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Gross Motor Function Classification System for Cerebral Palsy
Robert Palisano, Peter Rosenbaum, Stephen Walter, Dianne Russell, Ellen Wood, Barbara Galuppi
Introduction & User Instructions
The Gross Motor Function Classification System for cerebral palsy is based on self-initiated movement with
particular emphasis on sitting (truncal control) and walking. When defining a 5 level Classification System,
our primary criterion was that the distinctions in motor function between levels must be clinically
meaningful. Distinctions between levels of motor function are based on functional limitations, the need for
assistive technology, including mobility devices (such as walkers, crutches, and canes) and wheeled mobility,
and to much lesser extent quality of movement. Level I includes children with neuromotor impairments
whose functional limitations are less than what is typically associated with cerebral palsy, and children who
have traditionally been diagnosed as having “minimal brain dysfunction” or “cerebral palsy of minimal
severity”. The distinctions between Levels I and II therefore are not as pronounced as the distinctions
between the other Levels, particularly for infants less than 2 years of age.
The focus is on determining which level best represents the child’s present abilities and limitations in motor
function. Emphasis is on the child’s usual performance in home, school, and community settings. It is
therefore important to classify on ordinary performance (not best capacity), and not to include judgments
about prognosis. Remember the purpose is to classify a child’s present gross motor function, not to judge
quality of movement or potential for improvement.
The descriptions of the 5 levels are broad and are not intended to describe all aspects of the function of
individual children. For example, an infant with hemiplegia who is unable to crawl on hands and knees, but
otherwise fits the description of Level I, would be classified in Level I. The scale is ordinal, with no intent
that the distances between levels be considered equal or that children with cerebral palsy are equally
distributed among the 5 levels. A summary of the distinctions between each pair of levels is provided to
assist in determining the level that most closely resembles a child’s current gross motor function.
The title for each level represents the highest level of mobility that a child is expected to achieve between 6-
12 years of age. We recognize that classification of motor function is dependent on age, especially during
infancy and early childhood. For each level, therefore, separate descriptions are provided for children in
several age bands. The functional abilities and limitations for each age interval are intended to serve as
guidelines, are not comprehensive, and are not norms. Children below age 2 should be considered at their
corrected age if they were premature.
An effort has been made to emphasize children’s function rather than their limitations. Thus as a general
principle, the gross motor function of children who are able to perform the functions described in any
particular level will probably be classified at or above that level; in contrast the gross motor functions of
children who cannot perform the functions of a particular level will likely be classified below that level.
Reference: Dev Med Child Neurol 1997;39:214-223
© 1997 CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research (formerly NCRU)
Gross Motor Function Classification System
for Cerebral Palsy (GMFCS)
Before 2nd Birthday
Level I Infants move in and out of sitting and floor sit with both hands free to manipulate objects. Infants
crawl on hands and knees, pull to stand and take steps holding on to furniture. Infants walk between
18 months and 2 years of age without the need for any assistive mobility device.
Level II Infants maintain floor sitting but may need to use their hands for support to maintain balance. Infants
creep on their stomach or crawl on hands and knees. Infants may pull to stand and take steps
holding on to furniture.
Level III Infants maintain floor sitting when the low back is supported. Infants roll and creep forward on their
stomachs.
Level IV Infants have head control but trunk support is required for floor sitting. Infants can roll to supine and
may roll to prone.
Level V Physical impairments limit voluntary control of movement. Infants are unable to maintain antigravity
head and trunk postures in prone and sitting. Infants require adult assistance to roll.
Between 2nd and 4th Birthday
Level I Children floor sit with both hands free to manipulate objects. Movements in and out of floor sitting
and standing are performed without adult assistance. Children walk as the preferred method of
mobility without the need for any assistive mobility device.
Level II Children floor sit but may have difficulty with balance when both hands are free to manipulate
objects. Movements in and out of sitting are performed without adult assistance. Children pull to
stand on a stable surface. Children crawl on hands and knees with a reciprocal pattern, cruise
holding onto furniture and walk using an assistive mobility device as preferred methods of mobility.
Level III Children maintain floor sitting often by "W-sitting" (sitting between flexed and internally rotated hips
and knees) and may require adult assistance to assume sitting. Children creep on their stomach or
crawl on hands and knees (often without reciprocal leg movements) as their primary methods of self-
mobility. Children may pull to stand on a stable surface and cruise short distances. Children may
walk short distances indoors using an assistive mobility device and adult assistance for steering and
turning.
Level IV Children floor sit when placed, but are unable to maintain alignment and balance without use of their
hands for support. Children frequently require adaptive equipment for sitting and standing. Self-
mobility for short distances (within a room) is achieved through rolling, creeping on stomach, or
crawling on hands and knees without reciprocal leg movement.
Level V Physical impairments restrict voluntary control of movement and the ability to maintain antigravity
head and trunk postures. All areas of motor function are limited. Functional limitations in sitting and
standing are not fully compensated for through the use of adaptive equipment and assistive
technology. At Level V, children have no means of independent mobility and are transported. Some
children achieve self-mobility using a power wheelchair with extensive adaptations.
Between 4th and 6th Birthday
Level I Children get into and out of, and sit in, a chair without the need for hand support. Children move
from the floor and from chair sitting to standing without the need for objects for support. Children
walk indoors and outdoors, and climb stairs. Emerging ability to run and jump.
Level II Children sit in a chair with both hands free to manipulate objects. Children move from the floor to
standing and from chair sitting to standing but often require a stable surface to push or pull up on
with their arms. Children walk without the need for any assistive mobility device indoors and for
short distances on level surfaces outdoors. Children climb stairs holding onto a railing but are unable
to run or jump.
Level III Children sit on a regular chair but may require pelvic or trunk support to maximize hand function.
Children move in and out of chair sitting using a stable surface to push on or pull up with their arms.
Children walk with an assistive mobility device on level surfaces and climb stairs with assistance from
an adult. Children frequently are transported when travelling for long distances or outdoors on
uneven terrain.
Level IV Children sit on a chair but need adaptive seating for trunk control and to maximize hand function.
Children move in and out of chair sitting with assistance from an adult or a stable surface to push or
pull up on with their arms. Children may at best walk short distances with a walker and adult
supervision but have difficulty turning and maintaining balance on uneven surfaces. Children are
transported in the community. Children may achieve self-mobility using a power wheelchair.
Level V Physical impairments restrict voluntary control of movement and the ability to maintain antigravity
head and trunk postures. All areas of motor function are limited. Functional limitations in sitting and
standing are not fully compensated for through the use of adaptive equipment and assistive
technology. At Level V, children have no means of independent mobility and are transported. Some
children achieve self-mobility using a power wheelchair with extensive adaptations.
Between 6th and 12th Birthday
Level I Children walk indoors and outdoors, and climb stairs without limitations. Children perform gross
motor skills including running and jumping but speed, balance, and coordination are reduced.
Level II Children walk indoors and outdoors, and climb stairs holding onto a railing but experience limitations
walking on uneven surfaces and inclines, and walking in crowds or confined spaces. Children have
at best only minimal ability to perform gross motor skills such as running and jumping.
Level III Children walk indoors or outdoors on a level surface with an assistive mobility device. Children may
climb stairs holding onto a railing. Depending on upper limb function, children propel a wheelchair
manually or are transported when travelling for long distances or outdoors on uneven terrain.
Level IV Children may maintain levels of function achieved before age 6 or rely more on wheeled mobility at
home, school, and in the community. Children may achieve self-mobility using a power wheelchair.
Level V Physical impairments restrict voluntary control of movement and the ability to maintain antigravity
head and trunk postures. All areas of motor function are limited. Functional limitations in sitting and
standing are not fully compensated for through the use of adaptive equipment and assistive
technology. At level V, children have no means of independent mobility and are transported. Some
children achieve self-mobility using a power wheelchair with extensive adaptations.
Distinctions Between Levels I and II
Compared with children in Level I, children in Level II have limitations in the ease of performing movement transitions; walking outdoors
and in the community; the need for assistive mobility devices when beginning to walk; quality of movement; and the ability to perform gross
motor skills such as running and jumping.
Distinctions Between Levels II and III
Differences are seen in the degree of achievement of functional mobility. Children in Level III need assistive mobility devices and frequently
orthoses to walk, while children in Level II do not require assistive mobility devices after age 4.
Distinctions Between Level III and IV
Differences in sitting ability and mobility exist, even allowing for extensive use of assistive technology. Children in Level III sit
independently, have independent floor mobility, and walk with assistive mobility devices. Children in Level IV function in sitting (usually
supported) but independent mobility is very limited. Children in Level IV are more likely to be transported or use power mobility.
Distinctions Between Levels IV and V
Children in Level V lack independence even in basic antigravity postural control. Self-mobility is achieved only if the child can learn how to
operate an electrically powered wheelchair.
! This work has been supported in part by the Easter Seal Research Institute and the National Health Research and Development Program.
! Distribution of the Gross Motor Function Classification System for Cerebral Palsy has been made possible by a grant from the United Cerebral
Palsy Research and Educational Foundation, USA.
Want to know more? Contact:
Institute for Applied Health Sciences, McMaster University
1400 Main Street West, Rm. 408, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 1C7
Tel: 905-525-9140 Ext. 27850 ! Fax: 905-522-6095
E-mail: canchild@mcmaster.ca
Website: www.fhs.mcmaster.ca/canchild
