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Effect of acidic primers on bonding between stainless steel and auto-polymerizing methacrylic resins
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of acidic primers on bonding between methacrylic resins and SUS 316 stainless steel.
The primers were single liquid metal conditioners containing either a phosphate monomer (Cesead opaque primer, CO; Metal primer, MP) or a carboxylic monomer (Super-Bond liquid, SB; Acryl bond, AB; MR bond, MR). Disk metal specimens were air-abraded with alumina followed by priming. The disks were bonded with a methacrylic resin using a brush-dip technique (Super-Bond C & B, CB or Repairsin, RE). Specimens were thermocycled in water and bond strengths were determined.
Shear bond strengths after the thermocycling were 11.9 MPa for CO-CB, 7.6 MPa for CO-RE, 4.9 MPa for SB-RE, 3.9 MPa for MP-RE, 3.3 MPa for AB-RE, 2.5 MPa for MR-RE, 1.9 MPa for None-CB, and 0 MPa for None-RE. The two systems primed with CO primer showed greater bond strengths than the other groups (P < 0.05). Of the two systems conditioned with CO primer, CB resin demonstrated higher value bond strength as compared with RE resin (P < 0.05).
Among the systems examined, CO primer used together with CB resin exhibited greater bond strength to SUS 316 stainless steel than other systems after the ageing test. Reduction in bond strength by thermocycling, however, was remarkable for all groups.
... The alloy primers may be conveniently categorized based on the reactive acidic moieties present. For the description convenience, an elaborate classification system of the dental alloy primers was devised and exhibited in Table 4. Primers are carboxylic acid-based or their anhydrides, 2,3,8,18,19,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] sulfur-containing/ thione-thiol-based, 3,8,14,17,23,24,27,30,32,38,40,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] phosphoric acidbased, 3,19,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][36][37][38]42,50,[54][55][56]58,[62][63][64][65][66] silicic acid-based, 3,35 and phosphonic acid ester-based. 35,67,68 Combinations of the above primers (binary primers: two monomers with different reactive functional groups; ternary primers: three monomers with different reactive functional groups) were also been employed in the studies. ...
... The alloy primers may be conveniently categorized based on the reactive acidic moieties present. For the description convenience, an elaborate classification system of the dental alloy primers was devised and exhibited in Table 4. Primers are carboxylic acid-based or their anhydrides, 2,3,8,18,19,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] sulfur-containing/ thione-thiol-based, 3,8,14,17,23,24,27,30,32,38,40,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] phosphoric acidbased, 3,19,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][36][37][38]42,50,[54][55][56]58,[62][63][64][65][66] silicic acid-based, 3,35 and phosphonic acid ester-based. 35,67,68 Combinations of the above primers (binary primers: two monomers with different reactive functional groups; ternary primers: three monomers with different reactive functional groups) were also been employed in the studies. ...
... The alloy primers may be conveniently categorized based on the reactive acidic moieties present. For the description convenience, an elaborate classification system of the dental alloy primers was devised and exhibited in Table 4. Primers are carboxylic acid-based or their anhydrides, 2,3,8,18,19,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] sulfur-containing/ thione-thiol-based, 3,8,14,17,23,24,27,30,32,38,40,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] phosphoric acidbased, 3,19,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][36][37][38]42,50,[54][55][56]58,[62][63][64][65][66] silicic acid-based, 3,35 and phosphonic acid ester-based. 35,67,68 Combinations of the above primers (binary primers: two monomers with different reactive functional groups; ternary primers: three monomers with different reactive functional groups) were also been employed in the studies. ...
... Bonding of a magnetic attachment with an adhesive material is therefore an identical sit- uation to the bonding of stainless steel with adhesive material. Although a number of studies on the adhesive bonding of magnetic attachments have been conducted, 2,[5][6][7]13,15,17,20,21 only limited information is available concerning the relationship between types of adhesive functional monomers and the bond durability of stainless steels and their component elements. 15 The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of acidic primers on bond strength and durability of an unfilled acrylic resin joined to XM27 stainless steel and its component metals. ...
... Specifically, two priming agents that contain MDP monomer demonstrated excellent adhesion. This result basically agreed with that of previous studies, [5][6][7]13,15 although the types of steels, primers, and experimental conditions were not identical. The authors consider that the durable bond to steel obtained using the Alloy Primer and Estenia Opaque Primer materials may be attributable to the interaction between the hydrophobic divalent phosphate and the metal elements, especially metal oxides, although in the present study this phenomenon was not evaluated using spectroscopy. ...
... These results also agree with previous studies. 6,7,13 The results of the previous and present studies demonstrate that carboxylic monomers are not as effective as MDP for bonding stainless steels. Application of carboxylic Super-Bond adhesive, however, was effective for bonding cobaltchromium alloy. ...
To evaluate the effects of carboxylic and phosphate functional monomers on the bond strength and durability of an acrylic resin joined to a magnetizable stainless steel and its component metals.
Disk specimens (10 and 8 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm thick) were prepared from SUS XM27 stainless steel, high-purity iron, and chromium metals. The specimens were ground with abrasive paper, and divided into an unprimed control group and 4 groups primed with: 1. Alloy Primer (thione and phosphate); 2. Estenia Opaque Primer (phosphate); 3. Mr. Bond (aliphatic carboxylic acid); or 4. Super-Bond C&B Liquid (aromatic carboxylic anhydride). The disks were bonded with tri-n-butylborane (TBB)-initiated resin, and the shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling (20,000 X, 5°C - 55°C). The debonded surfaces were analyzed using Xray diffraction (XRD).
The Alloy Primer and Estenia Opaque Primer materials containing 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) effectively bonded the steel (30.3 to 32.4 MPa) and iron (33.6 to 34.8 MPa), whereas the four acidic primers bonded chromium (24.6 to 32.3 MPa). X-ray diffractometry detected corroded iron at the debonded interface.
Bearing in mind the limitations of the present study, the use of two primers with MDP is recommendable for bonding SUS XM27 steel with TBB-initiated resin. Iron was considered to be a corrosive factor at the adhesive interface, although the associated bonding characteristics were adequate.
... The adhesive bonding of magnetic steels have been reported in literature (4)(5)(6)(7)(8). Acidic primers proved to be effective in bonding various steels (4)(5)(6)(7)(8), whereas other compounds such as thione, were ineffective in bonding the XM27 steel (8). ...
... The adhesive bonding of magnetic steels have been reported in literature (4)(5)(6)(7)(8). Acidic primers proved to be effective in bonding various steels (4)(5)(6)(7)(8), whereas other compounds such as thione, were ineffective in bonding the XM27 steel (8). The attachment and the denture base material should be strongly bonded to avoid detachment of the magnetic assembly from dentures. ...
... Although the reduction in bond strength after 2,000 thermocycles was remarkable, post-thermocycling bond strength results revealed effectiveness of the Alloy Primer material in which a hydrophobic phosphate monomer (MDP) was added. Effectiveness of the MDP monomer in bonding stainless steel has been previously reported (4,5,(7)(8)(9), and the current result agrees with these findings, although the composition of resins and steel, and testing assembly were not identical. The authors speculate that the improved bond strength to XM27 steel is derived from the interaction between the dihydrogen phosphate in the MDP monomer and passive chromium oxide layer (15) on the XM27 steel, because the steel contains 26% chromium. ...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of functional monomers contained in the primers, as well as alumina particle abrasion on bonding between stainless steel and acrylic resin. SUS XM27 steel was primed with one of the following materials; Alloy Primer, Estenia Opaque Primer, M. L. Primer, and Super-Bond Liquid. Steel disks were either ground flat or alumina-blasted, primed with one of the four agents, and bonded with an acrylic resin (Unifast Trad). Bond strength was determined both before and after thermocycling (2,000 or 20,000 cycles). Among the four priming agents, the Alloy Primer and Estenia Opaque Primer, both of which contain 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP), exhibited better bonding performance than the others. Alumina air-borne particle abrasion considerably improved the durability of bonding between the steel and the resin material. It can be concluded that alumina blasting followed by priming with an MDP agent is recommended for bonding the resin and SUS XM27 steel.
... The second-generation representative adhesive monomer is 6-(4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl) amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol (VBATDT), which was developed at the end of the 1980s for bonding noble metal alloys [11]. In addition, 10-MDP is considered the most appropriate for bonding tri-n-butylborane-initiated autopolymerizing acrylic resin to magnetic stainless steel alloys [13,14]. ...
... The 10-MDP monomer is well known to exhibit effective bonding for non-noble metal alloys. By contrast, sulfur-containing VBATDT and MTU-6 adhere strongly to noble metal alloys [11,13,14]. Single Bond Universal Adhesive, Alloy Primer, and Palfique Universal Bond are 3 commercial products that contain 10-MDP, VBATDT, or MTU-6. ...
Magnetic attachment system is used to embed in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin denture base to improve denture stability. However, dislodgement of magnetic attachments from denture base is a major clinical problem. This study is to evaluate the bond strength between PMMA and stainless steel using metal primer and atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) treatment. Stainless steel discs were treated with Single Bond Universal Adhesive; Palfique Universal Bond; Alloy Primer; heat treatment with Alloy Primer; and 10-s, 20-s, and 30-s APPJ treatment with Alloy Primer. The shear bond strength between PMMA and surface-treated stainless steel was measured using universal testing machine. The effects of N2 flow rate (60, 50, 40, 30 SLM), thermal cycling, and air quenching on shear bond strength were also investigated. The surface of each disc was examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and a goniometer. Finally, the temperature of plasma with various N2 flow rates was measured and the optical emission spectra of the plasma were measured using spectrometer. Alloy Primer produced the highest bond strength. APPJ treatment was effective at enhancing bond strength by cleaning the surface of contaminants. Moreover, APPJ treatment with air quenching increased surface O²⁻/OH- and Fe2O3/FeOOH ratios, reducing the negative influence of thermal cycling on bond strength. Alloy Primer with 20 s of APPJ treatment with a 50-SLM N2 flow rate and air quenching was the most effective at increasing bond strength.
... Important improvements in the bond strengths of autopolymerizing acrylic resins to magnetic stainless steel alloys have been achieved. [7][8][9][10][11] However, little information is available regarding the bond strengths of resin-based composite materials to stainless steel alloys. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of surface treatments on the shear bond strength of indirect composite material applied to a magnetizable chromium-rich stainless steel alloy. ...
... It has been reported that when a metal conditioner with a functional monomer designed for base metal alloys is applied and an adhesive acrylic resin containing a carboxylic monomer is used, great bond strength is achieved to some kinds of stainless steel. [7][8][9][10] In the present study, the bond strength of one of the indirect composite materials, which can be used to veneer crowns was investigated. ...
Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the bond strength of an indirect composite material to a magnetic stainless steel alloy.
Materials and Methods: The surfaces of machined magnetic stainless steel alloy specimens were abraded with 600-grit silicon carbide paper and then grouped according to the type of surface treatment given: 1) without preparation, 2) tribochemical silica coating, 3) air abrasion with 50 μm alumina, 4) tribochemical silica coating and application of opaque resin, 5) air abrasion and application of a metal conditioner for base metal alloys, and 6) air abrasion, application of a metal conditioner and opaque resin. An indirect composite material (Estenia C&B) was then applied to the treated surfaces of the alloy and polymerized. The specimens in groups 2-6 were thermocycled up to 10,000 cycles. The specimens in groups 5 and 6 were thermocycled up to 20,000 cycles. The shear bond strengths were determined using a universal testing machine.
Results: All of the cylindrical columns of the indirect composite material in group 1 debonded before their shear bond strengths could be determined. Group 6 exhibited the greatest bond strength, followed by group 5, compared to the other groups before thermocycling (p<0.05). The bond strengths of groups 3-6 did not decrease after thermocycling (p>0.05), whereas those of group 2 significantly decreased (p<0.05).
Conclusion:Significant improvement in the bond durability of an indirect composite material to a magnetic stainless steel alloy was achieved by alumina air abrasion and the application of a metal conditioner for base metal alloys and opaque resin, followed by pre-polymerization.
... Bonding magnetic assemblies and keepers with resin-based material is substantially the same as bonding stainless steel with adhesive resin. While various adhesive systems have been introduced for bonding both noble and base metal alloys (12)(13)(14)(15), limited information is available concerning bonding of steels for magnetic systems (16)(17)(18)(19)(20). In particular, comparative evaluation of functional monomers contained in the priming and bonding agents has not been performed. ...
... Both materials contain a hydrophobic phosphate monomer (MDP), hence the authors speculate that the improved bond strength to XM27 steel is derived from interaction between the dihydrogen phosphate in the MDP and the passive chromium oxide film on the XM27 steel (22). Effectiveness of the MDP monomer in bonding stainless steel has been reported previously (12,16,17,20), and the present results agree with these findings, although the composition of resins and steels were not identical. ...
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of functional monomers contained in the primers on adhesive bonding of a steel alloy. SUS XM27 steel was primed with one of the following materials; Alloy Primer, Estenia Opaque Primer, and V-Primer. The functional monomers in the primers were a phosphate (10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate; MDP) and a thione (6-(4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl) amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithione, -dithiol tautomer; VTD) for Alloy Primer, MDP alone for Estenia, and VTD alone for V-Primer. The steel disks were bonded with an acrylic resin (Unifast Trad), and bond strength was determined. Of the three primers, both the Alloy Primer (33.3 MPa) and Estenia Opaque Primer (33.9 MPa) materials exhibited far better post-thermocycling bond strength than V-Primer (0 MPa). It can be concluded that the phosphate MDP is effective, whereas the thione VTD is ineffective for bonding SUS XM27 steel.
... Although there are various adhesive systems for bonding stainless steel and related dental alloys (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19), limited information is available about various primers, especially related to the chemical ingredients and functional monomers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of acidic priming agents on the bond strength and durability of an acrylic repair resin bonded to stainless steel. ...
... The author speculates that the durable bond strength to XM27 steel is derived from interaction between the dihydrogen phosphate in the MDP and the passive chromium oxide film on the XM27 steel (21). Effectiveness of the MDP monomer in bonding stainless steel has already been reported (13,14,17,18). The results of the current study agree with those findings, although the composition of luting agents and adherends were not identical. ...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of acidic priming agents on adhesive bonding to SUS XM27 stainless steel. Disk steel specimens were primed with one of the following materials; Acryl Bond, All-Bond 2 Primer B, Alloy Primer, Estenia Opaque Primer, Eye Sight Opaque Primer, Metal Primer II, M.L. Primer, MR Bond, and Super-Bond Liquid. The specimens were then bonded with an acrylic resin designed for denture repair (Repairsin), and bond strengths were determined. Unprimed specimen was used as control. The average bond strengths before thermocycling varied from 21.3 to 51.0 MPa, whereas post-thermocycling bond strengths ranged from 3.0 to 37.0 MPa. Of the nine priming agents, the Acryl Bond, All-Bond 2 Primer B, Estenia Opaque Primer, and MR Bond materials showed significantly higher bond strength after application of thermocycling. Within the limitation of the current experimental settings, it can be concluded that the use of the four acidic priming agents is recommended for bonding SUS XM27 stainless steel with Repairsin self-polymerizing repair material.
... The Scotchbond Universal plus adhesive primer used is an acidic adhesive primer that contains a distinguishing component called methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) monomer. MDP is the functional component used to develop the bond between stainless steel and self-cure acrylic resin (Hsu et al. 2021;Ishikawa et al. 2006;Matsumura et al. 1997). An earlier study found that the MDP monomer chemically reacts to metal oxides and forms a covalent bond (Shafiei et al. 2018). ...
Objectives
To evaluate the effect of the size of stainless steel mesh and universal adhesive primer on the flexural strength of repaired polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) denture base resin.
Materials and Methods
A total of 120 heat‐cured PMMA specimens with dimensions of 5 × 50 × 30 mm were prepared and repaired with two different sizes of stainless steel mesh reinforcement, one group with med‐fine mesh (size 0.42 mm²) and the second group with fine mesh (size 0.09 mm²). One subgroup was primed with a universal adhesive primer (Scotchbond Universal). Half of the specimens from each subgroup were subjected to artificial aging. The flexural strength was obtained by three‐point bend testing. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc analysis (SPSS V28). The probability of failure was calculated using Weibull analysis. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was used to identify the mode of failure.
Results
A significantly higher mean flexural strength (p < 0.05) was recorded in primed groups non‐thermocycled with fine mesh (174.80 ± 50.27 MPa) and medium mesh (160.87 ± 41.50 MPa) compared to non‐primed groups. Non‐primed specimens with fine mesh exhibited the highest Weibull modulus (5.86), whereas that of primed medium mesh had the lowest Weibull modulus (2.64). Adhesive failure was identified at the interface of the stainless steel mesh and the self‐cure acrylic resin.
Conclusion
Application of the universal adhesive primer to both mid‐fine and fine stainless steel mesh significantly improved the flexural strength of the repaired PMMA heat‐cured acrylic resin, and reinforcement with primed fine stainless steel mesh resulted in significantly higher flexural strength of repaired PMMA heat‐cured an acrylic resin.
... It is important to consider the relationship between the type of metal and functional monomer when selecting a metal conditioner. For base metal alloys, carboxylic, phosphoric, and phosphonic acid derivative monomers result in the strongest bonds [8][9][10][11] , whereas thione and disulfide monomers are most effective for bonding to noble metal alloys [12][13][14][15][16] . In recent years, metal conditioners have been developed that are reported to exploit the combined effect of both acidic and sulfur-containing monomers on adhesion to noble and base metal/alloys [17][18][19] . ...
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of three pretreatment conditioners and surface preparations on a composite resin adhesive for a gold alloy. Cast disk specimens were made and bonded with RelyX Unicem luting agent under six surface conditions: 1) polished with No.600 carbide paper, 2) air-abraded with alumina, 3) Alloy Primer metal conditioner was applied after alumina-abrasion, 4) Monobond Plus multipurpose conditioner was applied after alumina-abrasion, 5) M. L. Primer metal conditioner was applied after alumina-abrasion, and 6) Rocatec multipurpose silica-coating system was applied. The bond strengths were determined before and after thermocycling (50,000 cycles). The bond strengths of the alumina-abrasion group were significantly decreased after thermocycling. The Rocatec and M. L. Primer exhibited higher bond strengths than other treatments. The application of metal conditioners and multipurpose surface preparations was recommended for improved bonding between the evaluated adhesive resin and gold alloy.
... A single liquid primer designed for conditioning base metal alloys (OptiBond Solo plus ® ) and a light-cured, resin-based composite (Point 4 ® ) were selected for bonding the stainless steel magnet keepers. Selection of liquid primer was based on a previous report (Matsumura et al., 1997) which compared the effect of metal conditioners on bonds formed between a stainless steel and two auto-polymerizing methacrylic resins. A summary of the materials main composition and manufacturers are presented in (Table1). ...
Traditionally when magnetic attachments are used to retain overdentures, the keeper
element is incorporated into gold copings, which often uses the root canal to gain
additional retention to the tooth. This procedure may inevitably incur additional
expense, laboratory and chair side time. The availability of magnetic attachments to
patients may subsequently be limited. This study was conducted to compare the shear
bond strength of magnet keepers to a commonly used composite resin following two
abrasive metal surface treatments; sandblasting and tribochemical silica coating (CoJet
System®). Sixty stainless steels (AUM20) keepers designed for magnetic attachments
were embedded in acrylic blocks. Specimens were then divided into two groups of 30
specimens each. The first group was sandblasted with alumina and the second group
was treated using the CoJet system. The composite resin was bonded to each magnet
keeper and cured. Shear bond strengths were determined for each surface treatment
after 24 hours storage in distilled water at 37C° (0 thermocycle), 500 thermocycling,
and one-week storage in distilled water at 37C°. The shear bond strength was recorded
for each specimen using a universal testing machine and statistical analysis of shear
bond strength values within each group of surface treatment was compared using
paired T-test. Independent T-test was used to compare the shear bond strengths of
sandblasted keeper surfaces with those treated with the CoJet system®. The strongest
shear bond strength was obtained with samples treated with CoJet system®. Between
groups comparison showed that significant differences were found in the shear bond
strength mean values at 0 thermocycle and one week water storage (p=0.001 and
p=0.006). The values of shear bond strength recorded by the two treatments exceeded
the maximum retentive force required to pull magnet attachment from its keeper. Most
of the specimens tested exhibited adhesive failure mode. Within the limitation of this
study, it is concluded that using the CoJet surface treatment on the surfaces of magnet
keepers is effective for bonding the magnet keepers with the composite resin
examined.
... One such cement is 4-META (4-methacryloyloxyethy trimellitate anhydride) (Super-Bond) that was invented in Japan in January 1979. [10][11][12] This article is intended to report a successfully rehabilitated young female patient with a partial veneer retainer for an anterior fixed partial denture without incorporation of proximal grooves, thus stressing the significance of such high strength cements on conservation of tooth structure. Clinical Case Report A female patient aged 25 years reported to the department of Prosthodontics with a chief complaint of unaesthetic smile due to missing right central incisor, extracted three years back due to trauma. ...
Downloaded from www.medrech.com " Utilizing resin cement to conserve natural tooth structure in partial veneer retainers " Abstract Partial veneer retainers for use in fixed partial denture have infrequently been used because of disadvantages associated with it one of them being incorporation of technically sensitive preparation features like proximal grooves. The proximal grooves besides being difficult to make are also hard to be duplicated in the final restoration. With advances in resin cements especially with the advent of monomer based cements, these retentive grooves can be waived off with promising results. This article presents a case where a partial veneer crown was used as a retainer in a fixed partial denture to restore maxillary right central incisor. Indication of such treatment is also discussed. Introduction Use of partial veneer crownas partial retainers in fixed partial dentures has existed for more than 90 years 1 but has been a less explored subject because of failures that are associated with such heroics. They are commonly used because they conserve the facial surface of the tooth where the exact contour and appearance of natural tooth enamel cannot be reproduced. 2, 3 For any restoration, preparation must be based on fundamental principles from which criteria can be developed to help in predicting the success of prosthodontic treatment. 4-6 Partial veneers that have been used in fixed partial dentures comprise a key principal feature used to aid retention and resistance form that is lost by leaving the facial surface of the tooth intact. This key feature is incorporation of a proximal groove that requires tooth preparation in the appropriate location with correct shape, size, extent and parallelism to each other along with long axis of the tooth.
... The joining of stainless steel alloys to composite materials is a process with applications in automotive and aerospace manufacturing. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Metal-polymer composites can produce structures that are significantly lighter but with the same strength and durability as traditional metal structures. In automotive body panels, bonding ultrathin sheet metal to the composites allows one to produce a panel that is significantly lighter but with the same appearance and performance as a panel made from steel. ...
An atmospheric pressure helium and oxygen plasma has been used for the surface preparation of 410 stainless steel and carbon-fiber epoxy laminates prior to bonding to themselves or to each other. Lap shear results for stainless steel coupons and carbon-fiber epoxy laminates demonstrated an 80% and a 150% increase in bond strength, respectively, after plasma activation. Following 7 days of aging, wedge crack extension tests revealed a crack extension length of 7.0 mm and 2.5 mm for the untreated and plasma-activated steel. The untreated stainless steel had 30% cohesive failure compared to 97% for steel activated with the plasma. Surface analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that carbonaceous contamination was removed by plasma treatment, and specific functional groups, e.g. carboxylic acids, were formed on the surface. These functional groups promoted strong chemical bonding to the epoxy film adhesive. Atmospheric pressure plasmas are an attractive alternative to abrasion techniques for surface preparation prior to bonding.
... 1 Some adhesion boosters containing 4-META have been presented with the purpose to increase adhesion to dental alloys. [2][3][4] In amalgam bonding, one of the most commonly used intermediate resins containing 4 It was assumed that applying MP on the base of the metal base and increase the adhesion between the composite and bracket. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a MP on the adhesive interface between composite and lingual brackets bonded indirectly. ...
Aim:
To test the null hypothesis was that there is no difference in the shear strength of indirectly bonded lingual brackets with or without prior application of metal primer on their bases.
Materials and methods:
Forty recently extracted human premolars were obtained and randomly divided into two groups of 20 each: group I (control), phosphoric acid and indirect bonding with Maximum Cure (Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, IL, USA); and group II, application of metal primer (Metal Primer, Reliance Orthodontic Products) on bracket base prior to conditioning and indirect bonding. All products were used according to the manufacturer's instructions. A universal testing machine was used to apply a shear force directly onto the enamel- bracket interface at a speed of 1.0 mm/min.
Results:
Mean (SD) shear bond strength for group I was 12.87 (5.75) MPa and for the group II was 18.47 (8.48) MPa. The Student's t-test showed a significant difference (p = 0.0311) between the groups. The chi-square test for the adhesive remnant index (ARI) indicated that there was a significant difference (p = 0.2750).
Conclusion:
The application of metal primer increased the adhesion of lingual brackets, and may be a promising procedure for clinical orthodontics.
... Compared with another method of bonding a pair of disk specimens, the ring filling method clearly resulted in low bond strength. Matsumura et al. suggested that the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between resin and metal affects the shear bond strength 26) . Therefore, the greater the volume of filled TBB-resin is, the less bond strength would be detected. ...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of primers on the bond strength and durability of an acrylic resin luting agent bonded to zirconia. Disk specimens were fabricated from zirconia partially stabilized with yttrium oxide. The disks were primed with one of the following materials: Alloy Primer (AP), Ceramic Primer (CP), Liquid A of the Porcelain Liner M (PLM-A), Liquid B of Porcelain Liner M (PLM-B), Porcelain Liner M (PLM-A+PLM-B), Monobond Plus (MP), and mixture of AP and PLM-B. The specimens were bonded with a tri-n-butylborane (TBB)-initiated luting agent. The shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling. The results were statistically analyzed with a non-parametric procedure. The highest post-thermocycling bond strength was generated from the groups primed with MP, CP, and AP. It can be concluded that the application of three phosphate primers is recommended for bonding the zirconia with the TBB-initiated luting agent.
... 19,20 Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Giachetti et al. 21 [23][24][25][26] Surface treatments may also comprise both a roughening component and a chemical component in an effort to combine the two treatments to achieve a better bond. ...
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond
strength between machined titanium and composite resin using different
surface treatments. Materials and Methods: Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V)
specimens were ground with 600 grit SiC paper and randomly divided into
6 groups (n=20/group). Group #1 (Control): samples were sandblasted
with 110 microm Al2 O3 for 10 sec. Group #2 (Rocatec): samples were
treated with the Rocatec system following the manufacturer's directions
but the silanization step was eliminated. Group #3 (Silano Pen):
samples were treated with the Silano Pen system. Group #4 (H2SO4
etched): samples were sandblasted with 110 microm Al2O3 for 10 sec and
etched with 48% H2SO4 for 60 minutes at 60 oC. Group#5 (acid etching +
Rocatec): samples received both treatments as described in Groups 4 and
2, respectively. Group #6 (acid etching + Silano Pen): samples received
both treatments as described in Groups 4 and 3, respectively. Composite
was bonded to the treated titanium surface, half of the specimens from
each group (n=10/group) were subjected to thermocycling, and the samples
were tested for shear bond strength in a universal testing machine.
Representative samples from each group were evaluated with SEM. Results:
Two-way ANOVA revealed that there were significant differences (p <
0.05) in bond strength between the six groups of surface treatment and
that thermocycling significantly decreased shear bond strength. There
was no significant interaction (p = 0.07) between surface treatment and
thermocycling status. With regard to the effect of surface treatment, a
Tukey Post Hoc test showed that groups 3 (Silano Pen) and 6 (Silano Pen
+ H2SO4) showed significantly (p < 0.05) greater bond strengths
compared to the rest of the groups. There was no significant difference
in the bond strength between the four other groups. Conclusion: 1)
Silano Pen is effective in improving the bond strength of titanium to
composite resin. 2) The silanization step in the Rocatec system is a
critical step and eliminating it may dramatically alter its
effectiveness. 3) Combining two surface treatments may not always
result in an additive effect. 4) Thermocycling significantly decreased
the bond strength regardless of the surface treatment used.
... Like carboxylate groups, its acid anhydride moiety should interact with tooth or metal substrates, and its methacrylate moiety can polymerize and copolymerize with monomeric composite resin. The previous studies reported that 4-META adhesive monomer adhered strongly to dental alloy and acrylic resin [4][5][6] . Nowadays, various primers that are developed aim to bond to the metal surface [7][8][9][10] , but there is no report on the comparison of the bond strength among Co-Cr alloy and PMMA using different functional monomers such as 3-MPS, 4-META, MDP, and 6-MHPA. ...
This study aimed to examine the shear bond strength between cobalt chromium alloy and autopolymerizing acrylic resin using experimental primers containing 5, 10, and 15 wt% of 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic anhydride or 1, 2, and 3 wt% of 3-methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane comparison to 5 commercial primers (ML primers, Alloy primer, Metal/Zirconia primer, Monobond S, and Monobond plus). Sixty alloy specimens were sandblasted and treated with each primer before bonded with an acrylic resin. The control group was not primed. The shear bond strengths were tested and statistically compared. Specimens treated with commercial primers significantly increased the shear bond strength of acrylic resin to cobalt chromium alloy (p<0.05). The highest shear bond strength was found in the Alloy primer group. Among experimental group, using 10 wt% of 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic anhydride -or 2 wt% of 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane enhanced highest shear bond strength. The experimental and commercial primers in this study all improved bonding of acrylic resin to cobalt chromium alloy.
... Thermocycling is applicable to the interface between an adhesive resin and an adherend with a different coefficient of thermal expansion. The greater the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion of the two substrates, the reduction in bond strength of the interface will be higher (16). Therefore, it may be beneficial for researchers not to use metal-to-metal bonded specimens or ceramicto-ceramic bonded specimens to accelerate reduction in bond strength at the adhesive interface (11,17). ...
This study evaluated the influence of water storage conditions and the effect of metal priming agents on bond strength and durability of four luting agents joined to gold alloy. Disk specimens were cast from a gold alloy (Degudent U), and the surfaces were ground flat with abrasive paper. Three surface conditions employed were: unprimed, primed with Alloy Primer, and primed with Metaltite. Three resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGIs; Vitremer Luting Cement, Fuji Lute, and Xeno Cem Plus) and a resin adhesive (Super-Bond C&B) were used for bonding the gold alloy. Unprimed specimens bonded either with Fuji Lute or with Super-Bond C&B were immersed in water at 5, 37, and 55 degrees C for 7 days, or subjected to thermocycling (5,000 cycles; 5 degrees C, 1 min and 55 degrees C, 1 min). In addition, specimens were bonded with 12 combinations comprising three surface conditions and four luting agents, and thermocycled for 20,000 cycles. Shear bond strengths were then determined and analyzed statistically. Thermocycling was useful for evaluation of the bonding durability of RMGIs. Application of two metal priming agents combined with RMGIs considerably enhanced the bond strength to the gold alloy.
... A representative carboxylic monomer effectively bonded nickel-chromium alloy, cobalt-chromium alloy, and titanium [1][2][3] . Bond strength to base metal alloys has improved thereafter with the use of a hydrophobic phosphate monomer [4][5][6][7][8][9] . In addition, bonding to titanium-aluminum-niobium (Ti-6Al-7Nb) alloy has been widely evaluated as this alloy is applicable to both fixed and removable dentures [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] . ...
This study aimed to evaluate the bonding behaviors of a gold alloy and a titanium-aluminum-niobium (Ti-6Al-7Nb) alloy after priming with three metal conditioners. Cast alloy disks were ground and divided into the following four conditions: (1) unprimed control versus priming with (2) Alloy Primer, (3) Estenia Opaque Primer, or (4) V-Primer. The disks were bonded with tri-n-butylborane (TBB) initiated methacrylic resin, and shear bond strengths were determined both before and after 20,000 times of thermocycling. Alloy Primer and V-Primer--which contained a vinyl-thione monomer--were effective for bonding the Au-Pt-Pd alloy. As for the hydrophobic phosphate monomer contained in Alloy Primer and Estenia Opaque Primer, it was effective for bonding the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. Further, when specimens were primed with Alloy Primer that contained both functional monomers, bond strength to Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy was greater than that to Au-Pt-Pd alloy.
The bound strength of metal resin interface of prosthesis is a key factor in determining the service ability of that prosthesis. The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of different surface treatment on the shear bond strength of Ni-Cr alloy (CB-Blando 72 alloy) and heat cured acrylic veneer resin (Vertex). Thirty disc shaped samples from base plate wax were prepared, the diameter of disc was (8 mm x 4.5 mm). After casting the metal, the samples were cleaned, finished and polished by silicon carbide abrasive paper with grit size (600 μm) and then the profilometer was u sed to determine the surface roughness of samples. Then the sa mples were divided in to three groups, each group contain (10) sa mples. The first group rece ived no treatment and serve as control .The Second group received micro mechanical treatment using 250 μm Al2o3 .The third group recived micro mechanical treatment using 400 μm Al2o3. The acrylic was prepared as a round shape (8 μm) in diameter and (2 μm) in thickness, which was placed on the metal surface treatment, the acrylic was fabricated in the same conventional way for construction veneer resin. Then all samples was tested the shear bond strength by using Instron universal testing machine .The result from this study showed that, the first group was give low shear bond strength while the second group showed that the air abrasion with 250 μm Al2o3 give the highest shear bond values when compared with the third group which air abrasive with 400 μm Al2o3.
BACKGROUND: Since Super-Bond C&B was released in 1982, it has developed a wide range of applications and markets in multiple dental field of bonding between interfaces and various materials, attributed to 40 years of clinical case examination and scientific research accumulation. OBJECTIVE: To review the development history, chemical composition, bonding mechanism, clinical indications and the differences between Super-Bond C&B and other conventional resin cements, in order to help the clinicians to choose the appropriate bonding system in cementation process of complex cases of dental treatment. METHODS: Based on the Chinese search terms "Super-Bond C&B, Bonding mechanism; Super-Bond C&B, Chemical property; Shear bond strength" and the English search terms "Super-Bond C&B, MMA/TBB, 4-META, Resin, Bond strength, Adhesive, Ceramics'', the relevant documents were searched and matched in Wanfang, VIP, CNKI and PubMed databases. The retrieval time was from 1962 to July 2022. The 67 articles were finally included.
The bound strength of metal resin interface of prosthesis is a key
factor in determining the service ability of that prosthesis. The
main objective of this study was to determine the effect of
different surface treatment on the shear bond strength of Ni-Cr
alloy (CB-Blando 72 alloy) and heat cured acrylic veneer resin
(Vertex).
Thirty disc shaped samples from base plate wax were prepared,
the diameter of disc was (8 mm x 4.5 mm). After casting the
metal, the samples were cleaned, finished and polished by silicon
carbide abrasive paper with grit size (600 μm) and then the
profilometer was used to determine the surface roughness of
samples. Then the samples were divided in to three groups, each
group contain (10) samples.
The first group received no treatment and serve as control .The
Second group received micro mechanical treatment using 250 μm
Al2o3 .The third group recived micro mechanical treatment using
400 μm Al2o3. The acrylic was prepared as a round shape (8 μm) in
diameter and (2 μm) in thickness, which was placed on the metal
surface treatment, the acrylic was fabricated in the same
conventional way for construction veneer resin. Then all samples
was tested the shear bond strength by using Instron universal
testing machine .The result from this study showed that, the first
group was give low shear bond strength while the second group
showed that the air abrasion with 250 μm Al2o3 give the highest
shear bond values when compared with the third group which air
abrasive with 400 μm Al2o3.
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of functional monomers with phosphorus on bonding durability to titanium. Three metal conditioners (Alloy Primer, AP; Metal Link, ML; Eyesight Opaque Primer, EP) were assessed. The functional monomers for base metal are 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogenphosphate (MDP) for the AP, 6-methacryloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate (MHPA) for the ML, and methacrylatephosphate (MP) for the EP. Cast disk specimens made of high-purity titanium (T-Alloy H) were air-abraded with 70μm alumina, primed with three conditioners, and then bonded with an acrylic resin adhesive (Super-Bond C&B). Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling (20, 000 cycles).
Before thermocycling, the shear bond strengths for the AP and ML groups were significantly higher than those for the EP and unprimed (defined as control) groups (p<0.05). The AP group exhibited significantly higher bond strength than the ML group after thermocycling (p<0.05). Significant difference was not found between the EP and the unprimed groups regardless of thermocycling application (p>0.05).
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of pretreatment on the bonding durability between titanium casting and two acrylic adhesives. Cast titanium disk specimens treated with four polymer-metal bonding systems as follow: 1) air-abraded with 50-70 μm alumina, 2) 1)+Alloy Primer, 3) 1)+M.L. Primer and 4) tribochemical silica/silane coating system (Rocatec System). The specimens were bonded with M bond or Super-bond C&B adhesive. The shear bond strengths were determined before and after thermocycling (20,000 cycles). The surface characteristics after polishing, and for the 1) and 4) preparations were determined. The bond strengths for all combinations significantly decreased after thermocycling. The combination of Super-bond C&B adhesive and 2) led to significantly higher bond strength than the other preparations after thermocycling. The maximum height of the profile parameters for the polishing group was lower than other preparations.
Purpose
The debonding load of heat-activated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) denture base resin material to a nickel-chromium-beryllium (Ni-Cr-Be) alloy conditioned by three different surface treatments and utilizing two different commercial bonding systems was investigated.
Materials and Methods
Denture resin (Lucitone-199) was bonded to Ni-Cr-Be alloy specimens treated with Metal Primer II, the Rocatec system with opaquer and the Rocatec system without opaquer. Denture base resin specimens bonded to non-treated sandblasted Ni-Cr-Be alloy were used as controls. Twenty samples for each treatment condition (80 specimens) were tested. The 80 specimens were divided into two categories, thermocycled and non-thermocycled, containing four groups of ten specimens each. The non-thermocycled specimens were tested after 48 hours’ storage in room temperature water. The thermocycled specimens were tested after 2,000 cycles in 4°C and 55°C water baths. The debonding load was calculated in Newtons (N), and collected data were subjected by non parametric test Kruskal-Wallis One Way Analysis of Variance on Ranks and Dunn’s post hoc test at the α = 0.05.
Results
The Metal Primer II and Rocatec system without opaquer groups produced significantly higher bond strengths (119.9 and 67.6 N), respectively, than did the sandblasted and Rocatec system with opaquer groups, where the bond strengths were 2.6 N and 0 N, respectively. The Metal Primer II was significantly different from all other groups (P<0.05). The bond strengths of all groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05) after thermocycling.
Conclusions
Although thermocycling had a detrimental effect on the debonding load of all surface treatments tested, the Metal Primer II system provided higher values among all bonding systems tested, before and after thermocycling.
We describe novel applications of phosphate functional monomers in polymers obtained by radical polymerization. These polymers are designed to improve the dry/wet adhesion of coatings and adhesives on metal surfaces. Two phosphate monomers were incorporated smoothly into the polymer resins without major formulation or procedure change. These monomers have, been used in a wide range of applications to improve the properties on a variety of substrates. They dramatically improved adhesion as well as other related properties, such as wet scrub resistance and corrosion resistance, for the formulated coatings.
Purpose: It often happens that magnets clinically detach from denture bases. To establish the appropriate laboratory procedure to fix the magnet in the denture base, the tensile bond strength of magnetic steel in auto-polymerizing resin was measured under several conditions. Materials and Methods: Magnetic stainless steel cylinders (AUM 20) of 4 mm diameter were prepared as specimens. The cross section of the specimens was ground with silicon-carbide abrasive paper (#800) to create a bondable surface. After grinding, half of the specimens were treated by air abrasion with 50 µm alumina. Both surfaces were treated with one of the three commercial primers: Metal Primer II (MPII), Metal Link Primer (MLP), and Meta Fast Bonding Liner (MFL). Auto-polymerizing resin was poured on the bonded surfaces of the metal. The tensile bond strength between the metal and resin was measured after the specimens were stored in water at 37˚C for 24 hours. Thermal cycle examinations, with immersion alternately in water baths at 4˚C and 60˚C for 1 minute up to 2,000 times were conducted. Results: The bond strength of sanded surfaces with primer treatment varied from 21.6 to 32.2 MPa and the value increased significantly when primer treatments other than MPII were used. The bond strength of air-abraded surfaces with primer treatment varied from 31.1 to 38.3 MPa and the value increased significantly with all primer treatments. Bond strengths of all groups were significantly reduced by the application of thermal cycling (p<0.05). The bond strength of air-abraded surfaces with primer treatment varied from 3.6 to 4.2 MPa and the bond strength was significantly (p<0.05) larger than those in other groups. Conclusion: The combination of air abrasion and primer application is the most effective procedure to fix the magnet. (Int Chin J Dent 2005; 5: 7-11.) Clinical Significance: To solve the clinical problem of magnetic detachment, enhancement of bond strength is necessary.
ObjectiveA search was conducted in biomedical journals published from January 1997 to June 1997 to identify all dental materials publications and sort them into major categories.MethodsTables of contents for 79 journals for the period of January to June, 1997 were inspected and divided into 17 categories. Citations were analyzed by both frequency in journals and in categories, as well as compared to frequencies for previous years.ResultsA total of 445 citations were detected in 79 journals for the period January 1997 to June 1997. Certain journals (n=19) demonstrated a higher citation frequency (>_ 10 citations for 6 months) and represented 77.8% of all citations. The greatest number of citations continued to involve bonding (n = 97), resin-based restorative materials (composites; glass ionomers) (n = 95), prosthodontic materials (n=51), and pulp protection / luting materials (n=48). Frequencies by category were very similar to those for the last four years.SignificanceThe compiled literature citations provide a supplement for researchers and academicians seeking information in existing electronic databases.
To evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on shear bond strength between a metallic alloy (Co-Cr-Mo - Remanium CD) and a resin cement (Rely X TM) and to evaluate the mode of fracture after testing, forty couples of metallic-alloy disks were melted, regularized, polished, submitted to four thermal cycles (Vacuum, 960ºC, 8 minutes) and randomly separated into four groups. Each group received a different type of treatment: Group PSP: Polished with sandpaper 600; Group PCP: Polished with sandpaper 600 and application of the metal primer Alloy Primer (Kuraray); Group JSP: Sandblasted with 100µm aluminum oxide; Group JCP: Sandblasted with 100mm aluminum oxide and treated with a metal Primer. The groups were cemented and stored in distilled water at 37ºC for 36 hours and submitted to the shear bond strength test. The mean and standard deviation (in Kgf/cm²) obtained for each group was: PSP 4.0/0.4; PCP 88.9/33.6; JSP 163.2/27.6; JCP 144.5/54.0. After the statistical analysis the authors concluded that: the highest values were obtained for the sandblasted groups (JSP, JCP), regardless of the primer application; the Alloy Primer increased the retention between the Rely X cement and the polished surface of the Co-Cr-Mo alloy, yet its bond strength was not greater than that obtained with sandblasting; all specimens showed adhesive failures in the tested interface.
The shear bond strength of an auto-polymerizing poly(methyl methacrylate) denture base resin material to cast titanium and cobalt-chromium alloy treated with six conditioning methods was investigated.
Disk specimens (10 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm in thickness) were cast from pure titanium and cobalt-chromium alloy. The specimens were wet ground to a final surface finish of 600 grit, air dried, and treated with the following bonding systems: 1) air abraded with 50-70-microm-grain alumina (SAN); 2) air abraded with 50-70-microm-grain alumina + conditioned with Alloy Primer (ALP); 3) air abraded with 50-70-microm-grain alumina + conditioned with AZ Primer (AZP); 4) air abraded with 50-70-microm-grain alumina + conditioned with Estenia Opaque Primer (EOP); 5) air abraded with 50-70-microm-grain alumina + conditioned with Metal Link Primer (MLP), and 6) treated with ROCATEC system (ROC). A denture base material (Palapress Vario) was then applied to each metal specimen. Shear bond strengths were determined before and after 10,000 thermocycles.
The strengths decreased after thermocycling in all combinations. Among the treatment methods assessed, groups 2 and 4 showed significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced shear bond strengths for both metals. In group 4, the strength in MPa (n = 7) after thermocycling for cobalt-chromium alloy was 38.3, which was statistically (p < 0.05) higher than that for cast titanium (34.7).
Air abrasion followed by the application of two primers containing a hydrophobic phosphate monomer (MDP) effectively improved the strength of the bond of denture base material to cast titanium and cobalt-chromium alloy.
In this study, a dual-curing type composite resin cement that included a photo-initiator and two accelerators was designed. In particular, special emphasis was made on addressing questions on the effects from different amounts of additional accelerators on the flexural strength of the designed experimental composite resin cement, as well as on the tensile bond strength of the bracket bonded onto the enamel surface by the experimental composite resin cement. When 0.25 mass% of the p-tolydiethanolamine and sodium p-toluenesulfinate were added, the maximum flexural strength was obtained for the chemical-cured and dual-cured experimental composite resin cement. The dual-cured experimental composite resin cement's flexural strength value was in the mid-range of the values exhibited from the commercial resin cements. However, the dual-cured experimental composite resin cement exhibited noticeably high tensile bond strength when compared with the results obtained with the commercial resin cements.
We evaluated the effects of two dual-functional primers and a tribochemical surface modification system on the bond strength between an indirect composite resin and gold alloy or titanium. Disk specimens (diameter, 10 mm; thickness, 2.5 mm) were cast from type 4 gold alloy and commercially pure titanium. The specimens were wetground to a final surface finish using 600-grit silicone carbide paper. The specimens were then air-dried and treated using the following four bonding systems: (1) air-abrasion with 50-70 mum alumina, (2) system 1 + alloy primer, (3) system 1 + metal link primer, and (4) tribochemical silica/silane coating (Rocatec). A light-polymerizing indirect composite resin (Ceramage) was applied to each metal specimen and polymerized according to the manufacturer's specifications. Shear bond strengths (MPa) were determined both before and after thermocycling (4 degrees C and 60 degrees C for 1 min each for 20 000 cycles). The values were compared using analysis of variance, post hoc Scheffe tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests (alpha = 0.05). The strengths decreased after thermocycling for all combinations. For both gold alloy and titanium, the bond strength with air-abrasion only was statistically lower than that with the other three modification methods after thermocycling. Titanium exhibited a significantly higher value (13.4 MPa) than gold alloy (10.5 MPa) with the air. abrasion and alloy primer system. Treatment with the tribochemical system or air abrasion followed by treatment with dual-functional priming agents was found to be effective for enhancement of the bonding between the indirect composite and gold alloy or titanium.
A removable sectional denture connected by a cobalt-samarium magnetic retention system ( Hicorex for a patient with a severe maxillary defect was described. After an observation period of 5 years, the obturator continues to function, with no deleterious effects resulting from the use of prosthetic components. This magnetic retention system is considered to be clinically useful for interrelating and retaining a sectional prosthesis parts.
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the bond strength of a metal adhesive system bonded to stainless steels and their component metals. Two sizes of disk specimens (10 and 8 mm in diameter x 2.5 mm thickness) were machined from two stainless steels designed for magnetic attachment (AUM20 and SUS 316L), as well as from high-purity chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) metals for reference. The specimens were air-abraded with alumina, either primed with a metal conditioner (Cesead II Opaque Primer) or left unprimed, and bonded with an adhesive resin (Super-Bond Opaque). Shear bond strengths were determined before and after thermocycling, and the results were analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Post-thermocycling bond strengths of the unprimed groups were 16.3 MPa for the AUM20 alloy, 7.5 MPa for the SUS 316L alloy, 31.1 MPa for Cr and 3.1 MPa for Ni. Those of the conditioned groups were 30.3 MPa for the AUM20 alloy, 32.9 MPa for the SUS 316L alloy, 39.3 MPa for Cr and 13.1 MPa for Ni. Application of the conditioner elevated the bond strengths of all groups (P<0.05). It can be concluded that combined use of the conditioner and the Super-Bond adhesive is effective for bonding the stainless steels examined, and that Cr is a suitable component for the bonding system in question.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate adhesive bonding of resin to titanium nitride ion-plated stainless steel in order for magnetic attachments to survive in the oral environment. Two primers, Cesead II Opaque Primer (CPII) and Metal Primer II (MPII), and one bonding agent, Super-Bond C&B (SB), were used. The surfaces of stainless steel disks were ground and then plated with titanium nitride. After the primer and SB resin were applied, a self-curing resin was bonded to the metal surfaces. Shear bond strengths were determined after 24 h of water storage and after 2,000 thermocycles. Titanium nitride ion-plated stainless steel showed bond strength comparable to the non-plated material. After thermocycling, all specimens of the group no primer/no SB were debonded. The bond strengths of groups CPII/no SB, MPII/no SB and no primer/SB were significantly lower bond strengths than groups CPII/SB and MPII/SB. An appropriate combination of primer and bonding agent should be selected when bonding a magnetic attachment to the denture base.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the surface preparation effects of eight metal conditioners and an adhesive system on bonding between a prosthodontic composite material and cast titanium. Eight primers designed for conditioning base metal alloys (Acryl Bond, All-Bond 2 Primer B, Alloy Primer, Cesead II Opaque Primer, Eye Sight Opaque Primer, Metafast Bonding Liner, Metal Primer II, and MR Bond) as well as a surface modification technique (Siloc) were assessed. Disk specimens cast from titanium (T-Alloy H) were either primed with one of the eight primers or treated with the Siloc system, and then bonded with a light-activated composite material (Artglass). Bond durability was evaluated by thermocycling (4 and 60 degrees C, 1 min each, 20, 000 cycles). After thermocycling, two groups either primed with the Cesead II Opaque Primer material or treated with the Siloc system exhibited significantly greater bond strength (20.0 and 19.0 MPa) than the other groups (0.2-12.6 MPa, P < 0.05). These two systems are considered to be useful for improving bonding between the titanium and the composite material tested.
This study examined the influence of root canal space and circumferential undercut placement in the dentine wall on the retention of a prefabricated Root Keeper post.
Twenty-four extracted single-rooted teeth, having narrow root canal spaces, were decoronated, treated endodontically, and then centrally embedded in resin blocks. All canal spaces were prepared with a no. 2 Peeso reamer to an 8mm depth, and half the specimens were successively treated with a no. 3 Peeso to depths of 5 and 8mm for the small canal group (SC) and large canal group (LC), respectively. An L-type keeper post (Aichi Steel Co.) was luted to each canal with resin cement. The assembly was thermocycled 2000 times (4-60 degrees C), and post retention was measured. Afterwards the dislodged post with the intact structure was sandblasted, and the canal was cleaned and slightly undercut using an inverted cone bur. Six treated posts were recemented for both grooved large canal (GLC) and grooved small canal (GSC) groups, and the repaired retentive strengths were measured.
Keeper posts cemented in SC (84.26+/-31.85N) showed better (p<0.05) retention than those cemented in LC (41.92+/-22.36N). Interestingly, the repaired strengths of the recemented post increased in both GSC (104.29+/-11.89N) and GLC (96.65+/-6.91N). All posts, except for one in the GLC, failed at the keeper-post joint.
Prefabricated Root Keeper posts had lower retentive strength in roots with a large canal space. Placement of a circumferential undercut in the root canal wall significantly enhanced the retention of the short tapered posts.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of acidic primers on bonding magnetic steel alloys. Three alloys (XM27, 447J1, and AUM20) were primed with one of the following materials: Acryl Bond, Estenia Opaque Primer, Eye Sight Opaque Primer, M. L. Primer, or Super-Bond liquid. The specimens were bonded with a tri-n-butylborane initiated resin, and bond strength was determined both before and after thermocycling in water. Unprimed specimen was considered as the control. Average bond strength varied from 0 to 45.3 MPa for the XM27 alloy, 0.3 to 43.6 MPa for the 447J1 alloy, and 0.5 to 41.1 MPa for the AUM20 alloy. Of the five primers, Estenia Opaque Primer exhibited better adhesive performance than the other materials regardless of the type of steel alloy. It can be concluded that the use of the Estenia Opaque Primer, which contains an adhesive monomer (10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate; MDP), is recommended for bonding the three magnetic steel alloys with TBB-initiated resin.
To assess the effect of metal conditioners on the bond strength between resin cements and cast titanium.
Commercially pure titanium (99.56%) was cast using an arc casting machine. Surfaces were finished with 400-grit silicon carbide paper followed by air abrasion with 50-Microm aluminum oxide. A piece of double-coated tape with a 4-mm circular hole was then positioned on the metal surface to control the area of the bond. The prepared surfaces were then divided into 4 groups (n=10): G1, unprimed Panavia F; G2, Alloy Primer-Panavia F; G3, unprimed Bistite DC; G4, Metaltite-Bistite DC. Forty minutes after insertion of the resin cements, the specimens were detached from the mold and stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. Shear bond strength was performed in a testing machine (MTS 810) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test with a .05 significance level. The fractured surfaces were observed through an optical microscope at 103 magnification.
The G1 group demonstrated significantly higher shear bond strength (17.95 MPa) than the other groups. G3 (13.79 MPa) and G4 (12.98 MPa) showed similar mean values to each other and were statistically superior to G2 (9.31 MPa). Debonded surfaces generally presented adhesive failure between metal surfaces and resin cements.
While the Metaltite conditioner did not influence the bond strength of the Bistite DC cement, the Alloy Primer conditioner significantly decreased the mean bond strength of the Panavia F cement.
The shear bond strengths of a barbituric acid derivative-activated autopolymerizing acrylic resin to two magnetic stainless steel alloys using a metal conditioner were investigated.
The surfaces of the two magnetic stainless steel alloys were abraded with 600-grit silicon carbide paper. The surface preparations were: Group 1 (without preparation), Group 2 (airborne particle abrasion with 50 microm alumina), and Group 3 (airborne particle abrasion followed by priming with a metal conditioner). The alloys were bonded with a barbituric acid derivative-activated autopolymerizing acrylic resin. For comparison, airborne particle abrasion and bonding with a tri-n-butylborane-initiated autopolymerizing acrylic resin (Group 4), as well as airborne particle abrasion followed by priming with a metal conditioner and bonding with the same resin (Group 5) were added. Half of the specimens were thermocycled up to 10,000 cycles. The shear bond strengths were determined.
Group 3 had significantly improved shear bond strengths with the barbituric acid derivative-activated autopolymerizing acrylic resin to both stainless steel alloys. Although there were no significant differences in the bond strength among Groups 3-5 before thermocycling, the decrease in the bond strength of Group 3 was considerably greater than that of Groups 4 or 5 after thermocycling for both stainless steel alloys.
Significant improvements in the bond strength of the barbituric acid derivative-activated autopolymerizing acrylic resin to two magnetic stainless steel alloys were achieved by airborne particle abrasion followed by priming with the metal conditioner. The bond durability to this resin, however, was inferior to that to a tri-n-butylborane-initiated autopolymerizing acrylic resin.
A dental magnetic attachment has recently attracted vivid attentions from many prosthodontists for their clinical availabilities as a retainer for prostheses. Several types of dental magnetic attachments are commercially available at the moment. However none of them are clinically satisfactory. They must possess strong retention and complete corrosion resistance, since the available space is limited and the exposed magnet is easily corroded in the oral cavity.A very small and powerful attachment has been developed by devising a sandwich typed construction and the elliptic cross-section with the aid of three dimensional FEM magnetic field analysis. The attachment is sealed up with a stainless steel cap laser-welded to the yoke. It has shown sufficient attractive force (560 gf) and stability in various fundamental tests.
Our recent report of this study described the development of a small size and powerful dental magnetic attachment showing that it had cleared most clinical requirements, ascertained through many fundamental investigations. This article describes the clinical and laboratory procedures used with the system.One of the elements;“keeper” is cast-weided to the metal-coping which is cemented on the decoronated tooth. Another element;“magnetic assembly” is fixed in the denture base fabricated in a usual manner, by using self-curing acrylic resin. Because of its minute size, this attachment can be used on almost any root-filled teeth.A dentist has many choices in fabricating a denture with the magnetic attachment. He can set the metal-coping installed the keeper prior to the denture base construction; after the denture is completed; or simultaneously.The magnetic attachment can be used weather singly, or with other conventional retainers such as the clasps or the telescope crowns. This system is simple; requires no special skills; and can be followed using standard equipment, materials, and techniques.
This in vitro study evaluated the influence of chromium content on bond strength and durability between nickel-chromium alloys and an adhesive resin that contained 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride. Three nickel-chromium alloys with different chromium content, as well as pure chromium and pure nickel metals, were bonded and tested for shear strength. After repeated thermocycling, shear bond strength decrease was lower in alloys containing high chromium content. Pure chromium metal demonstrated a 15.2% decrease, whereas pure nickel metal demonstrated the greatest (53.7%) decrease. The results suggest that nickel-chromium alloys with higher chromium content are desirable for 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride resin-bonded restorations.
This study determined the effects of coating pins with either Panavia EX or with 4-META (Cover-Up) materials on the fracture resistance of pin-retained amalgam and composite cores. Gold-plated stainless steel (TMS) and titanium (Filpin) self-threading pins were used. Findings of this study corroborated the findings of several other studies that the use of pins reduces the fracture resistance of restorations. However, coating the pins with adhesion promoters such as Panavia EX and 4-META materials has been found to be effective in improving the fracture resistance. Cross-preference was observed between TMS and Filpin pins; that is, Panavia material coating was more effective with TMS pins, while 4-META was more effective with Filpin pins.
Shear adhesive strength tests were conducted to examine the adhesion of a newly developed light-polymerized denture base resin (LPR) to resin teeth and denture base materials. When LPR was bonded to these materials with a new light-activated bonding agent, the adhesive strength improved greatly. Adhesive strengths of LPR to denture base metals were greater than, or similar to, the metal adhesive autopolymerized resin containing 4-META. Compared with the metal adhesive heat-polymerizing resin, the LPR adhesive values were less when bonded to pure titanium but greater for 18-8 stainless steel and the gold-silver-palladium alloy.
The purpose of this study was to develop a small cup type yoke magnetic attachment sealed from oral fluid. The magnetic device forms a closed circuit between the magnet, yokes, and keeper. A 3.2 mm phi x 1.4 mm SmCO5 magnet was put into a cup yoke of 447J1 stainless steel and covered by 447J1 stainless steel disk yoke with a 316L stainless steel ring. To protect the magnet from corrosion, the connection was sealed by laser welding. The optimum dimensions were figured out by a finite element method. The performance of the magnetic attachment was investigated. As a result, a magnet device 4.4 mm in diameter and 2.1 mm in height was developed. The breakaway retention when the keeper touched it was 341 gf on average.
Various properties of a composite type adhesive opaque resin were investigated. When this resin was used to adhere the same kind of alloy, Sn plated Type IV gold and Au-Ag-Pd alloys or alumina blasted stainless steel showed excellent adhesive durability. However, when this resin was used to adhere veneering resin and alloy, methods of handling must be improved. Temperature and irradiation time had some effects on the properties of the light-curing veneering resin.
The adhesive bonding of titanium was evaluated with the use of a metal primer and three types of self-curing luting agent. The primer contained 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP). One luting agent was a composite material that contained the MDP monomer in its liquid part. The other luting agent was based on methyl methacrylate (MMA), initiated with tri-n-butylborane derivative (TBB), and contained 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META). The MMA-TBB resin without 4-META was used for the control. Pure titanium metal specimens were bonded with various combinations. Shear bond strengths were determined after repeated thermocycles in water. Both MDP and 4-META were effective in bonding titanium. The decrease in bond strength was minimum when the titanium was primed with MDP and then bonded with the TBB-initiated resins.
The restoration of primary anterior teeth presents complicated esthetic and retention problems to the clinician. A technique is described for the chairside veneering of composite resin to stainless steel crowns, which results in well contoured restorations with superior durability and esthetics. A trimmed and fitted stainless steel crown can be veneered in three to five minutes. This provides the adaptability and gingival contour benefits of the stainless steel crown in conjunction with the cosmetics of the composite facings. The technique described produced composite veneers with a mean sheer bond strength of 3520 PSI (24.4 Mpa).
To date, most successful bonding agents used in orthodontics rely on mechanical retention to both the enamel and bracket base. Chemical adhesion to enamel as seen with glass ionomer cements, and to the silanated base of ceramic brackets have been tried. Recent developments in resin formulation have led to the production of adhesive diacrylate resins capable of forming adhesive bonds to certain metals including stainless steel. The aim of this experiment was to compare such a resin, Panavia EX, with a more conventional ‘no-mix’ orthodontic bonding resin. Two different base retention mechanisms were used, and the effect of rebonding and differing environmental conditions were also investigated.
The results indicated that Panavia EX could produce greater bond strengths than the more conventional bonding resin. Of the two base retention systems tested, braised mesh bases gave consistently greater bond strengths than the cast base, although no base/resin specificity could be detected. Re-using the same brackets showed rebond strengths to be significantly lower than initial bond strength although the results indicated the adhesive resin was still able to bond more effectively to these used brackets than the conventional resin. Environment had the greatest effect on bond strength, such that following environmental exposure there was no significant difference between the two resins. This latter factor, and in particular the more complex bonding technique required for the adhesive resin, means that Panavia EX cannot be recommended for orthodontic use in its present form.
Three bonding agents were evaluated to determine which were most effective in enhancing the bond of resin composite to stainless steel. A light-activated resin composite was bonded to a total of 60 stainless steel specimens using Panavia, Cover-Up, or Silicoating. Tensile bond strength measurements revealed that all three agents provide a satisfactory means of increasing adherence of the esthetic veneer without decreasing bonding through thermocycling of the specimens. Panavia and Cover-Up were significantly more effective than Silicoating and appear to be easier to use.
This study determined the retention, in pounds, of Nos. 1 through 3 stainless steel attachment sleeves for the threaded split post system cemented with various cements. Post heads and matching sleeves were also sandblasted and compared with attachments not sandblasted. Four luting agents were selected, zinc oxyphosphate cement (ZOP), and three brands of composite resin cement (CRC). The experiment was divided into two parts; in part 1, samples were not treated, and in part 2, samples were sandblasted. Retentive values were recorded with a universal testing machine. A 2 x 3 x 4 factorial three-way analysis of variance was used to compute the effects sandblasting, sleeve and post type, and the luting agent. No statistical differences were recorded for sleeves not sandblasted, Nos. 1 and 2, regardless of the luting agent. The nonsandblasted No. 3 sleeve cemented with Panavia CRC had significantly greater retention than All-Bond CRC or ZOP. There were no statistical differences in retention of sandblasted sleeves for the No. 1 sleeve despite the type of luting agent. For sandblasted sleeves Nos. 2 and 3, ZOP and Panavia CRC recorded significantly greater retention than All-Bond CRC. However, there was no difference between sandblasting and not sandblasting for the No. 1 sleeve. Mean loads for Nos. 2 and 3 sleeves were substantially greater for sandblasted compared with attachments not sandblasted.
Fracture resistance of
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Tjan AHL, Dunn JR, Grant BE. Fracture resistance of
Development of sealed cup yoke type dental magnetic attachment
- Okuno
- S Ishikawa
- Ft Iimuro
Okuno 0, Ishikawa S, Iimuro FT. et al. Development of sealed cup yoke type dental magnetic attachment. Dent Muter J 1991; 10: 172-184.