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Effect of cannabidiol on plasma prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol in human volunteers
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on plasma prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol of 11 normal volunteers who received placebo or CBD at the doses of 300 mg (N = 7) or 600 mg (N = 4), po, in a double-blind manner during two experimental sessions separated by an interval of at least one week. The sessions were held in the morning and consisted of blood collection and application of self-evaluation scales before and after drug injection (-35 to 180 min). Hormonal measurements were performed by radioimmunoassay. Basal prolactin (11.5 +/- 4.3 ng/ml) and growth hormone (1.5 +/- 0.7 ng/ml) levels were unchanged after placebo and CBD. In contrast, plasma cortisol levels decreased significantly during the placebo sessions (basal measurement = 11.0 +/- 3.7 micrograms/dl; 120 min after placebo = 7.1 +/- 3.9 micrograms/dl), in agreement with the normal circadian rhythm of this hormone. This decrease in cortisol levels was significantly attenuated after CBD (basal measurement = 10.5 +/- 4.9 micrograms/dl; 120 min after 300 mg CBD = 9.9 +/- 6.2 micrograms/dl; 120 min after 600 mg CBD = 11.6 +/- 11.6 micrograms/dl). CBD was also found to have a sedative effect as determined by the self-evaluation scales. The present results suggest that CBD interferes with cortisol secretion.
... Still, excess inflammation could cause problems in our digestive and musculoskeletal systems and other systems due to the damage to tissues and organs that this causes (McCartney et al., 2020); that is why controlling it is optimal. CBD in athletes could regulate inflammatory processes by reducing substances that usually cause unwanted increases in inflammation, such as cytokines and cortisol (Zuardi et al., 1993). In addition to muscle and digestive inflammation, CBD reduces oxidative stress and neuroinflammation (Atalay et al., 2019;Sahinovic et al., 2022). ...
... In addition to muscle and digestive inflammation, CBD reduces oxidative stress and neuroinflammation (Atalay et al., 2019;Sahinovic et al., 2022). In this regard, 300 mg of CBD has been shown to induce glucocorticoid regulation, such as cortisol in humans, a key regulator of the inflammatory response to injury (Zuardi et al., 1993). ...
... 23 Another study of 33 individuals with Parkinson's Disease revealed that 300 mg of CBD per day led to a transient improvement in sleep quality relative to placebo. 24 In small experimental studies, fixed doses of 300 mg, 400 mg and 600 mg of CBD were also found to induce selfreported sedative effects relative to placebo in healthy adults (11 adults, 300 and 600 mg 25 ; 10 males, 400 mg 26 ). Importantly, clinical evidence of CBD also indicates that the cannabinoid has a favorable safety profile, 27,28 even when taken at doses as high as 1200 mg daily for up to 4 weeks, 29 supporting the exploration of CBD as a potentially safer therapeutic option for the improvement of sleep. ...
... In previous clinical research, melatonin has been shown to have modest effects on sleep relative to placebo, 48 though clinical evidence of CBD's effect relative to placebo remains limited, albeit promising. [23][24][25] Notably, previous clinical research suggests that placebo response could play a major role in the effect of CBD on stress and anxiety, 49 though the impact of this response has yet to be explored for CBD and sleep. Further placebo-controlled studies are needed to determine the therapeutic effects of CBD for sleep. ...
The objective of this randomized, double-blinded controlled trial was to evaluate the safety and relative effects of different formulations containing Cannabidiol (CBD) and melatonin, with and without the addition of minor cannabinoids, on sleep. Participants (N=1,793 adults experiencing symptoms of sleep disturbance) were assigned to receive a 4-week supply of 1 of 6 products (all capsules) containing either 15mg CBD or 5mg melatonin, alone or in combination with minor cannabinoids. Sleep disturbance was assessed using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance SF 8A, administered via weekly online surveys. All formulations exhibited a favorable safety profile (12% of participants reported a side effect and none were severe) and led to significant improvements in sleep disturbance (p<0.001 in within-group comparisons). Most participants (56% to 75%) across all formulations experienced a clinically important improvement in their sleep quality. There were no significant differences in effect, however, between 15mg CBD isolate and formulations containing 15mg CBD and 15mg Cannabinol (CBN), alone or in combination with 5 mg Cannabichromene (CBC). There were also no significant differences in effect between 15mg CBD isolate and formulations containing 5 mg melatonin, alone or in combination with 15mg CBD and 15mg CBN. Our findings suggest that chronic use of a low dose of CBD is safe and could improve sleep quality, though these effects do not exceed that of 5 mg melatonin. Moreover, the addition of low doses of CBN and CBC may not improve the effect of formulations containing CBD or melatonin isolate.
... This survey found that those with current insomnia and greater sleep latency were significantly more likely to report using strains of cannabis with higher concentrations of CBD [167]. There are a few studies including case reports [139,168], case series [140], and randomized controlled trials [169,170] that indicate that CBD may be efficacious in promoting sleep. Yet, there is some contention in the literature, with some studies suggesting CBD has a stimulating or alerting effect [171,172], and others suggest CBD has a sedating effect [169,170] and one which found no effect in terms of sleepiness [173]. ...
... There are a few studies including case reports [139,168], case series [140], and randomized controlled trials [169,170] that indicate that CBD may be efficacious in promoting sleep. Yet, there is some contention in the literature, with some studies suggesting CBD has a stimulating or alerting effect [171,172], and others suggest CBD has a sedating effect [169,170] and one which found no effect in terms of sleepiness [173]. There is a need for research into the potential effects of CBD on sleep in cancer patients, since the benefits of improved sleep would be tremendous. ...
The plant Cannabis sativa has been in use medicinally for several thousand years. It has over 540 metabolites thought to be responsible for its therapeutic effects. Two of the key phytocannabinoids are cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Unlike THC, CBD does not have potentially intoxicating effects. Preclinical and clinical research indicates that CBD has a wide range of therapeutic effects, and many of them are relevant to the management of cancer. In this article, we explore some of the potential mechanisms of action of CBD in cancer, and evidence of its efficacy in the integrative management of cancer including the side effects associated with its treatment, demonstrating its potential for integration with orthodox cancer care.
... In a study on healthy beagles which looked at clinical chemistry after administration of a CBD-predominant oil formulation, hematological parameters were generally normal for the dogs across these groups at 1 day and 7 days after the final dose (Vaughn et al., 2020). In their double-blind trial, Zuardi et al. investigated the effects of CBD on plasma prolactin and growth hormone among volunteers who received placebo or oral CBD at the doses of 300 mg or 600 mg; basal prolactin and growth hormone levels were unchanged after CBD (Zuardi et al., 1993). ...
Background: Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder and no effective treatment for the core symptoms is currently available. The present study is part of a larger clinical trial assessing the effects of cannabis oil on autism co-morbidities.
Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the safety of a CBD-rich oil treatment in children and adolescents with ASD.
Methods: Data from 59 children and young adults (ages 5–25 years) from a single-arm, ongoing, prospective, open-label, one center, phase III study was analyzed. Participants received the Nitzan Spectrum® Oil, with cannabis extracts infused in medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil with a cannabidiol:THC ratio of 20:1, for 6 months. Blood analysis was performed before treatment initiation, and after 3 months. Complete blood count, glucose, urea, creatinine, electrolytes, liver enzymes (AST, ALT, gamma glutamyl transferase), bilirubin, lipid profile, TSH, FT4, thyroid antibodies, prolactin, and testosterone measurements were performed at baseline, prior to starting treatment and at study midpoint, after 3 months of treatment.
Results: 59 children (85% male and 15% female) were followed for 18 ± 8 weeks (mean ±SD). The mean total daily dose was 7.88 ± 4.24 mg/kg body weight. No clinically significant differences were found in any of the analytes between baseline and 3 months follow up. Lactate dehydrogenase was significantly higher before treatment (505.36 ± 95.1 IU/l) as compared to its level after 3 months of treatment (470.55 ± 84.22 IU/L) (p = 0.003). FT4 was significantly higher after 3 months of treatment (15.54 ± 1.9) as compared to its level before treatment (15.07 ± 1.88) (p = 0.03), as was TSH [(2.34 ± 1.17) and (2.05 ± 1.02)] before and after 3 months of treatment, respectively (p = 0.01). However, all these values were within normal range. A comparison of the group with additional medications (n = 14) to those who received solely medical cannabis (n = 45) showed no difference in biochemical analysis, including liver enzymes, which remained stable, except for change in potassium level which was significantly higher in the group that did not receive additional medications (0.04 ± 0.37) compared to the group receiving concomitant drug therapy (-0.2 ± 0.33) (p = 0.04). A comparison of patients who received a high dose of the cannabis oil (upper quartile-16 patients), with those receiving a low dose (lower quartile—14 patients) showed no significant difference between the two groups, except for the mean change of total protein, which was significantly higher among patients receiving high dose of CBD (0.19 ± 2.74) compared to those receiving a low dose of CBD (1.71 ± 2.46 (p = 0.01), and mean change in number of platelets, that was significantly lower among patients who received high dose of CBD (13.46 ± 31.38) as compared to those who received low dose of CBD (29.64 ± 26.2) (p = 0.0007). However, both of these changes lack clinical significance.
Conclusion: CBD-rich cannabis oil (CBD: THC 20:1), appears to have a good safety profile. Long-term monitoring with a larger number of participants is warranted.
... In addition, our trial of 10-12 weeks CBD administration in chronic cannabis users resulted in increased hippocampal subfield volumes, associated with plasma CBD metabolite concentrations. 18 With respect to neuroendocrine effects, preclinical and human studies indicate that CBD can reduce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress by decreasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-a and interleukin-6 7,19 ; proinflammatory adipokines, including leptin, 20 stress hormone cortisol, 21 and may be of relevance to proinflammatory and peripheral oxidative stress marker plasma serotonin, 22,23 where reduced inflammation and oxidative stress may influence psychotherapeutic effects. 24 Indeed, preclinical studies administering CBD before laboratory stressors report reversed depressive, anxiety, and psychosis-related behaviors, such as low mood, learned helplessness, 7 fear responses, hyperlocomotion, 25 and poor cognition. ...
Rationale: The slowing of disease progression in dementia in the early stages of diagnosis is paramount to improving the quality of life for those diagnosed and their support networks. Accumulating evidence suggests that CBD, a constituent of Cannabis sativa, is associated with neuroprotective, neuroendocrine, and psychotherapeutic effects, suggesting that it may be beneficial to dementia treatment. However, no published human study to date has examined this possibility. This trial aims to determine whether daily treatment with CBD over a 12-week period is associated with improved neurobiological, behavioral, and psychological outcomes in individuals living with early-stage dementia. Methods: Sixty participants with early-stage dementia will be recruited for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants will be randomized into either 99.9% pure CBD or placebo treatment conditions and administered two capsules per day for 12 weeks. Participants will commence a 200 mg/day dose for 2 weeks before escalating to 300 mg/day for the remaining 10 weeks. Neuroimaging and blood-based neuroendocrine profiles will be assessed at baseline and post-treatment. Psychological and behavioral symptoms will be assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, and post-treatment. Monitoring of health and side-effects will be conducted through weekly home visits. Discussion: This study is among the first to investigate the effects of isolated CBD in improving neuroanatomical and neuroendocrine changes, alongside psychological symptoms, during the early stages of dementia diagnosis. The outcomes of this trial have the capacity to inform a potential novel and accessible treatment approach for individuals living with early-stage dementia, and in turn, improve quality of life, prognoses, and treatment outcomes. Trial Registration: This trial has been registered with the Therapeutic Goods Administration (CT-2020-CTN-03849-1v2) and the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12621001364864).
... Cortisol is known to affect circadian rhythms in T cells [38], and to increase CXCR4 expression in T lymphocytes [39]. It is likely that the increase of cortisol was secondary to stress from adverse events rather than directly induced by the THC/CBD [40]. Based on our findings we believe that the increase of CXCR4high expressing cells (both leukemic B cells and T cells) seen 6 h after THC/CBD is a secondary effect due to elevated cortisol levels and that this increased expression of CXCR4 is associated to a redistribution of lymphocytes from blood at 6 h. ...
This phase II clinical trial investigates a one-time oromucosal dose of tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol (THC/CBD) in 23 patients with indolent leukemic B cell lymphomas. Primary endpoint was a significant reduction in leukemic B cells. Grade 1 − 2 adverse events were seen in 91% of the patients; most common were dry mouth (78%), vertigo (70%), and somnolence (43%). After THC/CBD a significant reduction in leukemic B cells (median, 11%) occurred within two hours (p = .014), and remained for 6 h without induction of apoptosis or proliferation. Normal B cells and T cells were also reduced. CXCR4 expression increased on leukemic cells and T cells. All effects were gone by 24 h. Our results show that a single dose of THC/CBD affects a wide variety of leukocytes and only transiently reduce malignant cells in blood. Based on this study, THC/CBD shows no therapeutic potential for indolent B cell lymphomas (EudraCT trial no. 2014-005553-39).
Background:
Clinical evidence on the use of cannabidiol (CBD) for sleep remains limited. Even fewer studies have tested the comparative effectiveness of cannabinoid formulations found within CBD products used for sleep or how they compare to other complementary therapies such as melatonin.
Methods:
Participants (N = 1,793 adults experiencing symptoms of sleep disturbance) were randomly assigned to receive a 4-week supply of 1 of 6 products (all capsules) containing either 15 mg CBD or 5 mg melatonin, alone or in combination with minor cannabinoids. Sleep disturbance was assessed over a period of 5 weeks (baseline week and 4 weeks of product use) using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS™) Sleep Disturbance SF 8A, administered via weekly online surveys. A linear mixed-effects regression model was used to assess the differences in the change in sleep disturbance through time between each active product arm and CBD isolate.
Results:
All formulations exhibited a favorable safety profile (12% of participants reported a side effect and none were severe) and led to significant improvements in sleep disturbance (p < 0.001 in within-group comparisons). Most participants (56% to 75%) across all formulations experienced a clinically important improvement in their sleep quality. There were no significant differences in effect, however, between 15 mg CBD isolate and formulations containing 15 mg CBD and 15 mg cannabinol (CBN), alone or in combination with 5 mg cannabichromene (CBC). There were also no significant differences in effect between 15 mg CBD isolate and formulations containing 5 mg melatonin, alone or in combination with 15 mg CBD and 15 mg CBN.
Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that chronic use of a low dose of CBD is safe and could improve sleep quality, though these effects do not exceed that of 5 mg melatonin. Moreover, the addition of low doses of CBN and CBC may not improve the effect of formulations containing CBD or melatonin isolate.
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