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Effect of cannabidiol on plasma prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol in human volunteers
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on plasma prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol of 11 normal volunteers who received placebo or CBD at the doses of 300 mg (N = 7) or 600 mg (N = 4), po, in a double-blind manner during two experimental sessions separated by an interval of at least one week. The sessions were held in the morning and consisted of blood collection and application of self-evaluation scales before and after drug injection (-35 to 180 min). Hormonal measurements were performed by radioimmunoassay. Basal prolactin (11.5 +/- 4.3 ng/ml) and growth hormone (1.5 +/- 0.7 ng/ml) levels were unchanged after placebo and CBD. In contrast, plasma cortisol levels decreased significantly during the placebo sessions (basal measurement = 11.0 +/- 3.7 micrograms/dl; 120 min after placebo = 7.1 +/- 3.9 micrograms/dl), in agreement with the normal circadian rhythm of this hormone. This decrease in cortisol levels was significantly attenuated after CBD (basal measurement = 10.5 +/- 4.9 micrograms/dl; 120 min after 300 mg CBD = 9.9 +/- 6.2 micrograms/dl; 120 min after 600 mg CBD = 11.6 +/- 11.6 micrograms/dl). CBD was also found to have a sedative effect as determined by the self-evaluation scales. The present results suggest that CBD interferes with cortisol secretion.
... Reduction of seizures frequency Does not produce euphoric or intrusive side effects. 70 Ware et al. (2018) [108] Identify and highlight challenges in interpreting information regarding elite athletic performance and identify important areas of research that need to be addressed. ...
... However, Ca++ overload initiates degradation of structural and contractile proteins, eliciting an inflammatory cascade involving macrophage and phagocyte activation within 2-6 hours post-injury, persisting for days. [30,109] A single 300mg CBD dose alters human glucocorticoid levels including the key inflammatory regulator cortisol [70], that is considered as one of the main homeostatic regulators of the inflammatory response to injury. [110] A recent narrative review proposed CBD's anti-inflammatory effects in humans could benefit athletic performance [32], potentially by interacting with inflammation-modulating receptors (e.g., CB1, CB2, A2A) and attenuating pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1, TNFα, thus suppressing hyperactive immune responses and associated tissue damage. ...
... [113,114] Currently, there is very limited evidence about the ingestion of CBD and its sedative effect. In this sense, 300-400 mg of CBD seems to have sedative effects in humans due to apparently acting directly on the central nervous system [70], supported by the idea that CBD has a beneficial action on edema and hyperalgesia. [30,115] In this sense, in many countries, drugs such as Sativex, THC, and CBD are approved for the treatment of both central and peripheral neuropathic pain, which is associated with microglial activation and subsequent proinflammatory cytokine cascades such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα; this supports the idea of using CBD as an anti-nociceptive agent. ...
Recovery between physical efforts is essential for optimal performance in sports. Dietary supplements like cannabidiol (CBD) have been proposed to facilitate recovery and performance optimization. This systematic review aimed to: a) systematize the scientific evidence on CBD for recovery, b) associate CBD's biomedical properties with those required for optimal fatigue recovery, and c) recommend a future research agenda. Searches across databases identified 70 relevant studies from 1990-2022, including 38.6% preclinical, 31.4% clinical trials, and 30.0% reviews/meta-analyses across various populations like mice, rats, epileptics, and athletes. CBD demonstrated potentially beneficial properties for athlete recovery such as anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anxiolytic, and analgesic effects with doses ranging from 5-600mg administered orally, intravenously, and via other routes. However, rigorous confirmatory research specifically in athlete populations is lacking. While CBD appears promising for facilitating recovery and performance optimization, further randomized placebo-controlled trials are needed to test the acute and chronic effects of different CBD dosing regimens in athletes. Future research should focus on elucidating CBD's physiological mechanisms of action as they relate to post-exercise recovery, as well as its comparative effectiveness versus conventional medications and therapies. Advancing our understanding of CBD's role in athlete recovery could provide new therapeutic strategies to optimize recovery and performance.
... Still, excess inflammation could cause problems in our digestive and musculoskeletal systems and other systems due to the damage to tissues and organs that this causes (McCartney et al., 2020); that is why controlling it is optimal. CBD in athletes could regulate inflammatory processes by reducing substances that usually cause unwanted increases in inflammation, such as cytokines and cortisol (Zuardi et al., 1993). In addition to muscle and digestive inflammation, CBD reduces oxidative stress and neuroinflammation (Atalay et al., 2019;Sahinovic et al., 2022). ...
... In addition to muscle and digestive inflammation, CBD reduces oxidative stress and neuroinflammation (Atalay et al., 2019;Sahinovic et al., 2022). In this regard, 300 mg of CBD has been shown to induce glucocorticoid regulation, such as cortisol in humans, a key regulator of the inflammatory response to injury (Zuardi et al., 1993). ...
... 23 Another study of 33 individuals with Parkinson's Disease revealed that 300 mg of CBD per day led to a transient improvement in sleep quality relative to placebo. 24 In small experimental studies, fixed doses of 300 mg, 400 mg and 600 mg of CBD were also found to induce selfreported sedative effects relative to placebo in healthy adults (11 adults, 300 and 600 mg 25 ; 10 males, 400 mg 26 ). Importantly, clinical evidence of CBD also indicates that the cannabinoid has a favorable safety profile, 27,28 even when taken at doses as high as 1200 mg daily for up to 4 weeks, 29 supporting the exploration of CBD as a potentially safer therapeutic option for the improvement of sleep. ...
... In previous clinical research, melatonin has been shown to have modest effects on sleep relative to placebo, 48 though clinical evidence of CBD's effect relative to placebo remains limited, albeit promising. [23][24][25] Notably, previous clinical research suggests that placebo response could play a major role in the effect of CBD on stress and anxiety, 49 though the impact of this response has yet to be explored for CBD and sleep. Further placebo-controlled studies are needed to determine the therapeutic effects of CBD for sleep. ...
The objective of this randomized, double-blinded controlled trial was to evaluate the safety and relative effects of different formulations containing Cannabidiol (CBD) and melatonin, with and without the addition of minor cannabinoids, on sleep. Participants (N=1,793 adults experiencing symptoms of sleep disturbance) were assigned to receive a 4-week supply of 1 of 6 products (all capsules) containing either 15mg CBD or 5mg melatonin, alone or in combination with minor cannabinoids. Sleep disturbance was assessed using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance SF 8A, administered via weekly online surveys. All formulations exhibited a favorable safety profile (12% of participants reported a side effect and none were severe) and led to significant improvements in sleep disturbance (p<0.001 in within-group comparisons). Most participants (56% to 75%) across all formulations experienced a clinically important improvement in their sleep quality. There were no significant differences in effect, however, between 15mg CBD isolate and formulations containing 15mg CBD and 15mg Cannabinol (CBN), alone or in combination with 5 mg Cannabichromene (CBC). There were also no significant differences in effect between 15mg CBD isolate and formulations containing 5 mg melatonin, alone or in combination with 15mg CBD and 15mg CBN. Our findings suggest that chronic use of a low dose of CBD is safe and could improve sleep quality, though these effects do not exceed that of 5 mg melatonin. Moreover, the addition of low doses of CBN and CBC may not improve the effect of formulations containing CBD or melatonin isolate.
... Cannabinoids, of which CBD is one, interact with the body's endocannabinoid system to have a variety of effects. 37 CBD is a nonpsychoactive compound, meaning it does not produce the ''high'' or intoxication associated with the use of THC, another prominent cannabinoid found in cannabis. Instead, CBD is known for its potential therapeutic effects, such as reducing pain and inflammation, alleviating anxiety and depression, and improving sleep. ...
Background: Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are a component of certain types of bacteria and can induce an inflammatory response in the body, including in the pancreas. Cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychoactive compound found in cannabis, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and may offer potential therapeutic benefits for conditions involving inflammation and damage. The aim of this study was to investigate any potential preventative effects of CBD on experimental LPS-induced pancreatic pathology in rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups as control, LPS (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]), LPS+CBD, and CBD (5 mg/kg, i.p.) groups. Six hours after administering LPS, the rats were euthanized, and blood and pancreatic tissue samples were taken for biochemical, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), histopathological, and immunohistochemical examinations. Results: The results indicated that LPS decreased serum glucose levels and increased lipase levels. It also caused severe hyperemia, increased vacuolization in endocrine cells, edema, and slight inflammatory cell infiltrations at the histopathological examination. Insulin and amylin expressions decreased during immunohistochemical analyses. At the PCR analysis, Silent Information Regulator 2 homolog 1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha expressions decreased and tumor protein p53 expressions increased in the LPS group. CBD improved the biochemical, PCR, histopathological, and immunohistochemical results. Conclusions: The findings of the current investigation demonstrated that LPS damages both the endocrine and exocrine pancreas. However, CBD demonstrated marked ameliorative effects in the pancreas in LPS induced rat model pancreatitis.
Background:
Clinical evidence on the use of cannabidiol (CBD) for sleep remains limited. Even fewer studies have tested the comparative effectiveness of cannabinoid formulations found within CBD products used for sleep or how they compare to other complementary therapies such as melatonin.
Methods:
Participants (N = 1,793 adults experiencing symptoms of sleep disturbance) were randomly assigned to receive a 4-week supply of 1 of 6 products (all capsules) containing either 15 mg CBD or 5 mg melatonin, alone or in combination with minor cannabinoids. Sleep disturbance was assessed over a period of 5 weeks (baseline week and 4 weeks of product use) using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS™) Sleep Disturbance SF 8A, administered via weekly online surveys. A linear mixed-effects regression model was used to assess the differences in the change in sleep disturbance through time between each active product arm and CBD isolate.
Results:
All formulations exhibited a favorable safety profile (12% of participants reported a side effect and none were severe) and led to significant improvements in sleep disturbance (p < 0.001 in within-group comparisons). Most participants (56% to 75%) across all formulations experienced a clinically important improvement in their sleep quality. There were no significant differences in effect, however, between 15 mg CBD isolate and formulations containing 15 mg CBD and 15 mg cannabinol (CBN), alone or in combination with 5 mg cannabichromene (CBC). There were also no significant differences in effect between 15 mg CBD isolate and formulations containing 5 mg melatonin, alone or in combination with 15 mg CBD and 15 mg CBN.
Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that chronic use of a low dose of CBD is safe and could improve sleep quality, though these effects do not exceed that of 5 mg melatonin. Moreover, the addition of low doses of CBN and CBC may not improve the effect of formulations containing CBD or melatonin isolate.
Cannabis sativa is widely used as a folk medicine in many parts of the globe and has been reported to be a treasure trove of phytoconstituents, including cannabinoids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Accumulating evidence from various pre-clinical and clinical studies revealed the therapeutic potential of these constituents in various pathological conditions, including chronic pain, inflammation, neurological disorders, and cancer. However, the psychoactive effect and addiction potential associated with cannabis use limited its clinical application. In the past two decades, extensive research on cannabis has led to a resurgence of interest in the clinical application of its constituents, particularly cannabinoids. This review summarizes the therapeutic effect and molecular mechanism of various phytoconstituents of cannabis. Furthermore, recently developed nanoformulations of cannabis constituents have also been reviewed. Since cannabis is often associated with illicit use, regulatory aspects are of vital importance and this review therefore also documented the regulatory aspects of cannabis use along with clinical data and commercial products of cannabis.
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