... A large and rapidly growing literature has been focused on the neural basis of path integration and cognitive maps (e.g., Brun, et al., 2008;McNaughton et al., 1996;McNaughton, Battaglia, Jensen, Moser, & Moser, 2006). The most important findings are the hippocampal place cells which fire when the animal is at a specific location in the environment (Mc-Naughton, Knierim, & Wilson, 1995;O'Keefe & Burgess, 1996;O'Keefe & Nadel, 1978;O'Keefe & Speakman, 1987;Taube, 1995), the head direction cells which fire when the animal is facing a specific direction (Taube, Muller, & Ranck, 1990a,b), and the grid cells which have receptive fields organized along triangular grids (Fyhn, Hafting, Witter, Moser, & Moser, 2008;Hafting, Fyhn, Molden, Moser, & Moser, 2005). Because different place cells have different place fields, as an ensemble they "map out" an external space, and therefore have been referred to as a "cognitive map" that serves as a representation of an animal's own location in space (O'Keefe & Nadel, 1978). ...