Article

Intensity and direction dimensions of competitive state anxiety and relationships with performance

January 1994
Journal of Sports Sciences 11(6):525-32

DOI:10.1080/02640419308730023

Source
PubMed

Authors:

Austin Swain

Lane4

This study examined relationships between intensity and direction dimensions of competitive state anxiety, and also relationships with beam performance in a sample of female gymnasts. The 48 gymnasts, whose ages ranged from 14 to 16 years, competed in a beam competition and were divided, via the median split technique, into poor performance and good performance groups. All the subjects completed a modified version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) 10 min prior to performance. This inventory included the original intensity scale plus a direction scale in which subjects rated the degree to which the experienced intensity of each symptom was either facilitative of debilitative to subsequent beam performance. Analyses of variance showed no significant group differences on any of the CSAI-2 sub-component intensity scores, or on somatic anxiety and self-confidence direction scores. However, the good performance group reported their cognitive anxiety intensity as being more facilitating and less debilitating to performance than the poor performance group. Stepwise multiple-regression analyses showed that the only significant predictor of beam performance was self-confidence intensity. These findings support the proposal that sports performers' directional perceptions of their anxiety symptoms may provide further understanding of the competitive state anxiety response, and also emphasize the importance of self-confidence in predicting performance.

Relationship of intensity and directional interpretation of precompetitive anxiety with coping frequency and coping effectiveness

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Starting from the importance of competitive anxiety and coping for competitive achievement, this paper examines the relationships between these two groups of variables. The first goal was to determine the intensity and effect of anxiety, the frequency of application and the effectiveness of strategies and dimensions of coping. The second goal was to determine the relationship between the frequency of application and the effectiveness of coping strategies and dimensions. The third goal was to examine possible differences in the frequency of application and in the efficiency of coping dimensions between basketball players who experience anxiety and self-confidence of different degrees and who interpret their effects on performance differently. The sample consisted of 58 highly successful basketball players, who compete within the highest national level (Myear = 15.86; Msp.exp. = 5.85). Respondents completed the following questionnaires: SCAI-2, SCAI-2-d and CICS (with an added scale for coping efficiency). Basketball players experience low anxiety but strong self-confidence. They perceived that anxiety has a slightly negative effect and self-confidence has a positive effect on performance. They most often apply task-oriented coping and evaluate it as the most efficient. The association between frequency and perceived efficacy of coping is positive, ranging from moderate to very strong. Basketball players with a higher degree of cognitive anxiety are more likely to use distraction-oriented coping and disengagement-oriented coping, while those with higher somatic anxiety are more likely to use disengagement-oriented and task-oriented coping. The more pronounced the self-confidence, the more effective is basketball players assess task-oriented coping, and the less effective is disengagement-oriented coping. The obtained results can be used in psychological preparation for the competition.

COMPETITIVE STATE ANXIETY AND PERFORMANCE IN YOUNG MALE ARTISTIC GYMNASTS

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate the competitive state anxiety and self-confidence on artistic gymnasts participating in the Greek national competition. 84 gymnasts, aged 9 – 11 years, completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2, one hour before the competition. The gymnasts, based on the total score they have received in all-around competition were divided into high and low performance, responded to the three subscales: Cognitive Anxiety, Somatic Anxiety, and Self-confidence. Results showed that there was significant difference in Self-confidence between high performance and low performance gymnasts. However, no significant differences were found in cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety in these gymnasts. The Pearson coefficient revealed statistically significant between cognitive and somatic anxiety. The regression analysis failed to reveal any significant predictor of performance in these young male artistic gymnasts. The findings of the study underline the importance of examining competitive state anxiety and self-confidence in young male artistic gymnasts, mainly developing strategies to improve self-confidence to enable the athletes to better prepare for forthcoming competitions.

Une théorie ancrée du processus émotionnel chez des pongistes de niveau national pendant leurs matchs de compétition

Presentation

Mar 2007

Guillaume Martinent

LES MULTIPLES CONCEPTUALISATIONS ET MANIFESTATIONS DE L'ANXIÉTÉ DE PERFORMANCE THE MULTIPLE CONCEPTUALIZATIONS AND MANIFESTATIONS OF PERFORMANCE ANXIETY

Article

Dec 2021

Success and Failure Effect on Self-Efficacy and Performance: An Experimental Study

Conference Paper

Nov 2021

There is much correlational research singing praises for the validity and importance of self-efficacy. As well most people believe that optimistic view of one’s capabilities would lead to higher performance. Some experimental research has cast doubt over the pervasive assumption that higher self-efficacy leads to higher performance. Specifically Control theory as opposed to the widespread Social Cognitive theory, argues that lower self-efficacy should result in higher performance. In this study we aimed to better understand the link between self-efficacy and performance, through both within and between individual comparison and to test whether a change in self-efficacy would lead to change in performance. To do this we carried out a single blind randomized between group experiment, where self-efficacy was manipulated with false feedback. The results showed that indeed self-efficacy shows a positive correlation with performance. Nevertheless, after the false feedback the positive and negative feedback groups did not differ in their performance on the second trial. In addition, the initial self-efficacy was significantly higher than any of the later self-efficacy measurements and higher than the actual performance on both occasions, but all the other self-efficacy measurements where not different from the actual performance scores. From the results it seems that self-efficacy is more of an ability to predict one’s performance rather than a belief in one’s capabilities. Since the randomization allowed to assume that both group’s capabilities are the same, a decrease in self-efficacy did not affect performance. It could be that the overall positive correlation of self-efficacy and performance found in most correlational research is due to the confounding of actual capabilities. Actual capabilities being the cause of higher self-efficacy and higher performance. At least this seems to be true for simple fine motor tasks.

Temporal Aspects of Competitive Anxiety and Self-Confidence as a Function of Anxiety Perceptions

Article

Jun 2004

Competitive anxiety and self-confidence were examined temporally in "facilitators," "debilitators," and "mixed interpreters" using the modified CSAI-2 (intensity, direction, frequency). MANOVA's (group  time-to-competition) and follow-up tests revealed no significant interactions but revealed significant main effects for both factors. Facilitators displayed increased intensities of self-confidence, more positive interpretations of cognitive and somatic symptoms, increased frequency of self-confidence, and decreased frequency of cognitive symptoms than debilitators through performance preparation. Time-to-competition effects indicated intensities of cognitive and somatic responses increased, and self-confidence decreased near competition. Directional perceptions of cognitive and somatic responses became less positive, and the frequency of these symptoms increased toward the event. Findings have implications for intervention design and timing and emphasize the importance of viewing symptoms over temporal phases.

The Relationship Between the Sport-Confidence and the Coach-Athlete Relationship in Student-Athletes

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2018

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the sport-confidence and the coach-athlete relationship in Turkish national male student-wrestlers, and to investigate whether educational status, wrestling style, wrestling category, and career of wrestlers were significant variables on student-wrestlers’ sport confidence and their relationship with their coaches. Participants were 198 Turkish national male wrestlers. Demographic questions, the Sport-Confidence Inventory (Vealey, 1986), and the Coach Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (Jowett & Ntoumanis, 2004) were performed for data collection. Results indicated that sport-confidence was significantly related to coach-athlete relationship and sport-confidence was significant predictor of wrestlers’ relationship with their coaches. Besides, wrestling style and wrestling category were significant variables on coach-athlete relationship. However, educational status and career of wrestlers were not significant variables in terms of sport-confidence and coach-athlete relationship. In conclusion, the findings of the study highlight that the association of sport-confidence and coach-athlete relationship can contribute to the understanding of relational process in sport.

Propiedades psicométricas de las escalas de dirección e intensidad del CSAI-2R en jugadores de rugby argentinos

Article

Full-text available

May 2023

La ansiedad-estado precompetitiva se caracteriza por la preocupación y la tensión asociada a la activación del organismo que puede impactar en el rendimiento deportivo. Dentro de la teoría multidimensional se ha desarrollado el Inventario de Ansiedad Estado Competitiva-2 Revisado (CSAI-2R) para evaluar la ansiedad somática, ansiedad cognitiva y autoconfianza, previos a una competencia deportiva. El objetivo del presente estudio fue aportar evidencias de validez y confiabilidad para el CSAI-2R en las subescalas de dirección e intensidad, en jugadores argentinos masculinos de rugby. En el estudio participaron cuatroscientos cuarenta y seis jugadores de la provincia de Buenos Aires (M = 16.29 años de edad; DE = .62). El Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio aportó evidencia para modelos de tres factores en ambas subescalas, conservando todos los ítems y replicando su estructura multidimensional. Los valores de consistencia interna fueron mayores a .71. El inventario ha mostrado adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para evaluar estados psicológicos precompetitivos en jugadores juveniles de rugby argentinos.

Examination Of The Relationship Between Self-Talk And Anxiety For Individuals Attending The Special Talent Examination In Sports SciencesSpor Bilimleri Özel Yetenek Sınavına Katılan Bireylerde Kaygı

Article

Apr 2023

This study examines the relationship between self-talk and anxiety for individuals attending the special talent examination in sports sciences. The study was conducted by using the descriptive and relational research design. A total of 544 student candidates who are composed of 383 male and 161 female students attending the special talent examination (STE) at the Sports Sciences Faculty of Bayburt University in the educational year of 2022-2023, who were chosen by random sampling, became the participants of this study. In the study, the researchers used the Personal Information Form, Self-Talk Questionnaire (S-TQ), Anxiety Inventory in Sports -2 (SAS) and the data obtained from the Track for STE of Sports Sciences at Bayburt University obtained online and based on voluntarism principle. The obtained data is analyzed by the computer program named SPSS 25.0. In the analysis of the data, the researchers used the methods of descriptive, percentage, average, standard deviation and inferential correlation analyses, and t-test analysis in independent samples. In the consequence of the study, it was determined that while the anxiety levels of the participants increased, their track times improved; however there was no relationship between self-talk and track times. Additionally, it was determined that while the ages of participants in the study increased, their levels of self-talk decreased; however there was no relationship between age and level of anxiety, the levels of self-talk and anxiety for the male participants were lower than those of the female participants; and while the self-talk levels of participants increased, their levels of anxiety also increased. However, it was also determined that there was no relationship between self-talk and level of anxiety.

The Relationship between Sport-Confidence and Goal Commitment of Amateur Footballers

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

The goal of this study is to examine the relationship between amateur football players’ Sport-confidence and goal commitment. The study consisted of amateur footballers in Isparta province. The sample group consisted of 194 male athletes who played in amateur teams. In this study, the personal information and the sports self-confidence scale and the commitment to team goals scale in the literature were used. Continuous Sport-confidence Scale was developed by Vealey (1986) and adapted to Turkish by Engür et al. (2006).The scale consists of 13 items in total and constitutes a dimension of the Sport-confidence scale. The overall internal consistency coefficient in the adaptation study of the scale was found to be 0.89. Goal Commitment Scale in Sports was developed by Klein vd (2001) and adapted to Turkish by Şenel and Yıldız (2016). The scale, which consists of 5 items and a single sub-dimension, is a five-point Likert-type scale. The overall internal consistency coefficient in the adaptation study of the scale was found to be 0.70. Statistical analysis was performed in computer environment. Pearson correlation analysis (r) was applied. As a result, it was observed that amateur football players participating in the study had high levels of sport-confidence and commitment to team goals. A moderate positive correlation was found between sport-confidence and commitment to team goals. This is thought to be due to the fact that amateur football players want to prove themselves and that the success of the team is also adopted as the success of their football players.

Resting-state heart rate variability after stressful events as a measure of stress tolerance among elite performers

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Introduction: A common trait of elite performers is their ability to perform well when stressed by strong emotions such as fear. Developing objective measures of stress response that reliably predict performance under stress could have far-reaching implications in selection and training of elite individuals and teams. Prior data suggests that (i) Heart rate and heart rate variability (HR/HRV) are associated with stress reaction, (ii) Higher basal sympathetic tone prior to stressful events is associated with higher performance, and (iii) Elite performers tend to exhibit greater increase in parasympathetic tone after a stressful event. Methods: The current study assesses the predictive utility of post-stressful event HR/HRV measures, an under-studied time point in HR/HRV research, in the context of military personnel selection. Specifically, we examined the relationship between a comprehensive set of HR/HRV measures and established questionnaires related to stress tolerance, experimental evaluation of executive function during stress induction, and ecologically valid selection assessment data from a week-long Special Operations Forces selection course (N = 30). Results: We found that post-stressful event HR/HRV measures generally had strong correlations with the neuroticism facet of the NEO personality inventory as well as the general and distress facets of the defensive reactivity questionnaire. HR/HRV measures correlated reliably with a change in executive function measured as a decrease in verbal fluency with exposure to a well-validated stressor. Finally, we observed a divergent pattern of correlation among elite and non-elite SOF candidates. Specifically, among elite candidates, parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) measures correlated positively and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) measures correlated negatively with evaluation of stress tolerance by experts and peers. This pattern was not present in non-elite candidates. Discussion: Our findings demonstrate that post-stressful event HR/HRV data provide an objective non-invasive method to measure the recovery and arousal state in direct reaction to the stressful event and can be used as metrics of stress tolerance that could enhance selection of elite individuals and teams.

Psychological Factors Affecting the Mental Health: A Study on Elite Wushu Athletes

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

El estado de fluidez en intérpretes de música: evaluación y condiciones para su desarrollo

Thesis

Jul 2022

Laura Moral-Bofill

La interpretación musical es una actividad compleja a nivel motor, cognitivo y emocional que depende de una variedad de factores, no solo relacionados con la competencia musical. Los estados psicológicos pueden influir en el nivel de competencia artística, ya que pueden facilitar o impedir que los músicos intérpretes muestren su verdadero potencial musical. El desarrollo de habilidades de autorregulación dirigidas a suscitar la respuesta de Fluidez puede contribuir a mejorar la calidad de su experiencia durante la interpretación, aumentar la motivación intrínseca, y facilitar el compromiso con la actividad durante largos períodos de tiempo (importante para los logros creativos y artísticos). En las enseñanzas musicales parece fundamental el desarrollo de habilidades psicológicas que preparen adecuadamente a los músicos y estudiantes de música a afrontar los estresores específicos vinculados a las demandas de sus estudios y de su futura profesión. Pero, más allá de los beneficios específicos en la actividad profesional, el entrenamiento en habilidades psicológicas de autorregulación podría influir en su salud y bienestar general. La teoría de la Fluidez se enmarca en la corriente de la Psicología Positiva, cuyo cuerpo de conocimiento ha ido en aumento desde el inicio del S. XXI. Desde esta corriente, la investigación científica se ha dirigido a comprender y construir aquellos factores que permiten que las personas, las comunidades y las sociedades prosperen. Los resultados del creciente número de investigaciones que han estudiado los efectos de aplicar la Psicología Positiva en diferentes ámbitos, muestran que la Psicología Positiva tiene una amplia base de evidencia que respalda su eficacia. Específicamente, la investigación sobre la experiencia de Fluidez ha aumentado durante los últimos años. La Fluidez “es un estado gratificante de profunda implicación y absorción que las personas experimentan cuando afrontan una actividad desafiante y perciben habilidades adecuadas para involucrarse” (EFRN, 2014)1. El fenómeno fue descrito por Csikszentmihalyi (1975)2 para explicar por qué las personas realizan actividades sin más motivo que la actividad en sí misma, sin recompensas extrínsecas, y, además, persisten en esas actividades. La experiencia de Fluidez es una experiencia reconocida como una realidad fenomenológica por personas de todas las edades, género, estatus socioeconómico y muy diversas culturas; y se considera como un estado positivo de conciencia por todas ellas. La evidencia que se ha obtenido a través de décadas de investigación ha mostrado que la experiencia de Fluidez, entendida como una experiencia óptima, sucede cuando los desafíos que una persona afronta, así como las habilidades que tiene para involucrarse están en equilibrio y a partir de un cierto nivel (superior a lo que uno realiza de forma más cotidiana en la vida diaria). Aunque estas relaciones están en parte moderadas por otros factores, tanto situacionales, como personales. La evidencia empírica también muestra que la Fluidez se asocia al afecto positivo. Cuando las personas experimentan Fluidez en una situación, también tienden a ser felices después. En el contexto de actividades que ofrecen desafíos óptimos para las habilidades que posee una persona, es un estado que se ha asociado de forma positiva con el rendimiento. En parte, porque el estado de Fluidez, como estado intrínsecamente gratificante, conduciría a un mayor compromiso con la actividad a lo largo del tiempo. En el ámbito de la música, existe una acumulación creciente de trabajos de investigación que han estudiado la Fluidez desde diferentes perspectivas. En el contexto de la interpretación musical, uno de los temas de mayor interés está relacionado con la contribución de la experiencia de Fluidez a la mejora de los síntomas de la Ansiedad Escénica Musical y a la mejora del rendimiento o calidad interpretativa. Para poder evaluar el estado de Fluidez en personas que interpretan música, pero también, para poder evaluar la eficacia de intervenciones dirigidas a desencadenar la respuesta de Fluidez, es necesario contar con un instrumento de medida del estado de Fluidez, validado en una muestra representativa de músicos intérpretes del Estado Español. El hilo conductor de la presente tesis ha sido la medición del estado de Fluidez en el contexto de la música. En primer lugar, se realizó la adaptación al español y la validación del instrumento de medida del estado de Fluidez, cuyas propiedades psicométricas se analizaron con una amplia muestra de 486 músicos del Estado Español que tenían una relación consolidada con la actividad musical (tanto estudiantes, profesionales, como aficionados). En segundo lugar, se utilizó el instrumento para evaluar el estado de Fluidez en personas con Altas Capacidades Intelectuales cuando interpretan música. Este estudio se realizó como un estudio piloto, dado que no existe en la literatura un trabajo previo en el que se haya medido el estado de Fluidez en estas personas. En tercer lugar, se utilizó el instrumento para evaluar un programa de intervención específico de entrenamiento de habilidades de autorregulación psicológica diseñado para músicos intérpretes. El objetivo principal fue desencadenar la respuesta de Fluidez y el afrontamiento de la Ansiedad Escénica Musical durante la interpretación. De los resultados obtenidos en los tres estudios se puede concluir, en primer lugar, que se dispone de una herramienta validada para evaluar el estado de Fluidez en músicos intérpretes. La validación de este instrumento puede tener implicaciones clínicas y educativas, ya que el uso del cuestionario permite identificar aspectos importantes de lo que facilita o inhibe una actuación musical o del mismo aprendizaje. También puede utilizarse para futuras investigaciones donde se desee medir la variable estado de Fluidez. En segundo lugar, los resultados del segundo estudio sugieren una relación entre las personas con altas capacidades, la experiencia de Fluidez, concretamente en la experiencia de la pérdida de la autoconciencia, y aspectos de la personalidad creativa. Los resultados también sugieren que las personas con altas capacidades podrían controlar mejor su atención, disfrutar más durante el aprendizaje y, por tanto, aprender mejor. Para finalizar, los resultados del programa de intervención mostraron que los músicos intérpretes que participaron en el programa aumentaron los niveles del estado de Fluidez y disminuyeron los niveles de Ansiedad Escénica Musical de forma estadísticamente significativa. Ello sugiere que los programas que contemplen en su diseño una combinación de todas las técnicas y métodos que se utilizaron en el programa y que provienen de la Psicología científica podrían ser útiles para tratar la problemática de la Ansiedad Escénica Musical o prevenirla; y, además, podrían facilitar el estado de Fluidez, un mayor disfrute durante la interpretación y potencialmente una mejor calidad interpretativa. Se exponen las limitaciones y se señalan direcciones futuras de investigación. 1 EFRN, 2014: Red Europea de Investigadores de Fluidez (European Flow-Researchers’ Network) 2 Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. Jossey-bass.

A Moderated Mediation Model of Wellbeing and Competitive Anxiety in Male Marathon Runners

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2022

Running marathons is an increasingly popular activity with an ever-increasing number of events and participants. Many participants declare that they pursue a variety of goals by running, namely, the maintenance of good health, the development of strength and improvement of fitness, the management of emotions, and the achievement of resilience and psychological wellbeing (PWB). The research has examined marathon running, like many other sports, and has studied various factors that reduce athletic performance, such as the experience of anxiety, and that enhance such performance, such as an increase in general wellbeing. This article reports the results of a study on the experience of competitive anxiety among 238 male marathon runners who participated in Seville's (Spain) 26th Marathon race on February 23, 2020, and investigates the relationship between anxiety and key dimensions of wellbeing as measured by the Spanish-adapted 20-item PWB Scale. We hypothesized that participating athletes who rated high on the dimensions of PWB would experience lower levels of competitive anxiety with respect to this race. We also proposed that PWB would function as a mediating factor with respect to the experience of anxiety. The results show, as hypothesized, that marathon running enhances wellbeing and reduces anxiety. The data showed significant negative correlations between four of five wellbeing dimensions and the three types of anxiety measured, namely, somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration-impairing anxiety. Other findings supported our hypothesis that wellbeing, as measured, functions as a mediating factor for the moderation of competitive anxiety. Generalization of these findings is limited by the fact that the low number of female participants recruited did not permit valid statistical analyses in this respect. It is known that both anxiety and wellbeing are subjects to variation by gender. The future inclusion of male and female subjects in equivalent studies will undoubtedly add valuable information concerning the dynamics of anxiety and wellbeing. The implications of these findings and the limitations of the study will be discussed.

Recreational Screen Time and Anxiety among College Athletes: Findings from Shanghai

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021
Int J Environ Res Publ Health

To better understand the behavioral factors contributing to the mental health status among student athletes, we examined the link between recreational screen time and college student athlete’s anxieties. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 278 college student athletes from Shanghai, China, aged between 17 and 25 years old (M = 19.4, SD = 1.5). Multivariate regression analyses, controlled for age, gender, rural vs. urban residency, and individual vs. team sports factors, were performed to analyze the association between their average daily recreational screen time in a week and their dispositional anxiety, pre-competition anxiety, and anxiety during competition, which were measured by the Chinese version of validated psychometric scales among athlete population. Significant results were found in both dispositional anxiety and situational anxiety in relation to recreational screen time among college athletes. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that excessive recreational screen time is a risk indicator of college student athletes’ dispositional anxiety, pre-competition anxiety, and anxiety during competition.

Stressors in Indoor and Field Brazilian Soccer: Are They Perceived as a Distress or Eustress?

Article

Full-text available

May 2021

Soccer players inescapably live under stress during the sportive career, and many real-life aspects of soccer situations operate in the ongoing performance. This study’s main objective was to elaborate the List of Stressors in Professional Indoor and Field Soccer, a self-report instrument designed to measure the impact of 77 soccer situations upon the sport performance. Participants were 138 indoor and field soccer players from the Brazilian Premier League. Each situation was evaluated on a 7-point scale, ranging from the most negative (−3) to the most positive (+3). Data were analyzed according to the players’ perception of the items: distress or eustress and its intensity, and after that, situations perceived as plus −1 and +1 were compared by time in which they were experienced and distributed among five categories established by the literature: Expectations about the Performance, Personal Factors, Competition Aspects, Training Demands, and Relationship with Significant People. Narratives of athletes’ experiences were also used to discuss the results. An Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling using Bi-factorial (BI-ESEM) was employed to assess the factor structure. For the total participants, 49 situations were perceived as distress and 28 as eustress. Using the criteria established a priori, the distribution was among the five categories in the remaining 32 situations. Differences in perception between less and more experienced players were found in 11 situations. The results revealed that Brazilian professional soccer players experience various stressful situations. These events are important representations of environmental demands and could predict the performance as they are perceived as eustress or distress. Some of these stressful situations are inherent in sport and others adjacent to the sports system or environment. Coach pressure to win and conflicts with teammates are examples of stressors in-sport, family problems and disputes with press or fans are examples of stressors external to the team, also called peripheral opponents, and showed the relative social influence of significant others in soccer performance. We can conclude that the knowledge of the direction of a given stress situation has important practical implications in preparing athletes and helping them face the performance stressors that are part of soccer daily life.

Apport du climat motivationnel sur le vécu émotionnel et les fonctions attentionnelles des élèves en Éducation Physique et Sportive

Thesis

Full-text available

Jan 2021

Maxime Mastagli

L’Éducation Physique et Sportive (EPS) est une discipline scolaire jouant un rôle majeur dans la promotion de l’activité physique. Deux conditions sont toutefois nécessaires pour qu’elle puisse assumer pleinement ce rôle : que l’élève y vivent des expériences positives et que ses apprentissages y soient effectifs. Optimiser leur vécu émotionnel et leur attention durant le cours d’EPS permettait de répondre à ces deux enjeux. Dès lors, notre travail doctoral s’est intéressé au climat motivationnel de l’enseignant qui pouvait agir sur ces variables. Quatre expérimentations ont été menées. La première expérimentation avait pour objectif de développer et valider une échelle de mesure auto rapportée de l’attention en situation sportive. Cette échelle, incluant quatre dimensions (concentration dans la tâche, concentration grâce à l’enseignant, distraction vis-à-vis de la tâche, distraction à cause de l’enseignant) pour 18 items, a été validée avec des étudiants STAPS (n = 216), puis des lycéens lors de séances d’EPS (n = 481). La seconde expérimentation avait pour objectif de tester un modèle multiniveaux reliant le climat motivationnel à l’attention des lycéens en EPS (n = 425). Ce modèle incluait également une médiation des besoins psychologiques fondamentaux, et des affects des élèves. Les résultats ont démontré qu’un climat motivationnel positif était positivement relié à l’attention des élèves et que le besoin de compétence et les affects jouaient un rôle dans cette relation. La troisième expérimentation, réalisée en laboratoire, avec des étudiants STAPS (n = 74), consistait à comparer le vécu émotionnel, et les performances attentionnelles, selon le climat motivationnel. Des ANOVAs répétées ont testé les effets temps entre une condition neutre et une condition motivationnelle (positive ou négative). Contrairement à un climat motivationnel négatif, un climat motivationnel positif était bénéfique au vécu émotionnel et aux performances attentionnelles. Enfin, la quatrième expérimentation a comparé les effets de l’évaluation, comme facette isolée du climat motivationnel, sur l’anxiété et l’apprentissage moteur, durant un module de lancer de poids en EPS. L’évaluation formative (n = 21), qui contribuait à un climat motivationnel positif, permettait de réduire l’anxiété, et était favorable aux apprentissages. Cependant, ce bénéfice n’a pas été maintenu dans le temps. L’évaluation sommative (n = 22), qui contribuait à un climat motivationnel négatif, n’a pas eu d’effet sur l’anxiété, et s’est révélé très favorable aux apprentissages moteurs. Ce travail doctoral a souligné le rôle important du climat motivationnel sur le vécu émotionnel et l’attention des élèves en EPS. Si un climat motivationnel positif ne semblait présenter que des bénéfices, il convenait de rester vigilant sur la durabilité de ses effets. Inversement, il convenait de nuancer les conséquences d’un climat motivationnel négatif qui ne seraient pas uniquement indésirables.

Contribution à l'étude du contrôle de l'équilibre à la poutre lors de la réalisation de mouvements acrobatiques de renversement par des gymnastes expertes

Thesis

Jun 2007

Mélany Hars

Le travail de recherche présenté dans ce mémoire traite de l’équilibre des gymnastes lors de l’exécution de mouvements acrobatiques à la poutre. A cet agrès, l’équilibre du corps doit être maintenu alors que les conditions de réalisation de la performance sont extrêmement contraignantes au regard de la largeur du support des évolutions gymniques (10cm) et de la hauteur à laquelle il se situe (125cm). Plus spécifiquement, ce travail contribue à mieux cerner le contrôle de l’équilibre dynamique, chez les gymnastes expertes, lors de la réalisation de mouvements fondamentaux de renversement, dont la difficulté réside principalement dans le passage d’un appui pédestre debout à un appui manuel renversé et impliquant une rotation de 180° du corps. La démarche expérimentale et méthodologique présentée permet le recueil de données pertinentes pour investiguer l’équilibre lors de la réalisation de mouvements volontaires. Elle s’appuie sur un dispositif intégrant une poutre instrumentée permettant de mesurer les efforts externes développés au niveau des appuis pédestres et manuels, complété par un système optoélectronique d’analyse en trois dimensions du mouvement. La première étude a pour objectif de dégager les caractéristiques biomécaniques des mouvements acrobatiques de renversement, réalisées par des gymnastes expertes, en exploitant les données cinématiques et dynamiques du mouvement. La deuxième étude présente pour objectif de déterminer dans quelle mesure les gymnastes sont affectées par la hauteur de la poutre lors de la réalisation de ces acrobaties. La troisième étude évalue ensuite dans quelle mesure la réduction des informations sensorielles disponibles, notamment par la modulation des entrées visuelles et du positionnement de la tête, influe sur le contrôle de l’équilibre lors de la réalisation du mouvement de renversement avant. Les principaux résultats illustrent les effets liés à la réalisation à poutre haute réglementaire ou à l’altération des entrées sensorielles sur le contrôle des mouvements du CM (centre de masse) en interaction avec le CP (centre de pression).

Occupational Health Problems of Classical Guitarists

Article

Sep 2020

Aims: Classical guitarists may experience unique occupational health problems due to a constellation of biopsychosocial demands associated with the physical characteristics of the classical guitar, performance techniques, repertoire, and performance practices consistent with the classical music genre. Unfortunately, epidemiologic studies of classical guitarists are limited. The purpose of this study was to examine musculoskeletal and non-musculoskeletal problems in classical guitarists. Methods: A sample of 190 classical guitarists completed a web-based survey. The survey assessed demographics, music-related variables, musician identity, non-musculoskeletal problems, and site-specific pain. Novel interactive body and hand maps were deployed to assess site-specific frequency, intensity, influence on playing, and quality of pain. Results: A total of 168 subjects (88.9%) reported experiencing classical guitar-related pain in the past year at one or more musculoskeletal sites. The left thenar (25%) was the most prevalent pain site. Pain at the right upper back was reported to influence performance the most. Classical guitarists reported problems with non-musculoskeletal problems at rates similar or higher to other instrument-specific groups. Conclusion: Classical guitarists are an understudied group of musicians who experience occupational health problems. The novel assessment protocols developed for this study produced outcomes that may be helpful to both clinicians and pedagogues.

Percepção do estresse competitivo e cultura em futebolistas de três países participantes do Mundial de 2006: Brasil, Portugal e Arábia Saudita

Article

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Jul 2020

Emotion and Sport Performance

Article

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Jun 2020

This chapter provides working definitions of emotion and related concepts utilized in the study of emotions and sport performance. It overviews multiple important roles that emotions serve in the resultant behaviors that ultimately influence sport performance. The chapter reviews influential conceptual frameworks that have advanced understanding of emotions as related to sport performance. It highlights empirical work that has contributed deductively to theory testing and inductively to the advancement of knowledge. The integrative model of stress, attention, and human performance incorporates, among others, hypotheses from the attention control theory. The chapter also highlights how emotions alter the fundamental mechanisms underpinning behavioral changes that impact sport performance. It offers pragmatic consideration of how sport psychology research can continue to inform the scientific practice of sport psychology, particularly as related to the development of innovative approaches for emotion regulation.

Performance anxiety and the plasticity of emotional responses

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2020

Current psychological theories of performance anxiety focus heavily on relating performers’ physiological and mental states to their abilities to maintain focus and execute learned skills. How task-specific expertise and past experiences moderate the degree to which individuals become anxious in a given performance context are not well accounted for within these theories. This review considers how individual differences arising from learning may shape the psychobiological, emotional, and cognitive processes that modulate anxious states associated with the performance of highly trained skills. Current approaches to understanding performance anxiety are presented, followed by a critique of these approaches. A connectionist model is proposed as an alternative approach to characterising performance anxiety by viewing performers’ anxious states at a specific time point as jointly determined by experience-dependent plasticity, competition between motivational systems, and ongoing cognitive and somatic states. Clarifying how experience-dependent plasticity contributes to the emergence of socio-evaluative anxiety in challenging situations can not only help performers avoid developing maladaptive emotional responses, but may also provide new clues about how memories of past events and imagined future states interact with motivational processes to drive changes in emotional states and cognitive processing.

Rebecca Adam and Nicola Cogan (2019) The personal meanings and experiences of resilience amongst elite badminton athletes in the build up to competition. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 13, 1, 61-84.

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2019

The concept of resilience has a wide theoretical framework with a growing body of research addressing resilience in sport. With competitive athletes experiencing multiple stressors and adversities throughout their sporting careers, it is important to further understand resilience within a sporting context. The aim of this study was to explore elite athletes' personal meanings and experiences of resilience in the build up to competition in the sport of badminton. Six professional badminton players were interviewed and interpretive phenomenological analysis was adopted to analyse the qualitative data. Four themes emerged: (1) An optimistic appraisal of pressure as integral to resilience; (2) Shift from negative emotional state to acceptance; (3) Striking a balance between life and sport; and (4) A quality relationship between coach and athlete facilitating optimal performance. The findings have implications for sport professionals who work closely with elite athletes aiming to foster resilience and improve performance.

Anxiety and Performance in Sex, Sport, and Stage: Identifying Common Ground

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2019

Anxiety has long been associated with diminished performance within a number of domains involving evaluative interpersonal interactions, including Sex, Sport, and Stage. Here, we pose three questions: (1) how do these disparate fields approach and understand anxiety and performance; (2) how does the understanding of the issue within one field offer insight to another field; and (3) how could each field benefit from the ideas and strategies used by the others. We begin with a short review of models of anxiety/arousal and performance and then explore definitions, models, presumed underlying physiological processes, and characterizing and influencing factors within each domain separately in a narrative review. This discussion is followed by a synthesis that identifies elements specific to and common across the various domains, with the latter captured in a model of essential characteristics. Concluding remarks note the potential value of promoting increased cross-disciplinary conversation and research, with each domain likely benefiting from the conceptualizations and expert knowledge of the others.

Accuracy of University Students’ Skill-Specific Self-efficacy and Self-efficacy-Performance in Gymnastics Relationship

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2018
INT J SPORT PSYCHOL

The present study evaluated the university students’ accuracy of skill-specific self-efficacy judgments within the area of gymnastics and the relationship between self-efficacy and performance in gymnastics. Questionnaires assessing (a) students’ self-efficacy and (b) teachers’ judgments as regards the difficulty in gymnastics skills were developed and administered for these purposes. In the study 207 male and 163 female students attending the second year of study in a School of Physical Education and Sport Science and their teachers (n = 9) respectively participated. Students’ self-efficacy was evaluated at the beginning, at the end of the first semester and at the end of the academic year. Gymnastics performance was evaluated at the end of the year. Results of a pilot study supported the reliability and validity of the questionnaires (39 males and 47 females). Comparing students’ self-efficacy measurements with grades obtained by the evaluation of their performance concluded that students tended to underestimate self-efficacy in the baseline measurement and to overestimate it in the final measurement. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that students’ self efficacy significantly predicted their performance at the end of the academic year.

Burhan BAŞOĞLU 1 TÜRKİYE KADINLAR VOLEYBOL MİLLİ TAKIM SPORCULARININ MÜSABAKA ÖNCESİ VE SONRASI DURUMLUK KAYGI DÜZEYLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Article

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Jan 2016

Mustafa Önder Şekeroğlu

Metacognitions in triathletes: Associations with attention, state anxiety and relative performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2018

This study investigated how metacognitive beliefs in triathletes covary with state anxiety dimensions, prior to competition. It also examined how metacognitions relate to concentration, after controlling for state anxiety. Regression analyses revealed that specific metacognitive beliefs were differentially predictive of state anxiety dimensions and concentration. When accounting for the state anxiety variables in a hierarchical model predicting concentration, positive beliefs about worry, negative beliefs about worry and cognitive anxiety remained as significant predictors. Metacognitive beliefs were also found to 2 differ across time-to-event intervals. Overall, the results demonstrated that a metacognitive framework is a viable pathway for future sporting research.

Understanding the Dark and Bright Sides of Anxiety: A Theory of Workplace Anxiety

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2018

Researchers have uncovered inconsistent relations between anxiety and performance. Although the prominent view is a “dark side,” where anxiety has a negative relation with performance, a “bright side” of anxiety has also been suggested. We reconcile past findings by presenting a comprehensive multilevel, multiprocess model of workplace anxiety called the theory of workplace anxiety (TWA). This model highlights the processes and conditions through which workplace anxiety may lead to debilitative and facilitative job performance and includes 19 theoretical propositions. Drawing on past theories of anxiety, resource depletion, cognitive-motivational processing, and performance, we uncover the debilitative and facilitative nature of dispositional and situational workplace anxiety by positioning emotional exhaustion, self-regulatory processing, and cognitive interference as distinct contrasting processes underlying the relationship between workplace anxiety and job performance. Extending our theoretical model, we pinpoint motivation, ability, and emotional intelligence as critical conditions that shape when workplace anxiety will debilitate and facilitate job performance. We also identify the unique employee, job, and situational characteristics that serve as antecedents of dispositional and situational workplace anxiety. The TWA offers a nuanced perspective on workplace anxiety and serves as a foundation for future work.

Estado de ánimo, autoconfianza y ansiedad precompetitiva en tiro deportivo

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2014

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los niveles de estado de ánimo y ansiedad precompetitiva, según el nivel de los deportistas. Han participado un total de 183 deportistas con edades entre 26 y 59 años (M= 41.14; DT= 6.43); 179 eran hombres y solamente cuatro mujeres. Se utilizaron los siguientes instrumentos: Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 y Profile of Mood States. Se realizó un análisis multivariante de la varianza y se realizó el cálculo de la dispersión de los impactos a través de un programa informático diseñado para tal efecto. Se halló una relación directamente lineal entre el rendimiento, el vigor y la autoconfianza; y una relación inversamente lineal entre éste y la ansiedad somática. En las variables del estado de ánimo se encontró el denominado “perfil iceberg”. Respecto a la dispersión de los impactos se observó una descentralización con tendencia hacia la izquierda y hacia abajo, siendo mayor la dispersión a medida que desciende la categoría. Por otra parte los tiradores diestros agrupan a la izquierda y los zurdos a la derecha.

The Relationship between Role and Experience with Psychological and Physical Responses in the Competition Context in Soccer Referees

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023
J HUM KINET

This study analyzed the effects of psychological responses (impulsivity, self-esteem, self-confidence, and anxiety) in baseline and pre-competitive contexts of national soccer referees (SRs), their control of the game (yellow and red cards), and physical performance (PP) according to the role (assistant or main referee), and experience in the category. Twenty- seven national SRs from Spain participated in this study. Baseline and pre-competitive psychological data were collected through the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2 test), Urgency, Premeditation (lack of), Perseverance (lack of), Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency, Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P test), and Rosenberg tests. Furthermore, WIMU PROTM inertial devices were used to monitor PP. The results indicated that a lack of perseverance and self-esteem were higher in the main SRs and somatic anxiety in assistant SRs. Experience of SRs was related to anxiety, self- confidence, self-esteem, impulsivity dimensions, and PP metrics (p < 0.05). Finally, red cards were related to positive and negative urgency (r = 0.38 and r = 0.35, p < 0.05, respectively). In conclusion, the main SRs and SRs with more experience had better psychological characteristics and PP in a competitive context. However, yellow and red cards were not associated with these factors, although red cards were related with urgency. Based on these data, specific training programs could be incorporated to enhance emotional control in SRs with less experience to achieve greater performance and professional development.

Sport Psychology Studies The Relationship between Sport Self-Efficacy and Competitive Anxiety in Athletic Students: The Mediating Role of Coping Strategies 1

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023

The purpose of this study was to explain the structural relationships between sport self-efficacy and competitive anxiety of athletes regarding the mediating role of task-oriented and emotion-oriented coping strategies. Questionnaires of sport self-efficacy, coping strategies, and competitive anxiety were distributed among 200 volunteer athletes from different individual and team sports. In order to determine the relationships between variables, structural equation modeling and path analysis with PLS2 software were used. The findings showed that in addition to the significant relationship between self-efficacy and competitive anxiety in direct path, self-efficacy, indirectly and due to affecting on chosen coping strategies by athlete, causes moderating competitive anxiety. More accurate examination of the model suggests that the indirect pathway of sport self-efficacy to task-oriented strategies and to competitive anxiety with higher path coefficients and greater T-value is the stronger pathway to explain the mediating role of coping strategies in relation between sport self-efficacy and competitive anxiety.

Applied Psychology for Foundation Year: Key Ideas for Foundation Courses

Book

Oct 2022

Wendy Garnham

Šport a rekreácia 2022 / Sport and recreation 2022

Book

Full-text available

Jul 2022

Broďáni Jaroslav, Czaková Monika (2022). Šport a rekreácia 2022 / Sport and recreation 2022. Nitra : DPES EF CPU, ISBN 978-80-558-1905-1, 130 p.

Situational information and the design of representative learning tasks: What impact does a scoreboard have on expert taekwondo fighters' behaviour and affective-cognitive responses?

Article

Mar 2022
PSYCHOL SPORT EXERC

Designing representative learning tasks is one means to enhance sports practice. Recent work has highlighted how the presence of situational information could help the design of these tasks by shaping intentions and enhancing the affective demands of practice, however this has yet to be empirically tested. This study tested this hypothesis by manipulating the presence of a scoreboard featuring time and score situational information as expert taekwondo athletes fought in practice. Nine taekwondo fighters fought with and without situational information in a counterbalanced order. Behaviour was assessed by tracking fighters' location coordinates to assess fighter-fighter dyad coordination and through notational analysis of attacking actions. Affect and cognition were assessed with mixed-methods that included perceptual scales measuring anxiety, arousal, mental effort, score perception, and post-fight video-facilitated confrontational interviews to explore how conditions differed. The results revealed that the presence of the situational information had significant effects on taekwondo players. When present, fighters reported greater cognitive anxiety (d = 0.39, p < 0.05), somatic anxiety (d = 1.11, p < 0.05) and emotion intensity (d = 0.33, p < 0.05). The enhanced affective demands were associated with behaviour changes that included fighters preferring to spend time at closer distances (d = 0.25, p < 0.05), and more predictable technique selection (d = 1.04, p < 0.05). Qualitative data supported these findings. Players also reporting their intentions were coupled to the context of scoreboard. This study reveals that situational information changes the affective and behavioural demands of practice to be more like competition. Further, situational sampling affords performers the opportunity to practice attuning to the relevant affordances for a specific context.

Worry at work: How organizational culture promotes anxiety

Article

Mar 2021
RES ORGAN BEHAV

Organizational culture profoundly influences how employees think and behave. Established research suggests that the content, intensity, consensus, and fit of cultural norms act as a social control system for attitudes and behavior. We adopt the norms model of organizational culture to elucidate whether organizational culture can influence how employees experience emotions. We focus on a pervasive emotion, anxiety. We propose four important pathways that link organizational culture with anxiety. First, we propose that when norm content is result-oriented, employees must strive for challenging goals with specific targets under time pressure, and are more likely to experience anxiety. Second, when norm intensity is weak, employees do not internalize norms and they engage in deviant behaviors that increase uncertainty and promote anxiety. Third, a lack of consensus about norms commonly creates conflict between factions within an organization and increases anxiety. Fourth, when there is a mismatch between employees’ values and organizational norms and values, the misfit engenders anxiety. Taken together, different features of organizational cultural norms can independently and multiplicatively influence the magnitude of anxiety, which has constructive or destructive effects on performance.

Aktif Voleybol Oynayan Çocuklarda Kaygı ile Baş Etme Becerileri Eğitiminin Aktivite Performansına Etkisi

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2020

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, müsabaka öncesi kaygının aktivite performansına etkisi ve kaygı ile baş etme becerileri eğitiminin aktivite performansına etkisini incelemekti. Gereç ve Yöntem:Araştırmanın örneklemini, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Spor Okulları’na voleybol branşında devam eden ve yaşları 11-13 arasında değişen,7 kız çocuk oluşturdu.Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Spielberger’in Sürekli-Durumluluk Kaygı Envanteri,demografik bilgi kayıt formu ve yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme yöntemi kullanıldı.‘Kaygı nedir?’,‘Sporda kaygı aktivite performansını nasıl etkiler?’,‘Takım arkadaşlarımı ne kadar tanıyorum?’,‘Müsabakalarda beni kaygılandıran durumlar nedir?’ başlıkları altında sporcuların kaygı düzeylerini etkileyen faktörler belirlendi.Kişisel faktörlerden yola çıkarak sporcular için stratejiler belirlendi.Bu stratejiler profesyonel bir maçta kullanılarak etkinliği incelendi.Bu aşamaları içeren müdahale yöntemi 7 hafta, haftada 1 gün ve günde 1 saat uygulandı. Sonuçlar: Araştırma sonucunda; müsabaka öncesi oluşan kaygının aktivite performansını olumsuz etkilediği ve kaygı ile baş etme becerilerinin öğretilmesinin kaygı düzeyini azalttığı (p=-2,201), böylece aktivite performansını artırdığı (p=-2,201) belirlendi. Kaygı ile baş etme becerilerinin kullanımı ve aktivite performansı arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulundu.(p<0.05). Tartışma: Sporcuların antrenman programlarına kaygı ile baş etme becerileri eğitiminin eklenmesi ile müsabaka esnasında daha iyi aktivite performansı sergileyebilecekleri kanaatine varılmıştır.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON COMPETITION BEHAVIOR PRECOMPETITION ANXIETY BETWEEN HILL AND PLAIN AREA LEVEL UNIVERSITY FOOTBALL PLAYERS

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2014

Lifestyle affects the pre-competitive state anxiety: Study on male and female basketball players

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2019

The current research aims to study the effect of quality of life on pre-competitive state anxiety of 100 basketball players (50 male and 50 female players) from various colleges of Amritsar, Punjab, India. The tool used to measure quality of life was Lifestyle scale (LSS-BK) by S.K Bawa and pre-competitive state anxiety was measured through competitive state anxiety inventory-2 (CSAI-2) by Martens et.al. Results indicates that male have shown no relationship between lifestyle scale and competitive state anxiety inventory-2 whereas females have shown significantly negative relationship between somatic state anxiety and health conscious lifestyle and career oriented lifestyle. Keywords: quality of life, pre-competitive state anxiety, basketball players, lifestyle Introduction Lay summary Previous researches conducted on lifestyle and pre-competitive state anxiety were mainly focused on its effects on the performance of players. My aim was to study lifestyle that affects the pre-competitive state anxiety which ultimately hampers the performance of player. This present study revealed that lifestyle does not show any effect on competitive state anxiety of male players whereas female experiences somatic state anxiety if they have poor health or career oriented lifestyle. As my sample size was very small and limited to basketball players only, more research is required to validate the current results. The implication of this research is to improve the lifestyle of players to reduce pre-competitive state anxiety so that they can attain wellbeing.

Lęk a wsparcie społeczne wśród osób startujących w maratonach

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2019

Lęk a wsparcie społeczne wśród osób startujących w maratonach cel badań. Celem badań było ustalenie, w jaki sposób czynniki demograficzne, treningowe i spo-łeczne wiążą się z odczuwaniem przez biegaczy startujących w maratonach symptomów lęku przedstartowego, a także z jego oceną na skali mobilizujący-deprymujący. materiał i metody. Przebadano metodą ankietową 240 uczestników trzech największych maratonów w Polsce. Wykorzystano polskie wersje The Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2RD) oraz Social Support for Physical Activity Scale. wyniki. Wśród wymiarów intensywności lęku wartości lęku poznawczego i somatycznego były wyższe u kobiet i młodszych biegaczy, natomiast wartości pewności siebie-u mężczyzn. Przewidywany czas bieżącego maratonu korelował z intensywnością lęku pozytywnie, natomiast staż treningowy-negatywnie. Po przeprowadzeniu serii analiz regresji prostej ze wsparciem społecznym rodziny oraz przyjaciół jako potencjalnymi predyktorami poszczególnych wymiarów lęku (zmienne zależne) stwierdzono, że jedynie dwa z testowanych modeli były istotne statystycznie-intensywność lęku somatycznego (wsparcie rodziny i przyjaciół) i intensywność lęku poznawczego (wsparcie rodziny). Niespodziewany okazał się jedynie dodatni kierunek tej zależności oznaczający, że poziom lęku odczuwanego przez osoby biegające w maratonach rośnie wraz z poziomem otrzymywanego wsparcia społecz-nego. wnioski. Pewne grupy osób są szczególnie narażone na stres przedstartowy. Konieczność sprostania oczekiwaniom rodziny i przyjaciół może generować stres związany z nadmiernym jej zaangażowaniem w aktywność sportową biegacza. Uzasadniony wydaje się optymalny stopień zaangażowania oraz wyczulenie środowiska rodzinnego i przyjaciół na stan zawodnika. Określenie, w jaki sposób wsparcie rodziny i przyjaciół oceniane jest przez osoby uprawiające sport wymaga dalszych badań. słowa kluczowe: lęk przedstartowy, biegacze, wsparcie rodziny, wsparcie przyjaciół ROZPRAWY NAUKOWE Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu 2019, 65, 49-58. Lęk a wsparcie społeczne wśród osób startujących w maratonach. Rozprawy Naukowe AWF we Wrocławiu, 65, 49-58. WPROWADZENIE Lęk może stanowić osobniczą dyspozycję do postrzegania zagrożenia w otoczeniu i reagowania na niego lub być stanem powstałym na skutek zmierzenia się z bodźcem zagrażającym. Na lęk rozpatrywany jako stan składają się dwa niezależne komponenty: somatyczny, stanowiący zespół reakcji organizmu spowodowanych aktywacją autonomicznego systemu nerwowego, oraz poznawczy, związany z negatywnymi oczekiwaniami

Polska adaptacja Inwentarza Pewności Siebie w Sporcie i Kwestionariusza Źródeł Pewności Siebie w Sporcie

Chapter

Nov 2019

W pracy przedstawiono podstawy teoretyczne i opisano procedurę konstruowania orygi- nalnych wersji dwóch narzędzi do badania pewności siebie w sporcie: Inwentarza Pewności Siebie w Sporcie (TSCI – Trait Sport-Confidence Inventory) i Kwestionariusza Źródeł Pewności Siebie w Sporcie autorstwa Vealey. Omówiono także szczegółowo ich adaptację do warunków polskich. Oba narzędzia w ich ostatecznych wersjach cechują się dobrą rzetelnością, a moc dyskryminacyjna pozycji jest zadowalająca. Trafność wewnętrzna, teoretyczna i kryterialna jest satysfakcjonująca. SSCQ-PL składa się z 38 pozycji, przypisanych do ośmiu skal: Mistrzostwo, Prezentowanie Umiejętności, Przygotowanie Psychiczne i Fizyczne, Postrzeganie Własnego Ciała, Wsparcie, Doświadczenie Zastępcze, Komfort Środowiskowy, Przywództwo. TSCI-PL składa się z 13 sformułowań. Osoba badana porównuje swoją pewność siebie w przykładowych kontekstach sportowych, do najbardziej pewnego siebie zawodnika, jakiego zna.

Narzędzia pomiaru w psychologii sportu

Book

Nov 2019

FIRST-PERSON EXPERIENCE OF OPTIMAL SPORT COMPETITION PERFORMANCE OF ELITE TEAM ATHLETES

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2015

Researchers in many domains (i.e. personality, self-confidence, self-efficacy, anxiety, motivation) have investigated optimal performance. Unfortunately, no clear and unambiguous explanation can be given of such performance. In our study, we used a first-person phenomenological qualitative method of research (explicative interview), which can provide an insight into the complexity of human experience. We interviewed 14 elite team athletes about their experience of a recent competitive optimal sport performance. The qualitative analysis showed that achieving an optimal performance is a dynamic process during which different factors, that establish complex relations, are important. Optimal performance started with a preceding challenging situation in which no solution to the problem could be found quickly and in response to which situational anxiety developed. However, athletes decided on an active approach and took responsibility for their action. Trust seems a crucial factor for doing this; trust was initially oriented towards oneself and one's teammates, and only later it became general. Alongside, a certain level of personal unimportance emerged and goal orientation changed to process orientation. The findings suggest the relevance of certain psychological factors for optimal performance and provide practical avenues for sport psychology professionals to assist athletes in experiencing it.

validation-of-the-tunisian-version-of-the-french-version-of-the-competitive-state-anxiety-inventory2-revised-csai2r-including-freq-1522-4821-1000362

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2018

The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Revised (CSAI-2R), is one of the most frequently used instruments in the evaluation of situational anxiety in sports competition. Objectives: The objective of this study was to validate the Tunisian version based on the French version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Revised (CSAI-2R), including the direction and the frequency scales. Method: 418 athletes ranging in age from 14 to 34 years in different individual and team competitions, volunteered to participate in the study. Data were collected and analyzed for reliability and validity using the test-retest method, reliability, correlation analysis and confirmatory factor analyses. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS and the IBM AMOS version 21.0.0. Results: The Confirmatory factor analyzes showed acceptable adjustments for the 3-factor model of CSAI-2R. For the intensity model [X2=343.19; X2/df=3.40; CFI=0.92; TLI=0. 90; GFI =0.91; RMSEA=0.076; p-value<0.001]. for the direction model [X2=360.83; X2/df=3.57; CFI=0.93; TLI=0.92; GFI=0.90; RMSEA=0.079; p value<0.001]. And for, the frequency model [X2 =140.31; X2/df=2.58; CFI=0.93; TLI=0.92; GFI =0.92; RMSEA=0.062; p-value<0.001]. And a good internal coherence of three,scales was between 0.76 and 0.90. Conclusion: This study provides support for the reliability and validity of the Tunisian version based on the French version of CSAI-2R, including the direction and the frequency scales. Among others the Tunisian version has demonstrated robust psychometric properties and can be used in other investigation.

The Effect of Combined Carbohydrate-Caffeine Mouth Rinse on Anaerobic Power in a Reduced Glycogen state

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2019

Keep Your Cool and Win the Game: Emotion Regulation and Performance in Table Tennis

Article

Jan 2019

Objective People often feel anxious prior to performance situations, and this can lead to performance decrements. Thus, applying effective emotion regulation strategies could be crucial for achieving maximum performance. Method We investigated the relation between dispositional precompetition emotion regulation and competition performance. Participants were 310 table tennis players (240 men, Mage = 39.07, SD = 15.99). Self‐reported emotion regulation behavior was matched with objective performance data. Results We found that positive cognitive change strategies were positively related and negative cognitive change strategies were negatively related to winning in competitions. Furthermore, athletes with a higher performance status more often used situation modification, positive cognitive change, and response modulation strategies. Conclusions Our findings contribute to personality research by providing evidence for the (non)effectiveness of certain emotion regulation strategies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Anxiety and Fear in Sport and Performance

Chapter

Full-text available

Dec 2018

Anxiety and fear are unpleasant emotions commonly experienced in sport and performance settings. While fear usually has an apparent cause, the source of anxiety is comparatively vague and complex. Anxiety has cognitive and somatic components and can be either a trait or a state. To assess the different aspects of anxiety, a variety of psychometric scales have been developed in sport and performance domains. Besides efforts to quantify anxiety, a major focus in the anxiety-performance literature has been to explore the impact of anxiety on performance and why such effects occur. Anxiety- performance theories and models have increased the understanding of how anxiety affects performance and have helped to explain why anxiety is widely considered a negative emotion that individuals typically seek to avoid in performance settings. Nonetheless, individuals approach anxiety-inducing or fear-provoking situations in different ways. For example, high-risk sport research shows that individuals can actively approach fear-inducing environments in order to glean intra- and interpersonal regulatory benefits. Such individual differences are particularly relevant to sport and performance researchers and practitioners, as those who actively approach competition to enjoy the fear-inducing environment (i.e., the “risk”) are likely to have a performance advantage over those who compete while having to cope with their troublesome anxiety and fear. Future research would do well to: (1) examine the effects of anxiety on the processes that underpin performance rather than a sole focus on the performance outcomes, (2) test directly the different cognitive functions that are thought to be impaired when performing under anxiety, (3) unite the existing theories to understand a “whole picture” of how anxiety influences performance, and (4) explore the largely overlooked field of individual differences in the context of performance psychology.

The dynamics of threat and challenge appraisals prior to stressful achievement events

Article

Sep 2002

Research on cognitive appraisal of stressful achievement events has emphasized threat appraisals and anxiety. The present research also focused on challenge and positive emotion. Study 1 used hypothetical scenarios of stressful events. Study 2 explored temporal patterns of appraisal and emotion prior to an exam. Compared with threat appraisals, trait and state challenge appraisals were associated with more confident coping expectancies, lower perceptions of threat, higher positive emotion, and more beneficial perceptions of the effects of appraisal and emotion on performance. Beneficial perceptions of state appraisals were associated with higher exam performance. These findings were interpreted in the context of theoretical perspectives on the cognitive appraisal of stressful events and the adaptive functions of challenge and positive emotion.

¿Puede la dieta mediterránea, baja en grasas, mejorar la ansiedad competitiva en regatistas jóvenes?: estudio transversal según el manifiesto STROBE

Article

Sep 2017

In dinghy sailing, there are many factors all of which affect to sailor performance: experience, training, nutrition and psychological condition. The main aim of this report was to know sailor's anxiety levels according to eating habits, nutritional condition, training, experience and type of vessel. 77 Laser (4.7 and Radial) and 470 sailors filled up CSAI-2 and PREDIMED questionnaires to determine competitive state anxiety and low fat diet adherence. They showed higherBMI the sailors with higher low fat diet adherence, higher experience, higher ranking position and Radial's sailors. Under-16 sailors showed less competitive anxiety. Overweight sailor got less cognitive anxiety. Sailors who trained more times per week got best results. Sailors with higher BMI will get best results with strong wind because they will keep the boat horizontal more easily. Radial's sailors have higher BMI due to their age. Under-16 sailors show less competitive anxiety due to lower demand for results. Overweight sailor show less cognitive anxiety due to lower expectations. Sailors who train more times per week get best results. Low fat Mediterranean diet not seem conditioned competitive anxiety in sailors. Sailing performance seems to be conditioned by sailor weight, wind conditions, training frequency and experience.

PROFESYONEL BASKETBOL ve VOLEYBOLCULARIN ANTRENÖR İLETİŞİM BECERİ DÜZEYLERİ ALGISI ve SPORCULARIN KAYGI DÜZEYLERİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2018

Bu çalışmada, profesyonel basketbol ve voleybolcuların algıladıkları antrenör iletişim becerisi ile sporcuların kaygı durumu üzerinde etkili olabilecek değişkenlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, rastgele örneklem yöntemiyle belirlenen 235 sporcudan (106 kadın, 129 erkek) oluşmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Antrenör İletişim Beceri Ölçeği (Yılmaz 2008) ve Sürekli Kaygı Ölçeği (Spielberger ve diğerleri, 1970) kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde; korelasyon ve regresyon testleri kullanılmıştır. Cinsiyet, medeni durum, spor yapma süresi ve mevcut antrenör ile çalışma süresinin antrenör iletişim becerisi düzeyi algısı üzerinde etkisi olduğu; cinsiyet ve eğitim düzeyinin ise sporcuların sürekli kaygı düzeyi üzerinde etkisi olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, 22 yıl ve üzeri spor yapma süresi olan sporcuların 7 yıl ve altı spor yapma süresi olan sporculara göre antrenörlerinin iletişim becerisini daha yüksek seviyede algıladığı; kadın sporcuların erkek sporculara göre, voleybolcuların ise basketbolculara göre kaygı düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Amatör sporcular ve farklı branşların dahil edildiği, profesyonel ve amatör sporcuların antrenör iletişim becerisi algısı ve kaygı düzeylerine yönelik olarak yapılacak araştırmalarda farklı sonuçlar elde edilebilir.

Could low fat mediterranean diet improves competitive anxiety in young sailors? cross-sectional study according to the STROBE statement.pdf

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2017

In dinghy sailing, there are many factors all of which a ect to sailor performance: experience, training, nutrition and psychological con- dition. e main aim of this report was to know sailor’s anxiety levels accor- ding to eating habits, nutritional condition, training, experience and type of vessel. 77 Laser (4.7 and Radial) and 470 sailors lled up CSAI-2 and PREDIMED questionnaires to determine competitive state anxiety and low fat diet adherence. ey showed higher BMI the sailors with higher low fat diet adherence, higher experience, higher ranking position and Radial’s sailors. Under-16 sailors showed less competitive anxiety. Overweight sailor got less cognitive anxiety. Sailors who trained more times per week got best results. Sailors with higher BMI will get best results with strong wind because they will keep the boat horizontal more easily. Radial’s sailors have higher BMI due to their age. Under-16 sailors show less competitive anxie- ty due to lower demand for results. Overweight sailor show less cognitive anxiety due to lower expectations. Sailors who train more times per week get best results. Low fat Mediterranean diet not seem conditioned compe- titive anxiety in sailors. Sailing performance seems to be conditioned by sailor weight, wind conditions, training frequency and experience.

Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change

Article

Full-text available

Mar 1977

Albert Bandura

Presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of personal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from 4 principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. Factors influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arise from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes. (21/2 p ref)

A Further Test of the Inverted-U Hypothesis Relating Achievement Anxiety and Academic Test Performance

Article

Full-text available

Feb 1975

The assumption that the inverted-U hypothesis, which shows performance as a function of activation level, mediates the relationship between achievement anxiety and academic test performance was tested by comparing Achievement Anxiety Test scores of 75 male and female college students with a self-report measure of activation taken prior to a classroom examination. Results supported the predicted relationship between achievement anxiety reaction type and academic performance (rho less than .05), but only partially supported the inverted-U hypothesis posited to account for this relationship. Results were further interpreted as suggesting that examinees experience two general types of arousal in the testing situationōne type that enhances performance and one that impedes performance. Further implications of the results were discussed.

Anxiety and sport performance

Article

Full-text available

Feb 1992

John S. Raglin

From the findings summarized in this review, it appears that there is little evidence in support of the inverted-U hypothesis. Available research indicates that there is considerable variability in the optimal precompetition anxiety responses among athletes, which does not conform to the inverted-U hypothesis. Many athletes appear to perform best when experiencing high levels of anxiety and interventions that act to produce quiescence may actually worsen the performance of this group. These findings indicate that there is a need to shift the research paradigm away from theories of anxiety and performance based on task characteristics or group effects and, instead, employ theoretical models that account for individual differences. Hanin's [39, 40] ZOF theory appears to be a good candidate for furthering our knowledge in this area. It was developed on the basis of research with athletes and it explicitly incorporates the concept of individual differences in the anxiety-performance relationship. Most important, because an individual's optimal range of anxiety is precisely defined, the validity of ZOF theory can be directly examined through hypothesis testing, whereas it has been argued that the inverted-U hypothesis is effectively shielded against falsification [84]. Although the findings of ZOF theory indicate that a significant percentage of athletes perform best at high levels of anxiety, Hanin's translated writings do not provide an explanation of why this is so. Further research is clearly indicated, but one explanation for this finding may involve how the athlete interprets or conceptualizes anxiety. For example, Mahoney and Avener [64] found that, although the absolute level of precompetition anxiety was similar between successful and unsuccessful Olympic gymnasts, there were differences in the way the athletes conceptualized the anxiety they were experiencing. The better performers viewed their anxiety as desirable, whereas anxiety was associated with self-doubts and catastrophizing in the unsuccessful gymnasts. Similar differences have been observed in the test anxiety literature where it has been found that poorer test takers perceive their anxiety to be more threatening and debilitating than do better performers [45]. Furthermore, temporal differences in the patterning of anxiety [64], fear responses, or cardiorespiratory measures [28] have been found between successful and unsuccessful performers; this may reflect a difference in the ability to regulate anxiety. It may also be the case that performance is not so much affected by the absolute level of precompetition anxiety as the consistency in the anxiety level across competitions. Athletes may also develop coping strategies that exploit consistent changes in attentional focus that result from elevated anxiety.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Toward a Consensual Structure of Mood

Article

Full-text available

Sep 1985

Reanalyses of a number of studies of self-reported mood indicate that Positive and Negative Affect consistently emerge as the first two Varimax rotated dimensions in orthogonal factor analyses or as the first two second-order factors derived from oblique solutions. The two factors emerged with varying sets of descriptors and were even replicated in several data sets characterized by possible methodological problems noted by earlier writers (acquiescence response bias, inappropriate response formats, and so on). The results thus strongly attest to the stability and robustness of Positive and Negative Affect in self-report. Because this same two-dimensional configuration has also been consistently identified in all of the other major lines of mood research, it is now firmly established as the basic structure of English-language affect at the general factor level.

Negative Affectivity: The Disposition to Experience Aversive Emotional States

Article

Full-text available

Nov 1984

A number of apparently diverse personality scales––variously assessing trait anxiety, neuroticism, ego strength, general maladjustment, repression-sensitization, and social desirability––are reviewed and are shown to be in fact measures of the same stable and pervasive trait. An integrative interpretation of the construct as Negative Affectivity (NA) is presented. A review of studies using measures such as the Beck Depression Inventory, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and Multiple Affect Adjective Check List indicate that high-NA Ss are more likely to experience discomfort at all times and across situations, even in the absence of overt stress. They are relatively more introspective and tend differentially to dwell on the negative side of themselves and the world. Further research is needed to explain the origins of NA and to elucidate the characteristics of low-NA individuals. (5½ p ref)

Anxiety in Academic Achievement Situations

Article

Full-text available

Sep 1960
J Abnorm Soc Psychol

Scales of general anxiety (Taylor, Welsh, and Freeman) and of anxiety specific to academic situations (Mandler-Sarason, Achievement Anxiety Test) were administered to college freshmen. Academic achievement included verbal aptitude, the Scholastic Aptitude Test, overall grade-point average, and performance in psychology courses. The 2 tests of specific anxiety were seen to be measuring something different than the more general tests and were differentially related to academic performance. "Facilitating" vs. "debilitating" anxiety was distinguished. Results are related to the general body of knowledge in area. (18 ref.)

Interpersonal and Intragroup Anxiety in Sports

Chapter

Apr 2021

Yuri L. Hanin

Facilitating and Debilitating Test Anxiety and Academic Achievement

Article

Apr 1983

The Alpert-Haber Achievement Anxiety Test was administered to 426 college students. Of these students, 197 were given the Suinn Test Anxiety Behavior Scale and 229 were given the Test Anxiety Scale. The results in-dicate a significant sex of student effect for facilitating test anxiety as well as a different factor structure for male and female responses to the Achievement Anxiety Test. Classification of students into either facilitators or debilitators resulted in a significant sex of student effect for cumulative grade point average. Further analysis revealed that the type of test anxiety and the sex of the student were related. The results were discussed in the context of a continuing examination of variables underlying test anxiety.

The psychobiology of relaxation and related states: A multi-process theory. In (Ed.), Behavior control and modification of physiological activity.

Article

Jan 1976

The development of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2)

Article

Jan 1990

Cognitive Anxiety and Mental Errors in Sport

Article

Sep 1990

This investigation tested the relationship between level of cognitive anxiety and degree of mental errors in a sport setting. Subjects were female high school varsity softball players. The dimensions of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence were assessed by the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). Coaches evaluated mental errors during game play by ratings on a 10-point bipolar scale. Final subject selection was determined by dichotomizing individuals who scored lower on the scale (1-4) and higher on the scale (7-10). Analysis of variance yielded a single significant main effect which indicated that the two mental-error groups differed in cognitive anxiety. This supports the major prediction tested. Discussion centers on the apparent benefits of investigating variables more intimately associated with the attentional/cognitive disruption process versus focusing solely on objective sport outcome.

Future Directions for Research

Article

Sep 1991
MED CLIN N AM

The Effects of Facilitative and Debilitative Achievement Anxiety on Notetaking

Article

Jan 1984

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of anxiety on notetaking behaviors during a lecture and on subsequent test performance. Eighty-seven high school juniors and seniors classified as having high facilitative anxiety, high debilitative anxiety, low facilitative anxiety, or low debilitative anxiety according to Alpert and Haber’s (1960) Anxiety Achievement Test were assigned to one of two treatments. In the Anxiety Inducing Treatment, subjects were told that they would be given a difficult test after listening to a lecture, that they should take notes, and that their scores on the test would allow the teacher to see how well they learned new material. In the second treatment, Neutral Instructions, subjects were told only that they should take notes on a lecture and that they would be tested. Dependent measures included two scores for the notes, including note quality and efficiency and the scores on a multiple choice posttest covering lecture material. A multivariate analysis of variance on the three dependent measures revealed a significant main effect for anxiety level only. Univariate analyses of variance and followup contrast tests on all three dependent measures showed that high levels of debilitative anxiety led to poorest performance on all dependent measures.

Physiological and Cognitive Processes in the Regulation of Anxiety

Chapter

Jan 1976

Thomas D Borkovec

For the past five years we have been engaged in a program of research whose ultimate goal has been the development and evaluation of therapeutic methods for reducing anxiety. A basic assumption underlying our work has been that the successful evolution of such strategies will be facilitated by advances in our knowledge about the nature of anxiety itself. Consequently the majority of the research has attempted to identify basic conditions (environmental and subject) that serve to maintain or reduce the anxiety response.

Cognitive-attentional theory of test anxiety

Chapter

Jan 1980

J. D. Wine

Cognitive psychology: A students handbook

Book

Jan 1990

Relationship between Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Subscale Scores and Pistol Shooting Performance

Article

Mar 1987

39 officers from a university police training institute participated in a pistol shooting competition immediately after completing the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory—2 by R. Martens et al (unpublished), a multidimensional measure of state anxiety. Results were analyzed using the intraindividual analysis procedures recommended by R. J. Sonstroem and P. Bernardo (see record 1983-13752-001) and showed that cognitive anxiety was not related to performance, somatic anxiety was related to performance in a curvilinear (inverted- u) fashion, and confidence was negatively related to performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

The arousal-athletic performance relationship: Current status and future directions

Article

Jan 1992

given the number of conceptual and methodological changes proposed in the arousal–performance relationship area, a need exists to provide an in-depth examination of the current status of research on the topic / the intent of this chapter is to provide such an examination / examine conceptual systems for providing future research directions, identify central research issues, and recognize methodological refinements and needs the relationship among anxiety, stress, arousal, and related terms will be discussed / arousal–performance relationship hypotheses and theories will be examined and discussed, including drive theory, the inverted-U hypothesis, Hanin's (1989) optimal zones of arousal hypothesis, multidimensional anxiety theory, Hardy and Fazey's (1987) application of catastrophe theory, and Kerr's (1985, 1987) reversal theory interpretation (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Antecedents Of, Temporal Changes In, and Relationships between CSAI-2 Subcomponents

Article

Sep 1984

In Study 1, 37 elite intercollegiate wrestlers were administered a battery that included a competitive state anxiety inventory (CSAI—2), then completed the CSAI—2 again immediately before 2 competitions. In Study 2, 63 female high school varsity volleyball players completed the CSAI—2 1 wk, 48 hrs, 24 hrs, and 20 min prior to a major tournament. Combined results verify that the CSAI—2 assesses 3 separate components of state anxiety. As predicted, somatic anxiety increased prior to competition, while cognitive anxiety and confidence remained constant. No single antecedent was strongly related to all 3 subcomponents. Initial findings thus support the CSAI—2 as a multidimensional sport-specific state anxiety inventory. (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Gender differences in pre competition temporal patterning and antecedents of anxiety and self confidence

Article

Mar 1991

Examined changes in, and antecedents of, cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence in a sample of 28 male and 28 female university athletes. Ss responded to the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory—2 and 6 antecedent items during the week preceding an important competition. In the case of cognitive anxiety, men showed no change across time; women showed a progressive increase as the competition neared. Men and women showed the same patterning in somatic anxiety with increases occurring only on the day of competition. Self-confidence scores revealed a reduction in self-confidence as the competition neared in both genders, but there was a greater decrease in women. Significant predictors of cognitive anxiety and self-confidence in the females were associated with personal goals and standards; significant predictors in the men were associated with interpersonal comparison and winning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Do Anxious Swimmers Swim Slower? Reexamining the Elusive Anxiety-Performance Relationship

Article

Mar 1988

Damon Burton

Used a competitive state anxiety inventory (CSAI) developed by R. Martens et al (unpublished) and a more sensitive intraindividual performance measure to evaluate the relationship between anxiety and performance in 98 swimmers. Three hypotheses were tested: (1) Cognitive anxiety is more consistently and strongly related to performance than is somatic anxiety; (2) somatic anxiety demonstrates an inverted-U relationship with performance, whereas self-confidence and performance exhibit a positive linear relationship and cognitive anxiety and performance exhibit a negative one; and (3) short duration and high and low complexity events demonstrate stronger relationships between somatic anxiety and performance than do long duration or moderate complexity events. Results support the hypotheses and provide additional construct validity for the CSAI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Enhancing Self-efficacy in High-avoidance Motor Tasks: A Comparison of Modeling Techniques

Article

Jun 1979

Investigated the effectiveness of participant, live, and videotape modeling on the learning of a high-avoidance springboard-diving task (back dive) with 60 inexperienced female college students. The effectiveness of each form of modeling on the strength of self-efficacy was also studied. In accord with A. Bandura's (1977) self-efficacy theory, it was hypothesized that the participant-modeling group would perform more correct back dives and would show stronger efficacy expectations compared to the live-modeling group, which in turn would perform better on these measures than the videotape group. Ss were randomly assigned to the 3 treatment conditions. Results indicate that the participant-modeling treatment produced more successful dives and stronger expectations of personal efficacy than either the live-modeling or videotaped-modeling treatments. The hypothesis that Ss in the live-modeling condition would perform better behaviorally and show stronger efficacy expectations than Ss in the videotape condition was not supported. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Precompetition temporal patterning of anxiety and self-confidence in males and females

Article

Dec 1989

Examined changes in cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence in 20 male and 20 female undergraduate athletes during periods preceding championship competitions. Ss responded to a competitive state anxiety inventory (CSAI) on 6 occasions during the precompetition period: 2 wks, 1 wk, 2 days, 1 day, 2 hrs, and within 30 min from the start of the competition. Results demonstrated different patterns of change for the females on all 3 CSAI subscales. For cognitive anxiety there was no change across time in the males, but females showed a progressive increase as the competition neared. Females also showed an earlier increase in somatic anxiety than males. Self-confidence remained stable in males but decreased in females on the day of the competition. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Intraindividual Pregame State Anxiety and Basketball Performance: A Re-examination of the Inverted-U Curve

Article

Sep 1982

Tested an extension of the inverted-–U curve hypothesis by defining low, moderate, and high arousal levels as an athlete's lowest, median, and highest pregame state anxiety values across 3 games of a basketball tournament. Performance was measured by a game statistics composite (PER) and by total points (TP) in each game. Ss were 30 female university varsity basketball starters from 6 teams. They were trichotomized on competitive trait anxiety (A-trait), and a 3 by 3 ANOVA with repeated measures on A-state categories was used. Ss were administered the Sport Competition Anxiety Test before a practice session and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory 20–30 min before each game. Significant A-state effects were found for both PER and TP. Although A-trait predicted absolute A-state levels extremely well, it failed to achieve a significant relationship with performance. When intra-S T-scores for PER and TP were regressed separately on intra-S A-state T-scores, the relationship of variables consisted essentially of a quadratic function that explained 18.4 and 16.9% of within-S variance for PER and TP, respectively. High A-state scores were associated with poorest performances in all 3 trait groups, but plotting performance T-scores across A-state categories indicated this effect to be particularly pronounced in high-competitive trait-anxious Ss. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Antecedents of Multidimensional Competitive State Anxiety and Self-Confidence in Elite Intercollegiate Middle-Distance Runners

Article

Jun 1990

Examined situational antecedents of multidimensional competitive state anxiety and self-confidence in 125 elite intercollegiate middle-distance runners (aged 18–30 yrs). Cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence were measured 1 hr prior to performance. Ss also completed a pre-race questionnaire (PRQ; appended). Analysis of the PRQ revealed 5 factors: perceived readiness, attitude toward previous performance, position goal, coach influence, and external environment. Cognitive anxiety was predicted by the 1st 3 factors. Self-confidence was also predicted by 2 factors, perceived readiness and external environment. Findings suggest that cognitive anxiety and self-confidence share some common antecedents but that there are also factors unique to each. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Multimodal stress management in sport: Current status and future directions.

Article

Damon Burton

a multimodal stress management model will be introduced that specifies the multiple types of anxiety problems confronted by athletes in sport / support for this multimodal stress management model will be provided, including empirical evidence from several lines of research including anxiety, appraisal, and coping two common multimodal stress management strategies will be described, including examples of how different stress management modalities are combined to achieve an integrated coping response / the effectiveness of multimodal stress management strategies will be evaluated, including empirical findings from both the general psychological and sport literatures / criticisms of the efficacy of multimodal stress management treatments for enhancing sport performance will also be discussed future directions for multimodal stress management research will be addressed, emphasizing the need for more and better evaluation research with athletes as well as the necessity for further refinement in performance and anxiety measurement (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Psychology of the Elite Athlete: An Exploratory Study

Article

Jun 1977

Thirteen male gymnasts were given a standard questionnaire and interviewed during the final trials for the U.S. Olympic team. Particular attention was given to psychological factors and cognitive strategies in their training and competition. Using their final competitive grouping as the primary dependent variable, correlations were performed to assess the relationship between these factors and superior athletic performance. Data from this exploratory study suggested that varying patterns of cognition may be strongly correlated with successful and superior gymnastic performance. Specifically, dream frequency, self-verbalizations, and certain forms of mental imagery seemed to differentiate the best gymnasts from those who failed to make the Olympic team. These two groups also appeared to show different anxiety patterns and different methods of coping with competitive stress. The implications of these results for sport psychology are briefly discussed.

Facilitating and debilitating test anxiety among college students and volunteers for desensitization workshops

Article

May 1978

Administered the Alpert-Haber Achievement Anxiety Test (AAT) to 54 students who expressed interest in participating in a test anxiety desensitization workshop. In addition, 182 students from the general college population were tested. Results indicated that both the debilitating and facilitating (AAT) scales were higher for the self-referred volunteer group. These data indicate that these scales are useful in distinguishing self-referred volunteers for behavior modification workshops from a general college population. In addition, the scales of the AAT were correlated with the number of sessions attended by those students who enrolled in the desensitization groups. Results indicated no relationship between attrition and debilitating anxiety. There was a correlation of r = .318 p less than .15 between facilitating anxiety scores and number of sessions attended. It is suggested that facilitating anxiety can function as a measure of S's ego strength in predicting workshop attendance.

Intensity and direction dimensions of competitive anxiety and relationships with competitiveness

Article

May 1992

This study examined differences in intensity and direction of symptoms of competitive state anxiety in high and low competitive subjects from the sports of rugby union, basketball, soccer, and field hockey. The 69 men were dichotomized via a median-split into high and low competitive groups based on their scores on the Sport Orientation Questionnaire. All subjects completed a modified version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 30 minutes prior to competition. This inventory included the original intensity scale plus a direction scale on which subjects rated the extent the experienced intensity of each symptom was either facilitative or debilitative to subsequent performance. There were no significant group differences on intensity of cognitive anxiety or of somatic anxiety or on direction of somatic anxiety; however, the highly competitive group of 34 subjects reported their anxiety as more facilitative and less debilitative than the low competitive group (n = 35). This supports the proposal that sports performers' directional perceptions of their anxiety symptoms may provide further understanding of the competitive state-anxiety response.

A catastrophe model of anxiety and performance

Article

May 1991

An experiment is reported which tests Fazey & Hardy's (1988) catastrophe model of anxiety and performance. Eight experienced basketball players were required to perform a set shooting task, under conditions of high and low cognitive anxiety. On each of these occasions, physiological arousal was manipulated by means of physical work in such a way that subjects were tested with physiological arousal increasing and decreasing. Curve-fitting procedures followed by non-parametric tests of significance confirmed (p less than .002) Fazey & Hardy's hysteresis hypothesis: namely, that the polynomial curves for the increasing vs. decreasing arousal conditions would be horizontally displaced relative to each other in the high cognitive anxiety condition, but superimposed on top of one another in the low cognitive anxiety condition. Other non-parametric procedures showed that subjects' maximum performances were higher, their minimum performances lower, and their critical decrements in performance greater in the high cognitive anxiety condition than in the low cognitive anxiety condition. These results were taken as strong support for Fazey & Hardy's catastrophe model of anxiety and performance. The implications of the model for current theorizing on the anxiety-performance relationship are also discussed.

Relationships between multidimensional competitive state anxiety and cognitive and motor subcomponents of performance

Article

Feb 1989

This study examined the relationship between multidimensional competitive state anxiety and cognitive (i.e. digit span) and motor (i.e. perceptuo-motor speed) subcomponents of performance in an experimental group of hockey players during the period leading up to an important hockey match, and also in a control group of hockey players before a routine training session. Using a 'time-to-event' experimental paradigm, an increase in somatic anxiety 20 min before the hockey match was accompanied by improved perceptuo-motor speed performance. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that somatic anxiety was negatively related to digit span performance, whilst somatic anxiety and self-confidence were positively related to perceptuo-motor speed performance. These findings suggest that somatic anxiety may be an important source of performance variance.

Cognitive and Emotional Components of Test Anxiety: A Distinction and Some Initial Data

Article

Jul 1967

-This smdy examined the relationship between rwo aspects of the TAQ, identified as "worry" and "emotionslity," and performance expectancies on a college examination. For this purpose, a short Pre-examination Questionnaire was developed. As predicted, worry (W) was inversely related to performance expectancy. No relationship between expectancy and emotionality (E) was found. The components of Mandler and Sarason's Test Anxiety Questionnaire have typically been examined by various factor-analytic techniques (e.g., Gorsuch, 1966; Sassenrath, 1964; Sassenrath, Kight, 8: Kaiser, 1965). Two cla~ses of factors seem to emerge: cognitive factors which might be labelled "worry" or "lack of confidence" and Zactors which refer to various indices of autonomic arousal or "emotionality." The present study examined a specific hypothesized relationship between these two aspecrs of anxiety and performance expectancy on a college examination. "Worry" (W) was conceptually identified as any cognitive expression of concern about one's own performance, while "emotionality" (E) referred ro autonomic reactions which tend to occur under examination suess. It was hypothesized that worry would be inversely related to performance expectancy. This relationship was predicted on the basis of the following reasoning. Worry is primarily cognitive concern about the consequences of failing, the ability of others relative to one's own, etc. Thus, in situations where persons expect success, considerations of worry should be minimized. In contrast, when poor performance is expected they should be maximal. On the other hand, indices of anxiety which are primarily autonomic or emotional in nature were hypothesized to reflect the immediate uncertainty of the test-taking situation. Thus, emotionality should be highest when one's own performance is least certain (i.e., when expectancy is nearest .5). This prediction is in accord with Atkinson and Feather's (1966) risk-taking model, in which test anxiety is assumed to be an indication of the strength of the motive to avoid failure. This motive, and the anxiety associated with it, is held to be highest at the point of maximum uncertainty (Atkinson & Litwin, 1960). It is pertinent, however, that when Feather (1963) asked persons how "worried rhey were during a problem-solving task in which expectancies were manipulated, an inverse relationship between expectancy and worry was obtained. The purpose of this study was to corroborate the posited inverse relationship between expectancy aod worry and to demonstrate that this relationship does not parallel the relationship between expectancy and emotionality.

Effects of Facilitating and Debilitating Anxiety on Performance and Study Effort in Mastery-Based and Traditional Courses

Article

Jul 1981

To explore a possible interaction of testing method with anxiety, Alpert and Haber's Achievement Anxiety Test was administered to 103 male and 94 female undergraduates in biology courses which utilized traditional or mastery-based testing systems. As predicted, students high in debilitating anxiety attained lower grades than students low in debilitating anxiety; highly facilitating anxiety was associated with higher grades than was low facilitating anxiety, especially in the traditionally taught sections. The results support the Alpert-Haber conception of test anxiety and suggest an inverted-U relationship between grades and test anxiety. Further analysis showed that, although test anxiety did not affect effort in study, females studied more in the mastery-based course than in the traditional course. Males' effort was not affected by testing method.

Functional and dysfunctional responses to anxiety: The interaction between expectancies and self-focused attention

Jan 1986

C S Carver
M F Scheier

Carver, C.S. and Scheier, M.F. (1986). Functional and dysfunctional responses to anxiety: The interaction between expectancies and self-focused attention. In Self-related Cognitions in Anxiety and Motivation (edited by R. Schwarzer). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.

Physiological and cognitive processes in the regulation of anxiety Do anxious swimmers swim slower? Reexamining the elusive anxiety-performance relationship

Jan 1976
261-312

T D Borkovec

Borkovec, T.D. (1976). Physiological and cognitive processes in the regulation of anxiety. In Consciousness and Self-regulation: Advances in Research (edited by G.E. Schwartz and D. Shapiro), pp. 261-312. New York: Plenum Press. Burton, D. (1988). Do anxious swimmers swim slower? Reexamining the elusive anxiety-performance relationship. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 45-61.

Effects of Downloaded by [Moskow State Univ Bibliote] at 05:01 08 November 2013 physical and psychological responses to stress on motor performance in competitive sport

Jan 1987
910-923

P P Moorman
A Knoop
Van

Moorman, P.P. and Knoop, A. van der (1987). Effects of Downloaded by [Moskow State Univ Bibliote] at 05:01 08 November 2013 physical and psychological responses to stress on motor performance in competitive sport. In Proceedings of the VIIth Congress of the European Federation of Sport Psycho-logy, Vol. 3, pp. 910-923. Leipzig: Deutsche Hochschule für Korperkultur.

Stress and sport: Reversal theory

Jan 1990
107-131

J H Kerr

Kerr, J.H. (1990). Stress and sport: Reversal theory. In Stress and Performance in Sport (edited by J.G. Jones and L. Hardy), pp. 107-131. Chichester: John Wiley.

Further evidence for the differential effect of competitive anxiety upon a number of cognitive and motor sub-systems

Jan 1987
62-63

C G Parfitt
L Hardy

Parfitt, C.G. and Hardy, L. (1987). Further evidence for the differential effect of competitive anxiety upon a number of cognitive and motor sub-systems. Journal of Sports Sciences, 5, 62-63.

(in press) Issues in competitive anxiety

J G Jones

Jones, J.G. (in press). Issues in competitive anxiety. In Exercise and Sport Psychology: A European Perspective (edited by S. Biddle). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

The Experience of Emotion: The Theory of Psychological Reversals Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change

Jan 1977
191-215

M J Apter

Apter, M.J. (1982). The Experience of Emotion: The Theory of Psychological Reversals. London: Academic Press. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.

Motivatie en Prestatie. Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger

Jan 1967

H J M Hermans

Hermans, H.J.M. (1967). Motivatie en Prestatie. Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger.

Multidimen-sional anxiety and performance

Jan 1990
43-81

C L Parfitt
J G Jones
L Hardy

Parfitt, C.L., Jones, J.G. and Hardy, L. (1990). Multidimen-sional anxiety and performance. In Stress and Performance in Sport (edited by J.G. Jones and L. Hardy), pp. 43-81.

Jan 1978
485

Hudesman J.

Jan 1992
467

Jones J.G.

Effects of physical and psychological responses to stress on motor performance in competitive sport

P P Moorman
A Knoop
Van Der

Intensity and direction dimensions of competitive state anxiety and relationships with performance

Abstract

No full-text available

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