case for anthelmintic plants as a means of overcoming some of the serious limitations of manufactured anthelmintics is outlined. Reasons why anthelmintic plants are not generally used in veterinary medicine, in contrast to their greater acceptance in human medicine, are considered. Strategies for their development and use are discussed, in particular the need for in vivo trials to identify those plants which are effective and suitable for general use: attention is drawn to possible candidates, including pyrethrum and papaya latex. Those helminths of most economic importance should be targeted first. Anthelmintic plants offer a traditional alternative to manufactured anthelmintics that is both sustainable and environmentally acceptable. Such plants could have a more important role in the future control of helminth infections in the tropics.
Albizia anthelmintica Brong., belongs to the plant family Mimosaceae. The plant is widely used in East Africa by poor smallholder farmers and pastoralists to treat their livestock against internal parasites. The anthelmintic effects of water extracts from the bark of A. anthelmintica, obtained from three different geographic areas in Kenya and using different methods of preparation, were tested at different doses in sheep and mice infected with the nematode parasites Haemonchus contortus and Heligmosomoides polygyrus, respectively. Lambs were infected with 3000 infective larvae of H. contortus and treated with the plant preparations 28 days later, while mice were infected with 200 infective larvae of H. polygyrus and treated 18 days later. Proximate analysis established high levels of crude proteins in A. anthelmintica bark. Two sheep out of the 45 treated with the plant preparations suffered from transient bloat, which was relieved by dosing with a surfactant. Significant reductions in faecal egg counts were observed in lambs treated with A. anthelmintica in two of the three experiments undertaken, but the efficacy levels achieved were well below the 70% reduction required. Similar values of packed red cell volume and live weight gain were observed for treated and control lambs. There was no overall significant effect of treatment with A. anthelmintica on faecal egg and total worm counts in mice. A dose rate of 1000 mg/kg bodyweight of A. anthelmintica preparation resulted in death of all mice. The results show that A. anthelmintica at the doses and preparations used is not efficacious against H. contortus in sheep or against H. polygyrus in mice.
Traditional animal health practices are today only rarely used in Europe, as many natural remedies applied for the treatment of animals have been replaced by modern pharmaceuticals. Modern institutionalized veterinary services tend to cover every aspect of animal health care, and influence most of the veterinary practices carried out by shepherds and farmers. However, in some areas, particularly of the Mediterranean, such traditional practices persist. Few ethnoveterinary studies have been conducted in the Mediterranean. In this survey, we analysed the natural remedies that are still in use or were used until very recently to treat animals in central Lucania (inland southern Italy). Plants constitute the mainstay of the folk-veterinary regimen (about 40 preparations), but there are also a few animal- and mineral-derived preparations. Among them, the veterinary use of Cistus incanus, Colutea arborescens, Daphne laureola, and Erigeron acer is reported for the first time. Moreover, the study identified diverse traditional plant nutraceuticals used to improve animal health, as well as the quality of milk and dairy products. An important potential output of this study may be the development of eco-sustainable integrated projects focused on the maintenance of traditional animal breeding and healthcare systems. Pharmacological and toxicological considerations relating to possible applications of the recorded traditional knowledge in modern evidence-based veterinary medicine are also discussed.
Gastrointestinal helminth infections remain a major constraint to livestock production globally. This study evaluated anthelmintic efficacy of 7 plants used as dewormers by farmers and pastoralists in Kenya. Thus 3 commercial anthelmintics and 7 plant preparations were tested in lambs infected with 5000 or 3000 L3 Haemonchus contortus in 4 experiments. In the first experiment, ivermectin, levamisole and albendazole were tested in 46 lambs. Seven plant preparations of Hagenia abyssinica, Olea europaea var. africana, Annona squamosa, Ananas comosus, Dodonea angustifolia, Hildebrandtia sepalosa and Azadirachta indica were tested in 151 lambs in 3 experiments. All 3 anthelminitics were highly effective in reducing faecal egg counts (FEC) and total worm counts (TWC) in lambs. Plant preparations had varying levels of crude proteins from 2.6% for O. europaea to 18.4% for A. indica. Compared with controls, no significant reductions in FEC were observed for any of the treated groups either 2 or 3 weeks post-treatment. Lambs treated with A. squamosa and A. comosus were slaughtered 4 weeks post-treatment. No significant differences were observed in mean TWC or number of eggs per female worm between treated animals and the controls. No significant improvements in weight gain were observed in treated lambs.
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