Article

Sleep Inducing Effect of Low Energy Emission Therapy

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Abstract

The sleep inducing effect of a 15 min treatment with either an active or an inactive Low Energy Emission Therapy (LEET) device emitting amplitude-modulated electromagnetic (EM) fields was investigated in a double-blind cross-over study performed on 52 healthy subjects. All subjects were exposed to both active and inactive LEET treatment sessions, with an interval of at least I week between the two sessions. LEET consists of 27.12 MHz amplitude-modulated (sine wave) EM fields emitted intrabuccally by means of an electrically conducting mouthpiece in direct contact with the oral mucosa. The estimated local peak SAR is less than 10 W/kg in the oral mucosa and 0.1 to 100 mW/kg in brain tissue. No appreciable sensation is experienced during treatment, and subjects are therefore unable to tell whether they are receiving an active or an inactive treatment. In this study the active treatment consisted of EM fields intermittently amplitude-modulated (sine wave) at 42.7 Hz for 3 s followed by a pause of 1 s during which no EM fields were emitted. During the inactive treatment no EM fields were emitted. Baseline EEGs were obtained and 15 min post-treatment EEGs were recorded and analyzed according to the Loomis classification. A significant decrease (paired t test) in sleep latency to stage B2 (−1.78 ± 5.57 min, P = 0.013), and an increase in the total duration of stage B2 (1.15 ± 2.47 min, P = 0.0008) were observed on active treatment as compared with inactive treatment. The deepest sleep stage achieved (B1 to D) following active treatment was also significantly higher than that following inactive treatment (P = 0.040). We conclude 27.12 MHz electromagnetic fields, intermittenly amplitude-modulated at 42.7 Hz, result in a significant sleep inducing effect in healthy subjects.

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... A sleep-restoring effect in patients with insomnia was the first reported potential clinical benefit of LEAM RF EMF exposure, at specific effective envelope wave frequencies (27)(28)(29). A similar phenomenon was observed as mild, transient somnolence in patients with cancer undergoing LEAM RF EMF exposure, as described below. ...
... Barbault et al. described the selection of tumour type-specific envelope wave frequencies using the P1 device in patients with cancer, by monitoring variations in amplitude of the radial pulse (5). The range of these frequencies was higher than the frequencies previously identified in patients with insomnia (27)(28)(29), and also differed among patients with different cancers. Of the 1,524 frequencies identified across four cancer types, 170 were active in patients with HCC and 144 of these were specific to HCC. ...
... After hundreds of weekly procedures over periods of several years, mild, self-limiting somnolence or fatigue was the only frequently reported adverse event related to LEAM RF EMF exposure among patients receiving treatment with this modality alone or in combination with conventional anticancer treatment ( Table 2). This side effect profile is consistent with the sleep-promoting effect of LEAM RF EMF exposure in patients with insomnia (27)(28)(29). The subtle effects of exposure on haemodynamic regulation do not appear to be associated with adverse events. ...
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Exposure to Low-Energy Amplitude-Modulated Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (LEAMRFEMF) represents a new treatment option for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (AHCC). We focus on two medical devices that modulate the amplitude of a 27.12 MHz carrier wave to generate envelope waves in the low Hz to kHz range. Each provides systemic exposure to LEAMRFEMF via an intrabuccal antenna. This technology differs from so-called Tumour Treating Fields because it uses different frequency ranges, uses electromagnetic rather than electric fields, and delivers energy systemically rather than locally. The AutemDev also deploys patient-specific frequencies. LEAMRFEMF devices use 100-fold less power than mobile phones and have no thermal effects on tissue. Tumour type-specific or patient-specific treatment frequencies can be derived by measuring haemodynamic changes induced by exposure to LEAMRFEMF. These specific frequencies inhibited growth of human cancer cell lines in vitro and in mouse xenograft models. In uncontrolled prospective clinical trials in patients with AHCC, minorities of patients experienced complete or partial tumour responses. Pooled comparisons showed enhanced overall survival in treated patients compared to historical controls. Mild transient somnolence was the only notable treatment-related adverse event. We hypothesize that intracellular oscillations of charged macromolecules and ion flows couple resonantly with LEAMRFEMF. This resonant coupling appears to disrupt cell division and subcellular trafficking of mitochondria. We provide an estimate of the contribution of the electromagnetic effects to the overall energy balance of an exposed cell by calculating the power delivered to the cell, and the energy dissipated through the cell due to EMF induction of ionic flows along microtubules. We then compare this with total cellular metabolic energy production and conclude that energy delivered by LEAMRFEMF may provide a beneficial shift in cancer cell metabolism away from aberrant glycolysis. Further clinical research may confirm that LEAMRFEMF has therapeutic value in AHCC.
... Die ersten Studien, welche den Einfluss von elektromagnetischen Feldern auf den Schlaf untersuchten, waren die von Reite et al. (1994), von Lebet et al. (1996) und von Pasche et al. (1996). Sie benutzten eine andere Art der Exposition als die darauffolgenden Studien, nämlich ein amplitudenmoduliertes elektromagnetisches ...
... Die verkürzte Einschlafzeit, die verlängerte Gesamtschlafzeit, die verbesserte Schlafeffizienz, und die geringere Zahl an Wachperioden sprechen für einen schlaffördernden Effekt des elektromagnetischen Feldes. Obwohl diese Unterschiede in den Kennwerten der Schlafkontinuität alle keine Signifikanz erreichen, sind sie mit den Ergebnissen der Pionierstudien von Reite et al. (1994), Lebet et al. (1996) und Pasche et al. (1996) ...
... Auch in der Auswertung des Schlaffragebogens-A waren keine signifikanten Reite et al. (1994), Lebet et al. (1996) und Pasche et al. (1996) ...
Article
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Effekt elektromagnetischer Strahlung auf objektive Schlafparameter und die Möglichkeit der Abschirmung dieser Auswirkung durch spezielle Textilien erforscht. Es wurden dafür mittels eines einfachblinden cross-over Designs 20 gesunde Probandinnen zwischen 45 und 65 Jahren während 6 Nächten im Schlaflabor untersucht. Während 4 dieser Nächte wurden die Versuchspersonen einem kontinuierlichen elektromagnetischen Feld mit einer Frequenz von 1,8 GHz exponiert, dabei wurden in den verschiedenen Nächten abwechselnd Baldachin, Unterlagen, Matratze und Bettdecke als abschirmende Textilien verwendet. Nach Auswertung der polysomnographischen Parametern konnten keine statistisch signifikanten Veränderungen durch die Exponierung festgestellt werden. Es zeigte sich aber dass alle Veränderungen, wenngleich schwach, auf eine Verbesserung der Schlafqualität durch das elektromagnetische Feld deuteten. Unter anderem zeichneten sich eine verkürzte Einschlafzeit, eine verlängerte Gesamtschlafzeit, eine verbesserte Schlafeffizienz und eine geringere Zahl an Wachperioden ab. Ebenso zeigte sich eine Reduktion des Wachanteils an der Schlafperiode und Abnahmen der Gesamt-Arousal- und Myoklonie-Indices. Der REM-Anteil war in den Expositionsnächten erhöht und die REM-Latenz tendenziell signifikant erniedrigt, so dass man von einem REM-Schlaf fördernden Effekt ausgehen kann. Da keine statistisch eindeutigen Veränderungen des Schlafes entstanden, war auch eine Beurteilung des Abschirmeffektes der Textilien nicht sicher möglich. Tendenziell signifikant waren aber die Reduktion des Tiefschlafs und die Zunahme des Wachanteils bei der Benutzung des Verum-Baldachins, so dass eine Verschlechterung des Schlafs durch diesen anzunehmen ist. Diese lässt sich am ehesten durch einen verminderten Temperaturabfluss und Luftaustausch erklären. Es konnte also gezeigt werden, dass objektive Schlafparameter nicht negativ durch elektromagnetische Strahlung beeinflusst werden und somit eine Abschirmung durch spezielle Textilien nicht sinnvoll ist.
... De par les symptômes évoqués, et en raison de la proximité de l'antenne des téléphones portables, le cerveau apparaît comme un organe cible privilégié des OEM. Les perturbations neurophysiologiques rapportées (troubles de la mémoire [1,2], perturbation de sommeil et de l'endormissement [3][4][5], cépha-http://france.elsevier.com/direct/PATBIO/ Pathologie Biologie 55 (2007) 235-241 lées [6]) ont pu être rapprochées dans un premier temps à des perturbations du système cholinergique [7] et plus spécifiquement à une diminution de la sécrétion de l'acétylcholine, qui elle-même peut être reliée à plusieurs mécanismes tels qu'une diminution de la recapture de la choline [8,9], une disparition de la cyclicité de la sécrétion d'ACh [10]. ...
... L'absence d'effet sur les cycles de sécrétions de l'acétylcholine (neurotransmetteur impliqué l'éveil) se retrouve corroborée par les données de la vigilance. Chez l'homme, de telles études montrent une augmentation du temps de sommeil lent et une diminution du temps passé en sommeil paradoxal [3][4][5]. Notre étude ne montre aucune modification pour l'éveil, ni dans le temps passé dans cet état de vigilance, ni dans la structure circadienne. Ces résultats ne montrent donc pas une disparition de la cyclicité de la sécrétion d'acétylcholine au niveau des centres de l'éveil. ...
Article
The LS electromagnetic band (1-4 GHz) is widely used both in domestic and industrial domains. Several studies suggested that the biological systems would exhibit a specific sensitivity to the 2.45 GHz microwaves (water resonance frequency). Potential human health hazards and especially a disruption of the cholinergic system have been reported, due to exposure to microwaves even at low power density. This work presents a multiparametric study of freely moving rat where neurophysiology was investigated during 70 hours using neurochemical (microdialysis technique), electrophysiological, behavioral (vigilance stages quantification) and thermophysiological approaches. The rats were exposed 24 hours to a 2.45 GHz pulsed electromagnetic field at low power density. In this exposure conditions, no significant effect have been reported.
... The idea that electromagnetic fields might alter sleep is not new (28), but it has yet to be clearly established. Recently, tests of the Symtonic Low Energy Emission Therapy (LEET) device (Symtonic SA; Renens, Switzerland), which administers very low intensity, amplitudemodulated electromagnetic fields (EMFs) intrabucally, indicate that LEET may be an effective sleep-promoting device (29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34). This device uses EMFs of a type that can induce tissue gradients around neurons similar to those seen with normal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, and which have been shown to alter spontaneous EEG rhythms in animals. ...
... This device uses EMFs of a type that can induce tissue gradients around neurons similar to those seen with normal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, and which have been shown to alter spontaneous EEG rhythms in animals. A detailed description of the LEET device has been published (34). The effects on performance or circadian rhythms of LEET a alone, or in combination with bright light treatment, have not been reported previously. ...
Article
Circadian desynchronosis caused by shiftwork or jet lag can have detrimental effects on alertness and performance, which could impair productivity and safety (1-4). With jet lag this is ordinarily a temporary problem. However, even long-term night-shift workers rarely show complete adjustment of circadian rhythms to the reversed sleep/wake cycle (5,6). Circadian desynchronosis can also disturb sleep, which may impair subsequent performance, thereby compounding the problem (7,8). Some interventions may offset problems produced by shiftwork or jet lag, either by speeding up resynchronization to a new sleep/wake schedule, or by improving sleep, with secondary improvement of alertness and performance. Possible interventions include sleeping medications, application of bright light, and administration of melatonin. Sleeping medications can increase the duration of daytime sleep in night-shift workers or nighttime sleep in jet-lagged individuals (9). However, sedative hypnotics are not generally recommended for chronic usage (10), because these agents become ineffective and individuals may become dependent on them. Additionally, since sedatives are, not surprisingly, associated with a decrement in performance and alertness for some time after ingestion (11), these agents have drawbacks in environments where personnel are required to respond quickly to emergency conditions.
... Early studies with a deviating high-frequency exposition signal Two early studies that are often cited in reviews [18,20] deviate from those listed in the tables primarily with regard to the exposition signal, which was an amplitude-modulated electromagnetic field. The frequency of the signal was 27.12 MHz, which was modulated for 3 s with a 42.7 Hz sine wave, followed by a break of 1-s duration. ...
... The frequency of the signal was 27.12 MHz, which was modulated for 3 s with a 42.7 Hz sine wave, followed by a break of 1-s duration. The application of this exposure resulted in a sleep-promoting effect in 52 healthy subjects [20] as well as in 106 insomniacs [18]. For patients with chronic insomnia, low energy emission therapy (LEET) was seen as an attractive alternative to drug therapy [18]. ...
Article
Question of the study For a long time, biological effects of electromagnetic fields at mobile phone frequencies have been subject to public debate. While the initial interest was on direct effects causing health problems or diseases, especially cancer, in more recent times the focus has changed to effects that reflect impairments of well-being, such as headaches, sleep disturbances, and other unspecific health symptoms. Methods The present paper reviews results of laboratory studies on the effect of electromagnetic fields at mobile phone frequencies on sleep that were published in peer-reviewed journals. Results All of the studies published so far sued GSM signals (real or simulated signals of mobile phones as well as approximated base station signals). The exposition varies with regard to power flux densities and specific absorption rate (SAR) values, respectively. They range from values that can be observed in the vicinity of base stations to much higher values that occur when using a mobile phone. Exposition designs also vary, including 30 to 45 min exposition prior to sleep, intermittently applied signals during 8-h night-time sleep, and continuous exposition over the whole night. Most of the studies were conducted in a crossover design, with double-blind as well as single-blind protocols. In some studies, EMF seemed to have a slight sleep-promoting effect, in others an increased spectral power in the spindle frequency range in NREM2 was observed. Conclusion Sleep is a state that is especially suited to analyse the effects of EMF on the central nervous system. Further research regarding the impact of EMF on sleep is needed. The slight physiological effects seen so far do not support the hypothesis that EMF leads to sleep disturbances reflecting an impairment of health.
... The treatment sequence is controlled by a microcontroller (Atmel AT89S8252, Fribourg, Switzerland), that is, duration of session, sequence of modulation frequencies and duration of each sequence can be programmed via PC over a RS232 interface. The RF output is adjusted to 100 mW into a 50 O load, which results in an emitting power identical to that of the device used for the treatment of insomnia (Pasche et al, 1990; Reite et al, 1994; Pasche et al, 1996). The United States Food and Drug Administration has determined that such a device is not a significant risk device and it has been used in several studies conducted in the United States (Reite et al, 1994; Pasche et al, 1996; Kelly et al, 1997). ...
... The RF output is adjusted to 100 mW into a 50 O load, which results in an emitting power identical to that of the device used for the treatment of insomnia (Pasche et al, 1990; Reite et al, 1994; Pasche et al, 1996). The United States Food and Drug Administration has determined that such a device is not a significant risk device and it has been used in several studies conducted in the United States (Reite et al, 1994; Pasche et al, 1996; Kelly et al, 1997). A long-term follow-up survey of 807 patients who have received this therapy in the United States, Europe and Asia showed that the rate of adverse reactions was low and was not associated with increases in the incidence of malignancy or coronary heart disease (Amato and Pasche, 1993). ...
Article
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Therapeutic options for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are limited. There is emerging evidence that the growth of cancer cells may be altered by very low levels of electromagnetic fields modulated at specific frequencies. A single-group, open-label, phase I/II study was performed to assess the safety and effectiveness of the intrabuccal administration of very low levels of electromagnetic fields amplitude modulated at HCC-specific frequencies in 41 patients with advanced HCC and limited therapeutic options. Three-daily 60-min outpatient treatments were administered until disease progression or death. Imaging studies were performed every 8 weeks. The primary efficacy end point was progression-free survival 6 months. Secondary efficacy end points were progression-free survival and overall survival. Treatment was well tolerated and there were no NCI grade 2, 3 or 4 toxicities. In all, 14 patients (34.1%) had stable disease for more than 6 months. Median progression-free survival was 4.4 months (95% CI 2.1-5.3) and median overall survival was 6.7 months (95% CI 3.0-10.2). There were three partial and one near complete responses. Treatment with intrabuccally administered amplitude-modulated electromagnetic fields is safe, well tolerated, and shows evidence of antitumour effects in patients with advanced HCC.
... Mild, self-limiting somnolence was a common adverse event in individuals receiving AutEMdev EMF, consistent with previous findings. [44][45][46] In contrast, in patients receiving TTFields, dermatological adverse events are common and skin toxicity may limit exposure. 47 EMF exposure can affect α waves and is an option for treatment of depression and pain. ...
Article
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Background: Patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and poor liver function lack effective systemic therapies. Low-energy electromagnetic fields (EMFs) can influence cell biological processes via non-thermal effects and may represent a new treatment option. Methods: This single-site feasibility trial enrolled patients with advanced HCC, Child-Pugh A and B, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 0-2. Patients underwent 90-min amplitude-modulated EMF exposure procedures every 2-4 weeks, using the AutEMdev (Autem Therapeutics). Patients could also receive standard care. The primary endpoints were safety and the identification of hemodynamic variability patterns. Exploratory endpoints included health-related quality of life (HRQoL), overall survival (OS). and objective response rate (ORR) using RECIST v1.1. Results: Sixty-six patients with advanced HCC received 539 AutEMdev procedures (median follow-up, 30 months). No serious adverse events occurred during procedures. Self-limiting grade 1 somnolence occurred in 78.7% of patients. Hemodynamic variability during EMF exposure was associated with specific amplitude-modulation frequencies. HRQoL was maintained or improved among patients remaining on treatment. Median OS was 11.3 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.0, 16.6) overall (16.0 months [95% CI: 4.4, 27.6] and 12.0 months [6.4, 17.6] for combination therapy and monotherapy, respectively). ORR was 24.3% (32% and 17% for combination therapy and monotherapy, respectively). Conclusion: AutEMdev EMF exposure has an excellent safety profile in patients with advanced HCC. Hemodynamic alterations at personalized frequencies may represent a surrogate of anti-tumor efficacy. NCT01686412.
... The device was introduced to trainees in the PLA group through a 15-minute presentation, as a 'novel sleep-promoting device' that is emitting a frequency through antennas within a 20 m radius that will be detected by the brain and enhance sleep. The presentation cited previous research investigating other novel sleep devices, including devices that emit white noise (Forquer, Johnson, & Hypnosis, 2007), low energy emissions (Reite et al., 1994), and mixed-frequency white noise (Stanchina, Abu-Hijleh, Chaudhry, Carlisle, & Millman, 2005). The device was also introduced as being a betaproduct testing device that had not yet been studied, and given the nature of the invention, it was highly classified. ...
Article
The manipulation of light exposure in the evening has been shown to modulate sleep, and may be beneficial in a military setting where sleep is reported to be problematic. This study investigated the efficacy of low‐temperature lighting on objective sleep measures and physical performance in military trainees. Sixty‐four officer‐trainees (52 male/12 female, mean ± SD age: 25 ± 5 years) wore wrist‐actigraphs for 6 weeks during military training to quantify sleep metrics. Trainee 2.4‐km run time and upper‐body muscular‐endurance were assessed before and after the training course. Participants were randomly assigned to either: low‐temperature lighting (LOW, n = 19), standard‐temperature lighting with a placebo “sleep‐enhancing” device (PLA, n = 17), or standard‐temperature lighting (CON, n = 28) groups in their military barracks for the duration of the course. Repeated‐measures ANOVAs were run to identify significant differences with post hoc analyses and effect size calculations performed where indicated. No significant interaction effect was observed for the sleep metrics; however, there was a significant effect of time for average sleep duration, and small benefits of LOW when compared with CON (d = 0.41–0.44). A significant interaction was observed for the 2.4‐km run, with the improvement in LOW (Δ92.3 s) associated with a large improvement when compared with CON (Δ35.9 s; p = 0.003; d = 0.95 ± 0.60), but not PLA (Δ68.6 s). Similarly, curl‐up improvement resulted in a moderate effect in favour of LOW (Δ14 repetitions) compared with CON (Δ6; p = 0.063; d = 0.68 ± 0.72). Chronic exposure to low‐temperature lighting was associated with benefits to aerobic fitness across a 6‐week training period, with minimal effects on sleep measures.
... The discussion on whether there are changes in sleep routine in view of microwave introduction relies upon discoveries by Reite et al. (1994), who definite that exceptional presentation of human subjects for only 15 min to adequacy adjusted microwaves (0.1-100 µW/kg as a primary concern tissue) prompts a shortening of the sleep starting inaction and augmentation in the length of stage 2 sleep as appears in Table 1. As per these observations, Pasche et al. (1996) found a reducing in sleep starting inertness and augmentation in the total entirety of the sleep following remarkable (20 minutes) introduction of patients encountering psychophysiological a sleeping disorder to plentifulness controlled microwaves. ...
Chapter
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With the expanding use of wireless cellular networks, concerns have been communicated about the possible interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the human life, explicitly, the mind and brain. Mobile phones emanate radio frequency waves, a type of non-ionizing radiation, which can be absorbed by tissues nearest to where the telephone is kept. The effects on neuronal electrical activity, energy metabolism, genomic responses, neurotransmitter balance, blood–brain barrier permeability, mental psychological aptitude, sleep, and diverse cerebrum conditions including brain tumors are assessed. Health dangers may likewise develop from use of cellular communication, for instance, car accidents while utilizing the device while driving. These indirect well-being impacts surpass the immediate common troubles and should be looked into in more detail later on. In this chapter, we outline the possible biological impacts of EMF introduction on human brain.
... One of the first studies evaluated the sleep EEG following a 15-min treatment with a 42.7 Hz amplitudemodulation of 27.12 MHz electromagnetic field administered through of a small monopole antenna in the form of a spoon that could be placed in the mouth of a subject. The double-blind crossover experiment was performed in 52 healthy adults (32 F, aged between 18 and 53) and resulted in a decrease in sleep latency, longer duration of stage 2 sleep, and deeper sleep following the active treatment [34]. Pasche et al. performed a follow-up study with 97 patients suffering from psychophysiological insomnia, who were treated for 20 min, three times per week for four weeks in a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study design. ...
Article
An ever-growing number of electromagnetic (EM) emission sources elicits health concerns, particularly stemming from the ubiquitous low to extremely low frequency fields from power lines and appliances, and the radiofrequency fields emitted from telecommunication devices. In this article we review the state of knowledge regarding possible impacts of electromagnetic fields on melatonin secretion and on sleep structure and the electroencephalogram of humans. Most of the studies on the effects of melatonin on humans have been conducted in the presence of EM fields, focusing on the effects of occupational or residential exposures. While some of the earlier studies indicated that EM fields may have a suppressive effect on melatonin, the results cannot be generalized because of the large variability in exposure conditions and other factors that may influence melatonin. For instance, exposure to radiofrequency EM fields on sleep architecture show little or no effect. However, a number of studies show that pulsating radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, such as those emitted from cellular phones, can alter brain physiology, increasing the electroencephalogram power in selective bands when administered immediately prior to or during sleep. Additional research is necessary that would include older populations and evaluate the interactions of EM fields in different frequency ranges to examine their effects on sleep in humans.
... During the 1990's Pasche et al. demonstrated that intrabuccal administration of low and safe levels of 27.12 MHz RF EMF, amplitude-modulated at 42.7 Hz, has a sleep-inducing effect in healthy patients but does not improve sleep in patients with a diagnosis of insomnia (45,46). However, when patients with a diagnosis of insomnia were treated with the same carrier signal amplitude-modulated at four different frequencies (2.7 Hz, 21.9 Hz, 42.7 Hz and 48.9 Hz; i.e. insomnia-specific modulation) they experienced shorter sleep latency, longer total sleep time, increased sleep efficiency, and increased numbers of sleep cycles compared to controls (47,48). ...
Article
Cancer treatment and treatment options are quite limited in circumstances such as when the tumor is inoperable, in brain cancers when the drugs cannot penetrate the blood-brain-barrier, or when there is no tumor-specific target for generation of effective therapeutic antibodies. Despite the fact that electromagnetic fields (EMF) in medicine have been used for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes, the use of non-ionizing EMF for cancer treatment is a new emerging concept. Here we summarize the history of EMF from the 1890's to the novel and new innovative methods that target and treat cancer by non-ionizing radiation.
... Efeitos não-térmicos continuam sendo investigados, e, mesmo que até o momento não sejam de consenso científico, há sugestões de possíveis associações referentes à alteração do eletroencefalograma (REISER et al., 1995;BORBÉLY et al., 1999;HUBER et al., 2000); ao abortamento espontâneo e má formação fetal OUELLET-HELLSTROM e STEWART, 1993); ao distúrbios do sono (REITE et al., 1994;BORBÉLY et al., 1999;LOUGHRAN et al., 2005), entre outras. ...
... This research area was pioneered by Fröhlich (coherency in molecular vibrations, only recently directly demonstrated by Lundholm et al, 2015) and Popp (impact of bio-photons in life processes). In the two preceding decades, the biofield concept rapidly expanded to in vivo experimentation and multiple clinical approaches (Reite et al, 1994;Battleday, 2014;F. Frölich and Mc Cormick;Foffani, 2003). ...
Article
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Our brain is not a "stand alone" information processing organ: it acts as a central part of our integral nervous system with recurrent information exchange with the entire organism and the cosmos. In this study, the brain is conceived to be embedded in a holographic structured field that interacts with resonant sensitive structures in the various cell types in our body. In order to explain earlier reported ultra-rapid brain responses and effective operation of the meta-stable neural system, a field-receptive mental workspace is proposed to be communicating with the brain. Our integral nervous system is seen as a dedicated neural transmission and multi-cavity network that, in a non-dual manner, interacts with the proposed supervening meta-cognitive domain. Among others, it is integrating discrete patterns of eigen-frequencies of photonic/solitonic waves, thereby continuously updating a time-symmetric global memory space of the individual. Its toroidal organization allows the coupling of gravitational, dark energy, zero-point energy field (ZPE) as well as earth magnetic fields energies and transmits wave information into brain tissue, that thereby is instrumental in high speed conscious and subconscious information processing. We propose that the supposed field-receptive workspace, in a mutual interaction with the whole nervous system, generates self-consciousness and is conceived as operating from a 4 th spatial dimension (hyper-sphere). Its functional structure is adequately defined by the geometry of the torus, that is envisioned as a basic unit (operator) of space-time. The latter is instrumental in collecting the pattern of discrete soliton frequencies that provided an algorithm for coherent life processes, as earlier identified by us. It is postulated that consciousness in the entire universe arises through, scale invariant, nested toroidal coupling of various energy fields, that may include quantum error correction. In the brain of the human species, this takes the form of the proposed holographic workspace, that collects active information in a "brain event horizon", representing an internal and fully integral model of the self. This brain-supervening workspace is equipped to convert integrated coherent wave energies into attractor type/standing waves that guide the related cortical template to a higher coordination of reflection and action as well as network synchronicity, as required for conscious states. In relation to its scale-invariant global character, we find support for a universal information matrix, that was extensively described earlier, as a supposed implicate order as well as in a spectrum of space-time theories in current physics. The presence of a field-receptive resonant workspace, associated with, but not reducible to, our brain, may provide an interpretation framework for widely reported, but poorly understood transpersonal conscious states and algorithmic origin of life. It also points out the deep connection of mankind with the cosmos and our major responsibility for the future of our planet.
... Примером сенсорной терапии может служить воздействие подпороговым прерывистым воздей ствием низкоинтенсивного электромагнитного поля 27.12 МГц, которое способствовало сокра щению латентного периода наступления 2 й ста дии сна и увеличению ее длительности [26]. В ря де работ показана возможность использования различных методов релаксации, как чисто пове денческих, так и с использованием биологиче ской обратной связи от различных физиологиче ских функций: дыхания, тонуса мышц, частоты сердечных сокращений, температуры тела [27]. ...
Article
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Neocortical EEG slow wave activity (SWA) in the delta frequency band (0.5–4.0 Hz) is a hallmark of slow wave sleep (SWS) and its power is a function of prior wake duration and an indicator of a sleep need. SWS is considered the most important stage for realization of recovery functions of sleep. Possibility of impact on characteristics of a night sleep by rhythmic (0.8–1.2 Hz) subthreshold electocutaneous stimulation of a hand during SWS is shown: 1st night—adaptation, 2nd night—control, 3d and 4th nights—with stimulation during SWA stages of a SWS. Stimulation caused significant increase in average duration of SWS and EEG SWA power (in 11 of 16 subjects), and also wellbeing and mood improvement in subjects with lowered emo tional tone. It is supposed that the received result is caused by functioning of a hypothetical mechanism directed on maintenance and deepening of SWS and counteracting activating, awakening influences of the afferent stimulation. The results can be of value both for understanding the physiological mechanisms of sleep homeostasis and for development of nonpharmacological therapy of sleep disorders.
... Our concept on electromagnetics for life processes and brain function is also in line with the current spectrum of pre-clinical and clinical studies on the application of EM radiation as reviewed among others by Tabrah (1990), Reite (1994), Dutta (1994), Belyaev, (1998 It is highlighted in the present study, that the frequencies of the 'Life principle' are present as eigenfrequencies of nested tori. We consider the torus as a fundamental property of spacetime, that enables the processing, coupling and integration of various modalities of wave information such as photons, phonons and electrons, in which the nested topology stands for holographic and fractal aspects, that extend to both macro and micro scales. ...
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Recently, a novel biological principle, revealing specific electromagnetic (EM) radiation frequencies that sustain life, was presented by us on the basis of an evaluation of 175 biological articles concerning beneficial effects of electromagnetic waves on the state of living cells. This concept was also based on a very similar range of frequencies emitted by a clay-mineral catalyst of RNA synthesis that may have been instrumental in the evolutionary initiation of first life, and therefore was tentatively designated as “Algorithm of Life”. The particular spectrum of frequency bands indicate that nature seems to employ discrete eigenfrequencies or standing waves that match precisely with an acoustic scale, with frequency ratios of 1:2, and closely approximated by 2:3, 3:4, 3:5, 4:5 and higher partials, allowing the discrete frequencies to be expressed in scalars. Our further studies clearly indicate now that this “life algorithm” pattern matches very well with the mathematical calculations of W. Ritz (1909) to compute eigenfrequencies of the sound induced geometric patterns. These have been earlier demonstrated through membrane vibration experiments of E. Chladni (1787), as well as several follow up studies from 1970-2013. Our findings, therefore, touch upon the science of acoustics, also since we show that the discrete frequencies could be modeled by music torus geometry. We postulate that the spectrum of EM frequencies detected, exhibit a quantum ordering effect on life cells on the basis of induction of geometric wave patterns. These constitute phonon/photon and electron wave energies, and quantum oscillations at far-infrared frequencies, that are communicated through toroidal constructive interference into scalar wave information. This idea is supported through our identification of potential intrinsic toroidal eigenfrequencies and minimal energy levels. The particular torus topology for information processing may also provide quantum error correction and protection against decoherence. Finally, we propose a phonon guided organization of cells and integral brain function by three elementary processes: 1) A phonon mediated geometric organization of coherent arrangement of water molecules in cellular plasma, leading to instructive functional organization of cellular structures and metabolic processes and enabling the origination and sustainment of life processes. 2) Toroidal phonon/photon/electron coupling, protecting standing wave coherency of resonant cell components such as proteins and DNA. 3) A toroidal integration of electromagnetic and phononic fluxes of information into scalar standing waves, promoting quantum flux of informational excitons such as Ca2+- ions and electrons (polaron and polariton formation). Our brain, therefore, can be placed in a 4+1 geometry, supported by internal and external quantum states and makes use of geometrical defined information fluxes, that are converted to standing waves. The integration of these interrelated processes is considered to be instrumental in the creation of conscious perception and is proposed to be organized in a fractal, nested, 4-D toroidal geometry
... Le stade de sommeil lent est, quant à lui, associé aux ondes delta et thêta. Les deux stades durent environ 90 min et se répètent environ cinq fois par nuit.Quelques études ont évalué les effets du rayonnement RF sur des sujets endormis.Reite et al.(Reite et al., 1994) ont observé une diminution significative dans le temps de latence et une augmentation de la durée totale du sommeil chez des sujets sains soumis à un rayonnement RF de 27,12 MHz avec un DAS de 10 W/kg. Il apparaît cependant que ces résultats sont liés à une augmentation de la température au niveau de l hippocampe et non à un effet spécifique des ondes électromagnétiques.Mann et Röshke(Mann et Röschke, 1996) ont travaillé sur des volontaires sains qu ils ont exposés à ce même signal durant une nuit de heures. ...
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Many concerns are now expressed about harmfulness of radiofrequency fields emitted by mobile phones on health. Since the head and the skin are the most exposed organs, cerebral circulation, cutaneous microcirculation of the face and brain's electrical activity are specifically involved. To this purpose, we conducted two studies in healthy adult volunteers to assess cerebral blood flow velocity in middle cerebral arteries by transcranial Doppler and skin micro blood flow by laser Doppler flowmeter in the first one, and to detect any possible changes in brain electrical activity by electroencephalography in the second one. The radiofrequency exposure was carried out by two commercial mobile phones, a 'real' phone which emitted spectrum and heat at the same time and the other 'sham' phone which heated only without emission. The first study showed no effect of radiofrequencies on cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries, however, a significant increase in skin micro blood flow during 'real' versus 'sham' exposure was observed while skin temperature increase was similar in both exposure sessions 'sham' and 'real'. Brain's electrical activity showed a decrease in the alpha frequency band (8-12 Hz) spectral power during and after 'real' versus 'sham' exposure.
... EM enerji üreten cihazlara, mikrodalga el telsiz ve telefonları, alarm cihazları, otomatik kapılar, TV ve radyo vericileri, enerji iletim hatları, kablosuz iletişim araç-gereçleri örnek olarak verilebilir. Ayrıca endüstriyel işlemlerde; ısıtma amacıyla kullanılan, daha düşük frekanslı RF ısıtıcılar da sayılabilir [1, 6,4]. ...
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Depending on the technological development; electromagnetic energy has been used widely. Such kind of energy, using for human being has got not only useful effect but also dangerous. EM energy in radio frequency range; has been used in telecommunication, medicine, industry, military equipments, and scientific research. In this way, all sources must be defined and evaluated with accepting risky in terms of health. In this paper we can establish 27 MHz sensor design in order to measure electric field, magnetic field and power density. EM field sensors are defined as electrically small, passive devices used for measuring electric and magnetic fields with minimum perturbation of the field being measured.
... An example of sensory therapy is exposure to the intermittent subthreshold electromagnetic field of 27.12 MHz, which reduces the latent period of sleep stage 2 and increases the duration of this stage [26]. Various relaxation methods, both strictly behavioral and those using the biological feedback from different physiological functions such as breathing, muscle tone, heart rate, and body temperature, also proved to be helpful [27]. ...
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Neocortical EEG slow wave activity (SWA) in the delta frequency band (0.5–4.0 Hz) is a hallmark of slow wave sleep (SWS) and its power is a function of prior wake duration and an indicator of a sleep need. SWS is considered the most important stage for realization of recovery functions of sleep. Possibility of impact on characteristics of a night sleep by rhythmic (0.8–1.2 Hz) subthreshold electocutaneous stimulation of a hand during SWS is shown: 1st night—adaptation, 2nd night—control, 3d and 4th nights—with stimulation during SWA stages of a SWS. Stimulation caused significant increase in average duration of SWS and EEG SWA power (in 11 of 16 subjects), and also well-being and mood improvement in subjects with lowered emotional tone. It is supposed that the received result is caused by functioning of a hypothetical mechanism directed on maintenance and deepening of SWS and counteracting activating, awakening influences of the afferent stimulation. The results can be of value both for understanding the physiological mechanisms of sleep homeostasis and for development of non-pharmacological therapy of sleep disorders.
... We have previously identified several frequencies in patients with chronic insomnia using biofeedback methods. We demonstrated that the intrabuccal administration of very low and safe levels of 27.12 MHz RF EMF, amplitude-modulated at 42.7 Hz, has a sleep-inducing effect in healthy subjects [25,26] . However, administration of the same signal to patients with insomnia did not yield any therapeutic benefits. ...
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In the past century, there have been many attempts to treat cancer with low levels of electric and magnetic fields. We have developed noninvasive biofeedback examination devices and techniques and discovered that patients with the same tumor type exhibit biofeedback responses to the same, precise frequencies. Intrabuccal administration of 27.12 MHz radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF), which are amplitude-modulated at tumor-specific frequencies, results in long-term objective responses in patients with cancer and is not associated with any significant adverse effects. Intrabuccal administration allows for therapeutic delivery of very low and safe levels of EMF throughout the body as exemplified by responses observed in the femur, liver, adrenal glands, and lungs. In vitro studies have demonstrated that tumor-specific frequencies identified in patients with various forms of cancer are capable of blocking the growth of tumor cells in a tissue- and tumor-specific fashion. Current experimental evidence suggests that tumor-specific modulation frequencies regulate the expression of genes involved in migration and invasion and disrupt the mitotic spindle. This novel targeted treatment approach is emerging as an appealing therapeutic option for patients with advanced cancer given its excellent tolerability. Dissection of the molecular mechanisms accounting for the anti-cancer effects of tumor-specific modulation frequencies is likely to lead to the discovery of novel pathways in cancer.
... The environment is now loaded with artificial electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from radio; TV, microwave relay, and many similar sources (Jelenkovic et al., 2006;Hashish et al., 2008). Radio frequency radiation (RF) is field forming part of the electromagnetic spectrum and ranged from MHz in AM radio band to 30,000 MHz in radar and Mild, 2004;Lonn et al., 2004), immunology perturbation (Lonn et al., 2004), blood brain barrier defects, and also neurological abnormalities such as headache, sleep disturbance or concentration difficulty (Reite et al., 1994;Balikci et al., 2005). These biological effects were associated with the oxidative stress by increase of reactive oxygen species or increase of stress protein (Kwee et al., 2001;Friedman et al., 2007;Blank and Goodman, 2009). ...
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We investigated the effect of olive leaves extract administration on glucose metabolism and oxidative response in liver and kidneys of rats exposed to radio frequency (RF). The exposure of rats to RF (2.45GHz, 1h/day during 21 consecutive days) induced a diabetes-like status. Moreover, RF decreased the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx, -33.33% and -49.40%) catalase (CAT, -43.39% and -39.62%) and the superoxide dismutase (SOD, -59.29% and -68.53%) and groups thiol amount (-62.68% and -34.85%), respectively in liver and kidneys. Indeed, exposure to RF increased the malondialdehyde (MDA, 29.69% and 51.35%) concentration respectively in liver and kidneys. Olive leaves extract administration (100mg/kg, ip) in RF-exposed rats prevented glucose metabolism disruption and restored the activities of GPx, CAT and SOD and thiol group amount in liver and kidneys. Moreover, olive leave extract administration was able to bring down the elevated levels of MDA in liver but not in kidneys. Our investigations suggested that RF exposure induced a diabetes-like status through alteration of oxidative response. Olive leaves extract was able to correct glucose metabolism disorder by minimizing oxidative stress induced by RF in rat tissues.
... This study was considered unacceptable since no others were able to demonstrate MW EEG effects in humans or animals at 1 pW/cm 2 and the level is orders of magnitude below the environmental level [16]. Reite et al. [17] investigated the sleep inducing effect of a Low Energy Emission Therapy device (LEET) that emitted a 27.12 MHz signal amplitude modulated at 42.7 Hz over a duration of 15 min, intermittently (3 s on:1 s off) intrabuccally (SAR 10 W/kg at buccal mucosa). The exposure resulted in a significant sleep inducing effect in subjects. ...
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This article presents an overview of the recent RF bioeffects literature dealing with the nervous system. Studies have evaluated the electroencephalography (EEG) of humans and laboratory animals during and after radiofrequency (RF) exposures. Exposure to high levels of RF energy can damage the structure and function of the nervous system. Much research has focused on the neurochemistry of the brain and the reported effects of RF exposure. Studies of individuals who are reported to be sensitive to electric and magnetic fields are discussed. The many exposure parameters such as frequency, orientation, modulation, power density, and duration of exposure make direct comparison of many experiments difficult. At high exposure power densities, thermal effects are prevalent and can lead to adverse consequences. At lower levels of exposure biological effects may still occur but thermal mechanisms are not ruled out. It is concluded that the diverse methods and experimental designs as well as lack of replication of many seemingly important studies prevents formation of definite conclusions concerning hazardous nervous system health effects from RF exposure. The only firm conclusion that may be drawn is the potential for hazardous thermal consequences of high power RF exposure.
... However, our ®ndings cannot be directly compared with those made by authors who have shown its hypnotic effects on healthy persons. There are differences in methodology and in the amount of EM radiation absorbed [Reite et al., 1994; Lebet et al., 1996; Mann and Roschke, 1996; Borbely at al., 1999]. Moreover, in healthy persons, the hypnotic effects of high frequency EM ®elds have not been invariably shown [Wagner et al., 1998]. ...
Article
The effects of the mobile phone (MP) electromagnetic fields on electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERP) were examined. With regard to the reported effects of MP on sleep, 22 patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy were exposed or sham exposed for 45 min to the MP (900 MHz, specific absorption rate 0.06 W/kg) placed close to the right ear in a double blind study. There were no changes of the EEG recorded after the MP exposure. A subgroup of 17 patients was studied on visual ERP recorded during the MP exposure. Using an adapted “odd-ball” paradigm, each patient was instructed to strike a key whenever rare target stimuli were presented. There were three variants of target stimuli (horizontal stripes in (i) left, (ii) right hemifields or (iii) whole field of the screen). The exposure enhanced the positivity of the ERP endogenous complex solely in response to target stimuli in the right hemifield of the screen (P < 0.01). The reaction time was shortened by 20 ms in response to all target stimuli (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the electromagnetic field of MP may suppress the excessive sleepiness and improve performance while solving a monotonous cognitive task requiring sustained attention and vigilance. Bioelectromagnetics 22:519–528, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
... [13][14][15] There is evidence that amplitude-modulated electromagnetic fields significantly decrease sleep latency and increase the total duration of some sleep stages. 16,17 This study was performed to test the hypothesis that low-frequency pulsed magnetic waves relieve insomnia and reduce its dysregulations by virtue of their vasoactive properties. ...
Article
This 4-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessed the efficacy of impulse magnetic-field therapy for insomnia. One hundred one patients were randomly assigned to either active treatment (n = 50) or placebo (n = 51) and allocated to one of three diagnostic groups: (1) sleep latency; (2) interrupted sleep; or (3) nightmares. Efficacy endpoints were intensity of sleep latency, frequency of interruptions, sleepiness after rising, daytime sleepiness, difficulty with concentration, and daytime headaches. In the active-treatment group, the values of all criteria were significantly lower at study end (P < .00001). The placebo group also showed significant symptomatic improvement (P < .05), but the differences between groups were highly significant (P < .00001). Seventy percent (n = 34) of the patients given active treatment experienced substantial or even complete relief of their complaints; 24% (n = 12) reported clear improvement; 6% (n = 3) noted a slight improvement. Only one placebo patient (2%) had very clear relief; 49% (n = 23) reported slight or clear improvement; and 49% (n = 23) saw no change in their symptoms. No adverse effects of treatment were reported.
... Reviews of studies of sleep EEG were performed by Hamblin and Wood (2002) and Mann and Röschke (2004). Reite et al. (1994) exposed 52 volunteers to a 27.12-MHz field modulated at 42.7 Hz. The signal was applied through a mouthpiece. ...
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The effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF), specifically related to the use of mobile telephones, on the nervous system in humans have been the subject of a large number of experimental studies in recent years. There is some evidence of an effect of exposure to a Global System for Mobile Telecommunication (GSM)-type signal on the spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG). This is not corroborated, however, by the results from studies on evoked potentials. Although there is some evidence emerging that there may be an effect of exposure to a GSM-type signal on sleep EEG, results are still variable. In summary, exposure to a GSM-type signal may result in minor effects on brain activity, but such changes have never been found to relate to any adverse health effects. No consistent significant effects on cognitive performance in adults have been observed. If anything, any effect is small and exposure seems to improve performance. Effects in children did not differ from those in healthy adults. Studies on auditory and vestibular function are more unequivocal: neither hearing nor the sense of balance is influenced by short-term exposure to mobile phone signals. Subjective symptoms over a wide range, including headaches and migraine, fatigue, and skin itch, have been attributed to various radiofrequency sources both at home and at work. However, in provocation studies a causal relation between EMF exposure and symptoms has never been demonstrated. There are clear indications, however, that psychological factors such as the conscious expectation of effect may play an important role in this condition.
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Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), in addition to allopathic medicine, has become an area of increasing interest amongst the scientific and patient community, in search for efficacious, tolerable, and safe options for treatment of ailments. This is especially applicable to sleep disorders that are becoming increasingly prevalent in the sedentary, electronics-based, “24/7”, and multi-tasking lifestyles of modern society. This chapter presents a brief review of the CAM treatment options for various sleep disorders, citing scientific or anecdotal evidence available for these therapies.
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system. Clinical symptoms include central fatigue, impaired bladder control, muscle weakness, sensory deficits, impaired cognition, and others. The cause of MS is unknown, but from histologic, immunologic, and radiologic studies, we know that there are demyelinated brain lesions (visible on magnetic resonance images) that contain immune cells such as macrophages and T-cells (visible on microscopic analysis of brain sections) Recently, a histologic study has also shown that widespread axonal damage occurs in MS along with demyelination25. What is the possible connection between MS and bioelectromagnetic fields? We recently published a review entitled “Bioelectromagnetic applications for multiple sclerosis,”21 which examined several scientific studies that demonstrated the effects of electromagnetic fields on nerve regeneration, brain electrical activity (electroencephalography), neurochemistry, and immune system components. All of these effects are important for disease pathology and clinical symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS)21.
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This chapter discusses the biological effect of radio-frequency (rf) fields. It has initiated many investigations on biological effects of low-level electromagnetic fields. The aim of the chapter is to present a critical review of the current knowledge of the effects of rf fields on biological systems and to introduce various setups designed to test the influence of rf fields on these systems especially for the mobile communication frequency range (200 MHz to 2.5 GHz). In experiments whose aim is to test the effects of rf fields on technical or biological systems, the design of the exposure setup is a very important step. Insufficient knowledge of the field distribution inside the specimen will lead to wrong results. Independent of the outcome itself, wrong positive as well as wrong negative results may be the consequence and the experimental work and the money invested will be wasted. Testing the effects of rf fields on biological systems needs both detailed knowledge about the actual field distribution inside the specimen and well-documented reliable biological processes whose potential changes may finally be put down to the presence of an rf field.
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DELETERIOUS EFFECTS ON HEALTHCARE AND PARTICULARLY DISRUPTION OF THE CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM HAVE BEEN REPORTED AFTER EXPOSURE TO RADIOFREQUENCY FIELD AT LOW POWER DENSITY. THIS WORK PRESENT A MULTIPARAMETRIC STUDY OF FREELY MOVING RAT WHERE NEUROPHYSIOLOGY WAS INVESTIGATED USING A NEUROCHEMICAL (BY MICRODIALYSIS TECHNIQUE), ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL (BY VIGILANCE STAGES QUANTIFICATION) AND THERMOPHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACHES. NO NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT HAVE BEEN NOTICED AFTER ELECTROMAGNETIC EXPOSURE AT 1,8 GHZ AND 2,45 GHZ FREQUENCIES AND FOR LOW POWER (NO THERMIC LEVEL) DENSITY. SIMILARLY COMPLEMENTARY STUDIES OF METABOLIC AND LIPIDIC COMPOSITION OF BRAIN TISSUE WAS PERFORMED USING NMR SPECTROMETRY AND FAILED STUDIES BY NMR AND FAILED TO SHOW ANY SIGNIFICANT EFFECT.
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The brain is a very sensitive Bioelectromagnetic organ sat through classical resonance processes can be halted and damage of external electromagnetic fields and radiation. This review will explore the possibility that this could result in violence enhanced rates of homicide. The evidence that electromagnetic fields and radiation electromagnetic are genotoxic means that exposure to any electromagnetic fields and radiation will enhance cell death (Apoptosis). The natural ageing process involves oxygenated free radicals from the breathing process causing enhanced rates DNA damage, cancer and cell death. Exposure to electromagnetic fields and radiation also reduces melatonin which limits a body's ability to scavenge the free radicals and therefore contributes to enhanced Apoptosis and cancer rates. Melatonin is also necessary for a healthy immune system. Reduced melatonin is also associated depression and suicide and therefore is likely to be associated with violence of homicide. Since electromagnetic radiation damages the DNA and reduces melatonin it is scientifically logical that it also enhances many of the natural paging process in people, animals and plants. These conclusions are strongly supported by robust evidence that natural weather related effects are caused by natural electromagnetic fields and radiation with extremely small intensities. Therefore it is logical and proven that humanly generated fields and radiation at intensities from a thousand to many billion times higher, also significantly enhance a wide range of adverse health effects, including cancer, heart disease, sleep disturbance, depression, suicide, anger, rage, violence, homicide, neurological disease and mortality.
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Contents: Electromagnetic Field-Biomaterial Interaction and Methods of Measurement; Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Isolated Nerves and Superior Cervical Ganglia: Design of Waveguide Apparatus, and Calculation of Specific Absorption Rate; Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Muscle Contraction; Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Auditory System: Effect of Noise Masking on Threshold of Evoked Auditory Responses, Microwave-induced Cochlear Microphonics in Guinea Pigs.
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Former exploratory investigations of sleep alterations due to global system for mobile communications (GSM) signals have shown a hypnotic and REM-suppressive effect under field exposure. This effect was observed in a first study using a power flux density of 0.5 W/m2, and the same trend occurred in a second study with a power flux density of 0.2 W/m2. For the present study, we applied a submaximal power flux density of 50 W/m2. To investigate putative effects of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of cellular GSM phones on human sleep EEG pattern, all-night polysomnographies of 20 healthy male subjects both with and without exposure to a circularly polarized EMF (900 MHz, pulsed with a frequency of 217 Hz, pulse duration 577 μs) were recorded. The results showed no significant effect of the field application either on conventional sleep parameters or on sleep EEG power spectra.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted from cellular phones on: (1) trace elements such as manganese, iron, copper, zinc, (2) T1 relaxation times in serum, and (3) rectal temperature of rats exposed to microwave radiation emitted from cellular phones. Sixteen Spraque–Dawley rats were separated into two groups of eight, one sham-exposed (control) and one exposed (experimental). The rats were confined in Plexiglas cages and a cellular phone was placed 0.5 cm under the cage. For the experimental group, cellular phones were activated 20 min per day, 7 days a week, for 1 month. For the control group, a cellular phone placed beneath the cage for 20 min a day was turned off. Rectal temperatures were measured weekly. For 250-mW-radiated powers, the whole body average specified absorption rate (SAR) (rms) is 0.52 W/kg and 1-g-averaged peak SAR (rms) is 3.13 W/kg. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical comparisons of groups. T1 relaxation time and the values of iron and copper in the serum of the experimental group were not changed compared to the control group (p > 0.05). However, manganese and zinc values in the serum of the experimental group were significantly different from the control group (p < 0.05). The difference in rectal temperature measured before and after exposure in the experimental groups was not statistically different from control (p > 0.05).
Article
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of microwaves (MW) emitted by cellular phones (CPs) on peripheral blood parameters and birth weights of rats. Thirty-six albino rats were divided into four groups, male (n = 6) and female sham-exposed groups (n = 12) and male (n = 6) and female experimental groups (n = 12). No blood parameters differed following exposure (p > 0.05). The birth weight of offspring in the experimental group was significantly lower than in the sham-exposed group (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed between rectal temperatures of rats in the sham and experimental groups (p > 0.05). The specific absorption rate (SAR) was found to be 0.155 W/kg for the experimental groups. All parameters investigated were normal in the next generation of rats (p > 0.05).
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Shift work and jet lag can disrupt circadian rhythms, with detrimental effects on alertness, performance and sleep. This study examined the effects of two interventions to adapt circadian rhythms, sleep and performance to a 10-h phase delay of the work–rest cycle. Bright light was administered from 2200 to 0200 each night to promote phase delay of circadian rhythms. Low energy emission therapy (LEET) was administered for 20 min prior to daytime sleep periods to promote sleep. Twelve subjects received bright light, 12 subjects received LEET, 11 received both interventions and 10 control subjects received only placebo treatments. Bright light accelerated phase delay of the circadian melatonin rhythm after the work–rest schedule shift. Further, subjects who received bright light had greater total sleep time (TST) and improved sleep continuity. LEET treatment produced a trend (p=0.16) for increased TST, but LEET did not affect the melatonin circadian rhythm. After the schedule shift, cognitive performance measures showed few significant differences. Some minor improvements in cognitive performance were produced by light treatments but not by LEET. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Article
A device has been designed that allows the safe and homogeneous delivery of very low levels of amplitude-modulated electromagnetic fields to human beings by placing a spoon-shaped antenna in the mouth of subjects. This new method has been termed low energy emission therapy (LEET). In two separate double-blind crossover studies performed on a total of 104 healthy volunteers, the potential relaxation effects of a 15-minute treatment with either an active or an inactive LEET device were investigated. All subjects were exposed to both active and inactive LEET treatment sessions, with an interval of at least 1 week between the two sessions. Blood pressure and pulse were recorded before and after treatment sessions and a subjective questionnaire was completed by the patient at the end of each treatment session. A decrease in systolic blood pressure (p = 0.016, two-tailed t-test) as well as a subjective feeling of warmth (p = 0.012, two-tailed McNemar test) and muscular relaxation (p = 0.005, two-tailed McNemar test) was noted following active treatment sessions. It is concluded that LEET induces relaxation in healthy volunteers which is associated with a decrease in systolic blood pressure, no change in pulse, and a subjective feeling of warmth probably due to peripheral vasodilation. The data suggest that LEET may become a new therapeutic modality in the field of stress medicine.
Article
Question of the study The widespread use of mobile telephones has led to public discussion about the putative health hazards as well as scientific interest in the interactions of pulsed, high-frequency electromagnetic fields with physiological systems. This article presents a survey of three consecutive studies carried out by a research group at the University of Mainz. Methods Alterations of conventional sleep parameters and analysis of spectral power were performed on the basis of polysomnographies during all-night exposure of healthy male subjects to pulsed, high-frequency electromagnetic fields. Results A pronounced hypnotic and REM-suppressive effect of the field was the main result of the first study, but it could not be replicated by the following ones, even though the power flux density applied in the third study exceeded by far that of the pilot study. Discussion Potential explanations are differences in physical qualities of the fields applied in the different studies (like the type of polarization), interindividual differences in sensitivity to electromagnetic fields among the subjects under study, and the existence of ‘window effects’, where interactions with sleep architecture only occur in special ranges of power flux densities.
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Question of the study The ubiquitous availability of mobile phone networks has fuelled the public discussion about possible adverse side effects. Previous studies investigating potential sleep disturbances caused by electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted by mobile phones have yielded controversial results. Our study has aimed at identifying such effects in the context of EMF emitted by base stations. Methods In a double-blind design, we continuously applied a homogeneous, vertically polarized GSM 1800-type EMF (far-field characteristic: 1736-Hz pulse frequency) during 2 of 4 consecutive nights randomly to 13 healthy subjects. During sleep, polysomnographic recordings including 6 EEG channels were acquired. The sleep pattern of each individual night was derived from hypnograms by 2 independent raters, and afterwards collapsed over the 2 nights per field condition (i.e. EMF on or off). In addition, the EEG power spectra were individually estimated for each recording and separately for each of the sleep stages. Results The results failed to detect any statistically significant effect on human sleep in response to the EMF exposure. Conclusions The hypothesis that sleep disturbances are related to EMF emitted from GSM 1800 base stations could not be supported in these settings.
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Electromagnetic hypersensitive persons (EHS) attribute their nonspecific health symptoms to environmental electromagnetic fields (EMF) of different sources in or outside their homes. In general, causal attribution is not restricted to specific EMF frequencies but involves a wide range from extremely low frequencies (ELF) up to radio frequencies (RF) including mobile telecommunication microwaves and radar. EHS argue that existing exposure limits were not low enough to account for their increased sensitivities. Results of measurement campaigns are summarized. They demonstrate that environmental fields in the ELF and RF range are usually orders of magnitudes below exposure limits. The rational and biological background of recommended exposure limits are described. The existing scientific studies are reviewed, including investigations on the prevalence of EHS among the general population, ability of EHS to perceive and/or react to exposures to weak EMF (assessed in laboratory provocational studies or to the vicinity of EMF sources studied by epidemiologic approaches), and the existence of a specific symptom cluster, which could characterize a suspected EHS syndrome, or individual EHS-specific factors such as electric perception thresholds, neurophysiologic parameters, and cognitive performance and behavior. However, in spite of the variety of scientific attempts, a causal role of EMF remains yet unproven. This does not mean that the suffering could be ignored. It is recognized that EHS cases deserve help. Therapeutic approaches are described and the conclusion of the World Health Organisation (WHO) is summarized.
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Nondrug approaches for the regulation and induction of human sleep available at present have been analyzed; an attempt at classifying them has been made. The main attention is paid to the methods using modern computer technologies for the recording and analysis of various characteristics of the functioning of the human body, primarily, its electroencephalogram (EEG). Normal human sleep EEG correlates and their changes during different stages of the wakefulness-sleep cycle are reviewed and modern opportunities to use these characteristics for artificial regulation and induction of human sleep are analyzed. Keywordshuman sleep–regulation–induction–electroencephalogram (EEG)–sensory stimulation–biofeedback
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The question of whether or not non-thermal (sub-T)) electromagnetic fields in the non-ionizing frequency range (from extremely low frequency (ELF) to microwave) can influence the function of biological systems is currently of extreme interest and the subject of both ongoing experiments and controversial discussions. In this review, a brief presentation of some of the most prominent experimental results is given, and the principal problems are discussed from both physical and biological points of view. The necessary requirements for modelling approaches are described, including the entire sequence from the primary physical interaction via the secondary biological mechanisms (transductive steps) to the final response. Very small changes in the underlying non-linear kinetics caused by very weak coherent signals and noise can lead to strong, but reversible, alterations in the internal non-linear processes and associated biological function. The results of many detailed investigations are given. These include ELF field influences on G-protein activation dynamics, magnetic field influences on radical pair recombination reactions and weak signal amplification by stochastic resonance. All processes are incorporated within Ca+ s signal pathway models. The concept and models presented describe frequency-dependent and frequency-coded influences of very weak fields. The relevance of the results can be shown by sophisticated biological experiments.
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In the opinion of some experts, a growing emission of man-made electromagnetic fields (EMF), also known as electromagnetic is a source of continuously increasing health hazards to the general population. Due to their large number and very close proximity to the user's head, mobile phones deserve special attention. This work is intended to give a systematic review of objective studies, assessing the effects of mobile phone EMF on the functions of the central nervous system (CNS) structures. Our review shows that short exposures to mobile phone EMF, experienced by telephone users during receiving calls, do not affect the cochlear function. Effects of GSM mobile phone EMF on the conduction of neural impulses from the inner car neurons to the brainstem auditory centres have not been detected either. If Picton's principle, saying that P300 amplitude varies with the improbability of the targets and its latency varies with difficulty of discriminating the target stimulus from standard stimuli, is true, EMF changes the improbability of the targets without hindering their discrimination. Experiments with use of indirect methods do not enable unequivocal verification of EMF effects on the cognitive functions due to the CNS anatomical and functional complexity. Thus, it seems advisable to develop a model of EMF effects on the excitable brain structures at the cellular level.
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Objective(s)The possible risks of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) for the living organisms and human body are a growing concern for our society. In this study, we examined the possibility of changes in working memory and hippocampal histological characteristics effects in mice brain following whole body exposure to microwave radiation.Materials and Methods During gestation period, we exposed mice for 4 hr to Global system for mobile communications (GSM), Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of 200 mW/kg. Pregnant control mice were sham-exposed or free in a cage without further restraining. Three month after exposure animals were prepared for behavioral (Radial Arm Maze (RAM) and Morris Water Maze (MWM)) and histological studies.ResultsThe results showed that microwave exposed mice were slower than sham, and control in finding the platform. Analyses of error rates in RAM and MWM performance revealed significant differences which emphasize the effect of acute exposure to pulsed microwaves in deficit of spatial reference memory in the mice. However in this study exposed group didn’t show any statistically significant loss of hippocampal CA1, CA3 neurons versus controls or sham. Conclusion We conclude that there is evidence from the current study that exposure to MW radiation under parameters examined caused decrements in the ability of mice to learn the spatial memory task.
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Bawin and her coworkers have reported changes in binding of calcium after exposure of avian brain tissue to nonionizing electromagnetic radiation. Because calcium is intimately involved in the electrical activity of the brain, their results reveal a heretofore unrecognized potential for nonionizing radio-frequency radiation to affect biological function. We have verified and extended their findings. The forebrains of newly hatched chickens, separated at the midline to provide treatment-control pairs, were labeled in vitro with radioactive calcium. Samples of tissue were exposed for 20 minutes in a Crawford irradiation chamber to 147-MHz radiation, which was amplitude modulated sinusoidally at selected frequencies between 3 and 30 Hz. Power densities of incident radiation ranged between 0.5 and 2 mW cm-2. Compared with nonirradiated samples, a statistically significant increase in efflux of calcium ions (P < 0.01) was observed in irradiated samples at a modulation frequency of 16 Hz and at a power density of 0.75 mW cm-2. Our data confirm the existence of the frequency "window" reported by Bawin et al., as well as a narrow power-density "window" within which efflux of calcium ions is enhanced.
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In this paper a numerical method for computations of electromagnetic fields is presented, which has been developed by the authors and their colleagues since 1978 under the name of the multiple multipole (MMP) method. In the meantime several groups are working independently on similar methods (with sometimes different approaches and different names). The majority of them agreed to use the name generalized multipole technique (GMT) in the future (Ludwig, 1989). The main advantages are as follows: (1) Only the boundaries of the domains have to be discretized (even in the case of 1ossy bodies). (2) No integrals have to be solved numerically which reduces the computation time and simplifies the codes. (3) Plotting errors on the boundaries and fields allows an excellent control of the results. (4) The fields may be computed accurately in the near-field region and even on boundaries for closed and open problems. (5) Efficient programs including graphic input and output routines (a!o animated pictures) are available even for personal computers.
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The research demonstrated that amplitude-modulated radio-frequency (RF) fields could preferentially cause a biochemical change in isolated brain tissue depending on the specific frequency of modulation. The experiment was performed with isolated brain tissue to test whether modulated RF fields could interact with an animal via the central nervous system or whether the peripheral nervous system was needed. The experiment was motivated by the observation that the results could not easily be explained by a mechanism that involved heating of the sample. By 1980, positive results were found to be based on a true response of the samples to RF radiation. The experiments were begun to establish the electromagnetic field parameters that were critical to induce the biological changes observed. To simplify the exposure situation and analysis, the modulation frequency alone was used without the RF carrier wave.
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Electrical potentials arising in the cerebral cortex were recorded by means of an apparatus which included three amplifiers for three separate recordings. Records were made on paper on an 8-foot drum, thus making possible eight hours of continuous recording. The subjects, including one set of identical twins, ranged in age from 17 days to 74 years. An analysis of the records shows that regular rhythms of potential occur which differ in different individuals and are affected by various conditions of mental activity, by external stimuli, by emotional states, sleep, hypnosis, alcohol and blindness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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The efflux of both45Ca2+ and [3H]GABA from suprasylvian cortex of cat has been studiedin vivo. After pre-incubating the cortex with radioactivity for 90 min, superfusion with non-radioactive medium was carried out using 0.8 ml vol. changed at 10 min intervals. Increases in the calcium concentration of the medium resulted in greater efflux of both45Ca2+ and [3H]GABA, and the effect on [3H]GABA efflux was potentiated by AOAA. The effect of a1mM increment in Ca2+ concentration was only slightly less than that of a20mM increment. Adding Mg2+ to the medium did not produce increases comparable to added Ca2+, whereas electrical stimulation of the cortex had no effect on the efflux of either45Ca2+ or [3H]GABA. Thiosemicarbazide, an epileptogenic agent, resulted in a slightly irregular efflux of45Ca2+ with peaks visible at times of seizure activity. The efflux of3H2O and14C-(car☐yl)-inulin could not be correlated with any of the above treatments. The efflux of [3H]GABA from the cortex is considered to originate from synaptic terminals and that of45Ca2+ may be the result of reactions at the membrane triggering the release or turnover of calcium.
Article
The effects of modulated radio frequency fields on mammalian EEGs were investigated using acute and chronic irradiations at non-thermal level. The EEG signals were computer processed to obtain power spectra. Rabbits were exposed to the field for 2 h a day for 6 weeks at 1-10 MHz (15 Hz modulation) at the level of 0.5-1 kV/M. Silver electrodes placed on the skull surface were used for recording of the EEG. Usually they were removed immediately after initial recordings of the EEG and reinserted before the final and intermediate EEG recordings. With this arrangement, modulated RF fields produced a change in EEG patterns by enhancing the low frequency components and decreasing high frequency activities. On the other hand, acute irradiations did not produce noticeable changes in the EEG at the level of 0.5-1 kV/M (1-30 MHz, 60 Hz modulation) as long as the use of intracranial electrodes was avoided.
Article
Intracranial injection of Ca**2** plus or Mg**2** plus left bracket 20 mu 1, 40 mM right bracket in chronically implanted neonatal chicks resulted in an almost immediate synchronization of the hyperstriatal EEG, accompanied by behavioral depression. During successive testing days, the animals appeared to recover behaviorally but never showed any sustained EEG arousal. By contrast, animals treated with sodium chloride recovered completely within the first hour after the injection. The chick forebrain, being so highly sensitive to small perturbations of the extracellular concentrations of either divalent cations, was therefore chosen for investigating, in vitro, the possible interactions between extracellular weak voltage gradients, induced by vhf radiations, and ionic movements in cerebral tissue. In the present experiment, **4**5Ca**2** plus fluxes from irradiated brains are compared at various frequencies of amplitude modulation of the carrier wave.
Article
The effects of exposures to low intensity (1 mW/sq.cm or less), very high frequency (VHF) (147 MHz) electrical fields, amplitude-modulated at biological frequencies (1–25 Hz), were studied on untrained and conditioned chronically implanted cats. The fields were applied between two aluminum plates (identical voltages, 180° phase shift) firmly anchored to the floor of an isolation booth, especially designed for use of VHF fields. The animals were restrained in a hammock, the longitudinal axis of the body kept parallel to the field plates. EEG and EOG were recorded through a system of low pass filters on a Model 6 Grass electroencephalograph and an Ampex FR 1100 tape recorder; behavior was continuously observed through a closed circuit TV.
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Ten narcoleptics off medication were compared to matched controls to determine the pattern and level of electroencephalographic (EEG) vigilance, and its relation to performance ability on the 1 h Wilkinson auditory vigilance task. The narcoleptics performed significantly more poorly and spent significantly less time in wakefulness than controls. The EEG of the patients revealed continual fluctuations between wakefulness, stage 1A (slowed and diffusing alpha) and stage 1B (theta activity). Stage 2 sleep only occurred briefly in 4 patients. Stages 3, 4 and REM sleep were never encountered. Controls were continually awake aside from very brief appearances of stage 1A in 5 subjects. Narcoleptic performance during stages 1B and 2 was characterized by lapses (response omissions). Patients also demonstrated significantly more lapses as well as false positive responses than controls during wakefulness and stage 1A. Poorer performance even during wakefulness was demonstrated to be related to inability to sustain wakefulness over time. The results clarify the temporal pattern of physiological vigilance during performance in narcoleptics and also demonstrate the insufficiency of the lapse-microsleep formulation in explaining performance deterioration in these patients.
Article
Calcium (45Ca2+) efflux was studied from preloaded cortex in cats immobilized under local anesthesia, and exposed to a 3.0-mW/cm2 450-MHz field, sinusoidally amplitude modulated at 16 Hz modulation depth 85%). Tissue dosimetry showed a field of 33 V/m in the interhemispheric fissure (rate of energy deposition 0.29 W/kg). Field exposure lasted 60 min. By comparison with controls, efflux curves from field exposed brains were disrupted by waves of increased 45Ca2+ efflux. These waves were irregular in amplitude and duration, but many exhibited periods of 20-30 min. They continued into the postexposure period. Binomial probability analysis indicates that the field-exposed efflux curves constitute a different population from controls at a confidence level of 0.96. In about 70% of cases, initiation of field exposure was followed by increased end-tidal CO2 excretion for about 5 min. However, hypercapnea induced by hypoventilation did not elicit increased 45Ca2+ efflux. Thus this increase with exposure does not appear to arise as a secondary effect of raised cerebral CO2 levels. Radioactivity measurements in cortical samples after superfusion showed 45Ca2+ penetration at about 1.7 mm/hr, consistent with diffusion of the ion in free solution.
Article
The MMP (multiple multipoles) method has been shown to be very efficient especially for computations of electrodynamic field, and suitable for implementation on PCs. The power of PCs can be greatly increased by INMOS T800 transputers which allow parallel processing. The parallel versions of the MMP programs are presented here together with a comparison of the speed of different machines. To show the range of applications, some typical examples are given
Article
The three-dimensional implementation of the multiple multipole (MMP) method, based on the generalized multipole technique (GMT), is presented. Its performance in simulating electromagnetic problems involving biological bodies is analyzed. In particular, the step-by-step simulation technique and the built-in procedures to validate the solution on a numerical basis are discussed and demonstrated by two examples. A comparison is made with other numerical techniques often applied in this field. The advantages of the MMP method are shown to be in its validation capability, in its efficiency for smoothly shaped bodies and in the achievable accuracy, in particular near boundaries. The method is especially suited to handle high-gradient fields in the vicinity of biological bodies.
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IEEE standards for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields 3 kHz to 300 GHz
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